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Shattered Glass and Broken Bones: Piikani Domestic Space 1880-1960

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Shattered Glass and Broken Bones: Piikani Domestic Space 1880-1960 SHATTERED GLASS AND BROKEN BONES: PIIKANI DOMESTIC SPACE 1880-1960 by Simon Arthur Solomon A.A., Douglas College, 2004 B.A., Simon Fraser University, 2007 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS In the Department of Archaeology Faculty of Environment © Simon Arthur Solomon 2011 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY FALL 2011 All rights reserved. However, in accordance with the Copyright Act of Canada, this work may be reproduced, without authorization, under the conditions for "Fair Dealing." Therefore, limited reproduction of this work for the purposes of private study, research, criticism, review and news reporting is likely to be in accordance with the law, particularly if cited appropriately. APPROVAL Name: Simon Solomon Degree: MA Title of Thesis: Shattered Glass and Broken Bones: Piikani Domestic Space 1880·1960 Examining Committee: Chair: Rudy Reimer Instructor, Archaeology & First Nations Studies Eldon Yellowhorn Senior Supervisor Associate Professor, Archaeology & First Nations Studies George Nicholas Supervisor Professor, Archaeology Margaret){ennedy Examiner Professor, Archaeology, University of Saskatchewan Date Defended!Approved: ii Partial Copyright Licence STATEMENT OF ETHICS APPROVAL The author, whose name appears on the title page of this work, has obtained, for the research described in this work, either: (a) Human research ethics approval from the Simon Fraser University Office of Research Ethics, or (b) Advance approval of the animal care protocol from the University Animal Care Committee of Simon Fraser University; or has conducted the research (c) as a co-investigator, collaborator or research assistant in a research project approved in advance, or (d) as a member of a course approved in advance for minimal risk human research, by the Office of Research Ethics. A copy of the approval letter has been filed at the Theses Office of the University Library at the time of submission of this thesis or project. The original application for approval and letter of approval are filed with the relevant offices. Inquiries may be directed to those authorities. Simon Fraser University Library Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada Last update: Spring 2010 STATEMENT OF ETHICS APPROVAL The author, whose name appears on the title page of this work, has obtained, for the research described in this work, either: (a) Human research ethics approval from the Simon Fraser University Office of Research Ethics, or (b) Advance approval of the animal care protocol from the University Animal Care Committee of Simon Fraser University; or has conducted the research (c) as a co-investigator, collaborator or research assistant in a research project approved in advance, or (d) as a member of a course approved in advance for minimal risk human research, by the Office of Research Ethics. A copy of the approval letter has been filed at the Theses Office of the University Library at the time of submission of this thesis or project. The original application for approval and letter of approval are filed with the relevant offices. Inquiries may be directed to those authorities. Simon Fraser University Library Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada Last update: Spring 2010 ABSTRACT Reserves have existed in Canada for over 140 years, yet their archaeological correlates are virtually unknown. Historical archaeologists in North America typically focus on sites of European origin, so critical examinations of Indian engagement with Canadian society from an archaeological perspective are lacking. Using a combination of historical documents, oral testimony, and archaeological data, I examine the Piikani First Nation‘s transition from tipis to cabins in the late 19th- and early 20th-centuries. I detail the Piikani adoption of alien vernacular architecture, exploring what elements of tipi spatial organization persisted once they adopted cabins. I document the material culture associated with a sedentary occupation. It has been assumed that, having adopted European housing, Indians lived inside them as ―White‖ people did. Yet the organization and use of space within at least on Piikani cabin reflected continuity from their pre-reserve tipi lifeways, even though the associated material culture the indicated change. Keywords: reserve archaeology, tipi, cabin, culture continuity, culture change, Piikani, Blackfoot, social space, Plains Subject Terms: Blackfoot, Piikani, historic archaeology, household archaeology, Peigan, Treaty 7, domestic space, iii DEDICATION I remember saying as a child that I wanted to be a writer. My parents told me I could, but I let that dream go. Yet I ended up being a writer, after all. Funny little world, ain‘t it? To my parents, for everything. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A work like this does not happen on its own. Many people have contributed to its completion, though any errors are entirely my own. Some of the key players who deserve my thanks are: Eldon, Romeo, and Joe Yellowhorn: Thank-you for your friendship, your guidance, and for sharing with me the opportunity to study and learn about not only your cultural heritage, but your own history. Eldon, your support was above and beyond edits and revisions, and I am deeply indebted to you. George Nicholas: Your careful reading of my draft and pencil-coloured red-pen made for a much better product. Thank-you. To Sandie and Kristina, my fellow Blackfoot aficionados and academic sisters: Your friendship and insight have both been wonderful. We must keep cahooting! Peter Vuong, your laptop was enormously appreciated at a very crucial time! To Cori: You inspired me to go to college, and were supportive of that decision. Thank-you. I doubt I would have pursued higher education if not for you. I would have made a great deal more money had I not, but I would have been eternally frustrated by the lack of meaningful work. To my family: You put up with years of me being essentially incommunicado for eight months out of twelve, and especially my parents, who are loving, supportive, and quick to point out that my schooling came at the cost of no Olympic 2010 grandchildren. My fellow paint spillers and 42.076‘ers at 319 and 351: thanks for years of laughs and support. It‘s someone else‘s turn to clean up the empty pizza boxes! v DLC: Having a non-archaeologist review my work was helpful, and your refusal to let me quit the programme is why this thesis is getting published. And no, it was DLC, not DLS, and I didn‘t—especially not over pizza. Savages have standards, too. And to Alan McMillan: Without knowing it, you started me down this path with your ANTH 160 course at Douglas College, and forced me to look beyond my own biases. You forced me to realize that many White academics are not exploitive of First Nations heritage, and many are advocates and partners in the truest meaning of the word. It was inspiring, and I‘ve since met many wonderful like-minded academics. Kitchi Meegwetch! vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Approval .............................................................................................................. ii Abstract .............................................................................................................. iii Dedication .......................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ............................................................................................ v Table of Contents ............................................................................................. vii List of Figures ..................................................................................................... x List of Tables .................................................................................................... xii Glossary ........................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1: The Shattered Glass Overture: Integrating Archives, Oral Histories, And Archaeology On The Piikani Reserve .............................. 1 Historical Archaeology and First Nations ..................................................... 4 The Piikani Nation .......................................................................................... 6 Objectives ........................................................................................................ 7 Textual Sources ............................................................................................. 8 Limitations of Textual Sources ..................................................................... 11 The Ethnographic Limits .............................................................................. 13 Interviews ..................................................................................................... 15 Archaeology ................................................................................................. 17 The Archaeology of Culture Change ............................................................... 18 Organization .................................................................................................. 24 Chapter 2: The Blackfoot Confederacy and the Piikani Nation ................. 27 The Blackfoot .................................................................................................. 27 The Pre-Reserve Blackfoot ............................................................................. 28 The Emergence of the Horse Days .............................................................
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