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Ce Document Est Le Fruit D'un Long Travail Approuvé Par Le Jury De Soutenance Et Mis À Disposition De L'ensemble De La Communauté Universitaire Élargie AVERTISSEMENT Ce document est le fruit d'un long travail approuvé par le jury de soutenance et mis à disposition de l'ensemble de la communauté universitaire élargie. Il est soumis à la propriété intellectuelle de l'auteur. Ceci implique une obligation de citation et de référencement lors de l’utilisation de ce document. D'autre part, toute contrefaçon, plagiat, reproduction illicite encourt une poursuite pénale. Contact : [email protected] LIENS Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 122. 4 Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 335.2- L 335.10 http://www.cfcopies.com/V2/leg/leg_droi.php http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/infos-pratiques/droits/protection.htm UNIVERSITEDEMETZ Ecole doctorale UFRLettres et Langues Perspectivesinterculturelles : ., Départementd'Anglais Ecrits,A médias, t a, espaces, Socié1es, Z o-o026 L Les implications sociopolitiquesdu rap afro-américain.De ltengagementnen, school au nihilisme gungstu Thèse de doctorat de I'Université de Metz soutenuepar Mlle Nathalie Karanfilovic sousla direction de Monsieur le ProfesseurRobert Springer Centre de Recherche: Centre d'étudesde la traduction BIELIO1HEGUEIffi[flilHililffiilIilI.Jî{IYEREITAIRE DE ffTZ 031 536062I Annéeuniversita ire 2003-2004 UNTVERSITÉDEI\TETZ UFR Lettreset Langues Départementd'Anglais Les implications sociopolitiquesdu rap afro-américain.De ltengagementnew school au nihilisme gangsta Thèsede doctoratde I'Universitéde Metz soutenuepar Mlle NathalieKaranfilovic sousla directionde Monsieurle ProfesseurRobert Springer Centrede Recherche: Centred'études de la traduction t- Annéeuniversita ire 2003-2004 REMERCIEMENTS Mes remerciementsvont en premierlieu à toutesles personnesqui mbnt soutenuede prèsou de loinet qui m'ontpermis d'accomplir ce travail. Je tiensnotamment à remercierma famille, ma sæurCatherine et mesamis qui ontsu m'entourerde leurs conseilset de leur soutienen toutessituations. J'exprime tout particulièrementma gratitudepour leur disponibilité,leur soutien moral et leur compréhensionà FrédéricAuvrai, AlexandraMathieu, Audrey Sgorlonet Béatrice Simon. Je suiségalement reconnaissante envers les rappeurs,artistes et acteursde la scène hip hopque j'ai pu croiserau coursde cesannées et qui m'ontsi généreusementoffert de plongerdans leur univers pour mieux en saisirtoute la dimensionartistique. Toutema gratitudeva égalementà la FrenchAmerican Foundation qui m'a permisde complétermon travail de doctorante. Je remercievivement mon directeurde thèse,le ProfesseurRobert Springer dont je tiens à saluerla patienceet la perspicacitéde ses remarquesqui m'ontguidée pour menerà biencette étude. Je remercieenfin ma mèreet ma famillequi ont su m'entourerau coursde ces années de leurinestimable affection. Writingabout musicis like dancingabout architecture ElvisCostello ...blackmusic is notonly conspicuous within but crucial fo, black culture. lt hasoften beenasserted that music-its place in societyand its formsand functions-reflects the generalcharacter of the society.lt has,however, rarely been suggested that music is potentiallya basis for socialstructure. Yet I contendthat music is notonly a reflectionof the valuesof blackculture but, to someextent, the basisupon which it is built...the investigationof black music is alsothe investigationof the black mind, the black social orientation,and primarily, the black culture.l Dans son essai,Black Talk,Ben Sidranexamine avec sagacité ce qui fait la spécificitéde la musiqueafro-américaine. D'après I'auteur, cette demièrefait non seulementpartie intégrantede la communautéafro-américaine, elle est aussi un véritablesocle sur lequelse fondela sociéténoire américaine. Son étudeouvre ainsi de vasteschamps d'exploration liés à la culture,à la sociétéet à I'expériencenoires. La tâcheque nous nous sommesfixée dans le cadrede ce travailest précisément d'étudierle derniergenre musicalafro-américain, le rap, et de mettre au jour les dimensionssociales et politiquesde sondiscours. Que nous disent les rappeurssur la communautéafro-américaine, ses aspirationset ses contradictions? Que nous révèlent-ilssur la sociétéaméricaine et son évolution? Enfin,à quel rôle socialvoire politiquepeuvent-ils prétendre ? Audelà de la dimensionesthétique de la musique,nous partirons du postulat que la musiqueest un < fait social>2 qui a ( ses antécédentset ses retentissements dansla vie collective,rt, qu'elleest le produitd'un réel historique,social et technique, son ( contenuidéologique immanent >ra, selon la formuled'Adomo. Nous aborderons ainsile champmusical dans ses rapportsavec la sociétéet pounonsappréhender le rapcomme symptôme de celle-ci,mais aussi en tantque phénomènesocial.s Pour aborderle thème,nous avonschoisi la démarchede JacquesAttali qui consisteà < mettreen relation,au traversde leurinscription dans I'histoire, les aspects 1 BenSidran , BlackIalk, NewYork: Holt, Rinehart & Winston,1971, p. xiii. t E.if" Durkheim,Les êgles de ta méthde sociotogique,Paris : PUF,Quadrige, 1981, p. Xlll, citédans Anne-MarieGreen, De ta musiqueen sociologie,lssy-lès-Moulineaux : Editions EAP, 1993, p. 45. 