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Migration and Winter Distribution of the Chestnut- Collared Longspur

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Migration and Winter Distribution of the Chestnut- Collared Longspur Anim. Migr. 2017; 4: 37–50 Research Article Kevin Ellison*, Emily McKinnon, Steve Zack, Sarah Olimb, Robert Sparks, Erin Strasser Migration and winter distribution of the Chestnut- collared Longspur https://doi.org/10.1515/ami-2017-0005 Received August 18, 2017; accepted December 15, 2017 1 Introduction Abstract: The Chestnut-collared Longspur (Calcarius As a group, North American obligate grassland birds have ornatus) is one of five grassland songbirds, endemic within declined more than any other since the 1960s [1,2]. Extensive North America, with populations that have declined cultivation of grasslands for annual crops, throughout the >65% since the 1960s. These species breed and winter North American Great Plains (> 1,577,485km2 or 32%, [3]), has in the northern and southern Great Plains, respectively. been implicated in the population declines of 23 species of Identifying migration routes, wintering sites, and the grassland-dependent birds [see 1,4,5). Other contributors to timing of their habitat use is key for understanding the the declines include habitat degradation, fragmentation [6], relative magnitude of threats across the annual cycle and the widespread use of pesticides [7, but see 4]. Climate and effectively targeting habitats for conservation. We change has also been raised as a threat to the suitability of tracked migratory movements of seven Chestnut-collared breeding and wintering areas [8-10], with analyses suggesting Longspurs with light-level geolocators deployed in Canada. that over half of current climatic ranges would be lost by Individuals wintered up to 112-1,200km apart. All followed 2050 without potential for gains elsewhere [8]. Despite the the Central Flyway, circumvented high-elevation terrain, imperiled status of several species of grassland songbirds, and traveled east of the breeding location. Unlike most information on their migrations is limited in scope (limited songbirds, the durations of spring and fall migrations to dates of departures and arrivals) and geography (single were similar; on average 42 ± 7d and 41 ± 5d during fall location or area) to purely observational records and little and spring migrations, respectively, for an approximately is understood about the relative importance of habitats 2,000km migration; this highlights the need to better at the areas used for breeding, migration, and wintering understand habitat requirements during migration for throughout migration [11]. grassland songbirds. Using geospatial habitat data, we Several of the bird species of greatest conservation assessed winter distribution overlap with four other concern are endemic within the grasslands of the North endemic grassland songbirds; wintering range overlapped American Great Plains [see 12, reviewed in 13], breeding and 63-99%. Future studies should use more precise devices wintering in the northern (Canada and U.S.) and southern (e.g., archival GPS units), programmed for data collection (U.S. and Mexico) Great Plains, respectively [11], Figure 1. dates from this study, to identify specific migratory sites for Five of these species have undergone dramatic (>65%) better conserving this and associated grassland species. population losses since the 1960s: Sprague’s Pipit Anthus spragueii; Chestnut-collared Longspur Calcarius ornatus; McCown’s Longspur Rhyncophanes mccownii; Lark Keywords: cropland; geo-logger; grasslands; migration Bunting Calamospiza melanocorys; and Baird’s Sparrow rate; northern Great Plains; songbird Ammodramus bairdii (Table 1) [2]. The Chestnut-collared Longspur has declined by an estimated 87% over the period between 1966-2015 [2], has undergone contractions on both its breeding and wintering distributions [11], and *Corresponding author: Kevin Ellison, World Wildlife Fund Bozeman, is a species of international conservation priority (Table 1). United States, E-mail: [email protected] The declines are associated with the loss of grasslands Emily McKinnon, University of Manitoba at both ends of its annual cycle, inferred because the Steve Zack, Wildlife Conservation Society (retired) species is a strong indicator of grassland integrity in Sarah Olimb, World Wildlife Fund Robert Sparks, Erin Strasser, Bird Conservancy of the Rockies breeding areas [11,14] and its winter presence is positively associated with grass cover [15]. Open Access. © 2017 Kevin Ellison, et al., published by De Gruyter Open. