Forest Bird Mortality and Baiting Practices in New Zealand Aerial 1080 Operations from 1986 to 2009
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New Zealand's Genetic Diversity
1.13 NEW ZEALAND’S GENETIC DIVERSITY NEW ZEALAND’S GENETIC DIVERSITY Dennis P. Gordon National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6022, New Zealand ABSTRACT: The known genetic diversity represented by the New Zealand biota is reviewed and summarised, largely based on a recently published New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. All kingdoms and eukaryote phyla are covered, updated to refl ect the latest phylogenetic view of Eukaryota. The total known biota comprises a nominal 57 406 species (c. 48 640 described). Subtraction of the 4889 naturalised-alien species gives a biota of 52 517 native species. A minimum (the status of a number of the unnamed species is uncertain) of 27 380 (52%) of these species are endemic (cf. 26% for Fungi, 38% for all marine species, 46% for marine Animalia, 68% for all Animalia, 78% for vascular plants and 91% for terrestrial Animalia). In passing, examples are given both of the roles of the major taxa in providing ecosystem services and of the use of genetic resources in the New Zealand economy. Key words: Animalia, Chromista, freshwater, Fungi, genetic diversity, marine, New Zealand, Prokaryota, Protozoa, terrestrial. INTRODUCTION Article 10b of the CBD calls for signatories to ‘Adopt The original brief for this chapter was to review New Zealand’s measures relating to the use of biological resources [i.e. genetic genetic resources. The OECD defi nition of genetic resources resources] to avoid or minimize adverse impacts on biological is ‘genetic material of plants, animals or micro-organisms of diversity [e.g. genetic diversity]’ (my parentheses). -
TAG Operational Structure
PARROT TAXON ADVISORY GROUP (TAG) Regional Collection Plan 5th Edition 2020-2025 Sustainability of Parrot Populations in AZA Facilities ...................................................................... 1 Mission/Objectives/Strategies......................................................................................................... 2 TAG Operational Structure .............................................................................................................. 3 Steering Committee .................................................................................................................... 3 TAG Advisors ............................................................................................................................... 4 SSP Coordinators ......................................................................................................................... 5 Hot Topics: TAG Recommendations ................................................................................................ 8 Parrots as Ambassador Animals .................................................................................................. 9 Interactive Aviaries Housing Psittaciformes .............................................................................. 10 Private Aviculture ...................................................................................................................... 13 Communication ........................................................................................................................ -
Foraging Ecology of the World's Only
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. FORAGING ECOLOGY OF THE WORLD’S ONLY POPULATION OF THE CRITICALLY ENDANGERED TASMAN PARAKEET (CYANORAMPHUS COOKII), ON NORFOLK ISLAND A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Conservation Biology at Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand. Amy Waldmann 2016 The Tasman parakeet (Cyanoramphus cookii) Photo: L. Ortiz-Catedral© ii ABSTRACT I studied the foraging ecology of the world’s only population of the critically endangered Tasman parakeet (Cyanoramphus cookii) on Norfolk Island, from July 2013 to March 2015. I characterised, for the first time in nearly 30 years of management, the diversity of foods consumed and seasonal trends in foraging heights and foraging group sizes. In addition to field observations, I also collated available information on the feeding biology of the genus Cyanoramphus, to understand the diversity of species and food types consumed by Tasman parakeets and their closest living relatives as a function of bill morphology. I discuss my findings in the context of the conservation of the Tasman parakeet, specifically the impending translocation of the species to Phillip Island. I demonstrate that Tasman parakeets have a broad and flexible diet that includes seeds, fruits, flowers, pollen, sori, sprout rhizomes and bark of 30 native and introduced plant species found within Norfolk Island National Park. Dry seeds (predominantly Araucaria heterophylla) are consumed most frequently during autumn (81% of diet), over a foraging area of ca. -
