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Leaf Alkaloids, Phenolics, and Coffee Resistance to the Leaf Miner Leucoptera Coffeella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) Author(S): S.T.V

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Leaf Alkaloids, Phenolics, and Coffee Resistance to the Leaf Miner Leucoptera Coffeella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) Author(S): S.T.V Leaf Alkaloids, Phenolics, and Coffee Resistance to the Leaf Miner Leucoptera coffeella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) Author(s): S.T.V. Magalhães, F. L. Fernandes, A. J. Demuner, M. C. Picanço, and R.N.C. Guedes Source: Journal of Economic Entomology, 103(4):1438-1443. Published By: Entomological Society of America https://doi.org/10.1603/EC09362 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1603/EC09362 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. PLANT RESISTANCE Leaf Alkaloids, Phenolics, and Coffee Resistance to the Leaf Miner Leucoptera coffeella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) S.T.V. MAGALHA˜ ES,1 F. L. FERNANDES,1 A. J. DEMUNER,2 M. C. PICANC¸O,1 1,3 AND R.N.C. GUEDES J. Econ. Entomol. 103(4): 1438Ð1443 (2010); DOI: 10.1603/EC09362 ABSTRACT Coffee (Coffea spp.) alkaloids (caffeine and related methylxanthines) and phenolics (caffeic and chlorogenic acids) have recognized pestistatic/pesticidal activity and mediate insectÐ plant interactions. The present investigation assessed the resistance of 12 coffee genotypes to the leaf miner Leucoptera (ϭPerileucoptera) coffeella (Gue´rin-Me´neville & Perrottet) (Lepidoptera: Lyoneti- idae) and correlated such results with the leaf content of coffee alkaloids and phenolics that probably play a role in the interaction between coffee and this leaf miner. The levels of chlorogenic and caffeic acid, caffeine, and related methylxanthines were measured and quantiÞed in leaf extracts of these genotypes before and 7 d after their infestation by the leaf miner. Some coffee genotypes (Coffea canephora L. and Coffea racemosa Lour. and its hybrids with Coffea arabica L.) exhibited high pesticidal activity (100% mortality) toward the L. coffeella, indicating their antibiosis resistance. However, there was no correlation between this activity and the leaf levels of coffee alkaloids and phenolics. Curiously, infestation by L. coffeella leads to a nearly four-fold decline in the leaf levels of chlorogenic acid, which does not affect this pest species but may affect other generalist species. Indeed, chlorogenic acid sprayed on coffee leaves stimulated locomotory activity of the green scale Coccus viridis (Green) (Hemiptera: Coccidae), thus minimizing their feeding in contrast with the absence of this polyphenol. Therefore, reduction of chlorogenic acid levels in coffee leaves due to leaf miner infestation seems to also favor infestation by generalist insects, such as the green scale. KEY WORDS antiobiosis, caffeine, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, Coffea Coffee (Coffea spp.) is a major commodity in Neo- L. coffeella is a monophagous pest species of coffee tropical America and Africa and the Leucoptera leaf (Souza et al. 1998, Gallo et al. 2002). Females lay their miners are major pests of this crop in both regions. eggs on the adaxial leaf surface at night, and the newly Leucoptera (ϭPerileucoptera) coffeella (Gue´rin-Me´- hatched larvae move directly to the leaf mesophyll neville & Perrottet) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) was where they start to feed on the palisade parenchyma; initially assumed to be the same coffee leaf miner they remain there throughout larval development species that occurs in West Africa but was later rec- (10Ð40 d) and leave only to pupate (Souza et al. 1998, Leucoptera meyricki ognized as two species: Ghesqui- Pereira et al. 2007). L. coffeella should therefore be Leucoptera caffeina e`re and Washburn (Box 1923, Not- well-adapted to the main secondary compounds of ley 1948, Bradley 1958, Crowe 1964). The true L. coffeella coffee leavesÑalkaloids (caffeine and related meth- is restricted to the Neotropical region (Reis ylxanthines) and phenolics (caffeic and chlorogenic and Souza 1984, Mey 1994). Its presence in Brazil was acids). That these phytochemicals are particularly reported as early as 1851, but periodic population abundant in young coffee leaves (Ashihara 2006, outbreaks of this species started in the 1970s as a likely Ramiro et al. 2006), the most susceptible to attack by result of changes in coffee cultivation practices, in- L. coffeella cluding frequent fungicide spraying against coffee rust (Souza et