Análisis Visual Comparado Entre Carátulas De ​Hip

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Análisis Visual Comparado Entre Carátulas De ​Hip CARAPTULAS: ANÁLISIS VISUAL COMPARADO ENTRE CARÁTULAS DE HIP-HOP ​ ESTADOUNIDENSE DE LA DÉCADA DE 1980 Y RAP COLOMBIANO DE LA DÉCADA ​ ​ DE LOS 2010 Presentado por: Santiago Hernández Lesmes Trabajo de grado para optar por el título de Comunicador Social Énfasis en Producción Audiovisual y Publicidad Asesorado por: Alexis Castellanos Escobar Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Facultad de Comunicación y Lenguaje Comunicación Social Bogotá, D.C. 2020 Artículo 23 “La Universidad no se hace responsable por los conceptos emitidos por los alumnos en sus trabajos de grado, solo velará porque no se publique nada contrario al dogma y la moral católicos y porque el trabajo no contenga ataques y polémicas puramente personales, antes bien, se vean en ellas el anhelo de buscar la verdad y la justicia” 1 Bogotá, 15 de mayo de 2020 Doctora MARISOL CANO BUSQUETS Decana Facultad de Comunicación y Lenguaje Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Estimada Decana: Reciba un cordial saludo de mi parte. Tengo el placer de presentar mi Trabajo de Grado titulado: “Caraptulas: Análisis visual comparado entre carátulas de Hip-Hop estadounidense de la década ​ ​ de 1980 y Rap colombiano de la década de los 2010”, para optar por el título de Comunicador ​ ​ Social con Énfasis en Producción Audiovisual y Publicidad. Atentamente, Santiago Hernández Lesmes Estudiante de Comunicación Social Pontificia Universidad Javeriana 2 Bogotá, 15 de mayo de 2020 Doctora MARISOL CANO BUSQUETS Decana Facultad de Comunicación y Lenguaje Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Apreciada Marisol: Reciba en primer lugar un fraterno saludo. Tengo el placer de presentar el Trabajo de Grado titulado: “CARAPTULAS: ANÁLISIS VISUAL COMPARADO ENTRE CARÁTULAS DE HIP-HOP ESTADOUNIDENSE DE LA DÉCADA DE 1980 Y RAP COLOMBIANO DE LA DÉCADA DE LOS 2010”, esfuerzo investigativo que desarrolla un análisis cultural tradicional y computarizado de estos dispositivos comunicativos. Considero que el texto reúne los requisitos necesarios para que el estudiante Santiago Hernández Lesmes opte por su título de Comunicador Social. Atentamente, ALEXIS CASTELLANOS ESCOBAR Profesor Asistente Departamento de Comunicación Facultad de Comunicación y Lenguaje Pontificia Universidad Javeriana 3 Dedicado a mis padres, gracias por darle ritmo a mi vida. Agradezco a mis abuelos, porque siempre estuvieron conmigo; a Luisa, por su apoyo incondicional; y a Alexis, mi asesor, por acompañarme en este proceso. “Hace quince años nos decían ñeros, ahora nos escuchan hasta metaleros y punkeros” - Alcolirykoz. “Los barrios: Soacha, San mateo y el Galán Que me educaron, me aguantaron, estuvieron y estarán” - Ali A.K.A. Mind. 4 Índice 1. Introducción 8 ​ 1.1. Problema y pregunta 10 1.2. Objetivo General y Objetivos Específicos 16 1.2.1. Objetivo General 16 1.2.2. Objetivos Específicos 17 1.3. Justificación 17 2. Estado del Arte 20 ​ 3. Marco teórico 28 ​ 3.1. Representación 30 3.2. Recursos culturales 35 3.3. El consumo 41 4. Metodología 43 4.1. Analítica cultural tradicional 46 4.2. Analítica cultural computarizada 49 5. Resultados 53 6. Conclusiones 81 7. Referencias 87 8. Fuentes primarias 91 5 Tabla de figuras Figura 1: Ingresos de la industria de la música estimado para 2030 18 Figura 2: Ingresos mundiales de la música (1998 - 2030) 19 Figura 3: Filtros aplicados en la plataforma Discogs 45 Figura 4: Ventana de “Información del archivo” de Photoshop 48 Figura 5: Participación femenina y masculina en las carátulas de ambos países. 53 Figura 6: Carátulas de Estados Unidos con participación femenina. 54 Figura 7: Carátulas de Colombia con participación femenina. 55 Figura 8: Serie visual de gorras y sombreros. 56 Figura 9: Personajes mirando hacia la cámara en carátulas de ambos países. 59 Figura 10: Comparación entre carátulas de ambos países con artículos de joyería 61 Figura 11: Visualización de carátulas de Hip-Hop colombiano (a la izquierda) en contraste con portadas de Hip-Hop estadounidense (a la derecha) con cadenas. 62 Figura 12: Comparación entre carátulas de ambos países con vehículos. 63 Figura 13: Carátulas estadounidenses con vehículos. 63 Figura 14: Serie visual de dispositivos musicales y sonoros. 64 Figura 15: Serie visual de personas posando con los brazos cruzados y con las manos en los bolsillos. 66 Figura 16: Carátulas de Hip-Hop estadounidense con expresiones de la cultura africana en contraste con algunas portadas de música Reggae. 68 Figura 17: Carátulas de ambos países organizadas de manera cromática. 