Improving Knowledge for the Captive Rearing Practice of South Island Kiwi (Apteryx Haastii, A
Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Improving knowledge for the captive rearing practice of South Island kiwi (Apteryx haastii, A. mantelli ‘Haast’ and A. rowi) __________________________________ A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science at Lincoln University by Sarah T. Forder _______________________________ Lincoln University 2014 Abstract of a thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Science. Improving knowledge for the captive rearing practice of South Island kiwi (Apteryx haastii, A. mantelli ‘Haast’ and A. rowi) by Sarah Forder Kiwi species, once abundant throughout New Zealand, are now confined to remnant forest patches, national parks and security sites on offshore islands. On average 94% of young kiwi are killed before they reach 100 days old largely due to predation by stoats (Mustela erminea). In order to combat the decline of kiwi, Operation Nest Egg (ONE) began in the mid 1990's; this program involved the removal of wild kiwi eggs to be reared in captivity and then released to the wild as older juveniles with an improved chance of survival. -
Varied Success from the Landscape-Scale Management of Kiwi Apteryx Spp
Bird Conservation International (2012) 22:429–444. © BirdLife International, 2012 doi:10.1017/S0959270912000044 Varied success from the landscape-scale management of kiwi Apteryx spp. in five sanctuaries in New Zealand HUGH A. ROBERTSON and PIM J. M. de MONCHY Summary In late 2000, five sanctuaries were established on the mainland of New Zealand for the express purpose of protecting populations of five kiwi Apteryx spp. taxa belonging to three species. Conservation management was undertaken at a landscape scale (10,000–20,000 ha) in each sanctuary to improve recruitment of kiwi. This was done by controlling introduced mammalian predators (especially stoats Mustela erminea), and/or by removing eggs and chicks from predation risk, and returning subadults when they were big enough to cope with stoats. Population modelling of the first five years of the sanctuary programme indicated that kiwi numbers in all five sanctuaries would increase as a result of the management. Calculated population increases varied from 0.6% per year at Okarito to 11.3% per year at Moehau, even though predator trapping was more intense at Okarito. The variation from site to site was explained by the widely different inherent productivity of the various kiwi taxa; widely different rates of adult mortality due to the presence or absence of dogs Canis familiaris and ferrets M. furo, the main predators of long-lived adult kiwi; and, local forest conditions affecting predator-prey cycles, and the density of stoats. As a result of this analysis, the management in four of the five sanctuaries has since been modified to try to achieve better overall gains for kiwi within the same operating budget. -
Pb) Exposure in Populations of a Wild Parrot (Kea Nestor Notabilis
56 AvailableNew on-lineZealand at: Journal http://www.newzealandecology.org/nzje/ of Ecology, Vol. 36, No. 1, 2012 Anthropogenic lead (Pb) exposure in populations of a wild parrot (kea Nestor notabilis) Clio Reid1, Kate McInnes1,*, Jennifer M. McLelland2 and Brett D. Gartrell2 1Research and Development Group, Department of Conservation, PO Box 10420, Wellington 6143, New Zealand 2New Zealand Wildlife Health Centre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand *Author for correspondence (Email: [email protected]) Published on-line: 9 December 2011 Abstract: Kea (Nestor notabilis), large parrots endemic to hill country areas of the South Island, New Zealand, are subject to anthropogenic lead (Pb) exposure in their environment. Between April 2006 and June 2009 kea were captured in various parts of their range and samples of their blood were taken for blood lead analysis. All kea (n = 88) had been exposed to lead, with a range in blood lead concentrations of 0.014 – 16.55 μmol L–1 (mean ± SE, 1.11 ± 0.220 μmol L–1). A retrospective analysis of necropsy reports from 30 kea was also carried out. Of these, tissue lead levels were available for 20 birds, and 11 of those had liver and/or kidney lead levels reported to cause lead poisoning in other avian species. Blood lead levels for kea sampled in populated areas (with permanent human settlements) were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than those in remote areas. Sixty-four percent of kea sampled in populated areas had elevated blood lead levels (> 0.97 μmol L–1, the level suggestive of lead poisoning in parrots), and 22% had levels > 1.93 μmol L–1 – the level diagnostic of lead poisoning in parrots. -
Re-Establishing North Island Kākā (Nestor Meridionalis Septentrionalis
