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A Catalyst for Agricultural Development and Environment Regeneration in Bekwarra, Cross River State, Nigeria

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A Catalyst for Agricultural Development and Environment Regeneration in Bekwarra, Cross River State, Nigeria Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal – Vol.5, No.7 Publication Date: July. 25, 2018 DoI:10.14738/assrj.57.4893. Atu, J. E., & Abutunghe, A. M. (2018). Rural Out-Migration: A Catalyst For AgriCultural Development And Environment Regeneration In BeKwarra, Cross River State, Nigeria. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 5(7) 281-289. Rural Out-Migration: A Catalyst For Agricultural Development And Environment Regeneration In BeKwarra, Cross River State, Nigeria Joy Eko Atu Department of Geography & Environmental Science University of Calabar, Nigeria Abutunghe Mathew Abutunghe Department of Geography & Environmental Science University of Calabar, Nigeria ABSTRACT The rate, frequency and intensity of migration are increasing across the globe with dire consequences to source and receiving areas, however, out-migration can be a catalyst for development and natural resources conservation. Hence, the study examined the impacts of rural out-migration on agricultural development in BeKwarra, Cross River State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study: i. determines the impacts of out migration on agricultural and natural environment ii. the extent to which remittance from out migrants influence agricultural development in BeKwarra, Cross River State. One hypothesis was formulated and tested at 0.05 confidence limit. A survey design was adopted for the study using purposive and simple random sampling technique to elicit responses from three hundred and eighty (380) respondents drawn from the total number of farmers in the area. Findings revealed that out-migration has induced extended fallow time in some instance thereby allowing agricultural land to regain its fertility. Also reduce labour has informed changes from a more diverse cropping system to less intensive non-diverse cropping systems that has implications for the environment and food security of households. Chi-square statistical tool was used to test the stated hypothesis and the findings revealed remittances from migrants have a significant impact on agricultural development. It was recommended among other things that government should provide more social amenities and employment opportunity to curtail the exponential exodus of the youths from the area to other cities. Key words: Agricultural development, Migration, Remittance, Environment, Regeneration INTRODUCTION Migration has become of cardinal concern globally. Migration is masterminded by the marked differences in the concentration of social and infrastructural facilities between rural and urban areas. The spatial differences initiate the exodus of people particularly from rural to urban areas in the search for employment opportunity, educational pursuit and improved living standard. This phenomenon according to Omonigho and Olaniyan (2013) has affected both the source and destination areas. While it increases the population siZe, energy consumption and demand for social amenities in urban areas, it reduces the population siZe, agricultural productivity and the rate of social development in the rural communities. Rural-urban migration has retarded drastically the development of the various sectors of rural systems ranging from agricultural to infrastructural development (Mgbakor, UZendu & Usifo, 2014). In the agrarian sector the labour supply is greatly reduced and this consequently Copyright © Society for Science and Education, United Kingdom 281 Atu, J. E., & Abutunghe, A. M. (2018). Rural Out-Migration: A Catalyst For AgriCultural Development And Environment Regeneration In BeKwarra, Cross River State, Nigeria. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 5(7) 281-289. reduces the output because agrarian output in developing countries with low technology is human labour dependent amongst other things such as land and capital. Migration can be inter-regional or intra-regional (Eni & Abua, 2006). The inter-regional migration is simply the movement of people between two or more geopolitical regions. The intra-regional migration on the other hand refers to the change in residence of people within a given country. Rural- urban migration is the most common form of intra-regional migration experienced globally today. This pattern of movement was predominant in the advanced countries about a century ago. This is because the advent of industrial revolution of the 18th century led to the emergence of large local centers which absorbed parts of the excess rural population (Ebong & Annimashaun, 2006). Currently, this phenomenon has greatly been reduced in advanced countries due to the reduction in spatial differences between rural and urban areas in the developed countries. In contrast, the developing countries of the world are witnessing a rapid increase of rural-urban migration and this has been considered as occurring at an alarming proportion. Increased in the agricultural output is dependent upon soil, climate, capital, and above all, labour. The agricultural sector in Nigeria contributed about 80 percent to the economy of Nigeria in the early 1960s and this was possible because about 75 percent of the population lived in rural areas and obtained their means of livelihood from agriculture. Ironically, this sector of the economy has been doing very badly in the past few decades. For instance, in 1965, agricultural export accounted for as much as 76 percent of Nigerian foreign earning, 43 percent in 1970 while the contribution falls to about 6 percent in 1976, 3.9 percent in 1989 and 1.4 percent in 1992 (Mgbakor, Uzendu & Usifo, 2014). This decline in the agricultural sector production has been adduce to the exodus of people agricultural labour force from the rural from farm communities. The literature is replete with the contributions of rural-urban migration to the inefficiency in agricultural productivity. What is missing is how rural- urban migration serve as a push for natural environment regeneration and that is the focus of this study. Aim and objectives of the study The aim of this study was to assess the impacts of migration on agricultural development and environment regeneration in Bekwarra Local Government Area of Cross River State with the following specific objectives: i. Ascertain the impact of out-migration on agricultural practices in Bekwarra, Cross River State. ii. Determine the extent to which remittances from out-migrants influence investment in agricultural development and environment regeneration in Bekwarra, Cross River State. We therefore hypothesiZe that: i. Remittances from out-migrants do not have a significant impact on agricultural development in Bekwarra Local Government Area of Cross River State. REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE The literature on rural-urban migration is robust in Nigeria with respect to depletion of agricultural labour force. For Instance, Ekong (2003) is one of the proponents who hold that rural out migration negatively affects the agricultural potentials of the rural communities. This according to him is true in that the major factor of agriculture (i.e labour) is greatly reduced and this consequently reduces agricultural productivity. This claim is further elaborated by Adams and Adams (2007) who stressed the role of human labour in all the production phases, especially in developing countries where mechaniZed agriculture is still at infancy. They URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.57.4893. 282 Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal (ASSRJ) Vol.5, Issue 7 July-2018 conclude that until a reduction in rural out migration is given a due consideration; farmers’ output will continue to decrease. To Nwachukwu (2003), agricultural productivity increases with an increase in labour supply. According to the Submissions of Food and Agricultural OrganiZation (2001), United Nations Food Emergency Council (2001), and Aid American Development Agency (2000), rural-urban migration is a major factor responsible for the acute labour shortage experienced in rural communities particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. This labour shortage thus reduces the capability of such regions to produce adequate foods for its population. In the views of Fred (2001), Bassey and Essien (2003) agricultural productivity is directly related to labour supply in that an increase in labour supply increases agricultural output and vice versa. This goes to show that a country with an inadequate supply of labour to effectively sustain its agricultural production will hardly achieve her food security objectives (Didden & Person, 2004). To Knight and Sang (2003), farm requires adequate labour supply which in Nigeria is usually supplied by able young rural dwellers. They however concluded that the continuous movement of this sect from rural communities is accompanied by a sharp decline in the quantity of food which is a major derivative of agriculture. These views are however in contrast with other scholars who believe that rural-urban migration greatly favours agricultural productivity. In a research carried out at Nyamira District of Kenya, Nyamieri (2011) discovered that rural-urban migration is a livelihood strategy for both the migrants and their families left behind. According to her, rural-rural migration is a part of income diversification strategy where remittances are being sent back to the farming households to help reduce the risk incurred in both the subsistence and commercial agricultural activities. Atu and Iwuanyanwu (2017) in their study on the socioeconomic implication of labour migration in Akpabuyo Cross River State found out the migrants contribute significantly to their destination
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