al. 1998; Pereira et al. 2007; fungus Hemileia vastratrix (Berk. et Br.) (Puccini- Magalha˜es et al. 2008a,b) provides support for such aceae) (Reis and Souza 1984, Souza et al. 1998, Pereira expectation. Indeed, recent studies failing to report et al. 2007). detrimental effects of caffeine and total soluble phe- nols against coffee yield loss by this pest species (Guerreiro Filho and Mazzafera 2000, Ramiro et al. 2006) come as no surprise. However, potential bene- 1 Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Vi- c¸osa, Vic¸osa, MG 36571-000, Brazil. Þcial effects of coffee leaf alkaloids and phenolics to 2 Departamento de Quõ´mica, Universidade Federal de Vic¸osa, Vi- the coffee leaf miner and their potential induction by c¸osa, MG 36571-000, Brazil. this species were not considered in previous studies, 3 Corresponding author: Instituto Nacional de Cieˆncia e Tecnologia em Interac¸o˜es Planta-Praga (INCT-IPP), Universidade Federal de but they were among the objectives of the present Vic¸osa, Vic¸osa, MG 36571-000, Brazil (e-mail: [email protected]). investigation. 0022-0493/10/1438Ð1443$04.00/0 ᭧ 2010 Entomological Society of America August 2010 MAGALHA˜ ES ET AL.: ALKALOIDS,PHENOLICS, AND RESISTANCE TO L. coffeella 1439 Coffee resistance to L. coffeella remains elusive, sulted from the natural cross between C. racemosa particularly within the species Coffea arabica L., the (UFV 544) and C. arabica. main cultivated species in Neotropical America Leaves mined by L. coffeella were collected weekly (Souza et al. 1998, Gallo et al. 2002, Ramiro et al. 2006). during early morning from Þeld plants of C. arabica. This management tactic sparked renewed interest The collected leaves were placed in “Gerbox” boxes with the still unresolved overall inefÞciency of bio- (11- by 11- by 3.5-cm germination boxes) containing logical control agents in containing outbreaks of L. an aqueous solution of 10Ϫ6 M benzyladenine follow- coffeella and increasing problems of insecticide resis- ing Reis et al. (2000b). The pupae were collected and tance in Þeld populations of this insect species (Reis transferred to glass vials until adult emergence. and Souza 1986; Souza et al. 1998; Reis et al. 2000a; All reagents used were obtained from Sigma-Al- Fragoso et al. 2002, 2003; Pereira et al. 2007). Prelim- drich Quõ´mica Brasil (Sa˜o Paulo, SP, Brazil), including inary screenings for reduced leaf miner damage in the following standards used for the chromatographic coffee species reported in local coffee conference determinations: caffeic acid (3,4-dihydroxycinnamic meetings suggest potential resistance only in Coffea acid), chlorogenic acid (5-O-caffeoyl-D-quinic acid), species other than C. arabica and Coffea canephora L., caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine), theobromine (3,7- the two commercially cultivated coffee species dimethyxanthine), theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine), (Almeida et al. 2003, Matielo et al. 2003). Based on xanthine (2,6-dihydroxypurine), 3-methylxanthine such preliminary information, the coffee breeding (2,6-dihydroxy-3-methylpurine), and 7-methylxan- programs in Brazil have focused in introducing leaf thine (2,6-dihydroxy-7-methylpurine). miner resistance genes from the species C. racemosa Biossay of Coffee Resistance to L. coffeella. Leaves Lour., which exhibits only moderate loss of yield by of each coffee genotype with their petioles inserted the leaf miner, into C. arabica because the crosses are through the lid of glass vials (one leaf per vial, 8.0 cm more easily carried out (Guerreiro Filho et al. 1999, in height by 3.0 cm in diameter) with an aqueous Almeida et al. 2003, Matielo et al. 2003). Curiously, the solution of benzyladenine were placed in a wooden mechanisms and causes of coffee resistance to L. cof- cage covered with organza (40 by 40 by 40 cm) and feella remain elusive despite recent evidence of egg- containing 40 adult L. coffeella (20 males and 20 fe- laying stimulation by the coffee leaf compounds caf- males). Groups of one to 10 leaves depending on the feine and p-cymene (Magalha˜es et al. 2008a,b). coffee genotype and replicate were exposed to the The present investigation assessed the resistance of adult insects for 24 h, after which the leaves with six 12 coffee genotypes to L. coffeella. Resistance was to eight eggs were separated (one per replicate per assessed through the direct effect of the coffee geno- genotype for the resistance bioassay) and individually types on the leaf miner, rather than by assessing the maintained in an insect rearing room with
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