Appendix A 1

VASCULAR PLANT SPECIES PRESENT IN BRAMPTON

This is a full list of vascular plant species present in Brampton, extracted from CVC’s Natural Heritage Database as of August 2013. Regional rank follows Kaiser, 2001. Invasive score only applies to non-native, invasive plant species. Non-native species that do not occur invasively are not assigned an invasive ranking.

TRCA COSEWIC COSSARO G- S- Regional Invasive Scientific Name Common Name L- Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Score Rank NATIVE SPECIES Abies balsamea Balsam Fir G5 S5 L4 Three-seeded Acalypha rhomboidea Mercury G5 S5 L5 Acer rubrum Red Maple G5 S5 L4 Acer saccharinum Silver Maple G5 S5 L4 Acer saccharum var. nigrum Black Maple G5 S4? L4 Acer saccharum var. saccharum Sugar Maple G5T5 S5 L5 Acer spicatum Mountain Maple G5 S5 L4 Acer x freemanii Hybrid Maple GNA SNA L4 Acorus americanus American Sweetflag G5 S4 rare L3 Actaea pachypoda White Baneberry G5 S5 L4 Actaea rubra Red Baneberry G5 S5 L5 Ageratina altissima var. altissima White Snakeroot G5T5 S5 L5 Agrimonia gryposepala Tall Hairy Groovebur G5 S5 L5 Agrostis stolonifera Creeping Bentgrass G5 S5 L+? Alisma plantago- American Water- aquatica plantain GNR SNA L5 Allium tricoccum Wild Leek G5 S4 L4 Alnus incana ssp. rugosa Speckled Alder G5T5 S5 L3 Ambrosia artemisiifolia Annual Ragweed G5 S5 L5 Ambrosia trifida Great Ragweed G5 S5 L5 Amelanchier arborea Downy Serviceberry G5 S5 L4 G4G5 Amelanchier laevis Smooth Serviceberry Q S5 L4 Amphicarpaea bracteata American Hog-peanut G5 S5 L5 Anaphalis margaritacea Pearly Everlasting G5 S5 L3 Andropogon gerardii Big Bluestem G5 S4 rare L3 Anemone acutiloba Sharp-lobed Hepatica G5 S5 L3 Anemone americana Round-lobed Heptica G5 S5 rare L2 Anemone canadensis Canada Anemone G5 S5 L5 Anemone quinquefolia Wood Anemone G5 S5 L3 Anemone virginiana Virginia Anemone G5 S5 L5 Antennaria howellii ssp. neodioica Northern Pussytoes G5T5 SU LU Antennaria neglecta Field Pussytoes G5 S5 LU Antennaria parlinii G5?T4 ssp. fallax Deceitful Pussytoes T5 SU L3 Apocynum androsaemifolium Spreading Dogbane G5 S5 L4 Apocynum androsaemifolium ssp. androsaemifolium Spreading Dogbane G5T5 S5 L4 Apocynum Clasping-leaf cannabinum Dogbane GNR S5 L5 Aralia nudicaulis Wild Sarsaparilla G5 S5 L5

Date of this Appendix: August 2013 Appendix A 2

TRCA COSEWIC COSSARO G- S- Regional Invasive Scientific Name Common Name L- Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Score Rank Aralia racemosa ssp. G4G5 racemosa Spikenard T4T5 S5 rare L3 Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit G5 S5 L5 Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit ssp. triphyllum subspecies G5T5 S5 L5 Asarum canadense Canada Wild-ginger G5 S5 L4 Asclepias incarnata ssp. incarnata Swamp Milkweed G5T5 S5 L4 Asclepias syriaca Kansas Milkweed G5 S5 L5 Northeastern Lady Athyrium angustum Fern G5T5 S5 L5 Atriplex patula Halberd-leaf Saltbush G5 S5 L+? Betula alleghaniensis Yellow Birch G5 S5 L4 Betula papyrifera Paper Birch G5 S5 L4 Bidens cernua Nodding Beggarticks G5 S5 L5 Bidens discoidea Swamp Beggarticks G5 S4 rare L3 Bidens frondosa Devil's Beggarticks G5 S5 L5 Three-Lobe Beggar- Bidens tripartita ticks G5 S5 rare L4 Bidens vulgata Tall Beggarticks G5 S5 rare L4 Boehmeria cylindrica False Nettle G5 S5 L4 Bolboschoenus fluviatilis River Bulrush G5 S4S5 rare L3 Botrychium Daisy-leaved matricariifolium Moonwort G5 S4S5 rare L1 Brachyelytrum erectum Bearded Shorthusk G5 S4S5 rare LU Bromus latiglumis Broad-glumed Brome G5 S4 L4 Calamagrostis canadensis Bluejoint Reedgrass G5 S5 L4 Calla palustris Wild Calla G5 S5 L2 Caltha palustris Marsh Marigold G5 S5 L4 Calystegia sepium Hedge Bindweed G5 S5 L5 Cardamine concatenata Cutleaf Toothwort G5 S5 L3 Cardamine diphylla Two-leaf Toothwort G5 S5 L4 Cardamine douglassii Limestone Bittercress G5 S4 L3 Cardamine Pennsylvania pensylvanica Bittercress G5 S5 L4 Carex albursina White Bear Sedge G5 S5 rare L3 Carex alopecoidea Foxtail Sedge G5 S5 rare L3 Carex arctata Black Sedge G5? S5 L4 Carex aurea Golden-fruited Sedge G5 S5 L4 Carex bebbii Bebb's Sedge G5 S5 L5 Carex blanda Woodland Sedge G5? S5 L5 Carex bromoides Brome-like Sedge G5 S5 rare L4 Carex brunnescens ssp. brunnescens Brownish Sedge G5T5 SU rare L3 Carex canescens ssp. canescens Silvery Sedge G5T5 S5 rare L3 Carex cephaloidea Thinleaf Sedge G5 S5 rare L4 Carex cephalophora Oval-leaved Sedge G5 S5 rare L4 Carex communis Fibrous-root Sedge G5 S5 L4 Carex comosa Bristly Sedge G5 S5 rare L3 Carex conjuncta Soft Fox Sedge G4G5 SNA Carex crinita Fringed Sedge G5 S5 L3 Carex cristatella Crested Sedge G5 S5 L5 Carex deweyana Short-scale Sedge G5 S5 L4 Carex digitalis Slender Wood Sedge G5 S4S5 rare L3 Carex flava Yellow Sedge G5 S5 rare L3 Carex foenea Fernald's Hay Sedge G5 S5 Carex gracillima Graceful Sedge G5 S5 L4 Carex granularis Meadow Sedge G5 S5 L5 Carex grayi Asa Gray Sedge G4 S4 rare L2

