Glime, J. M. 2017. Aquatic Insects: Holometabolous Insects – Trichoptera, Suborders Integripalpia and Spicipalpia. Chapt. 11-12. 11-12-1 In: Glime, J. M. Bryophyte Ecology. Volume 2. Bryological Interaction. Ebook sponsored by Michigan Technological University and the International Association of Bryologists. Last updated 19 July 2020 and available at <http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/bryophyte-ecology2/>. CHAPTER 11-12 AQUATIC INSECTS: HOLOMETABOLA – TRICHOPTERA, SUBORDERS INTEGRIPALPIA AND SPICIPALPIA TABLE OF CONTENTS Suborder Integripalpia ..................................................................................................................................... 11-12-2 Leptoceroidea ........................................................................................................................................... 11-12-2 Odontoceridae – Mortarjoint Casemakers ........................................................................................ 11-12-2 Limnephiloidea ........................................................................................................................................ 11-12-3 Goeridae ............................................................................................................................................ 11-12-3 Limnephilidae – Northern Caddisflies .............................................................................................. 11-12-4 Lepidostomatidae – Bizarre Caddisflies ......................................................................................... 11-12-11 Oeconesidae .................................................................................................................................... 11-12-11 Uenoidae ......................................................................................................................................... 11-12-12 Phryganeoidea ........................................................................................................................................ 11-12-13 Brachycentridae – Humpless Casemaker Caddisflies ..................................................................... 11-12-13 Brachycentrus .......................................................................................................................... 11-12-13 Micrasema ............................................................................................................................... 11-12-14 Adicrophleps hitchcockii.......................................................................................................... 11-12-16 Phryganeidae – Giant Casemakers .................................................................................................. 11-12-17 Sericostomatoidea .................................................................................................................................. 11-12-18 Beraeidae ........................................................................................................................................ 11-12-18 Conoesucidae .................................................................................................................................. 11-12-18 Helicophidae ................................................................................................................................... 11-12-18 Sericostomatidae – Bushtailed Caddisflies ..................................................................................... 11-12-19 Suborder Spicipalpia ..................................................................................................................................... 11-12-20 Glossosomatoidea .................................................................................................................................. 11-12-20 Glossosomatidae – Tortoise or Saddle-case Makers ....................................................................... 11-12-20 Hydroptiloidea ....................................................................................................................................... 11-12-20 Hydroptilidae – Microcaddisflies, Purse-case Caddisflies .............................................................. 11-12-20 Ptilocolepus ............................................................................................................................. 11-12-23 Palaeagapetus ......................................................................................................................... 11-12-23 Scelotrichia .............................................................................................................................. 11-12-24 Rhyacophiloidea .................................................................................................................................... 11-12-26 Rhyacophilidae – Free-living Caddisflies ....................................................................................... 11-12-26 Food ......................................................................................................................................... 11-12-27 Substrate Preference ................................................................................................................ 11-12-28 Summary ....................................................................................................................................................... 11-12-29 Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................................... 11-12-30 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................................................. 11-12-30 11-12 -2 Chapter 11-12: Aquatic Insects: Holometabola – Trichoptera, Suborders Integripalpia and Spicipalpia CHAPTER 11-12 AQUATIC INSECTS: HOLOMETABOLA – TRICHOPTERA, SUBORDERS INTEGRIPALPIA AND SPICIPALPIA Figure 1. Adicrophleps hitchcocki (Brachycentridae), a larva that makes its case from mosses. Note the "furry" portion near the opening. Photo by D. N. Bennett, with permission. SUBORDER INTEGRIPALPIA Leptoceroidea Odontoceridae – Mortarjoint Casemakers This worldwide family lives in springs and small to medium streams and rivers, typically with slow flow; some are associated with waterfalls (Holzenthal et al. 2010c). Also known as the strong case-maker caddis, the larvae make very strong cases from bits of rock with more than usual amounts of the silk glue (Henricks 2011). Although I never found Pseudogoera in my studies of stream insects among bryophytes in the mid Appalachians, P. singularis (Figure 2) is associated with mosses in Figure 2. Pseudogoera singularis larva, a species that lives waterfalls in the southern Appalachians, USA (Wallace & in mosses of waterfalls in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Ross 1971). Photo by BIO Photography Group, through Creative Commons. Chapter 11-12: Aquatic Insects: Holometabola – Trichoptera, Suborders Integripalpia and Spicipalpia 11-12-3 In the mid-Appalachian Mountain streams, I found two Limnephiloidea species of Psilotreta (Figure 3) among Hygroamblystegium fluviatile (Glime 1968). This genus Goeridae has forewings of 6-17 mm (Parker & Wiggins 1987), This family occurs on all continents except Australia representing one of the larger of the bryophyte dwellers. and South America (Holzenthal et al. 2007). Adults have a forewing length of 6-9 mm and are typically light brown (Figure 6) (Houghton 2012). The larvae (Figure 7) live in cool, flowing water and graze on periphyton. Their larval cases consist entirely of rock fragments, sometimes with larger rocks on each side of the case (Figure 8). Figure 3. Psilotreta larva, an inhabitant of Figure 6. Goera pilosa adult, demonstrating the light brown Hygroamblystegium fluviatile in the Appalachian Mountains. wings typical of the family Goeridae. Photo from Biopix, Photo by Bob Henricks, with permission. through Creative Commons. Figure 4. Hygroamblystegium fluviatile, home of Adicrophleps hitchcockii. Photo by Michael Lüth, with Figure 7. Pseudogoera singularis larva. Photo by BIO permission. Photography Group, through Creative Commons. Figure 5. Hygroamblystegium fluviatile leaf showing strong Figure 8. Goera calcarata larva showing large rock costa that seems to be used in making the cases of Adicrophleps fragments on sides of case. Photo by Bob Henricks, with hitchcockii. Photo by Michael Lüth, with permission. permission. 11-12 -4 Chapter 11-12: Aquatic Insects: Holometabola – Trichoptera, Suborders Integripalpia and Spicipalpia Goerita is a small genus with only three species and is restricted to the Appalachian Mountains and Allegheny Plateau in eastern North America (Parker 1998). The larvae are bryobionts, in this case living on rocks covered with mosses and liverworts where the rocks can be dry or covered by a film of water. The larvae do not eat the bryophytes, but instead feed on detritus and diatoms growing there. Goerita semata lives on the undersides of rocks (Flint 1960), but in western North Carolina, Huryn and Wallace (1985) found the larvae among liverworts and mosses on vertical rock faces; fewer than 2% were found on other substrata. Goerita betteni lives in a similar habitat (Wiggins 1973). Huryn and Wallace (1985) suggested that the bryophytes may offer the larvae some protection from desiccation. Pupae typically occur on these same rocks with mosses and a thin film of water. Ultimately, females lay their eggs away from water