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Effects of Anthropogenic Land Use and Associated Stressors On Effects of Anthropogenic Land Use and Associated Stressors on Stream Ecosystems by Katharina Voß from Halberstadt, Germany Accepted dissertation thesis for the partial fulfilment of the requirements for a Doctor of Natural Sciences Fachbereich 7: Natur und Umweltwissenschaften Universität Koblenz-Landau Thesis examiners: Prof. Dr. Ralf B. Schäfer, University of Koblenz-Landau Prof. Dr. Volker Lüderitz, University of Magdeburg-Stendal Date of the oral examination: December 22nd, 2016 Declaration I hereby declare that I autonomously conducted the work presented in this Ph.D thesis entitled “Effects of Anthropogenic Land Use and Associated Stressors on Stream Ecosystems”. All used assistances and involved contributors are clearly declared. This thesis has never been submitted elsewhere for an exam, as thesis or for evaluation in a similar context; to any department of this university or any scientific institute. I am aware that a violation of the aforementioned conditions can have legal consequences. Landau in der Pfalz, Place, date Signature Overview of Publications This cumulative dissertation is adapted from the following three scientific publications: Peters K, Bundschuh M, Schäfer RB (2013) Review on the effects of toxicants on freshwater ecosystem functions. Environmental Pollution 180: 324 – 329. Voß K, Fernández D, Schäfer RB (2015) Organic matter breakdown in streams in a region of contrasting anthropogenic land use. Science of the Total Environment 527–528: 179 – 184. Voß K, Schäfer RB (2016) Taxonomic and functional diversity of stream invertebrates along an anthropogenic stress gradient. In Review in Ecological Indicators. “You cannot get through a single day without having an impact on the world around you. What you do makes the difference, and you have to decide what kind of difference you want to make” - Jane Goodall - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (DANKSAGUNG) Ich möchte mich bei all den Menschen bedanken, die mich die letzten fünf Jahr während meiner Promotion begleitet und unterstützt haben. An erster Stelle danke ich Ralf Schäfer zutiefst für die Möglichkeit, die mir durch die Promotion eröffnet wurde. Ich bin dankbar für die unermüdliche Geduld, die wahnsinnig gute Betreuung, die konstruktiven Unterhaltungen, die Erfahrung, dass Niveau aus keiner Perspektive nach Arroganz aussah und dafür, dass man sich, unabhängig von wissenschaftlicher Hierarchie, auf Augenhöhe begegnen konnte – Danke! Prof. Dr. Volker Lüderitz danke ich ganz besonders für die Anerkennung der Relevanz meiner Arbeit und für die Übernahme des Koreferats. Auch bedanke ich mich für seine herausragende, fachlich Unterstützung und die Einsicht, dass Wissenschaft nicht zwingend Ellenbogen bedarf. Weiterhin möchte ich den Menschen danken, die zu unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten, zu dieser Arbeit beigetragen haben: Diego Fernández, Sebastian Schadt, Natalie Kolb, Anne Heuring, Mirco Bundschuh, Jochen Zubrod, Sebastian Stehle, Egina Malaj, Mira Kattwinkel and Elisha Pelletier – ohne euch hätte ich wohl noch weitere fünf Jahre promovieren müssen. Ein ganz besonderer Dank gilt Eduard Szöcs für seine ausdauernde Unterstützung in statistischen Belangen. Darüber hinaus möchte ich der Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung danken, deren Finanzierung diese Arbeit erst ermöglichte – eine Stiftung, die trotz einer kapitalistisch orientierten Gesellschaft stets das Wohlergehen des Menschen unterstützt und die Natur respektiert– ich danke euch zutiefst dafür! Auch geht ein großer Dank an Jone Kammerer für ihre immer zuverlässige und schnelle Hilfe bei allen organisatorischen Angelegenheiten und Therese Bürgi, ohne die meine Promotion kaum durchführbar gewesen wäre – ihr zwei seid die wichtigsten Säulen jeder Promotion! Darüber hinaus möchte ich mich bei dem „buntesten Haufen“: Diego Fernández, Bonny Wenisch, Nadin Graf, Eva Fernandes, Eduart Szöcs, Mira Kattwinkel, Verena Schreiner, Andreas Scharmüller, Le Trong Dieu Hien und John Mbaka, sprich meiner Arbeitsgruppe „Quantitative Landschaftsökologie“, für die tolle Arbeitsatmosphäre, die fruchtbaren Diskussionen und die große Hilfsbereitschaft bedanken. Wobei Diego, Bonny und Nadin ein besonderer Dank zukommt. Ihr habt mein Leben außerhalb der Uni freundschaftlich bereichert. Ganz herzlichen Dank dafür! Weiter möchte ich all denen danken, die mir das Leben in Landau in den letzten Jahren verschönert haben: Anna Marquardsen, Ehepaar Kurtz, Ehepaar Klinkhammer-Schwegler, Familie Rolfes, Familie Shimada-Woinzeck, Gertraud Hanß, Helena Binz, Karla Blöcher und Philip Weinberger, Kerstin Schnücker, Laia Mestre, Nadine Schäfer-Tabit, Nora Tesch, Roman Bucher, Sebastian Stehle, Volker Beisel und Wibke Levens. Dank euch habe ich mich hier zu Hause gefühlt. Nicht zu