Date of this Appendix: August 2013 Appendix A 3

TRCA COSEWIC COSSARO G- S- Regional Invasive Scientific Name Common Name L- Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Score Rank Inflated Narrow-leaf Carex grisea Sedge G5? S4 rare L4 Carex hystericina Porcupine Sedge G5 S5 L4 Carex interior Inland Sedge G5 S5 L3 Carex intumescens Bladder Sedge G5 S5 L4 Carex lacustris Lake-bank Sedge G5 S5 L4 Smooth-sheath Carex laevivaginata Sedge G5 S4 rare L3 Carex laxiculmis var. Bright-green G5T3T copulata Spreading Sedge 5 S4? Carex laxiculmis var. G5T4T laxiculmis Spreading Sedge 5 S4 L3 Loose-flowered Carex laxiflora Sedge G5 S5 rare L4 Carex leptalea ssp. Bristly-stalk Sedge leptalea subspecies G5T5 S5 L3 Carex lupulina Hop Sedge G5 S5 L4 Carex molesta Troublesome Sedge G4 S4? rare L3 Carex normalis Larger Straw Sedge G5 S4 L3 Carex pallescens Pale Sedge G5 S5 rare L3 Carex pedunculata Longstalk Sedge G5 S5 L4 Carex pellita Woolly Sedge G5 S5 rare L4 Carex pensylvanica Pennsylvania Sedge G5 S5 L4 Plantain-leaved Carex plantaginea Sedge G5 S5 L3 Carex platyphylla Broad-leaved Sedge G5 S5 L3 Carex projecta Necklace Sedge G5 S5 rare L4 Carex pseudocyperus Cyperus-like Sedge G5 S5 L4 Carex radiata Stellate Sedge G4 S4 L5 Carex retrorsa Retrorse Sedge G5 S5 L4 Carex rosea Rosy Sedge G5 S5 L5 Carex scabrata Rough Sedge G5 S5 rare L4 Carex sparganioides Burreed Sedge G5 S5 L4 Carex stipata Stalk-grain Sedge G5 S5 L5 Carex stricta Tussock Sedge G5 S5 L4 Carex tenera Slender Sedge G5 S5 L4 Carex tribuloides Blunt Broom Sedge G5 S4S5 rare L4 Carex trisperma Three-seed Sedge G5 S5 L3 Carex tuckermanii Tuckerman Sedge G4 S4 rare L3 Carex utriculata Bladder Sedge G5 S5 rare L3 Carex vulpinoidea Fox Sedge G5 S5 L5 Carex woodii Pretty Sedge G4 S4 rare L3 Carpinus caroliniana Blue-beech G5 S5 L4 Carya cordiformis Bitternut Hickory G5 S5 L4 Carya ovata Shagbark Hickory G5 S5 L3 Castanea dentata American Chestnut END END G4 S2 Caulophyllum G4G5 giganteum Giant Blue Cohosh Q S4? rare L4 Caulophyllum thalictroides Blue Cohosh G4G5 S5 L3 Celastrus scandens Climbing Bittersweet G5 S5 L3 Celtis occidentalis Common Hackberry G5 S4 L+ Ceratophyllum demersum Common Hornwort G5 S5 rare L4 Cercis canadensis Eastern Redbud G5 SX Chelone glabra White Turtlehead G5 S5 L3 Chenopodium capitatum Strawberry Goosefoot G5 S5 rare L3 Chenopodium simplex Giant-seed Goosefoot G5 S5 L5 Chrysosplenium American Golden- americanum saxifrage G5 S5 rare L3 Bulb-bearing Water- Cicuta bulbifera hemlock G5 S5 L4 Cicuta maculata Spotted Water- G5 S5 L5

Date of this Appendix: August 2013 Appendix A 4

TRCA COSEWIC COSSARO G- S- Regional Invasive Scientific Name Common Name L- Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Score Rank hemlock Cinna arundinacea Stout Woodreed G5 S4 rare L3 Cinna latifolia Drooping Woodreed G5 S5 rare L4 Broad-leaved Enchanter's Circaea canadensis Nightshade G5T5 S5 L5 Cirsium muticum Swamp Thistle G5 S5 rare L1 Carolina Spring Claytonia caroliniana Beauty G5 S5 rare L3 Narrow-leaved Spring Claytonia virginica Beauty G5 S5 L3 Virginia Virgin's- Clematis virginiana bower G5 S5 L5 Clinopodium vulgare Field Basil G5 S5 L5 Conyza canadensis Canada Horseweed G5 S5 L5 Coptis trifolia Goldthread G5 S5 L2 Alternate-leaf Cornus alternifolia Dogwood G5 S5 L5 Cornus amomum ssp. obliqua Silky Dogwood G5T5 S5 rare L3 Cornus racemosa Gray Dogwood G5? S5 L5 Cornus rugosa Roundleaf Dogwood G5 S5 L4 Cornus sericea Red-osier Dogwood G5 S5 L5 Corylus cornuta Beaked Hazelnut G5 S5 L4 Crataegus brainerdii Brainerd's Hawthorn G5 S2 Crataegus chrysocarpa Fireberry Hawthorn G5 S5 L3 Crataegus crus-galli Cockspur Hawthorn G5 S5 L2 Crataegus holmesiana Holmes' Hawthorn G5 S4S5 rare L4 Crataegus macracantha Large-thorn Hawthorn GNR S5 L4 Crataegus mollis Downy Hawthorn G5 S5 L+? Crataegus punctata Dotted Hawthorn G5 S5 L5 Cryptotaenia canadensis Canada Honewort G5 S5 L5 Cuscuta gronovii Gronovius Dodder G5 S5 rare L4 Perennial Yellow Cyperus esculentus Flatsedge G5 S5 L+? Straw-colored Cyperus strigosus Flatsedge G5 S5 rare L3 Cystopteris bulbifera Bulblet Fern G5 S5 L4 Cystopteris tenuis Mackay's Brittle Fern G4G5 S5 L3 Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda Shrubby Cinquefoil G5T5 S5 rare Desmodium canadense Showy Tick-trefoil G5 S4 rare L4 Dicentra canadensis Squirrel-corn G5 S5 L3 Northern Bush- Diervilla lonicera honeysuckle G5 S5 L4 Dryopteris carthusiana Spinulose Wood Fern G5 S5 L5 Dryopteris clintoniana Clinton's Wood Fern G5 S4 rare L3 Dryopteris cristata Crested Wood Fern G5 S5 L4 Dryopteris intermedia Evergreen Wood Fern G5 S5 L4 Dryopteris marginalis Marginal Wood Fern G5 S5 L4 Echinochloa muricata Western Barnyard var. microstachya Grass G5T5 S5 L5 Echinocystis lobata Wild Mock-cucumber G5 S5 L5 Eleocharis Red-stemmed Spike- erythropoda rush G5 S5 L5 Eleocharis obtusa Blunt Spike-rush G5 S5 L3 Eleocharis palustris Creeping Spike-rush G5? S5 rare L3 Elodea canadensis Broad Waterweed G5 S5 rare L4

