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Within the House of Bondage: Constructing and Negotiating the Plantation Landscape in the British Atlantic World, 1670-1820 Erin M

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Within the House of Bondage: Constructing and Negotiating the Plantation Landscape in the British Atlantic World, 1670-1820 Erin M View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Scholar Commons - Institutional Repository of the University of South Carolina University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations 2017 Within the House of Bondage: Constructing and Negotiating the Plantation Landscape in the British Atlantic World, 1670-1820 Erin M. Holmes University of South Carolina Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Holmes, E. M.(2017). Within the House of Bondage: Constructing and Negotiating the Plantation Landscape in the British Atlantic World, 1670-1820. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/4225 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WITHIN THE HOUSE OF BONDAGE: CONSTRUCTING AND NEGOTIATING THE PLANTATION LANDSCAPE IN THE BRITISH ATLANTIC WORLD, 1670-1820 by Erin M. Holmes Bachelor of Arts The College of William and Mary, 2011 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History College of Arts and Sciences University of South Carolina 2017 Accepted by: Woody Holton, Major Professor Lydia M. Brandt, Committee Member Mark M. Smith, Committee Member Matt D. Childs, Committee Member Cheryl L. Addy, Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School © Copyright by Erin M. Holmes, 2017 All Rights Reserved. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I cannot remember a time when I did not love history, but a love of history does not make one a historian. That process began when I was a freshman at William and Mary and chose to take an all-day Saturday class on the colonial Chesapeake. As we visited historic sites across the Tidewater, I began to think about history differently. No longer just the study of the past for me, history’s material remains were embedded in the modern landscape just waiting to be explored. Historic structures, archaeological sites, and historical artifacts had as much to say as the historical documents with which I had become familiar. Writing my thesis then gave me the first opportunity to ask many of the questions that I continued to interrogate and build upon at the University of South Carolina. At the University of South Carolina, Woody Holton and Lydia Brandt stewarded both this project and my growth as a scholar during my time at the University of South Carolina. They have worked tirelessly to make me both a better scholar and a better person and for that I am eternally grateful. Others, earlier in my career as a historian, set me on this path. James P. Whittenburg, Carolyn Whittenburg, Carl Lounsbury, and Susan Kern first introduced me to the study of history, and specifically the study of architecture and material culture. I was taught by giants and I can only hope to someday live up to their examples as scholars, educators, and human beings. I am grateful to Mark Smith and Matt Childs, who served on the committee for this dissertation, as well as many others. Mark Smith encouraged me to think more iii creatively about my sources, to investigate the texture of the past, and introduced me to sensory history. Matt Childs pushed me beyond the boundaries of the British Atlantic into the Francophone and Iberian Atlantics. Allison Marsh has been a source of great advice and friendship throughout graduate school. Ann Johnson, who brought me to the University of South Carolina as Director of Graduate Studies, encouraged me to think beyond my already-porous disciplinary boundaries. This dissertation and my future work have benefited greatly from their influence. David Brown and Thane Harpole both provided insight into the Virginia plantation landscape, especially at Fairfield Plantation, and facilitated my quadrennial interest in actually digging archaeological sites. Jamie May, Kenneth Kelly, Keith Stephenson, Karen Smith, George Wingard, Steve Smith, and Chester DePratter helped me expand my knowledge of the practice of archaeology. Archaeology, architectural history, material culture, and document-based historical research are all fields in which the greatest learning is gained from actually getting your hands dirty and without the opportunity to dig a historic site, I might never have been able to study the many long- gone buildings in this dissertation. A number of grants and fellowships have supported my work over the last six years, while also helping me create an invaluable network of other scholars whose work has enriched my own. Summer funding from the University of South Carolina Department of History and the Walker Institute for International Studies allowed me to travel and research, as did an early SPARC grant from the University of South Carolina Graduate School. Several fellowships from the National Society of the Colonial Dames of America provided additional support