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Re-establishing North Island kākā (Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis) in New Zealand A thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science In Conservation Biology Massey University Auckland, New Zealand Tineke Joustra 2018 ii For Orlando, Aurora and Nayeli “I don’t want my children to follow in my footsteps, I want them to take the path next to me and go further than I could have ever dreamt possible” Anonymous iii iv Abstract Recently there has been a global increase in concern over the unprecedented loss of biodiversity and how the sixth mass extinction event is mainly due to human activities. Countries such as New Zealand have unique ecosystems which led to the evolution of many endemic species. One such New Zealand species is the kākā (Nestor meridionalis). Historically, kākā abundance has been affected by human activities (kākā were an important food source for Māori and Europeans). Today, introduced mammalian predators are one of the main threats to wild kākā populations. Although widespread and common throughout New Zealand until the 1800’s, kākā populations on the mainland now heavily rely on active conservation management. The main methods of kākā management include pest control and re-establishments. This thesis evaluated current and past commitments to New Zealand species restoration, as well as an analysis of global Psittacine re-establishment efforts. -
Strigops Habroptilus)
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. The ecology and anatomy of scent in the critically endangered kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology at Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand Anna Clarissa Gsell May 2012 Hoki, the kakapo - Photo by Dr. Luis Ortiz Catedral Kakapo chicks born in 2008;©Photo by Chris Birmingham ABSTRACT The focus of the research presented here is the analysis of feather scent emitted by a parrot, the kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) and the kakapo’s ability to perceive scent by studying the anatomy of its brain and the olfactory bulb. In addition, behavioural research was conducted to determine the capability of the kakapo’s closest relatives, the kea (Nestor notabilis) and kaka (N. meridionalis) to detect scents and to distinguish between different concentrations of scents. The strong odour of the kakapo is one of the many unique characteristics of this critically endan- gered parrot, but its sense of smell has never been described in detail. The kakapo is the largest par- rot worldwide, it is nocturnal and flightless. Kakapo are herbivorous and it is the only parrot with a lek breeding system. Males defend several display arenas during the breeding season and continu- ously produce low frequency booming calls. Females come from afar and appraise different males and choose one with which they want to mate. -
Habitat Utilisation and Diet of Brown Kiwi (Apteryx Mantelli) Adults Within a High-Density Island Population
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. What they do in the shadows: Habitat utilisation and diet of brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) adults within a high-density island population. A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Ecology Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Thomas Dixon 2015 I “The natural world is the greatest source of excitement; the greatest source of visual beauty; the greatest source of intellectual interest. It is the greatest source of so much in life that makes life worth living.” Sir David Attenborough II 1 Abstract Exploring the complex interactions between an animal and its spatial environment can reveal much about its biology and behaviour and identify strategies to improve future management. Despite this, surprisingly little research has been undertaken in this field in respect to one of New Zealand’s most iconic endangered species, the brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli). This thesis aims to produce the most comprehensive report to date of brown kiwi spatial behaviour, investigating the habitat utilisation of brown kiwi adults within a high-density population while they are active at night and when roosting during the day. Additionally, the study examines how habitat utilisation varies, and explores the likely drivers of brown kiwi spatial behaviour including food availability, social/reproductive cues, population demographics and environmental variables. Forty seven radio-tagged brown kiwi adults were tracked across a 1.2km2 study site on Ponui Island from March 2013 to February 2014. -
Convergent Regulatory Evolution and the Origin of Flightlessness in Palaeognathous Birds