Date of this Appendix: August 2013 Appendix A 5

TRCA COSEWIC COSSARO G- S- Regional Invasive Scientific Name Common Name L- Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Score Rank Elodea nuttallii Nuttall's Waterweed G5 S3 L3 Elymus canadensis Canada Wildrye G5 S4S5 rare L4 Elymus hystrix Bottlebrush Grass G5 S5 L4 Eastern Riverbank Elymus riparius Wildrye G5 S4? rare L4 Elymus trachycaulus Slender Wildrye G5 S5 rare L2 Elymus virginicus var. virginicus Virginia Wildrye G5T5 S5 L5 Epifagus virginiana Beechdrops G5 S5 L4 Epilobium ciliatum ssp. ciliatum Hairy Willow-herb G5T5 S5 L5 Purple-leaf Willow- Epilobium coloratum herb G5 S5 rare L4 Epilobium Linear-leaved Willow- leptophyllum herb G5 S5 rare L3 Equisetum arvense Field Horsetail G5 S5 L5 Equisetum fluviatile Water Horsetail G5 S5 rare L3 Equisetum hyemale Common Scouring- ssp. affine rush G5T5 S5 L5 Smooth Scouring- Equisetum laevigatum rush G5 S4 rare Equisetum pratense Meadow Horsetail G5 S5 rare L3 Equisetum sylvaticum Woodland Horsetail G5 S5 L3 Equisetum variegatum var. Variegated Scouring variegatum Rush G5 S5 rare L4 Erigeron annuus Annual Fleabane G5 S5 L5 Erigeron philadelphicus var. philadelphicus Philadelphia Fleabane G5T5 S5 L5 Erigeron strigosus Rough Fleabane G5 S5 L5 Erythronium albidum White Trout-lily G5 S4 rare L3 Erythronium americanum ssp. americanum Yellow Trout-lily G5T5 S5 L5 Running Strawberry- Euonymus obovatus bush G5 S5 L3 Eupatorium maculatum ssp. Spotted Joe-pye G5TN maculatum Weed R S5 L5 Eupatorium perfoliatum Common Boneset G5 S5 L4 Eurybia macrophylla Large-leaved Aster G5 S5 L4 Grass-leaved Euthamia graminifolia Goldenrod G5 S5 L5 Fagus grandifolia American Beech G5 S4 L4 Festuca rubra Red Fescue G5 S5 Festuca rubra ssp. Red Fescue rubra subspecies L+ Fragaria vesca ssp. americana Woodland Strawberry G5T5 S5 L5 Fragaria virginiana Virginia Strawberry G5 S5 L5 Fragaria virginiana ssp. virginiana Common Strawberry G5T5 SU LU Fraxinus americana White Ash G5 S4? L5 Fraxinus nigra Black Ash G5 S5? L4 Fraxinus Green or Red Ash (no pennsylvanica var. recorded) G5 S5 L5 Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. G5TN pennsylvanica Red Ash R S5 L5 Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. G5TN subintegerrima Green Ash variety R S5 Galium asprellum Rough Bedstraw G5 S5 L4

Date of this Appendix: August 2013 Appendix A 6

TRCA COSEWIC COSSARO G- S- Regional Invasive Scientific Name Common Name L- Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Score Rank Galium obtusum Blunt-leaf Bedstraw G5 S4S5 L3 Galium odoratum Sweet Bedstraw GNR SNA L+ Galium palustre Marsh Bedstraw G5 S5 L5 Galium tinctorium Stiff Marsh Bedstraw G5 S5 rare L3 Galium trifidum ssp. trifidum Small Bedstraw G5T5 S5 rare L3 Sweet-scent Galium triflorum Bedstraw G5 S5 L5 Geranium maculatum Wild Crane's-bill G5 S5 L4 Geum aleppicum Yellow Avens G5 S5 L4 Geum canadense White Avens G5 S5 L5 Geum fragarioides Barren Strawberry G5 S5 L4 Geum laciniatum Rough Avens G5 S4 L4 Geum rivale Purple Avens G5 S5 rare L3 Glyceria grandis Tall Mannagrass G5 S4S5 L4 Glyceria striata Fowl Mannagrass G5 S5 L5 Gymnocladus dioicus Kentucky Coffee-tree THR THR G5 S2 L+ Hackelia virginiana Virginia Stickseed G5 S5 L5 Hamamelis virginiana American Witch-hazel G5 S5 L3 Common Helenium autumnale Sneezeweed G5 S5 L+? Heliopsis helianthoides False Sunflower G5 S5 L2 Heracleum maximum Cow-parsnip G5 S5 rare L5 Hydrocotyle American Water- americana pennywort G5 S5 L3 Hydrophyllum canadense Blunt-leaf Waterleaf G5 S4 rare L3 Hydrophyllum virginianum John's Cabbage G5 S5 L5 Common St. John's- Hypericum punctatum wort G5 S5 rare L3 Hypopitys monotropa American Pinesap G5 S4 rare L3 Ilex mucronata Mountain Holly G5 S5 rare L2 Ilex verticillata Black Holly G5 S5 L3 Impatiens capensis Spotted Jewelweed G5 S5 L5 Impatiens pallida Pale Jewelweed G5 S5 rare L4 Iris versicolor Blueflag G5 S5 L3 Juglans cinerea Butternut END END G4 S3? L3 Juglans nigra Black Walnut G5 S4 L5 Juncus articulatus Jointed Rush G5 S5 L4 Juncus bufonius Toad Rush G5 S5 L5 Juncus canadensis Canada Rush G5 S5 rare L1 Juncus dudleyi Dudley's Rush G5 S5 L5 Juncus effusus var. solutus Lamp Rush G5T5 S5? L4 Juncus tenuis Path Rush G5 S5 L5 Juncus torreyi Torrey's Rush G5 S5 L4 Juniperus virginiana Eastern Red Cedar G5 S5 rare L5 Lactuca canadensis Canada Lettuce G5 S5 L4 Laportea canadensis Wood Nettle G5 S5 L5 Larix laricina American Larch G5 S5 L3 Leersia oryzoides Rice Cutgrass G5 S5 L5 Leersia virginica Virginia Cutgrass G5 S4 rare L4 Lemna minor Lesser Duckweed G5 S5 L5 Lemna trisulca Star Duckweed G5 S5 rare L3 Liatris spicata Dense Blazing Star THR THR G5 S2 L2 Lilium michiganense Michigan Lily G5 S5 L4 Lindera benzoin Spicebush G5 S5 rare L2 Lindernia dubia var. Yellow-seed False dubia Pimpernel G5T5 S4 rare L3 Lobelia inflata Indian-tobacco G5 S5 L3 Lobelia siphilitica Great Blue Lobelia G5 S5 L3 Lonicera canadensis American Fly- G5 S5 L3