for travel to archives while a short-term iv fellowship at the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation gave me to opportunity to use their archives and revisit many Virginia plantations. Perhaps the most formative fellowship experience was my six-month fellowship at the Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington at Mount Vernon, which gave me the opportunity to live at and explore Mount Vernon and its archives. There, I was able to work with their extraordinary staff, including Doug Bradburn, Mark Santangelo, Thomas Reinhart, Caroline Spurry, Steve Stuckey, Adam Erby, Stephen McCleod, Joe Stoltz, Sarah Myers, and Mary Jongema. Additionally, support from the Graduate School at the University of South Carolina and the Bilinski Foundation, allowed me to dedicate myself solely to writing during the last year. In Barbados, I have a number of people to thank, especially the archivists at the Barbados National Archives and Harriet Pierce and Tamara Griffith of the Barbados Museum and Historical Society. Henry Fraser offered valuable insight into the island’s architectural history early on in this project and Mikala Hope-Franklyn helped me search Barbados for old buildings to document during my 2016 fieldwork. Additionally, a number of property owners and managers opened their homes for this study, including Massimo and Karen Franchi, Adrienne Norton, and Pauline Saunders. I have been particularly blessed to have a cohort of historians who encouraged me throughout the process of research and writing. Kristina Poznan, Lindsay Chervinsky, Jennifer Whitmer Taylor, Kate McFadden, and Mark VanDriel have supported and challenged me, laughed and cried with me, drank too much and said too much with me, and only called me crazy once or twice. Their work has forced me to think more critically about my own and inspired me to be more ambitious. They have also tolerated a number v of frantic text messages and phone calls when it seemed certain the sky was falling and welcomed me into their homes on many occasions. I cannot thank them enough, as friends or as scholars. The Atlantic Reading Group at the University of South Carolina, especially Chaz Yingling, Neal Polhemus, Andrew Kettler, Carter Bruns, Antony Keane- Dawes, Lewis Eliot, Patrick O’Brien, and Don Polite, read early drafts of parts of the dissertation and provided critical feedback and camaraderie. I want to conclude by thanking my family. My parents, John and Kathryn Holmes, have supported me in ways large and small and too numerous to mention without exceeding the length of my actual dissertation. They inspire me to be a better person daily. Evangeline Cain, Candy Cain, Patricia Lambert, and Allison Mullenax, have supported me and allowed me to hijack their vacations for trips to historic sites and I love them dearly. Carla Shakely and Kate Huggins encouraged me as I walked this path. I am forever grateful to every person named – and many others I did not mention specifically – for all that they have taught me, the models they’ve provided, and the love they have given. vi ABSTRACT My dissertation is a comparative study of the plantation landscape in South Carolina, Barbados, and Virginia between 1670 and 1820 that explores how the built environment (landscape, architecture, and material culture) shaped interactions between enslaved people and free, white workers and slaveholders. Instead of simply the home of the planter class, the plantation house was more than a living space or a work space; it was a workshop for the creation of a distinctly American culture. The vastly different houses built in each colony reflect the transformation of the built environment in the New World that began during the second half of the seventeenth century and lasted through the beginning of the nineteenth century. The way these buildings changed (or did not) altered the experiences of all those who occupied them in distinct ways. Historians attribute this transformation to the effect of the Georgian worldview, which introduced English design to the colonies and influenced everything from chamber pots to churches and is widely characterized as an academic, rather than vernacular, process that brought classical elements, balance, order, and symmetry to colonial design. However, in emphasizing the similarities between material culture in England’s North American colonies, historians’ focus on the Georgian worldview has limited their critical analyses of the material changes of the eighteenth century. Colonists imported both ideas and objects from England, but these changed as soon as they made contact with the New World. These ideas and objects responded to the environment and the evolving demands of plantation slavery in ways that few historians vii have explored. The plantation offers the ideal context for the study of the Georgian worldview’s American alterations because it was a landscape that never occurred in England and that could not have developed in the colonies without the immense wealth produced by slavery.
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