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/262584; this version posted February 8, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Convergent regulatory evolution and the origin of flightlessness in palaeognathous birds Timothy B. Sackton* (1,2), Phil Grayson (2,3), Alison Cloutier (2,3), Zhirui Hu (4), Jun S. Liu (4), Nicole E. Wheeler (5,6), Paul P. Gardner (5,7), Julia A. Clarke (8), Allan J. Baker (9,10), Michele Clamp (1), Scott V. Edwards* (2,3) Affiliations: 1) Informatics Group, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA 2) Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA 3) Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA 4) Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA 5) School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, New Zealand 6) Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK 7) Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, New Zealand 8) Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA 9) Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada 10) Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada *correspondence to: TBS ([email protected]) or SVE ([email protected]) bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/262584; this version posted February 8, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. The relative roles of regulatory and protein evolution in the origin and loss of convergent phenotypic traits is a core question in evolutionary biology. -
The Responses of New Zealand's Arboreal Forest Birds to Invasive
The responses of New Zealand’s arboreal forest birds to invasive mammal control Nyree Fea A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Victoria University of Wellington Te Whare Wānanga o te Ūpoko o te Ika a Māui 2018 ii This thesis was conducted under the supervision of Dr. Stephen Hartley (primary supervisor) School of Biological Sciences Victoria University of Wellington Wellington, New Zealand and Associate Professor Wayne Linklater (secondary supervisor) School of Biological Sciences Victoria University of Wellington Wellington, New Zealand iii iv Abstract Introduced mammalian predators are responsible for over half of contemporary extinctions and declines of birds. Endemic bird species on islands are particularly vulnerable to invasions of mammalian predators. The native bird species that remain in New Zealand forests continue to be threatened by predation from invasive mammals, with brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) ship rats (Rattus rattus) and stoats (Mustela erminea) identified as the primary agents responsible for their ongoing decline. Extensive efforts to suppress these pests across New Zealand’s forests have created “management experiments” with potential to provide insights into the ecological forces structuring forest bird communities. To understand the effects of invasive mammals on birds, I studied responses of New Zealand bird species at different temporal and spatial scales to different intensities of control and residual densities of mammals. In my first empirical chapter (Chapter 2), I present two meta-analyses of bird responses to invasive mammal control. I collate data from biodiversity projects across New Zealand where long-term monitoring of arboreal bird species was undertaken. -
Kea (Nestor Notabilis) Care Manual
Kea (Nestor notabilis) CARE MANUAL CREATED BY THE AZA Kea Species Survival Plan® Program IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE AZA Parrot Taxon Advisory Group Kea (Nestor notabilis) Care Manual Kea (Nestor notabilis) Care Manual Published by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums in collaboration with the AZA Animal Welfare Committee Formal Citation: AZA Kea Species Survival Plan (Nestor notabilis). (2020). Kea Care Manual. Silver Spring, MD: Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Original Completion Date: July 1, 2019 Kea (Nestor notabilis) Care Manual Coordinator: Kimberly Klosterman, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Senior Avian Keeper, Kea SSP Vice Coordinator Authors and Significant Contributors: Krista Adlehart CRM, Woodland Park Zoo, Animal Management Registrar Amanda Ardente NVM, PhD, Walt Disney World, University of Florida, Nutrition Fellow Jackie Bray, MA Zoology CPBT-KA, Raptor Incorporated, Associate Director Cassandre Crawford MM, Northwest Local School District, Orchestra Director, Kea SSP Volunteer Thea Etchells, Denver Zoo, Bird Keeper Linda Henry, Board Member of Zoological Lighting Institute, SeaWorld San Diego Phillip Horvey, Sedgwick County Zoo, Senior Zookeeper, Masked Lapwing SSP Coordinator and Studbook Keeper Cari Inserra, San Diego Zoo, Lead Animal Trainer Kimberly Klosterman, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Senior Avian Keeper, Kea Care Manual Coordinator, Vice Coordinator Kea SSP Program Jessica Meehan, Denver Zoo, Bird Keeper, Kea SSP Coordinator and Studbook Keeper Jennifer Nollman DVM, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Associate Veterinarian Catherine Vine, Philadelphia Zoo, Avian Keeper Reviewers: Raoul Schwing PhD, Head of Kea Lab & Infrastructure Project Manager, Messerli Research Institute, University of Vienna, AU Tamsin Orr-Walker, BAAT, Co-founder, Trustee & Chair of Kea Conservation Trust, South Island Community Engagement Coordinator, NZ Nigel Simpson, EAZA Kea EEP Coordinator, Head of Operations, Wild Place Project, Bristol Zoological Society, UK Dr.rer.nat Gyula K.