Date of this Appendix: August 2013 Appendix A 7

TRCA COSEWIC COSSARO G- S- Regional Invasive Scientific Name Common Name L- Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Score Rank honeysuckle Mountain Lonicera dioica Honeysuckle G5 S5 L3 Ludwigia palustris Marsh Seedbox G5 S5 rare L3 Lycopus americanus American Bugleweed G5 S5 L4 Lycopus uniflorus Northern Bugleweed G5 S5 L4 Lysimachia ciliata Fringed Loosestrife G5 S5 L5 Lysimachia thyrsiflora Water Loosestrife G5 S5 rare L4 Maianthemum canadense Wild-lily-of-the-valley G5 S5 L4 Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum False Solomon's-seal G5T5 S5 L5 Maianthemum Starflower False stellatum Solomon's-seal G5 S5 L5 Matteuccia struthiopteris var. pensylvanica Ostrich Fern G5T5 S5 L5 Menispermum canadense Canada Moonseed G5 S4 rare L3 Mentha arvensis ssp. borealis Wild Mint subspecies G5T5 S5 L5 Square-stem Mimulus ringens Monkeyflower G5 S5 L4 Mitchella repens Partridge-berry G5 S5 L3 Mitella nuda Naked Bishop's-cap G5 S5 L3 Wild Bergamot Bee- Monarda fistulosa balm G5 S5 L5 Muhlenbergia mexicana var. mexicana Mexican Muhly G5T5 S5 L5 Myosotis laxa Small Forget-me-not G5 S5 L4 White Rattlesnake- Nabalus albus root G5 S5 L3 Nabalus altissimus Tall Rattlesnake-root G5? S5 L5 Najas flexilis Slender Naiad G5 S5 rare L3 Nuphar variegata Yellow Cowlily G5T5 S5 rare L3 Nymphaea odorata American Water-lily G5 S5 rare L3 Common Evening- Oenothera biennis primrose G5 S5 L5 Onoclea sensibilis Sensitive Fern G5 S5 L5 White-grained Oryzopsis asperifolia Mountain-ricegrass G5 S5 L4 Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis Royal Fern G5T5 S5 rare L3 Osmundastrum cinnamomeum Cinnamon Fern G5 S5 L3 Eastern Hop- Ostrya virginiana hornbeam G5 S5 L5 Upright Yellow Wood- Oxalis stricta sorrel G5 S5 L5 Old Witch Panic Panicum capillare Grass G5 S5 L5 Old Switch Panic Panicum virgatum Grass G5 S4 L3 Parthenocissus inserta Virginia Creeper G5 S5 L5 Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia Creeper G5 S4? L4 Pennisetum glauca Yellow Foxtail Penstemon hirsutus Hairy Beardtongue G4 S4 rare L3 Penthorum sedoides Ditch-stonecrop G5 S5 L4 Persicaria amphibia Water Smartweed G5 S5 L4 Persicaria hydropiperoides Mild Water-pepper G5 S5 rare L3

Date of this Appendix: August 2013 Appendix A 8

TRCA COSEWIC COSSARO G- S- Regional Invasive Scientific Name Common Name L- Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Score Rank Persicaria Pennsylvania pensylvanica Smartweed G5 S5 rare L4 Phalaris arundinacea Reed Canary Grass G5 S5 L+? Photinia melanocarpa Black Chokeberry G5 S5 rare L2 Phryma leptostachya Lopseed G5 S4S5 L5 Clammy Ground- Physalis heterophylla cherry G5 S4 rare L5 Physocarpus opulifolius Eastern Ninebark G5 S5 rare L3 Physostegia virginiana ssp. False Dragon-head virginiana subspecies G5T5 S4 L3 Picea glauca White Spruce G5 S5 rare L3 Pilea fontana Springs Clearweed G5 S4 rare L3 Pilea pumila Canada Clearweed G5 S5 L5 Pinus banksiana Jack Pine G5 S5 L+ Pinus resinosa Red Pine G5 S5 rare L2 Pinus strobus Eastern White Pine G5 S5 L4 Plantago rugelii Black-seed Plantain G5 S5 L5 Platanus occidentalis Sycamore G5 S4 rare L2 Poa palustris Fowl Bluegrass G5 S5 L5 White-grained Oryzopsis asperifolia Mountain-ricegrass G5 S5 L4 Podophyllum peltatum May Apple G5 S5 L5 Polygonatum Downy Solomon's- pubescens seal G5 S5 L4 Polygonum achoreum Leathery Knotweed G5 S5 L+ Polygonum lapathifolium var. lapathifolium Hedge Cornbind G5T5 S5 L5 Polystichum acrostichoides Christmas Fern G5 S5 L4 Pontederia cordata Pickerel Weed G5 S5 L2 Populus balsamifera ssp. balsamifera Balsam Poplar G5T5 S5 L5 Populus deltoides Eastern Cottonwood G5 S5 L5 Populus grandidentata Large-tooth Aspen G5 S5 L4 Populus tremuloides Trembling Aspen G5 S5 L5 Populus x jackii Jack's Poplar GNA SNA L4 Potamogeton foliosus Leafy Pondweed G5 S5 rare L4 Potamogeton natans Floating Pondweed G5 S5 L3 Potamogeton pusillus ssp. pusillus Slender Pondweed G5T5 SU rare L1 Potentilla anserina Silverweed G5 S5 rare L5 Potentilla norvegica G5TN ssp. norvegica Norwegian Cinquefoil R SU L+? Rattlesnake-root Prenanthes sp. species Prunella vulgaris Self-heal G5 S5 L+? Prunella vulgaris ssp. lanceolata Self-heal G5T5 S5 L4 Prunus nigra Canada Plum G4G5 S4 L3 Prunus pensylvanica Pin Cherry G5 S5 L4 Prunus serotina Wild Black Cherry G5 S5 L5 Prunus virginiana var. virginiana Chokecherry G5T5 S5 L5 Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum Bracken G5T5 S5 L4 Pyrola elliptica Shinleaf G5 S5 L4 Quercus alba White Oak G5 S5 L3 Quercus bicolor Swamp White Oak G5 S4 rare Quercus ellipsoidalis Northern Pin Oak G5 S3 Quercus macrocarpa Mossy-cup Oak G5 S5 L4

