Convergent Regulatory Evolution and the Origin of Flightlessness in Palaeognathous Birds
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Beyond Endocasts: Using Predicted Brain-Structure Volumes of Extinct Birds to Assess Neuroanatomical and Behavioral Inferences
diversity Article Beyond Endocasts: Using Predicted Brain-Structure Volumes of Extinct Birds to Assess Neuroanatomical and Behavioral Inferences 1, , 2 2 Catherine M. Early * y , Ryan C. Ridgely and Lawrence M. Witmer 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; [email protected] (R.C.R.); [email protected] (L.M.W.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Current Address: Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. y Received: 1 November 2019; Accepted: 30 December 2019; Published: 17 January 2020 Abstract: The shape of the brain influences skull morphology in birds, and both traits are driven by phylogenetic and functional constraints. Studies on avian cranial and neuroanatomical evolution are strengthened by data on extinct birds, but complete, 3D-preserved vertebrate brains are not known from the fossil record, so brain endocasts often serve as proxies. Recent work on extant birds shows that the Wulst and optic lobe faithfully represent the size of their underlying brain structures, both of which are involved in avian visual pathways. The endocasts of seven extinct birds were generated from microCT scans of their skulls to add to an existing sample of endocasts of extant birds, and the surface areas of their Wulsts and optic lobes were measured. A phylogenetic prediction method based on Bayesian inference was used to calculate the volumes of the brain structures of these extinct birds based on the surface areas of their overlying endocast structures. This analysis resulted in hyperpallium volumes of five of these extinct birds and optic tectum volumes of all seven extinct birds. -
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The Secret Life of Wild Brown Kiwi: Studying Behaviour of a Cryptic Species by Direct Observation
AvailableCunningham, on‑line Castro: at: http://www.newzealandecology.org/nzje/ Behaviour of wild brown kiwi 209 The secret life of wild brown kiwi: studying behaviour of a cryptic species by direct observation Susan J. Cunningham1, 2* and Isabel Castro1* 1Ecology Group, Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University Private Bag 11‑222, Palmerston North, New Zealand 2Percy Fitzpatrick Institute, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa *Authors for correspondence (Email: [email protected] or [email protected]) Published on‑line: 21 March 2011 Abstract: Kiwi possess many unusual features that make them interesting subjects for behavioural study. However, their nocturnal, cryptic nature has meant that studies to date rely on data collected indirectly. Infrared technology has enabled us to observe kiwi directly and here we present the first study of wild brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) behaviour by direct observation. We used handheld infrared video cameras to obtain c. 6 hours of video footage of kiwi over 19 months. Kiwi used native forest and exotic pasture habitats while active at night and spent most of their time foraging (75%). Prey capture rates were significantly higher in pasture than forest. The remaining 25% of time was spent walking, vigilant, engaged in comfort behaviours, escaping disturbance, and investigating obstacles. Direct social and courtship interactions were observed rarely. The senses of hearing, olfaction and touch seemed most important to kiwi. Touch was used for investigating terrain and negotiating obstacles. Hearing was used in response to sounds made by observers, conspecifics and other sources. Olfactory search behaviours (OSBs) were used in the direction of these sounds, and olfaction was also apparently used to assess odours on the ground. -
Improving Knowledge for the Captive Rearing Practice of South Island Kiwi (Apteryx Haastii, A
Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Improving knowledge for the captive rearing practice of South Island kiwi (Apteryx haastii, A. mantelli ‘Haast’ and A. rowi) __________________________________ A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science at Lincoln University by Sarah T. Forder _______________________________ Lincoln University 2014 Abstract of a thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Science. Improving knowledge for the captive rearing practice of South Island kiwi (Apteryx haastii, A. mantelli ‘Haast’ and A. rowi) by Sarah Forder Kiwi species, once abundant throughout New Zealand, are now confined to remnant forest patches, national parks and security sites on offshore islands. On average 94% of young kiwi are killed before they reach 100 days old largely due to predation by stoats (Mustela erminea). In order to combat the decline of kiwi, Operation Nest Egg (ONE) began in the mid 1990's; this program involved the removal of wild kiwi eggs to be reared in captivity and then released to the wild as older juveniles with an improved chance of survival. -