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License. Unauthenticated Download Date | 1/16/18 4:58 PM 38 K. Ellison, et al. Figure 1. Breeding and wintering distributions of the four songbirds endemic to the Great Plains that co-occur with breeding distribution of the Chestnut-collared Longspur (cross-hatched in each) [40]: A. Baird’s Sparrow; B. Lark Bunting; C. McCown’s Longspur; and D. Sprague’s Pipit. The species distributions show a high degree of overlap and the relative importance of the Grassland Priority Conservation Areas [41]. Geolocator deployment site within breeding distribution denoted by white circle. Unauthenticated Download Date | 1/16/18 4:58 PM Migration and winter distribution of the Chestnut-collared Longspur 39 Table 1. Status and degree of wintering distribution overlap among the five endemic, migratory breeding songbirds of the northern Great Plains. Species BBS trend 1966-2013 Species conservation status† (Sauer et al. 2014) Sprague’s Pipit -80% Threatened (COSEWIC, SARA) Vulnerable Anthus spragueii (IUCN) Chestnut-collared Longspur -87% Threatened (COSEWIC, SARA) Calcarius ornatus Near-threatened (IUCN) McCown’s Longspur -88% Threatened (COSEWIC) Rhyncophanes mccownii Special Concern (SARA) Least Concern (IUCN) Lark Bunting -83% Least Concern (IUCN) Calamospiza melanocorys Baird’s Sparrow -73% Special Concern (COSEWIC) Ammodramus bairdii Least Concern (IUCN) †Sources: Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) and Species At Risk Act (SARA) [61]; and International Union for Conservation of Nature [62]. Information on the parameters of migration (timing at breeding sites are limited for Sprague’s Pipit (< 1%, of movements, durations of movements and habitat use N=404; [22, 23, K. Ellison unpubl. data]), Lark Bunting within an area, and geographic locations) can provide (< 1%, N=4,880; [24]), Baird’s Sparrow (5%, N=164; [25, insight for refining conservation efforts [16]; in this case 22]), and McCown’s Longspur (< 1%, N=796; [26]) and no identifying grassland bird conservation funding priorities recoveries have been recorded from elsewhere other than among the three North American countries. Also, breeding sites. Thus, banding data alone are not able migration strategies for a species endemic to the North to provide information on migration for these species. American Great Plains may be quite different from those Stable isotope analysis of feathers has been used for of songbirds migrating longer distances to Central and determining spatial connections between moulting and South America, where large barriers (e.g., Gulf of Mexico, capture locations for many species [20]. This requires western deserts) shape migration strategy [17,18] and/ isotopic variability in the landscape experienced by or molt-migrations may be undertaken [19]. Therefore, moulting birds, which, given the restricted breeding range tracking migration of Chestnut-collared Longspurs can of longspurs in the northern Great Plains, is unlikely to improve our understanding of the migration strategies of be present. Furthermore, longspurs do not undergo a grassland birds of the Great Plains in general. complete winter moult [11]. Therefore, extrinsic tracking Both intrinsic [20] and extrinsic [21] markers have devices such as light-level geolocators, currently provide been used to infer migration routes and measure the the best means for delineating migration routes and strength of migratory connectivity [20]; however, there wintering sites for specific breeding populations of this are limitations to these methods. For some species, declining species. band recoveries can provide enough information to Our objectives were: 1. To quantify migration behavior reconstruct population-level patterns of breeding- and winter locations for Chestnut-collared Longspurs, and wintering connectivity and approximate migration 2. Provide a context for the impacts of habitat loss on the routes [21]. However, not enough individuals of many wintering grounds by using habitat classification data to grassland species are marked annually to obtain refine the wintering range distributions for the Chestnut- recapture data. For example, among 3,672 records for collared Longspur and the four endemic grassland banded Chestnut-collared Longspurs, only five band songbird species with which it commonly co-occurs. We returns were recorded, all of which were at the sites where analyzed data recorded by geolocators to characterize they were originally banded (Danny Bystrack, USGS Bird migratory and winter movements, including departure Banding Lab, unpubl. data). Likewise, records of returns and arrival dates, approximate migration routes, and Unauthenticated Download Date | 1/16/18 4:58 PM 40 K. Ellison, et al. winter locations. A relatively slow migration would entail 2.2 Data Collection the need for more stop-over habitat along migration routes than a long-distance migrant would require; long-distance 2.2.1 Capture techniques migrants move much farther and depend on energy stored as fat across a few days whereas birds making a relatively We used
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