Date of this Appendix: August 2013 Appendix A 9

TRCA COSEWIC COSSARO G- S- Regional Invasive Scientific Name Common Name L- Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Score Rank Quercus palustris Pin Oak G5 S4 Quercus rubra Northern Red Oak G5 S5 L4 Kidney-leaved Ranunculus abortivus Buttercup G5 S5 L5 Ranunculus hispidus var. caricetorum Swamp Buttercup G5T5 S5 L4 Ranunculus Eastern White Water- longirostris crowfoot G5 S4S5 L2 Ranunculus pensylvanicus Bristly Crowfoot G5 S5 rare L3 Ranunculus recurvatus var. Hooked Crowfoot recurvatus variety L4 Ranunculus sceleratus Cursed Crowfoot G5 S5 L5 Ranunculus sceleratus var. Cursed Crowfoot sceleratus variety G5T5 SU Gray-headed Prairie Ratibida pinnata Coneflower G5 S3 L+ Rhamnus alnifolia Alderleaf Buckthorn G5 S5 rare L3 Rhus aromatica Fragrant Sumac G5 S5 L+ Rhus typhina Staghorn Sumac G5 S5 L5 Ribes americanum Wild Black Currant G5 S5 L5 Ribes cynosbati Prickly Gooseberry G5 S5 L5 Ribes glandulosum Skunk Currant G5 S5 rare L3 Ribes hirtellum Smooth Gooseberry G5 S5 rare L3 Northern Black Ribes hudsonianum Currant G5 S5 rare L1 Ribes lacustre Bristly Black Currant G5 S5 Ribes triste Swamp Red Currant G5 S5 L3 Rorippa palustris Marsh Yellowcress G5 S5 Rorippa palustris ssp. fernaldiana Marsh Yellow-cress G5T5 S5 L4 Rorippa palustris ssp. Hispid Marsh hispida Yellowcress G5T5 S5 L4 Rorippa palustris ssp. palustris Marsh Yellowcress G5T5 S5? Rosa acicularis ssp. sayi Prickly Rose G5T5 S5 Rosa blanda Smooth Rose G5 S5 L4 Rosa palustris Swamp Rose G5 S5 rare L2 Rubus allegheniensis Allegheny Blackberry G5 S5 L5 Rubus hispidus Bristley Dewberry G5 S4S5 rare L2 Common Red Rubus idaeus Raspberry G5 S5 L5 Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus Wild Red Raspberry G5T5 S5 L5 Rubus occidentalis Black Raspberry G5 S5 L5 Purple Flowering Rubus odoratus Raspberry G5 S5 L5 Rubus pubescens Catherinettes Berry G5 S5 L4 Rudbeckia hirta Black-eyed Susan G5 S5 L4 Cut-leaved Rudbeckia laciniata Coneflower G5 S5 L4 Rumex orbiculatus Water Dock G5 S4S5 rare L3 Sagittaria latifolia Broadleaf Arrowhead G5 S5 L4 Salix amygdaloides Peach-leaved Willow G5 S5 rare L4 Salix bebbiana Bebb's Willow G5 S5 L4 Salix discolor Pussy Willow G5 S5 L4 Salix eriocephala Heart-leaved Willow G5 S5 L5 Salix exigua Sandbar Willow G5 S5 rare L5 Salix lucida Shining Willow G5 S5 rare L3 Salix nigra Black Willow G5 S4? rare L3

Date of this Appendix: August 2013 Appendix A 10

TRCA COSEWIC COSSARO G- S- Regional Invasive Scientific Name Common Name L- Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Score Rank Salix petiolaris Meadow Willow G5 S5 L4 Salix serissima Autumn Willow G4 S4 rare L2 Sambucus canadensis Common Elderberry G5T5 S5 L5 Sambucus racemosa G5T4T ssp. pubens Red Elderberry 5 S5 L5 Sanguinaria canadensis Bloodroot G5 S5 L5 Sanicula trifoliata Large-fruit Sanicle G4 S4 Schizachne purpurascens ssp. G5TN purpurascens False Melic Grass RQ S5 L4 Schoenoplectus pungens Three-square G5 S5 rare L4 Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Soft-stem Club-rush G5 S5 L4 Scirpus atrovirens Dark-green Bulrush G5? S5 L5 Scirpus cyperinus Cottongrass Bulrush G5 S5 L4 Scirpus microcarpus Red-tinge Bulrush G5 S5 L5 Scirpus pendulus Rufous Bulrush G5 S5 rare L3 Scrophularia lanceolata Hare Figwort G5 S4 rare L3 Scutellaria galericulata Hooded Skullcap G5 S5 L5 Scutellaria lateriflora Mad Dog Skullcap G5 S5 L5 Scutellaria parvula var. parvula Small Skullcap G4T4 S4 rare LX One-seed Bur- Sicyos angulatus cucumber G5 S5 rare L3 Silphium perfoliatum Cup Plant G5 S2 L5 Silphium perfoliatum var. perfoliatum Cup Plant G5T5? S2 Hemlock Water- Sium suave parsnip G5 S5 L4 Herbaceous Smilax herbacea Carrionflower G5 S4 L5 Smilax tamnoides Hispid Greenbrier G5 S4 L4 Solidago altissima var. altissima Late Goldenrod GNR S5 L5 Solidago caesia Bluestem Goldenrod G5 S5 L5 Solidago canadensis var. canadensis Canada Goldenrod G5T5 S5 L5 Broad-leaved Solidago flexicaulis Goldenrod G5 S5 L5 Solidago gigantea Smooth Goldenrod G5 S5 L5 Solidago hispida var. Hairy Goldenrod hispida variety G5T5 SU rare L2 Solidago nemoralis var. nemoralis Gray Goldenrod G5T5 S5 L5 Solidago patula Roundleaf Goldenrod G5 S5 rare L3 Solidago rugosa ssp. rugosa Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod G5T5 S5 L4 Solidago uliginosa Bog Goldenrod G4G5 S5 rare L2 Sparganium eurycarpum Broad-fruited Burreed G5 S5 rare L3 Fresh Water Spartina pectinata Cordgrass G5 S4 rare L3 Narrow-leaved Spiraea alba Meadow-sweet G5 S5 L4 Spirodela polyrrhiza Great Duckweed G5 S5 L4 Streptopus lanceolatus Rose Twisted-stalk G5 S5 L3 Stuckenia pectinata Sago Pondweed G5 S5 L4 Symphoricarpos albus Common Snowberry G5 S5 rare L3 Symphyotrichum Heart-leaf Aster G5 S5 L5

Date of this Appendix: August 2013 Appendix A 11

TRCA COSEWIC COSSARO G- S- Regional Invasive Scientific Name Common Name L- Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Score Rank cordifolium Symphyotrichum ericoides var. ericoides White Heath Aster G5T5 S5 L5 Symphyotrichum lanceolatum ssp. lanceolatum Panicled Aster G5T5 S5 L3 Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. lateriflorum Small White Aster G5T5 S5 L5 Symphyotrichum novae-angliae New England Aster G5 S5 L5 Symphyotrichum oolentangiense Sky-blue Aster G5 S4 rare L4 Symphyotrichum puniceum Swamp Aster G5 S5 L5 Symphyotrichum puniceum var. puniceum Swamp Aster G5T5 S5 L5 Symphyotrichum urophyllum Arrow-leaved Aster G4G5 S4 rare L3 Symphyotrichum x amethystinum Hybrid Aster GNA SNA L4 Symplocarpus foetidus Skunk Cabbage G5 S5 rare L4 Taenidia integerrima Yellow Pimpernell G5 S4 rare L2 Taxus canadensis Canadian Yew G5 S4 L3 Teucrium canadense ssp. canadense Canada Germander G5T5 S5? rare L3 Thalictrum dioicum Early Meadowrue G5 S5 L5 Thalictrum pubescens Tall Meadow-rue G5 S5 L5 Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens Eastern Marsh Fern G5T5 S5 L4 Thuja occidentalis Eastern White Cedar G5 S5 L4 Heart-leaved Foam- Tiarella cordifolia flower G5 S5 L4 Tilia americana American Basswood G5 S5 L5 Toxicodendron radicans Climbing Poison Ivy G5 S5 L5 Toxicodendron radicans ssp. negundo Poison Ivy G5T5 S5 L5 Toxicodendron rydbergii Rydberg's Poison Ivy G5 S5 L5 Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis Starflower G5T5 S5 L3 Trillium erectum Red Trillium G5 S5 L4 Trillium grandiflorum White Trillium G5 S5 L4 Triosteum Orange-fruit Horse- aurantiacum gentian G5 S5 rare L3 Tsuga canadensis Eastern Hemlock G4G5 S5 L4 Typha latifolia Broad-leaf Cattail G5 S5 L4 Ulmus americana American Elm G5? S5 L5 Ulmus rubra Slippery Elm G5 S5 L3 Urtica dioica ssp. Slender Stinging gracilis Nettle G5T5 S5 L5 Large-flowered Uvularia grandiflora Bellwort G5 S5 L3 Verbena hastata Blue Vervain G5 S5 L5 Verbena stricta Hoary Vervain G5 S4 rare L3 Verbena urticifolia White Vervain G5 S5 L5 Veronica americana American Speedwell G5 S5 L4 Veronica peregrina ssp. peregrina Purslane Speedwell G5T5 S5 L+? Viburnum acerifolium Maple-leaf Viburnum G5 S5 L3

