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Modellingrenewableener MODELLINGRENEWABLEENERGYRESOURCEAND THE ELECTRICITY NETWORK (EAST MIDLANDS REGION) ReportNumber:K^L/00297/REP DTI/Pub URN 02/1562 Contractor Power Technology, Powergen Prepared by P A Newton and T Ma The work described in this report was carried out under contract as part of the DTI Renewable Energy Programme. The views andjudgements expressed in this report are those of the contractor and do not necessarily reflect those of the DTI. First Published 2002 © Crown Copyright EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction This study examines the capability of the electricity distribution network in the East Midlands to accept embedded generation, against the background of a UK policy to encourage growth in CHP and renewable generation schemes. Embedded generation is generation that is directly connected to distribution networks rather than to the transmission system. The UK policy aims to improve the diversity, security and sustainability of energy supplies and to contain the effects of energy supply on the global environment. Hence, the Government has set the following targets relating to energy supply and use: • Reduce the UK’s CO2 emissions by 20% below 1990 levels by 2010; • Increase energy efficiency in domestic housing by 30% over a ten year period; • Increase installed capacity of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) from 4GW to 10GW by 2010; • Meet 5% of electricity requirements from renewable energy sources by 2003, rising to 10% by 2010. The targets for CHP and renewable generation schemes will result in a significant growth in embedded generation. This is predicted to comprise a large number of generation projects ranging in size from small photovoltaic and domestic CHP schemes of a few kilowatts and less, up to large industrial CHP schemes and wind farms of over 100MW. Some of this generation will have a predictable and controllable output but a considerable proportion will be highly intermittent. Consequently, embedded generation is expected to make a large impact on the future design and operation of distribution networks. This view is supported by studies undertaken of real embedded generation projects in recent years which have highlighted various constraints and reinforcement requirements. A number of regional studies have previously been performed to examine the factors and available resources which will encourage or impede the implementation of these targets. The output of these studies has been a set of targets for energy efficiency, CHP and renewables for each region. Objectives This study was commissioned to build on the resource study completed for the Government Office East Midlands by examining the set regional targets in relation to the capacity of the distribution network. The objectives of the study are to: 1 (i) Review two sample distribution networks (one urban and one rural) in the East Midlands and identify opportunities for connection of generation and network constraints. (ii) Review the East Midlands resource study and assess the set regional targets against the capacity of the distribution network. (iii) Identify and prioritise steps that could be taken to reduce network constraints and increase the capability of the network to accept embedded generation. (iv) Provide a description of the regional network and diagrams that will indicate to developers the capability of the existing network to accept embedded generation. (v) Document the issues in developing a consistent format for similar studies across the UK distribution networks. Work Performed Detailed network studies were performed for two sample networks: Leicester bulk supply network was selected to represent an urban network and Boston bulk supply network to represent a rural network. The 132kV networks of the grid groups covering these areas (Enderby and Walpole respectively) were also studied. Therefore, connection points from major 132kV busbars at grid supply points down to 11kV primary substations were examined. The network downstream of 11kV primary substations was not assessed although detailed studies were performed for sample connection points on 11kV feeders. A range of power system studies were performed based on present planning standards and practices, to identify the constraints and capabilities of the existing network, including; • load flow to examine voltage profile and overloading • fault level analysis • transient studies to examine generator and network stability following faults on the network and voltage step change due to generator tripping The range of CHP and renewable technologies which are expected to develop will largely utilise synchronous generators, asynchronous generators and converter connected generators and these were all included in the studies. The study results, showing the maximum connection capacity at each connection point are presented in tabular form and also on network diagrams. The second stage of the study reviews the embedded generation already in operation in the East Midlands and the proposed targets for growth in CHP and renewables by 2010. The