Contents List of Tables 8 List of Figures 9 Typography, Translations

Contents

List of Tables 8 List of Figures 9 Typography, Translations and Transcription 10 Transcription 11 Abbreviations 13 Introduction 14 Background 14 Review of literature and research questions 18 Data and methodology 20 Theoretical framework 22 The Structure of the thesis 23 Limitations of the study 24 1. Arabic and Hebrew in one text: Early potentials, current perspective 26 1.1 Judeo-Arabic: general remarks 27 1.2 Judeo-Arabic texts: Early potentials of Arabic/Hebrew in one text 30 1.3 Iraqi Judeo-Arabic 35 1.3.1 Iraqi Judeo-Arabic literature 36 1.3.2 The linguistic features of Iraqi Judeo-Arabic: General remarks 37 1.4 Iraqi Jewish Novelists: From Arabic to Hebrew 40 1.4.1 Socio-political background: First-generation Mizrahi Jews in Israel 41 1.4.2 The cultural identity of first-generation Iraqi Jews 43 1.4.3 Shimon Ballas: Adlb al-Qas 44 1.4.4 Sami Michael: 'Saleh-Menashe' or 'Samir-Marid'? 46 1.4.5 Eli Amir: Ibn-'Arab 48 1.5 The Novels 50 1.5.1 Scapegoat- Eli Amir (1983) 50 1.5.2 All Men are Equal - But Some are More - Sami Michael (1974) 53 1.5.3 The Transit Camp - Shimon Ballas (1964) 56 1.5.4 Farewell Baghdad - Eli Amir (1992) 57 1.5.5 Victoria - Sami Michael (1993) 61 1.5.6 The Other One - Shimon Ballas (1991) 64 1.5.7 What's Left - Eli Amir (2010a) 67 1.5.8 The Flight of the Swans - Sami Michael, (2011) 68 1.5.9 The End of the Visit - Shimon Ballas (2008) 70 2. Stylistics: an approach to exophonic texts 71 2.1 Exophonic texts 72 2.1.1 Bilingualism and exophonic writing 72 2.1.2 Exophonic texts, stylistics and foregrounding 75 2.2 Approaches to exophonic texts 79 2.2.1 Conversational code-switching 79 2.2.2 Code switching in written discourse: Review of the literature 83 2.3 Aspects of non-code-switching in exophonic texts 86 2.4 Style as choice and exophonic texts 87 2.5 Why stylistics? 91 2.6 Toward a new approach to exophonic text 92 2.6.1 Literary code-switching: New perspective 92

http://d-nb.info/1082785202 2.6.2 Non-CS aspects: syntagmatic and paradigmatic choices 96 2.6.3 The suggested model 98 2.7 Conclusion 102 3. Stylistic analysis of Arabic use in the Iraqi Jewish Hebrew novels 103 3.1 Data 104 3.2 Numerical results 104 3.2.1 Counting method 105 3.2.2 The comparison of Arabic use counts 105 3.3 Code-Switching in the Hebrew novels 106 3.3.1 Easy-Access Code-Switching 108 3.3.2 Hard-Accessed Code-Switching 113 3.3.3 Ambiguous-Access Code-Switching 118 3.4 Syntagmatic/Paradigmatic deviations 124 3.4.1 Syntagmatic deviation 125 3.4.2 Paradigmatic deviations 127 3.4.3 Arabic in Hebrew: Foregrounding or Deviance? 132 3.5 Iraqi Judeo-Arabic and Arabic dialects in the novels 134 3.5.1 Iraqi Judeo-Arabic 134 3.5.2 Arabic dialects 139 3.6 Conclusion 141 4. The style of Arabic use between authors and novels 142 4.1 Diachronic analysis of Arabic use in the selected Hebrew novels 143 4.1.1 Early Hebrew novels (corpus 1) 143 4.1.2 Hebrew novels written in the middle period, corpus 2 147 4.1.3 The late Hebrew novels, corpus 3 149 4.1.4 General remarks on the diachronic analysis of Arabic use 150 4.2 The style of Arabic use as compared between novels and authors 153 4.2.1 Shimon Ballas 153 4.2.2 Sami Michael 159 4.2.3 Eli Amir 164 4.3 Conclusion 170 5. Iraqi Jewish authors between Iraq and Israel 172 5.1 Places and narratives 173 5.1.1 Ha-ma'abara: the narratives of Baghdad and Israel 174 5.1.2 Baghdad 179 5.1.3 Israel 184 5.2 Cultural translation in Iraqi Jewish fiction 186 5.3 The Arabic-Hebrew conflict 192 5.3.1 Acquiring Hebrew 193 5.3.2 "To be like them" 194 5.3.3 Arabic as a saviour 196 5.3.4 The language of the enemy 197 5.3.5 Do they know it? 197 5.4 Conclusion 199 6. Summary and concluding remarks 200 7. Bibliography 214 7.1 The novels in the analysis: 214 7.2 Consulted references: 215

7 8. Appendices 232 8.1 The list of Arabic lexical items with frequencies 232 8.2 The list of Arabic lexical items according to semantic fields 242