Date of this Appendix: August 2013 Appendix A 12

TRCA COSEWIC COSSARO G- S- Regional Invasive Scientific Name Common Name L- Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Score Rank Viburnum lentago Nannyberry G5 S5 L5 Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides Northern Wild-raisin G5T5 S5 rare L2 Viburnum opulus var. americanum Highbush Cranberry G5T5 S5 L3 Viburnum recognitum Smooth Arrowwood G4G5 S4 L+ Viola affinis Le Conte's Violet G5 S4? L4 Viola conspersa American Dog Violet G5 S5 L5 Viola cucullata Marsh Blue Violet G4G5 S5 rare L3 Viola pubescens Yellow Violet G5 S5 L5 Viola sororia Woolly Blue Violet G5 S5 L5 Vitis riparia Riverbank Grape G5 S5 L5 Wolffia borealis Dotted Watermeal G5 S4S5 rare L3 Wolffia columbiana Columbia Watermeal G5 S4S5 L4 Xanthium strumarium Rough Cocklebur G5 S5 L5

NON-NATIVE SPECIES Abutilon theophrasti Velvet-leaf GNR SNA L+ 3 Acer ginnala Amur Maple GNR SNA L+ 3 Acer negundo Box Elder G5 S5 L+? 1 Acer platanoides Norway Maple GNR SNA L+ 2 Achillea millefolium ssp. millefolium Common Yarrow G5T5? SNA L+ Aegopodium podagraria Goutweed GNR SNA L+ 1 Aesculus hippocastanum Horse Chestnut GNR SNA L+ 4 Agrostis gigantea Redtop G4G5 SNA L+ Ailanthus altissima Tree-of-heaven GNR SNA L+ 2 Alliaria petiolata Garlic Mustard GNR SNA L+ 1 Allium schoenoprasum var. schoenoprasum European Chives G5T5 SNA L+ Allium vineale Field Garlic GNR SNA Alnus glutinosa European Alder GNR SNA L+ 1 Alopecurus geniculatus Water Foxtail GU SNA L+? Alopecurus pratensis Field Foxtail GNR SNA L+ Amaranthus retroflexus Red-root Amaranth GNR SNA L+ Anagallis arvensis Scarlet Pimpernel GNR SNA L+ Anthemis cotula Mayweed G5 SNA L+ Anthriscus sylvestris Wild Chervil GNR SNA L+ 5 Aquilegia vulgaris European Columbine GNR SNA L+ Arctium lappa Greater Burdock GNR SNA L+ Arctium minus ssp. GNRT minus Common Burdock NR SNA L+ Artemisia biennis Biennial Wormwood G5 SNA L+ Artemisia vulgaris Common Wormwood GU SNA L+ 5 Asparagus officinalis Garden Asparagus G5? SNA L+ Avena sativa Cultivated Oat GNR SNA L+ Barbarea vulgaris Bitter Wintercress GNR SNA L+ 3 Berberis thunbergii Japanese Barberry GNR SNA L+ 3 Berteroa incana Hoary False-alyssum GNR SNA L+ 3 Betula pendula European White Birch GNR SNA L+ 3 Bidens polylepis Awnless Beggarticks G5 SNA Brassica nigra Black Mustard GNR SNA L+ Brassica rapa Bird's Rape GNR SNA L+ Bromus commutatus Hairy Brome GNR SNA L+ G5TN Bromus inermis Awnless Brome R SNA L+ 3 Bromus japonicus Japanese Brome GNR SNA L+ Bromus tectorum Cheat Grass GNR SNA L+

Date of this Appendix: August 2013 Appendix A 13

TRCA COSEWIC COSSARO G- S- Regional Invasive Scientific Name Common Name L- Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Score Rank Butomus umbellatus Flowering-rush G5 SNA L+ 1 Campanula rapunculoides Creeping Bellflower GNR SNA L+ 4 Capsella bursa- Common Shepherd's pastoris Purse GNR SNA L+ Caragana arborescens Siberian Peashrub GNR SNA L+ Spiny Plumeless Carduus acanthoides Thistle GNR SNA L+ Carduus nutans Nodding Thistle GNR SNA 3 Carex spicata Spiked Sedge GNR SNA L+ Carum carvi Common Caraway GNR SNA L+ Catalpa speciosa Northern Catalpa G4? SNA L+ Celastrus orbiculatus Oriental Bittersweet GNR SNA L+ 1 Centaurea jacea Brown Knapweed GNR SNA L+ Centaurea nigra Black Knapweed GNR SNA L+ Centaurea x moncktonii Meadow Knapweed GNA SNA Cerastium arvense ssp. arvense Field Chickweed G5T5 SNA L+ Common Mouse-ear Cerastium fontanum Chickweed GNR SNA L+ Chelidonium majus Greater Celadine GNR SNA L+ Chenopodium album G5TN var. album White Goosefoot R SNA L+ Chenopodium glaucum Oakleaf Goosefoot G5 SNA L+ Chenopodium rubrum Coast-blite Goosefoot G5 SNA L+? Cichorium intybus Chicory GNR SNA L+ Cirsium arvense Canada Thistle GNR SNA L+ 2 Cirsium vulgare Bull Thistle GNR SNA L+ Conium maculatum Poison-hemlock G5 SNA L+ European Lily-of-the- Convallaria majalis valley G5 SNA L+ 2 Convolvulus arvensis Field Bindweed GNR SNA L+ 3 Crataegus monogyna English Hawthorn G5 SNA L+ 3 European Swallow- Cynanchum rossicum wort GNR SNA L+ 1 Cynoglossum Common Hound's- officinale tongue GNR SNA L+ Dactylis glomerata Orchard Grass GNR SNA L+ 3 Datura stramonium Jimson Weed GU SNA L+ Daucus carota Wild Carrot GNR SNA L+ Descurainia sophia Herb Sophia GNR SNA L+ Dianthus armeria Deptford-pink GNR SNA L+ Digitaria ischaemum Smooth Crabgrass GNR SNA L+ Dipsacus fullonum GNRT ssp. sylvestris Teasel NR SNA L+ 3 Eastern Purple Echinacea purpurea Coneflower G4 SNA L+ Echinochloa crus-galli Barnyard Grass GNR SNA L+ Common Viper's- Echium vulgare bugloss GNR SNA L+ Elaeagnus angustifolia Russian Olive GNR SNA L+ 3 Elaeagnus umbellata Autumn Olive GNR SNA L+ 2 Elymus repens Creeping Wildrye GNR SNA L+ 3 Great-hairy Willow- Epilobium hirsutum herb GNR SNA L+ Small-flower Willow- Epilobium parviflorum herb GNR SNA L+ Epipactis helleborine Eastern Helleborine GNR SNA L+ Erysimum cheiranthoides Worm-seed Mustard G5 SNA L+