Navarro, JL; Martella, MB. "Space Use by Wild Greater Rhea
Space use by wild Greater Rhea (Rhea americana) in a relict grassland of central Argentina during the non-breeding season Juan, E. E.; Bazzano, G.; Navarro, J. L.; Martella, M. B. 2013 Cita: Juan, E. E.; Bazzano, G.; Navarro, J. L.; Martella, M. B. (2013) Space use by wild Greater Rhea (Rhea americana) in a relict grassland of central Argentina during the non-breeding season. Hornero 028 (01) : 001-006 www.digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar Puesto en linea por la Biblioteca Digital de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad de Buenos Aires 2013Hornero 28(1):1–6, 2013 SPACE USE BY WILD GREATER RHEA 1 SPACE USE BY WILD GREATER RHEA (RHEA AMERICANA) IN A RELICT GRASSLAND OF CENTRAL ARGENTINA DURING THE NON-BREEDING SEASON ERNESTO E. JUAN 1, GISELA BAZZANO 1,2, JOAQUÍN L. NAVARRO 1 AND MÓNICA B. MARTELLA 1 1 Centro de Zoología Aplicada, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Rondeau 798, 5000 Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina. 2 [email protected] ABSTRACT.— To determine movement patterns and home range of wild Greater Rhea (Rhea americana), two subadult males were radio-tracked during the non-breeding season in a relict grassland of San Luis Province, Argentina. The average home range was 452.8 ha, the average daily distance travelled was 1.08 km/day, and the maximum distance from the capture/release site was 13.66 km. Rheas showed differences in habitat types used throughout the day. Grasslands were more frequently used early in the morning and late in the afternoon, whereas cultivated pastures (Medicago sativa) were used at noon. -
Treatment Analysis of a Captive Male Jaguar (Panthera Onca) Megan Colleen Morris University of North Florida
UNF Digital Commons UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations Student Scholarship 2018 Treatment Analysis of a Captive Male Jaguar (Panthera onca) Megan Colleen Morris University of North Florida Suggested Citation Morris, Megan Colleen, "Treatment Analysis of a Captive Male Jaguar (Panthera onca)" (2018). UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 799. https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/799 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at UNF Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UNF Digital Commons. For more information, please contact Digital Projects. © 2018 All Rights Reserved Running head: TREATMENT ANALYSIS OF A CAPTIVE MALE JAGUAR Treatment Analysis of a Captive Male Jaguar (Panthera onca) Megan Colleen Morris A thesis submitted to the Department of Psychology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Psychological Sciences UNIVERSITY OF NORTH FLORIDA COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES April, 2018 Megan Colleen Morris TREATMENT ANALYSIS OF A CAPTIVE MALE JAGUAR (PANTHERA ONCA) ii University of North Florida The Graduate School This is to certify that the thesis prepared: By: Megan C. Morris Entitled: A Treatment Analysis of a Captive Male Jaguar (Panthera onca) Is approved for the completion of the degree: Master of Science in Psychological Science Signed by the final examining committee ________________________________________________ Date: _________________ Chair of Thesis Committee ________________________________________________ Date: _________________ Second Reader, Thesis Committee ________________________________________________ Date: _________________ Third Reader, Thesis Committee Approved by ________________________________________________ Date: _________________ Dr. Lori Lange Chair, Department of Psychology ________________________________________________ Date: _________________ Dr. -
Ostrich Production Systems Part I: a Review
11111111111,- 1SSN 0254-6019 Ostrich production systems Food and Agriculture Organization of 111160mmi the United Natiorp str. ro ucti s ct1rns Part A review by Dr M.M. ,,hanawany International Consultant Part II Case studies by Dr John Dingle FAO Visiting Scientist Food and , Agriculture Organization of the ' United , Nations Ot,i1 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. M-21 ISBN 92-5-104300-0 Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Information Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale dells Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. C) FAO 1999 Contents PART I - PRODUCTION SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE OSTRICH 5 Classification of the ostrich in the animal kingdom 5 Geographical distribution of ratites 8 Ostrich subspecies 10 The North -