overall, simultaneous capacities of the Leicester and Boston study areas are then assessed and these results are then extrapolated to cover the whole East Midlands region (comprising Derbyshire, 2 Leicestershire and Rutland, Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire and Nottinghamshire). This extrapolation draws on the results of a detailed fault level assessment of the whole East Midlands network, and also on known specific power flow constraints caused by line thermal ratings or transformer tap changer reverse power flow constraints. The distribution of spare network capacity for the region is identified from this analysis by grid group and by county, and is then used in two assessments of the regional targets. The first assessment assumes the development of renewables only; the second assumes the development of both CHP and renewables. The third stage of the study reviews the main constraining factors and potential solutions. These are summarised and are then discussed in detail. Four improvement scenarios are then studied, based on improvements to remove transient stability (two stages), fault level and power flow constraints. The additional spare network capacity obtained from these improvements is identified and used in further assessments against the 2010 regional targets for CHP and renewables. The actions to improve network capacity are then recommended and prioritised. The final stage of work identifies the issues that need to be considered in creating a common format for similar studies of other UK distribution networks. Results The power system studies of the Leicester and Boston networks have identified several major constraints. The tables below indicate the range of connection capacities (in MW) for the connection points studied, as limited by the various technical constraints (these are non-simultaneous capacities, ie assuming connection of only one generator at a time). Severe constraints are highlighted in bold. The results for connections to 11kV feeders are based on only a small sample of connection points and therefore should not be treated as firm limits for the whole network. Load flow constraints include voltage rise and thermal overloading constraints. LEICESTER Generator Connection Capacities (MW) (synchronous 132kV 33kV 11kV 11kV generators) primaries feeders Load flow 126-450 23-114 25-32 6-7 Fault level 0 0 0-5 3 Transient stability 150-230 1 0 0 3 BOSTON Generator Connection Capacities (MW) (synchronous 132kV 33kV llkV llkV generators) primaries feeders Load flow 74-110 5-85 1.5-24 0.3-1.9 Fault level 95-200 6-60 0-20 17-19 Transient stability 75-150 0-30 0 0 BOSTON Generator Connection Capacities (MW) (asynchronous 132kV 33kV llkV llkV generators) primaries feeders Load flow 106-110 13-99 1.5-22 0.4-7 Fault level 170-200 4-60 0-40 >20 Transient stability 40-100 8-16 0 0 The capacity of the network across the East Midlands region to accommodate the renewables and CHP targets given in the regional resource study is illustrated in the following two figures. 500 450 □ Existing Generation □ 2003 Target 400 □ 2010 Target 350 ■ Network Capacity 300 & 250 o o 200 § 150 O 100 50 I h i-r 1 ■ ^ 1 Leics Lines Northants Notts East Midlands Capacity of the East Midlands Network to Accommodate Renewables only (assuming no new CHP) 4 1300 1200 □ Existing Generation 1100 □ 2010 Target - 1000 ■ Network Capacity Z 900 % 800 700 U 600 8 500 | 400 o 300 200 ■ fl 100 ■ ■ n ri^ 0 ■ _ t=LLzj=t Derby s Leics Lilies Northants Notts East Midlands Capacity of the East Midlands Network to Accommodate Renewables and CHP The capacity of the network can be increased by making several improvements to remove transient stability, fault level and power flow constraints. The following figure indicates the improved capacity resulting from four improvement scenarios. 4000 ■ 2010 Target 3500 ■ Existing Capacity ^ 3000 n Plus TS Upgrades (1st staae) S ■ Plus FL Upgrades % 2500 □ Plus TS Upgrades (2nd stage) O A 2000 ■ Plus Power Flow Upgrades 0 2 1500 1 1 1000 ]] 500 jJlmjT 0 _ M 11, nAl, nrO , gJ-CD , rJ~l_l^ Derby s Leics Lines Northants Notts East Midlands Capacity of the East Midlands Network to Accommodate Renewables and CHP with Four Improvement Scenarios 5 Conclusions The targets for 2010 set by the East Midlands regional resource study for installed generating capacity from CHP and renewables total 1174.1MW, as shown in the following table. CHP Renewables Total 2010 Target (MW) 708.6 465.5 1174.1 Existing (MW) 368.6 44.7 413.3 Total Network 822 Capacity (MW) The total capacity of the existing distribution network serving the East Midlands, for CHP and renewables, has been assessed in this study to be 822MW, including 413.3MW of existing CHP and renewable generation. There is therefore capacity for further growth of 409MW; however, the total network capacity falls short of the 2010 target by 30%. If renewables only is considered (ie assuming zero growth in CHP), the total potential network capacity for renewables is 454MW, including nearly 45MW of existing renewables. This fallsjust short of the 2010 target of 465.5MW.
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