69 Figura 18: Imagen de muestra y resultados de similitud arrojados por Yandex 71 Figura 19: Proceso de filtración de los resultados y muestra final 72 Figura 20: Imagen de muestra y resultados de similitud arrojados por Yandex 73 Figura 21: Proceso de filtración de los resultados y muestra final 74 Figura 22: Imagen de muestra y resultados de similitud arrojados por Yandex 75 Figura 23: Proceso de filtración de los resultados y muestra final 76 Figura 24: Imagen de muestra y resultados de similitud arrojados por Yandex 77 Figura 25: Imagen de muestra y resultados de similitud arrojados por Yandex 78 Figura 26: Imagen de muestra y resultados de similitud arrojados por Yandex 79 6 1. Introducción El presente trabajo de grado se centra en el análisis visual comparado de 405 carátulas1 de Rap estadounidense (250) y colombiano (155) lanzadas durante las décadas de 1980 y 2010, ​ respectivamente. En ese sentido, se aborda el panorama de la industria musical, específicamente bajo el área de la publicidad (entendiendo la carátula como un dispositivo publicitario, sobre lo cual profundizo más adelante), mediante el que se produce, desde la comunicación visual, un primer contacto con el consumidor interesado en aproximarse a una producción fonográfica determinada. La ruta del presente texto comprende, en un primer lugar, el planteamiento del problema de investigación esbozado mediante un breve contexto de las carátulas como dispositivo publicitario en la industria fonográfica, su trascendencia en el campo investigativo y algunas de las consecuencias que han tenido las transformaciones a nivel de formato partiendo desde la distribución por medio de mecanismos análogos a modo de vinilo y el CD, hasta la reciente mutación hacia las dominantes plataformas digitales. Por otro lado, plantea los objetivos general y específicos que sustentan el desglose del documento. Finalmente, precisa la justificación y relevancia del trabajo a partir de varias categorías que demuestran la situación de la música, su pertinencia en el ámbito de la comunicación y enfatiza en el valor del tema en el cursado énfasis de publicidad. En el segundo capítulo, recupero algunas investigaciones que sitúan a modo de objeto de estudio carátulas de diversos géneros musicales con una variedad de momentos y lugares de 1 También denominadas portadas o cubiertas de discos; y en inglés cover art o album cover. El diccionario ​ ​ ​ ​ etimológico de Wedgwood (1859) define cover a partir de sus raíces lingüísticas del francés, italiano, y latín: “Fr. ​ ​ couvrir, It. coprire, Lat. cooperire” (p. 385)., las cuales coinciden en el verbo “cubrir”. 7 producción. A su vez, estas pesquisas provienen de distintos campos de investigación que abarcan desde la musicología hasta el diseño gráfico y la comunicación visual. En consecuencia, es factible encontrar un abundante y variado recuento de metodologías que involucran ámbitos como la iconografía musical aplicada y el análisis de contenido. Igualmente, en el tercer apartado, se encuentra el desarrollo teórico de los tres conceptos que apoyan el planteamiento del trabajo de grado, correspondientes a la idea de representaciones, la identidad cultural y el consumo. En ese sentido, cada sección dispone de un diálogo entre los autores seleccionados que contribuyen a la construcción y definición de los conceptos desde los cuales se va a trabajar para comprender las esferas que abarcan la presente investigación en relación con los objetivos planteados. De modo similar, en el apartado metodológico, se plantea un panorama global que da cuenta del enfoque, las técnicas, herramientas y la configuración de la muestra que se consideró con el objetivo de la realización del proyecto. En ese sentido, esta sección se ocupa de presentar las bases para comprender en qué consiste la investigación comparada en el campo de la comunicación, enfatizando en el ámbito de la comparación visual. Por otro lado, en forma de subcategoría, se exponen los lineamientos de la doble mirada analítica en términos de una aproximación tradicional por medio de un procedimiento semiótico y, en segundo lugar, el abordaje cultural computarizado que abarca el método de la lectura distante, fragmentada y colaborativa. Por último, el documento cierra con los resultados alcanzados gracias a la aplicación metodológica, presentando primeramente procedimientos de aislamiento y series visuales que evidencian los hallazgos encontrados desde del abordaje tradicional a partir del análisis 8 semiótico. Por otra parte, se presentan visualizaciones de orden cromático del material, generados por medio del software ImageSorter, y seguimientos visuales procesados a través de la ​ ​ web https://yandex.com/images/, la cual posibilitó la conexión del corpus recolectado con otras ​ ​ ​ ​ imágenes correspondientes a productos culturales como los videos musicales y los videojuegos. De igual forma, se realiza un recorrido por cada apartado del trabajo señalando las principales conclusiones halladas durante el proceso, reconociendo las limitaciones del proyecto y las posibilidades que
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