71St Annual Meeting Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Paris Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada, USA November 2 – 5, 2011 SESSION CONCURRENT SESSION CONCURRENT
ISSN 1937-2809 online Journal of Supplement to the November 2011 Vertebrate Paleontology Vertebrate Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Society of Vertebrate 71st Annual Meeting Paleontology Society of Vertebrate Las Vegas Paris Nevada, USA Las Vegas, November 2 – 5, 2011 Program and Abstracts Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 71st Annual Meeting Program and Abstracts COMMITTEE MEETING ROOM POSTER SESSION/ CONCURRENT CONCURRENT SESSION EXHIBITS SESSION COMMITTEE MEETING ROOMS AUCTION EVENT REGISTRATION, CONCURRENT MERCHANDISE SESSION LOUNGE, EDUCATION & OUTREACH SPEAKER READY COMMITTEE MEETING POSTER SESSION ROOM ROOM SOCIETY OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS SEVENTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING PARIS LAS VEGAS HOTEL LAS VEGAS, NV, USA NOVEMBER 2–5, 2011 HOST COMMITTEE Stephen Rowland, Co-Chair; Aubrey Bonde, Co-Chair; Joshua Bonde; David Elliott; Lee Hall; Jerry Harris; Andrew Milner; Eric Roberts EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Philip Currie, President; Blaire Van Valkenburgh, Past President; Catherine Forster, Vice President; Christopher Bell, Secretary; Ted Vlamis, Treasurer; Julia Clarke, Member at Large; Kristina Curry Rogers, Member at Large; Lars Werdelin, Member at Large SYMPOSIUM CONVENORS Roger B.J. Benson, Richard J. Butler, Nadia B. Fröbisch, Hans C.E. Larsson, Mark A. Loewen, Philip D. Mannion, Jim I. Mead, Eric M. Roberts, Scott D. Sampson, Eric D. Scott, Kathleen Springer PROGRAM COMMITTEE Jonathan Bloch, Co-Chair; Anjali Goswami, Co-Chair; Jason Anderson; Paul Barrett; Brian Beatty; Kerin Claeson; Kristina Curry Rogers; Ted Daeschler; David Evans; David Fox; Nadia B. Fröbisch; Christian Kammerer; Johannes Müller; Emily Rayfield; William Sanders; Bruce Shockey; Mary Silcox; Michelle Stocker; Rebecca Terry November 2011—PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS 1 Members and Friends of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, The Host Committee cordially welcomes you to the 71st Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in Las Vegas. -
The Biogeography of Large Islands, Or How Does the Size of the Ecological Theater Affect the Evolutionary Play
The biogeography of large islands, or how does the size of the ecological theater affect the evolutionary play Egbert Giles Leigh, Annette Hladik, Claude Marcel Hladik, Alison Jolly To cite this version: Egbert Giles Leigh, Annette Hladik, Claude Marcel Hladik, Alison Jolly. The biogeography of large islands, or how does the size of the ecological theater affect the evolutionary play. Revue d’Ecologie, Terre et Vie, Société nationale de protection de la nature, 2007, 62, pp.105-168. hal-00283373 HAL Id: hal-00283373 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00283373 Submitted on 14 Dec 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THE BIOGEOGRAPHY OF LARGE ISLANDS, OR HOW DOES THE SIZE OF THE ECOLOGICAL THEATER AFFECT THE EVOLUTIONARY PLAY? Egbert Giles LEIGH, Jr.1, Annette HLADIK2, Claude Marcel HLADIK2 & Alison JOLLY3 RÉSUMÉ. — La biogéographie des grandes îles, ou comment la taille de la scène écologique infl uence- t-elle le jeu de l’évolution ? — Nous présentons une approche comparative des particularités de l’évolution dans des milieux insulaires de différentes surfaces, allant de la taille de l’île de La Réunion à celle de l’Amé- rique du Sud au Pliocène. -
Ratite Molecular Evolution, Phylogeny and Biogeography Inferred from Complete Mitochondrial Genomes