3 Anne-MarieGreen, ibrd., p. 50. 4 TheodorAdomo, 'Réflexions en vue d'uneSociologie de la Musique",Musique en Jeu, N' 2, Paris: Le Seuif, 1972,p. 7, citédans Anne-Marie Green, ibid., p. 127. 5 Anne-MarieGreen, op. cit., pg. 4142. u sociauxet musicauxet lesfacteurs socio-économiques et politiques. t Pourreprendre tes termesd'Attali dans son étudeconsacrée aux ( bruits>, la musiqueest < parallèle à la sociétédes hommes,structurée comme elle et changeanteavec elle >7.Elle est en effet < miroir de la réalitén8, selon la penséemaxiste, et sa missionest de renvoyerI'image réelle de la sociétéet de ses valeurs.Attali lui confèremême un caractèreprophétique. La musiquene serait pas seulement< l'échode I'esthétique d'un temps,mais aussi le dépassementdu quotidienet I'annoncede son avenir>s. Miroirsdéformants et transformants,les expressionsmusicales agissent néanmoins commedes révélateurssociaux ambivalents. Le fait musicaldevient < instrumentde pouvoiret sourcede révolte>10. Pourmieux comprendre l'émergence du phénomènerap et appréciertoutes les dimensionsde son message,nous rappelleronsque les musiquesafro-américaines ont, plus que toutes formes de musiquespopulaires, dépassé la seule pratique esthétiqueet musicalepour s'inscriredans la critiquesociale et politique.Dépourvus de repèresfamiliers et s'efforçantde s'adapterà un nouvelenvironnement, les Africainsdébarqués dans le NouveauMonde avaient peu à peu perdu leur identité africainedans un processussouvent douloureux et schizophrénique.Sur les bases d'un héritageculturel africain qu'ils conserveront - inconsciemment ou consciemment- tt, les Afro-Américainsont développéau cours des sièclesdivers genres musicaux inéditsqui ont reflétél'évolution de leurs différentesexistences sociales, d'esclaves, d'affranchis,puis de citoyensaméricains. Chaque création musicale a illustréles changementsbrutaux apparus dans I'histoire du peupleafro-américain, ce qui permet à LeRoiJones dans B/ues People de remarquer: Themost expressive Negro music of anygiven period will be an exact reflection of what theNegro himself is. lt willbe a portraitof theNegro in Americaat thatparticular time. Whohe thinks he is, what he thinks America or theworld to be,given the circumstances, prejudices,and delightsof that particularAmerica. Negro music and Negrolife in Americawere alwaysthe resultof a reactionto, and an adaptationof, whatever AmericanNegroes were given or could secure for themselvesl2. 6 tbid.,p.1rz. t J""qu", Attali,Bruds : Essaisurlé conomiepolitique de la musique,Paris: Fayard ,2001 (1977'), p. 13. t nia.,p.'tz. I tbid.,p.14. 'o nia.,p.ta. tt Hifdr"dRoach, Btack Amerban Music: Past and Present,Malabar, FL: Krieger,1992,p.7 L'apparitiondes différentscourants musicaux afro-américains qui ont constituéla tramede la musiquepopulaire américaine est en effet indissociablede son contexte socio-historique.C'est pour soutenirI'effort de leurs travaux et se préserverde f'aliénation que les esclaveslancent leurs premierscris (< field hollers>) qui se transformeronten chants(< fietdsongs >). AprèsI'indépendance des Etats-Unis,c'est à l'églisequ'ils jettent les basesd'une musique afro-américaine, notamment à travers les negro-spiritualsqui leur offrent une théologiede I'espoiret leur permettent d'endureravec dignité les avilissements dont ils sontl'objet. A la fin du XlXe siècle,le blues devientalors le remède à la solitudeet au rejet auxquelsces nouveaux affranchissont confrontés.Après la SecondeGuerre mondiale,on assisteà une absorptioncontinue de la musiqueafro-américaine dans le courantdominant. Lors du mouvementdes droitsciviques, alors que les Noirsluttent pour une égalitéde fait, la soul revendiqueleur fierté d'être noirs et les exhorteà se redresser.Si le funk,puis le disco amènentdans les années 1970la musiquenoire américaine vers plus de légèreté,le rap devientlors de la décenniesuivante I'expression condensée du rejet social des habitantsdu ghettoet annoncede manièreprophétique I'explosion des violencesurbaines à venir. Alors que les spirituals,le blues ou encore la soul témoignaienteuphémiquement des rapportsqui opposaientles Noirs au pouvoir dominant,le rap se caractérisepar son réalismesocial et sa nette agressivité, virulencequ'il dévoile tant dans le fond,dans ses choixthématiques, que danssa formemusicale. Si nousavons choisi de nousintéresser au rap,c'est qu'il est actuellementet sans contestele courantmusical afro-américain le plus priséà traversle mondeet qu'ilest
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