Date of this Appendix: August 2013 Appendix A 14

TRCA COSEWIC COSSARO G- S- Regional Invasive Scientific Name Common Name L- Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Score Rank Erysimum hieraciifolium European Wallflower GNR SNA L+ Euonymus alatus Winged Spindle-tree GNR SNA L+ 3 European Spindle- Euonymus europaeus tree GNR SNA L+ 3 Euonymus fortunei Winter-creeper GNR SNA L+ 3 Euphorbia esula Leafy Spurge GNR SNA L+ 4 Fagus sylvatica European Beech GNR SNA L+ Fallopia convolvulus Black Bindweed GNR SNA L+ Fallopia japonica Japanese Knotweed GNR SNA L+ 1 Festuca filiformis Hair Fescue G5 SNA L+ Frangula alnus Glossy Buckthorn GNR SNA L+ 2 Fraxinus excelsior European Ash GNR SNA L+ 5 Galeopsis tetrahit Common Hempnettle GNR SNA L+ Galium mollugo Smooth Bedstraw GNR SNA L+ 3 Yellow Spring Galium verum Bedstraw GNR SNA L+ 3 Geranium robertianum Herb-robert G5 SNA L+? 3 Glechoma hederacea Ground Ivy GNR SNA L+ 3 Glyceria maxima Rough Mannagrass GNR SNA L+ 1 Glycine max Soy Bean GNR SNA L+ Gnaphalium uliginosum Low Cudweed G5 SNA L+ Hedera helix English Ivy GNR SNA L+ 2 Helianthus annuus Common Sunflower G5 SNA L+ Helianthus tuberosus Jerusalem Artichoke G5 SU L5 Hemerocallis fulva Orange Daylily GNA SNA L+ 4 Heracleum mantegazzianum Giant Hogweed GNR SNA L+ 1 Hesperis matronalis Dame's Rocket G4G5 SNA L+ 1 Hordeum jubatum ssp. jubatum Foxtail Barley G5T5 S5 L+ Hordeum vulgare Common Barley GNR SNA L+ Common St. John's- Hypericum perforatum wort GNR SNA L+ 4 Impatiens glandulifera Purple Jewelweed GNR SNA L+ 1 Inula helenium Elecampane Flower GNR SNA L+ 4 Iris pseudacorus Yellow Iris GNR SNA L+ 3 Lactuca serriola Prickly Lettuce GNR SNA L+ Lamium maculatum Spotted Deadnettle GNR SNA L+ Lamium purpureum Purple Deadnettle GNR SNA L+ Lapsana communis Common Nipplewort GNR SNA L+ 5 Larix decidua European Larch G5 SNA L+ Lathyrus latifolius Broad-leaf Peavine GNR SNA L+ Leonurus cardiaca GNRT ssp. cardiaca Common Motherwort NR SNA L+ Lepidium campestre Field Pepper-grass GNR SNA L+ Dense-flower Pepper- Lepidium densiflorum grass G5 SNA L+? Leucanthemum vulgare Oxeye Daisy GNR SNA L+ Levisticum officinale Lovage GNR SNA L+ Ligustrum vulgare European Privet GNR SNA L+ 3 Lilium lancifolium Tiger Lily GNR SNA L+ Linaria vulgaris Butter-and-eggs GNR SNA L+ 4 Lithospermum officinale European Gromwell GNR SNA L+ Lolium perenne Perennial Ryegrass GNR SNA L+ 4 Japanese Lonicera japonica Honeysuckle GNR SNA L+ 1 Lonicera morrowii Morrow Honeysuckle GNR SNA L+ 1 Tartarian Lonicera tatarica Honeysuckle GNR SNA L+ 1

Date of this Appendix: August 2013 Appendix A 15

TRCA COSEWIC COSSARO G- S- Regional Invasive Scientific Name Common Name L- Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Score Rank Lonicera x bella Bella Honeysuckle GNA SNA L+ 1 Lotus corniculatus Birds-foot Trefoil GNR SNA L+ 3 Lycopus europaeus European Bugleweed GNR SNA L+ 3 Lysimachia nummularia Creeping Jennie GNR SNA L+ 3 Lythrum salicaria Purple Loosestrife G5 SNA L+ 1 Malus baccata Siberian Crabapple GNR SNA L+ Malus pumila Common Apple G5 SNA L+ Malva moschata Musk Cheeseweed GNR SNA L+ 4 Malva sylvestris High Cheeseweed GNR SNA L+ Matricaria chamomilla German Mayweed GNR SNA L+ Pineapple-weed Matricaria discoidea Chamomile G5 SNA L+ Medicago lupulina Black Medic GNR SNA L+ 4 Medicago sativa ssp. GNRT sativa Alfalfa NR SNA L+ 4 Melilotus albus White Sweet Clover G5 SNA L+ 3 Melilotus officinalis Yellow Sweetclover GNR SNA L+ 3 Mentha spicata Spearmint GNR SNA L+ Mentha x piperita Peppermint GNA SNA L+ 4 Miscanthus Japanese Silver sacchariflorus Grass GNR SNA L+ 2 Miscanthus sinensis Chinese Silver Grass GNR SNA 2 Morus alba White Mulberry GNR SNA L+ 1 Myosotis scorpioides True Forget-me-not G5 SNA L+ 4 Nasturtium Small-leaved microphyllum Watercress GNR SNA L+ Nasturtium officinale Watercress GNR SNA Nepeta cataria Catnip GNR SNA L+ 4 Onopordum acanthium Scotch Cotton-thistle GNR SNA L+ Origanum vulgare Wild Marjoram GNR SNA L+ 4 Pastinaca sativa Wild Parsnip GNR SNA L+ 3 Marshpepper Persicaria hydropiper Smartweed GNR SNA L+? Persicaria maculosa Lady's Thumb G3G5 SNA L+ Phellodendron amurense Amur Corktree L+ 6 Philadelphus inodorus Mock Orange G4G5 SNA Phleum pratense Meadow Timothy GNR SNA L+ Phlox paniculata Fall Phlox G5 SNA L+ Phragmites australis Common Reed G5 S4? L+ 1 Phragmites australis ssp. australis Common Reed 1 Picea abies Norway Spruce G5 SNA L+ Picea pungens Blue Spruce G5 SNA L+ Pilosella aurantiaca Orange Hawkweed GNR SNA L+ 4 Pilosella caespitosa Meadow Hawkweed GNR SNA L+ 4 Pilosella officinarum Mouseear GNR SNA L+ Pinus nigra Black Pine GNR SNA L+ Pinus sylvestris Scotch Pine GNR SNA L+ 3 Plantago lanceolata English Plantain G5 SNA L+ Plantago major Nipple-seed Plantain G5 S5 L+ Platanus hybrida London Plane-tree GNA SNA L+ Poa compressa Canada Bluegrass GNR SNA L+ Poa nemoralis Woods Bluegrass G5 SNA L+ Poa pratensis ssp. pratensis Kentucky Bluegrass G5T5 S5 L+ 3 Polygonum aviculare Prostrate Knotweed GNR SNA L+ Populus alba White Poplar G5 SNA L+ 2 Populus nigra Black Cottonwood G5 SNA L+ Populus x canadensis Carolina Poplar GNA SNA L+ 4 Populus x heimburgeri Heimburger's Poplar GNA SNA L+

