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National Marine Fisheries Service Endangered Species Act Section 7 Biological Opinion

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National Marine Fisheries Service Endangered Species Act Section 7 Biological Opinion NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT SECTION 7 BIOLOGICAL OPINION Title: Biological Opinion on the U.S. Geological Survey's Marine Geophysical Survey by the RIV Hugh R. Sharp in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean and National Marine Fisheries Service Permits and Conservation Division's Issuance of an Incidental Harassment Authorization pursuant to Section 101(a)(5)(D) of the Marine Mammal Protection Act Consultation Conducted By: Endangered Species Act Interagency Cooperation Division, Office of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce Action Agency: U.S. Geological Survey; Resource Evaluation Division; Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, U.S. Department of Interior; National Energy Te€hnology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy; and Permits and Conservation Division, Office of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce Publisher: Office of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce Approved: Donna S. Wieting Director, Office of Protected Resourc s Date: AUG a6 2018 Consultation Tracking number: FPR-2018-9263 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): This page left blank intentionally Biological Opinion for U.S. Geological Survey Seismic Survey in the Atlantic Ocean 2018 Tracking No. 2018-9263 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Consultation History ........................................................................................................ 2 2 The Assessment Framework ................................................................................................ 4 3 Description of the Proposed Action ..................................................................................... 7 3.1 U.S. Geological Survey Proposed Activities ................................................................... 7 3.1.1 Seismic Survey Overview and Objectives ................................................................ 7 3.1.2 Source Vessel Specifications .................................................................................. 11 3.1.3 Airgun Array and Acoustic Receivers Description ................................................ 11 3.1.4 Split-Beam Fisheries Echosounder ......................................................................... 16 3.1.5 Mitigation and Monitoring ...................................................................................... 16 3.2 National Marine Fisheries Service’s Proposed Activities .............................................. 22 3.2.1 National Marine Fisheries Service’s Incidental Harassment Authorization ........... 23 3.2.2 National Marine Fisheries Service’s Revisions to Proposed Incidental Harassment Authorization .................................................................................................... 23 4 Action Area .......................................................................................................................... 23 5 Interrelated and Interdependent Actions ......................................................................... 26 6 Potential Stressors ............................................................................................................... 26 7 Species and Critical Habitat Not Likely to be Adversely Affected ................................ 26 7.1 Endangered Species Act-Listed Marine Mammals ........................................................ 29 7.1.1 Blue Whale.............................................................................................................. 29 7.1.2 North Atlantic Right Whale .................................................................................... 31 7.2 Endangered Species Act-Listed Sea Turtles .................................................................. 32 7.2.1 Hawksbill Turtle ..................................................................................................... 32 7.3 Endangered Species Act-Listed Sturgeon ...................................................................... 33 7.4 Endangered Species Act-Listed Elasmobranchs ............................................................ 36 7.5 Designated Critical Habitat ............................................................................................ 39 7.5.1 Loggerhead Turtle – Northwest Atlantic Ocean Distinct Population Segment Designated Critical Habitat .................................................................................... 40 8 Species and Critical Habitat Likely to be Adversely Affected ........................................ 45 9 Status of Species and Critical Habitat Likely to be Adversely Affected ........................ 46 9.1 Fin Whale ....................................................................................................................... 47 9.2 Sei Whale ....................................................................................................................... 51 9.3 Sperm Whale .................................................................................................................. 53 9.4 Green Turtle – North Atlantic Distinct Population Segment ......................................... 57 i Biological Opinion for U.S. Geological Survey Seismic Survey in the Atlantic Ocean 2018 Tracking No. 2018-9263 9.5 Kemp’s Ridley Turtle ..................................................................................................... 61 9.6 Leatherback Turtle ......................................................................................................... 64 9.7 Loggerhead Turtle – Northwest Atlantic Ocean Distinct Population Segment ............. 70 10 Environmental Baseline...................................................................................................... 75 10.1 Climate Change .............................................................................................................. 75 10.2 Oceanic Temperature Regimes ...................................................................................... 77 10.3 Whaling and Subsistence Harvesting ............................................................................. 79 10.4 Sea Turtle Harvest .......................................................................................................... 81 10.5 Vessel Strike ................................................................................................................... 82 10.6 Whale Watching ............................................................................................................. 83 10.7 Fisheries ......................................................................................................................... 84 10.8 Fisheries Interactions...................................................................................................... 85 10.9 Aquaculture .................................................................................................................... 87 10.10 Pollution ......................................................................................................................... 87 10.10.1 Marine Debris ......................................................................................................... 87 10.10.2 Pesticides and Contaminants................................................................................... 89 10.10.3 Hydrocarbons .......................................................................................................... 90 10.11 Aquatic Nuisance Species .............................................................................................. 92 10.12 Disease ........................................................................................................................... 92 10.13 Sound .............................................................................................................................. 93 10.13.1 Vessel Sound and Commercial Shipping ................................................................ 94 10.13.2 Aircraft .................................................................................................................... 95 10.13.3 Seismic Surveys ...................................................................................................... 95 10.13.4 Marine Construction ............................................................................................... 96 10.14 Military Activities .......................................................................................................... 96 10.15 Scientific Research Activities ........................................................................................ 97 10.16 Impact of the Baseline on Endangered Species Act-Listed Species .............................. 98 11 Effects of the Action ............................................................................................................ 99 11.1 Stressors Associated with the Proposed Action ............................................................. 99 11.1.1 Pollution by Oil or Fuel Leakage ...........................................................................
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