RATITE MOLECULAR EVOLUTION, PHYLOGENY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY INFERRED FROM COMPLETE MITOCHONDRIAL GENOMES by Oliver Haddrath A thesis submitted in confonnity with the requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science Graduate Department of Zoology University of Toronto O Copyright by Oliver Haddrath 2000 National Library Biblioth&que nationale 191 .,,da du Canada uisitions and Acquisitions et Services services bibliographiques 395 Welington Street 395. rue WdKngton Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Otîâwâ ON K1A ûN4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une iicence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant A la National Library of Canada to Bihliotheque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, @ter, distribuer ou copies of diis thesis in microfonn, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/fïîm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format 61ectronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette tbése. thesis nor substantial exûacts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be priated or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Abstract Ratite Molecular Evolution, Phylogeny and Biogeography Inferred fiom Complete Mitochoncîrial Genomes. Masters of Science. 2000. Oliver Haddrath Department of Zoology, University of Toronto. The relationships within the ratite birds and their biogeographic history has been debated for over a century. While the monophyly of the ratites has been established, consensus on the branching pattern within the ratite tree has not yet been reached. -
Chapter 02 Biogeography and Evolution in the Tropics
Chapter 02 Biogeography and Evolution in the Tropics (a) (b) PLATE 2-1 (a) Coquerel’s Sifaka (Propithecus coquereli), a lemur species common to low-elevation, dry deciduous forests in Madagascar. (b) Ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) are highly social. PowerPoint Tips (Refer to the Microsoft Help feature for specific questions about PowerPoint. Copyright The Princeton University Press. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 2-1 This map shows the major biogeographic regions of the world. Each is distinct from the others because each has various endemic groups of plants and animals. FIGURE 2-2 Wallace’s Line was originally developed by Alfred Russel Wallace based on the distribution of animal groups. Those typical of tropical Asia occur on the west side of the line; those typical of Australia and New Guinea occur on the east side of the line. FIGURE 2-3 Examples of animals found on either side of Wallace’s Line. West of the line, nearer tropical Asia, one 3 nds species such as (a) proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus), (b) 3 ying lizard (Draco sp.), (c) Bornean bristlehead (Pityriasis gymnocephala). East of the line one 3 nds such species as (d) yellow-crested cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea), (e) various tree kangaroos (Dendrolagus sp.), and (f) spotted cuscus (Spilocuscus maculates). Some of these species are either threatened or endangered. PLATE 2-2 These vertebrate animals are each endemic to the Galápagos Islands, but each traces its ancestry to animals living in South America. (a) and (b) Galápagos tortoise (Geochelone nigra). These two images show (a) a saddle-shelled tortoise and (b) a dome-shelled tortoise. -
Varied Success from the Landscape-Scale Management of Kiwi Apteryx Spp
Bird Conservation International (2012) 22:429–444. © BirdLife International, 2012 doi:10.1017/S0959270912000044 Varied success from the landscape-scale management of kiwi Apteryx spp. in five sanctuaries in New Zealand HUGH A. ROBERTSON and PIM J. M. de MONCHY Summary In late 2000, five sanctuaries were established on the mainland of New Zealand for the express purpose of protecting populations of five kiwi Apteryx spp. taxa belonging to three species. Conservation management was undertaken at a landscape scale (10,000–20,000 ha) in each sanctuary to improve recruitment of kiwi. This was done by controlling introduced mammalian predators (especially stoats Mustela erminea), and/or by removing eggs and chicks from predation risk, and returning subadults when they were big enough to cope with stoats. Population modelling of the first five years of the sanctuary programme indicated that kiwi numbers in all five sanctuaries would increase as a result of the management. Calculated population increases varied from 0.6% per year at Okarito to 11.3% per year at Moehau, even though predator trapping was more intense at Okarito. The variation from site to site was explained by the widely different inherent productivity of the various kiwi taxa; widely different rates of adult mortality due to the presence or absence of dogs Canis familiaris and ferrets M. furo, the main predators of long-lived adult kiwi; and, local forest conditions affecting predator-prey cycles, and the density of stoats. As a result of this analysis, the management in four of the five sanctuaries has since been modified to try to achieve better overall gains for kiwi within the same operating budget.