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Authenticity in Digital Archaeological Reconstructions: a Workflow Pipeline and Data Classification System to Inform and Validate the Digital Reconstruction Process

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Authenticity in Digital Archaeological Reconstructions: a Workflow Pipeline and Data Classification System to Inform and Validate the Digital Reconstruction Process AUTHENTICITY IN DIGITAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECONSTRUCTIONS: A WORKFLOW PIPELINE AND DATA CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM TO INFORM AND VALIDATE THE DIGITAL RECONSTRUCTION PROCESS Lazaros Kastanis Ba, MSc (Geography) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Science and Engineering Faculty Queensland University of Technology 2019 Keywords Anastylosis; Archaeology; Archaeological Reconstruction; Authenticity; Classification; Digital Reconstruction; Evidence; Extant Remains, Ground Truthing, Paradata; Transparency; Uncertainty; Virtual Environments; Virtual Reality; Visualisation; Workflow ii Authenticity in Digital Archaeological Reconstructions: A workflow pipeline and data classification system to inform and validate the digital reconstruction process Abstract Virtual reality (VR) and 3D modelling have been employed in archaeological reconstruction dating back to the early 1990’s. These technologies offer archaeologists the ability to objectively study reconstruction scenarios and alternative hypotheses without the need to physically interact with extant remains. With the advent of affordable computing hardware, VR modelling is increasingly being used in archaeological reconstructions to visualise lost ancient structures in highly realistic and evocative detail. This growth in digital reconstruction has been paralleled with a growing consensus recognising the dangers inherent in creating highly realistic outputs that are based on limited information and lack transparency of process. This thesis presents a workflow pipeline and data classification system for the digital reconstruction of archaeological structures, particularly, buildings. The workflow pipeline provides a framework for the digital reconstruction process. The classification system orders input data into classes of certainty. This thesis premises that the certainty of the inputs used in a digital reconstruction can be used as indicators of reconstruction authenticity. The workflow pipeline was applied to two complete reconstruction case studies. The classification system was applied to the two digital reconstructions and to two third- party reconstructions. The workflow pipeline has been demonstrated to be a robust and flexible framework for digital reconstruction allowing testing of unknowns through iteration. The classification system, when used with the workflow pipeline, has demonstrated its effectiveness in the reconstruction process as a data organisation tool and as a measure of reconstruction authenticity. Application of the classification system to third-party archaeological reconstructions highlights limitations which suggest that it has general applicability but may not be suitable in all cases. Table of Contents Keywords ................................................................................................................................. ii Abstract ................................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents .................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... xi List of Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. xii Statement of Original Authorship ......................................................................................... xiii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... xiv Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research problem ........................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Aims and Objectives ...................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Significance and Scope .................................................................................................. 6 1.5 Thesis Outline ................................................................................................................ 7 2 Literature Review .................................................................................................. 9 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Digital Reconstruction of Heritage Architecture ......................................................... 10 2.3 Uncertainty................................................................................................................... 12 2.4 The need for digital reconstruction and visualisation for Archaeology ....................... 13 2.5 Case studies of digital reconstruction in Archaeology ................................................. 21 2.6 Problems associated with Digital Reconstruction in Archaeology .............................. 43 2.7 Visualising Uncertainty ................................................................................................ 47 2.8 Current Classification Systems for Visualising Uncertainty ........................................ 53 2.9 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 59 3 Research Design ................................................................................................... 65 This chapter is comprised of four sections. These are:........................................................... 65 3.1 Research Design ........................................................................................................... 65 3.2 Classification System ................................................................................................... 72 3.3 The Workflow Pipeline ................................................................................................ 81 4 Results - Application of the Classification System and Workflow Pipeline – The Rose Theatre Test Case .................................................................................... 87 4.1 Application of the classification system to the Rose Theatre digital reconstruction ... 87 4.2 Digital Reconstruction of the Rose Theatre based on the Workflow Pipeline and Decision Tree ......................................................................................................................... 96 iv Authenticity in Digital Archaeological Reconstructions: A workflow pipeline and data classification system to inform and validate the digital reconstruction process 5 Results - Application of the Classification System and Workflow Pipeline – The (Komediehuset) Bergen Theatre Test Case .................................................. 116 5.1 The (Komediehuset) Bergen Theatre Reconstruction ................................................116 6 Results - Application of the Visual Classification - Case Studies.................. 131 6.1 Rose Theatre – Application of the Visual Classification ............................................131 6.2 Bergen Theatre – Application of the Visual Classification ........................................139 7 Results - Application of the visual classification system to external case studies ...................................................................................................................... 152 7.1 School of gladiators, Carnuntum, Austria ..................................................................152 7.2 Temple of Apollo (Temple C), Kos, Greece ..............................................................163 7.3 Discussion ...................................................................................................................172 8 Discussion and Conclusions .............................................................................. 175 8.1 The Workflow Pipeline...............................................................................................175 8.2 The Classification System ..........................................................................................178 8.3 Contributions and Application ....................................................................................188 8.4 Recommendations.......................................................................................................188 8.5 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................190 Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 193 Appendices .............................................................................................................. 203 Data Source acknowledgement .............................................................................................203 Appendices .............................................................................................................. 204 Appendix A Tables ...............................................................................................................204
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