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Nei Ahrens Haag Paleoecologia NEI AHRENS HAAG PALEOECOLOGIA DO MIOCENO SUPERIOR DA AMAZÔNIA SUL-OCIDENTAL Rio Branco - AC 2009 Livros Grátis http://www.livrosgratis.com.br Milhares de livros grátis para download. UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO ACRE PRÓ-REITORIA DE PESQUISA E PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA E MANEJO DE RECURSOS NATURAIS PALEOECOLOGIA DO MIOCENO SUPERIOR DA AMAZÔNIA SUL-OCIDENTAL NEI AHRENS HAAG Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ecologia e Manejo de Recursos Naturais, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Jonas P. de Souza Filho Rio Branco - AC 2009 “Nunca o homem inventará nada mais simples nem mais belo do que uma manifestação da natureza. Dada à causa, a natureza produz o efeito no modo mais breve em que pode ser produzido” (Leonardo da Vinci). A Deus, por ter me agraciado com pais tão maravilhosos, dedico. AGRADECIMENTOS À CAPES, pela bolsa concedida. À UFAC e principalmente ao Prof. Dr. Jonas Pereira de Souza Filho, pela orientação, dedicação e por acreditar que este trabalho era possível de ser concretizado. Ao grande amigo Edson Luís Marcon, por tudo. Aos meus irmãos, que apesar da distância, sempre estiveram presentes nos momentos em que eu mais precisava. À amiga e colega Iracema Elizabeth Moll, que muitas vezes ficou cuidando da minha casa e do meu cachorro, para que eu pudesse viajar tranqüilo durante as pesquisas. Aos amigos e colegas da UFAC, em especial aos grandes amigos e companheiros de todas as horas, Dalva Araújo Martins e Izaías Brasil da Silva. À Turma de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Manejo de Recursos Naturais de 2007, em especial à Paula de Lacerda S. Ribeiro, pelo constante apoio. Às amigas e colegas Andréa Maciente e Elvira Maria F. de Bayá, pesquisadoras do Laboratório de Pesquisas Paleontológicas da UFAC, pela companhia e apoio durante todo o tempo de mestrado. Ao amigo e colega Wagner Lima Wasconcelos, desenhista do Laboratório de Pesquisas Paleontológicas da UFAC, pela amizade, pelas longas conversas e pelos belos desenhos. À Jorcely Gonçalves Barroso, pela amizade e grande ajuda na finalização deste trabalho. À amiga Davina Araújo Martins, pelo grande apoio às expedições no Alto Purus. Ao Sr. Jasanir Mendes, Secretário Municipal de Educação de Manuel Urbano-AC, por ceder barco, combustível e barqueiro à nossa primeira expedição ao Sítio Aracoã. Ao Sr. Albert Paiva, Secretário Municipal de Saúde de Manuel Urbano-AC, por ter-nos concedido o barco para nossa segunda expedição ao Sítio Aracoã. Ao Dr. Alceu Ranzi, pela força e grande ajuda. À Dra. Tânia Lindner Dutra, professora da Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos – UNISINOS , pela paciência e contribuição com dados de paleoclimatologia. Aos professores do Instituto de Geociências da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, - UFRGS, em especial ao Dr. Paulo Alves de Souza e à Dra. Karin Goldberg, pela grande contribuição. Ao Dr. Edgardo Latrubesse, pelo apoio e contribuição. Ao amigo Prof. Dr. Cleber Salimon, por ter me socorrido nos momentos de desespero em informática e pela tradução para o inglês do resumo deste trabalho. À Dra. Silane Aparecida Ferreira da Silva, do Instituto de Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA, pela grande ajuda e contribuição com material bibliográfico de paleobotânica e paleopalinologia; À grande e sempre amiga, Profª. Dra. Rusleyd Magalhães Abreu, por sua capacidade e alegria contagiante. A todos aqueles que acreditaram na minha capacidade e que um dia eu chegaria lá. ÍNDICE RESUMO............................................................................................................................................ 11 ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................................ 13 INTRODUÇÃO.................................................................................................................................. 14 2 OBJETIVOS.................................................................................................................................... 18 2.1 Geral................................................................................................................................. 18 2.2 Específicos....................................................................................................................... 18 3 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS............................................................................................................. 19 3.1 Áreas de Estudo............................................................................................................... 19 3.1.1 Formação Solimões................................................................................................. 19 3.1.2 Características Geológicas...................................................................................... 19 3.2 Considerações Geológicas.............................................................................................. 21 3.3 Considerações Paleontológicas....................................................................................... 26 3.3.1 Paleofauna............................................................................................................... 26 3.3.2 Paleobotânica........................................................................................................... 32 3.3.3 Paleoclimatologia.................................................................................................... 35 3.3.4 Amostras de Estudo................................................................................................. 36 4 PALEOECOLOGIA........................................................................................................................ 40 5 RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO.................................................................................................... 51 6 CONCLUSÃO................................................................................................................................ 61 7 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS............................................................................................ 63 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Fig. 1. Isolamento da América do Sul.................................................................................. 15 Fig. 2. Colisão das placas de Nazca (A) e Sul-Americana (B)............................................ 16 Fig. 3. Dobramentos de grande expressão........................................................................... 17 Fig. 4. Formação Solimões.................................................................................................. 21 Fig. 5. Arco de Iquitos e Localização aproximada das Bacias do Estado do Amazonas..... 23 Fig. 6. Modelo de depósito fluvial, com fácies de planície de inundação, típicos da Formação Solimões.............................................................................................................. 24 Fig. 7. Modelo paleoambiental............................................................................................. 34 Fig. 8. Representação do clima no Mioceno Superior, pela presença de Grimsdalea magnaclavata e aumento em elementos aquáticos dependentes de umidade durante este período.. 35 Fig. 9. Mapa dos principais sítios fossilíferos do Estado do Acre................................................... 37 Fig. 10. Sistema rico em corpos lacustres............................................................................ 41 Fig. 11a. Toxodontídeos....................................................................................................... 42 Fig. 11b. Maxilar superior de Todontídeo........................................................................... 42 Fig. 12. Ambiente aberto...................................................................................................... 43 Fig. 13. Gomphotheriidae (Amahuacatherium peruvium)................................................... 44 Fig. 14a. Iniidae................................................................................................................... 45 Fig. 14b. Mandíbula superior de Iniidae.............................................................................. 45 Fig. 15. Stupendemys sp. ..................................................................................................... 47 Fig. 16. Phractocephalus acreornatus................................................................................. 48 Fig. 17a. Phoberomys sp. .................................................................................................... 49 Fig. 17b. Crânio de Phoberomys sp. ................................................. 49 Fig. 18. Crânio de Gryposuchus jessei................................................................................ 53 Fig. 19a. Crânio de Mourasuchus nativus............................................................................ 54 Fig. 19b. Crânio de Mourasuchus nativus reconstituído..................................................... 54 Fig. 20a. Purussaurus brasiliensis....................................................................................... 55 Fig. 20b. Representação de habitat e alimentação de Purussaurus brasiliensis.................. 56 Fig. 21. Variações globais no nível do mar.......................................................................... 58 ÍNDICE DE TABELAS Tabela 1: Fauna do Acre para o Mioceno Superior.......................................................................... 26 Tabela 2: Afinidades
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