vergessen, danke ich meiner „Affenbande“ (Gisela Kopp, Janna Etz, Tina Jensen, Tabby Ndiaye, Matthis Drolet und Rebecca Rimbach) für nicht endende Freundschaft, über jede Zeit und Entfernung hinweg. Von ganzem Herzen möchte ich mich bei Anna Preis, Femke Pflüger und Ramona Rischke bedanken. Ihr hattet jederzeit ein offenes Ohr für mich und ward mir immer die größte Stütze, ob nah oder fern, nicht nur weil wir im Herzen sondern auch im „Elend“ vereint waren. Abschließend möchte ich meiner Familie danken. Hauke: „Du weißt doch eh schon was ich mein, Süßholz passt nicht rein, raspeln lass ich sein1“. Ich danke dir unendlich dafür, dass du dir ein Leben mit mir in Landau aufgebaut hast, dafür, dass du kein Wissenschaftler bist und mich auf andere Gedanken bringen kannst, aber vor allem dafür, dass du mir so bedingungslos den Rücken frei gehalten hast. Ohne dich wäre eine Promotion undenkbar gewesen! „Du bist und bleibst mein Lieblingsmensch1“ Auch danke ich meinem größten Schatz, Fiete. Du bereicherst mein Leben so wahnsinnig – du stellst alles andere in den Schatten – „neben dir wird die Sonne schwarz2“ Danke, dass du mein Leben entschleunigst und meinen Blick auf das Wesentliche lenkst! Zum Schluss möchte ich meinen Eltern und Großeltern von ganzem Herzen danken, die mich über all die Jahre, in jeder Hinsicht unterstützt und mir vertraut haben. Ihr habt mir die Möglichkeit zur freien Entfaltung gegeben – ein Privileg – ich danke euch zutiefst! 1Dendemann - 2Marteria i SUMMARY World’s ecosystems are under great pressure satisfying anthropogenic demands, with freshwaters being of central importance. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment has identified anthropogenic land use and associated stressors as main drivers in jeopardizing stream ecosystem functions and the biodiversity supported by freshwaters. Adverse effects on the biodiversity of freshwater organisms, such as macroinvertebrates, may propagate to fundamental ecosystem functions, such as organic matter breakdown (OMB) with potentially severe consequences for ecosystem services. In order to adequately protect and preserve freshwater ecosystems, investigations regarding potential and observed as well as direct and indirect effects of anthropogenic land use and associated stressors (e.g. nutrients, pesticides or heavy metals) on ecosystem functioning and stream biodiversity are needed. While greater species diversity most likely benefits ecosystem functions, the direction and magnitude of changes in ecosystem functioning depends primarily on species functional traits. In this context, the functional diversity of stream organisms has been suggested to be a more suitable predictor of changes in ecosystem functions than taxonomic diversity. The thesis aims at investigating effects of anthropogenic land use on (i) three ecosystem functions by anthropogenic toxicants to identify effect thresholds (chapter 2), (ii) the organic matter breakdown by three land use categories to identify effects on the functional level (chapter 3) and (iii) on the stream community along an established land-use gradient to identify effects on the community level. In chapter 2, I reviewed the literature regarding pesticide and heavy metal effects on OMB, primary production and community respiration. From each reviewed study that met inclusion criteria, the toxicant concentration resulting in a reduction of at least 20% in an ecosystem function was standardized based on laboratory toxicity data. Effect thresholds were based on the relationship between ecosystem functions and standardized concentration-effect relationships. The analysis revealed that more than one third of pesticide observations indicated reductions in ecosystem functions at concentrations that are assumed being protective in regulation. However, high variation within and between studies hampered the derivation of a concentration-effect relationship and thus effect thresholds. In chapter 3, I conducted a field study to determine the microbial and invertebrate-mediated OMB by deploying fine and coarse mesh leaf bags in streams with forested, agricultural, vinicultural and urban riparian land use. Additionally, physicochemical, geographical and habitat parameters were monitored to explain potential differences in OMB among land use types and sites. Regarding results, only microbial OMB differed between land use types. The microbial OMB showed a negative relationship with pH while the invertebrate-mediated OMB was positively related to tree cover. OMB responded to stressor gradients rather than directly to land use. In chapter 4, macroinvertebrates were sampled in concert with leaf bag deployment and after species identification (i) the taxonomic diversity in terms of Simpson diversity and total taxonomic richness (TTR) and (ii) the functional diversity in terms of bio-ecological traits and Rao’s
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