Date of this Appendix: August 2013 Appendix A 16

TRCA COSEWIC COSSARO G- S- Regional Invasive Scientific Name Common Name L- Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Score Rank Populus x rouleauiana Rouleau's Poplar GNA SNA L+ Portulaca oleracea Common Purslane GU SNA L+ Potamogeton crispus Curly Pondweed G5 SNA L+ 1 Potentilla recta Sulphur Cinquefoil GNR SNA L+ Prunella vulgaris ssp. vulgaris Self-heal G5TU SNA L+ Prunus cerasifera Cherry Plum GNR SNA Prunus cerasus Sour Red Cherry GNR SNA L+ Prunus x cistena Purple Sand Cherry L+ Pyrus communis Common Pear G5 SNA L+ Quercus robur English Oak GNR SNA L+ Ranunculus acris Tall Butter-cup G5 SNA L+ Ranunculus repens Creeping Butter-cup GNR SNA L+ 3 Rhamnus cathartica Common Buckthorn GNR SNA L+ 1 Rheum rhabarbarum Rubarb GNR SNA L+ Ribes rubrum Northern Red Currant G4G5 SNA L+ Robinia pseudoacacia Black Locust G5 SNA L+ 2 Rorippa sylvestris Creeping Yellowcress G5 SNA L+ Rosa canina Dog Rose GNR SNA L+ Rosa multiflora Multiflora Rose GNR SNA L+ 2 Rosa rubiginosa Sweet Briar GNR SNA L+ Rubus idaeus ssp. Common Red idaeus Raspberry G5T5 SNA L+ Rudbeckia triloba Brown-eyed Susan G5 SNA L+ Rumex crispus Curly Dock GNR SNA L+ Rumex obtusifolius Bitter Dock GNR SNA L+ Salix alba White Willow G5 SNA L+ 3 G5TN Salix alba var. alba White Willow variety R SNA L+ G5TN Salix alba var. vitellina Golden Willow R SU Salix fragilis Crack Willow GNR SNA L+ 3 Salix pentandra Laurel Willow GNR SNA L+ Salix purpurea Basket Willow G5 SNA L+ 4 Salix viminalis Basket Willow GNR SNA L+ Salix x pendulina Weeping willow GNA SNA L+ Salix x rubens Hybrid Crack Willow GNA SNA L+ 3 Salix x sepulcralis Weeping Willow GNA SNA L+ Sambucus racemosa European Red ssp. racemosa Elderberry 5 Saponaria officinalis Bouncing-bet GNR SNA L+ 3 Schedonorus arundinaceus Tall Fescue GNR SNA L+ 3 Schedonorus pratensis Meadow Fescue G5 SNA L+ Common Crown- Securigera varia vetch GNR SNA L+ 2 Senecio vulgaris Common Ragwort GNR SNA L+ Setaria pumila White Foxtail GNR SNA L+ 4 Setaria viridis Green Foxtail GNR SNA L+ 4 Silene vulgaris Maiden's Tears GNR SNA L+ Sinapis arvensis Corn Mustard GNR SNA L+ Solanum dulcamara Climbing Nightshade GNR SNA L+ 3 Solanum nigrum Black Nightshade GNR SNA L+ Sonchus arvensis GNRT ssp. arvensis Field Sow-thistle NR SNA L+ Sonchus asper ssp. GNRT asper Spiny Sowthistle NR SNA L+ Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow-thistle GNR SNA L+ Sorbaria sorbifolia False Spiraea G5 SNA L+ 3 European Mountain- Sorbus aucuparia ash G5 SNA L+ 4 Middle-size Spergularia media Sandspurry GNR SNA L+

Date of this Appendix: August 2013 Appendix A 17

TRCA COSEWIC COSSARO G- S- Regional Invasive Scientific Name Common Name L- Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Score Rank Spiraea japonica Japanese Spiraea G5 SNA L+ Stellaria graminea Little Starwort GNR SNA L+ Symphoricarpos albus Smooth Common var. laevigatus Snowberry G5T5 SNA L+ 4 Symphyotrichum Annual Salt-marsh subulatum Aster G5 SNA L+ Syringa vulgaris Common Lilac GNR SNA L+ 3 Tanacetum vulgare Common Tansy GNR SNA L+ 3 Brown-seed Taraxacum officinale Dandelion G5 SNA L+ Thlaspi arvense Field Penny-cress GNR SNA L+ Thymus praecox ssp. GNRT arcticus Creeping Thyme NR SNA L+ 3 Tilia cordata Little-leaf Linden GNR SNA L+ 5 Torilis japonica Erect Hedge-parsley GNR SNA L+ 5 Tragopogon dubius Yellow Goat's-beard GNR SNA L+ Tragopogon pratensis Jack go to bed at GNRT ssp. pratensis noon NR SNA L+ Trifolium aureum Yellow Clover GNR SNA L+ Trifolium hybridum Alsike Clover GNR SNA L+ Trifolium pratense Red Clover GNR SNA L+ 4 Trifolium repens White Clover GNR SNA L+ 4 Tripleurospermum inodorum Scentless Chamomile GNR SNA L+ Triticum aestivum Cultivated Wheat GNR SNA L+ Tussilago farfara Colt's Foot GNR SNA L+ 4 Typha angustifolia Narrow-leaved Cattail G5 SNA L+ 2 Typha x glauca White Cattail GNA SNA L+ 2 Ulmus glabra Wych Elm GNR SNA L+ 5 Ulmus pumila Siberian Elm GNR SNA L+ 2 Urtica dioica ssp. European Stinging dioica Nettle G5T5? SNA L+ 3 Valeriana officinalis Common Valerian GNR SNA L+ Verbascum blattaria White Moth Mullein GNR SNA L+ Verbascum thapsus Great Mullein GNR SNA L+ Veronica anagallis- aquatica Brook-pimpernell G5 SNA L3 Veronica officinalis Gypsy-weed G5 SNA L+ Veronica persica Persian Speedwell GNR SNA L+ Veronica serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved G5TN ssp. serpyllifolia Speedwell R SNA L+ Viburnum lantana Wayfaring-tree GNR SNA L+ Viburnum opulus Cranberry Viburnum G5 S5 L+ 4 Vicia cracca Tufted Vetch GNR SNA L+ 3 Vicia tetrasperma Lentil Vetch GNR SNA L+ 3 Vinca minor Periwinkle GNR SNA L+ 1

Date of this Appendix: August 2013