DOCSLIB.ORG

CHAPTER 1 a View of Life

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CHAPTER 1 a View of Life CHAPTER 1 A view of life. Defining Life Characteristics of life • Life defies a simple, one-sentence definition, and so life is recognized by what living things have in common, or their life characteristics. Cellular Order Response to the environment Evolutionary adaptation Regulation (Homeostasis) Reproduction Energy processing Growth and (Metabolism) development Cellular Order Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic cells. Evolutionary adaptation Response to the environment Reproduction • Reproduction requires the accurate transmission of the blueprint for an organism’s body (chromosomes made of DNA) from parents to offspring. • Organisms can have one set of chromosomes or more than one set. Organisms with one set are said to be haploid (example: bacteria, fungi). Organisms with two sets are said to be diploid (example: humans). • Reproduction can be asexual (if it involves one single organism) or sexual (if it involves two organisms). Growth and development Energy processing (Metabolism) • All living organisms require a constant input of free energy (energy available to grow and do work). • Free energy is used to create ordered body structures. Living organisms do not violate the second law of thermodynamics (entropy increases with time) because creating order releases large amounts of energy into the environment. • To obtain this energy, organisms can be photosynthetic (free energy obtained from the sun, like plants or algae) or chemosynthetic (free energy obtained from inorganic chemicals, like humans). Regulation ( Homeostasis) • Homeostasis refers to a body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment adequate for survival of the organism in the face of changing environmental conditions. • In animals, sensory receptors in the body constantly monitor internal conditions and relay the information to a nervous system. Responses generated by the nervous system are carried out by motor effectors. • The nervous system maintains homeostasis through the use of positive and negative feedback. Information Information RECEPTOR affects affects RECEPTOR Body’s Body’s temperature CONTROL temperature STIMULUS sensors CENTER sensors STIMULUS Body temperature Body temperature rises above 37.2oC falls below 37.2oC (99oF) (99oF) Control Control mechanism mechanism RESPONSE when body when body RESPONSE temperature temperature Decreased blood flow rises falls Increased blood flow to skin to skin Decreased sweating Increased sweating Shivering Stimulus removed Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Homeostasis restored Thermoregulatory EFFECTOR center in brain EFFECTOR Negative Sends Sends feedback Blood vessels Blood vessels Negative and sweat commands commands and sweat glands feedback glands in skin to to in skin Skeletal muscles Thermoregulation: an example of negative feedback. • Response stops the stimulus restoring homeostasis. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Breastfeeding: an example of positive feedback. • Response reinforces the stimulus (amplification). Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fruit ripening by ethylene gas : another example of positive feedback. • Ethylene gas promotes fruit ripening. As ripened cells in the fruit produce ethylene more cells ripen, releasing more ethylene, which causes more cells to ripen... Transmission of genetic information Interaction with other living organisms Organizing Life Levels of organization Atoms Molecules 1 µm Organelles 10 µm Cell Cells Tissues 50 µm Organs and organ systems Organisms Populations Communities Ecosystems Different desert ecosystems… ! DESERT BIOME The BIOSPHERE Emergent Properties • Emergent properties result from the arrangement and interaction of individual component parts within a system. • Emergent properties characterize both biological and nonbiological beings. – For example, a functioning bicycle emerges only when all of the necessary parts connect in the correct way. When bones, muscles & feathers team up to form wings, the property of FLIGHT emerges. Nucleus DNA Nucleotide Cell DNA’s properties are the result of all its parts working together. (a) DNA double helix (b) Single strand of DNA Classifying Life Putting everyone in their right place • Taxonomy is the branch of biology that classifies living organisms. Hierarchical Classification. • The taxonomic groups from broad to narrow are domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Sus scrofa domesticus, Potbelly pig. DOMAIN BACTERIA - Prokaryotic cells DOMAIN ARCHAEA - Prokaryotic cells Domain Eukarya The Eukaryote Kingdoms Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain Ursus americanus (American black bear) Ursus Ursidae Carnivora Mammalia Chordata Animalia AMERICAN BLACK BEAR CLASSIFICATION Eukarya Panthera tigris, tiger Panthera onca, jaguar Panthera leo, lion Panthera pardus, leopard • Wild cats found in genus Panthera. COMMON BLUEGREEN DRAGON CLASSIFICATION Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Fantastica Order: Fairytalea Family: Dragonae Genus: Draco Species: verdizul Draco silvanus, bluegreen dragon. Order Family Genus Species Panthera Felidae Panthera pardus Taxidea Carnivora Mustelidae Taxidea taxus Lutra Lutra lutra Canis Canidae Canis latrans Canis lupus HUMAN CLASSIFICATION Homo sapiens is the only surviving member of the genus Homo. All others members have gone extinct. Process of Science Scientific method 1. Observe! 2. Make a hypothesis. • A hypothesis is a tentative answer to a well- framed question. • A scientific hypothesis leads to predictions that can be tested by observation or experimentation. • For example, – Observation: Your flashlight doesn’t work – Question: Why doesn’t your flashlight work? ! – Hypothesis 1: The batteries are dead – Hypothesis 2: The bulb is burnt out ! • Both these hypotheses are testable. Observations Question Hypothesis #1: Hypothesis #2: Dead batteries Burnt-out bulb Hypothesis #1: Hypothesis #2: Dead batteries Burnt-out bulb Prediction: Prediction: Replacing batteries Replacing bulb will fix problem will fix problem Experimentation Experimentation Test falsifies hypothesis Test does not falsify hypothesis 3. Test your hypothesis with a controlled! experiment. • The experimental / independent variable is the factor being researched. • The responding / dependent variable is the expected result resulting from exposing the experimental groups to the experimental variable. • A control group is a group who is not exposed to the experimental variable. Controls are used to confirm that changes occurring in the experimental groups are caused by the experimental variable. ! • A well-designed experiment... – uses as many samples as possible to maximize the accuracy of results and minimize natural variation (there will always be weirdos in populations...) – whenever possible, uses as much variability of samples as possible (ex: plant types, animals, chemicals etc...) – Produces results that are accurate and not ambiguous. – is repeatable anytime, anywhere, by anyone. – Minimizes unavoidable experimental error (and so only natural variability can account for unexpected results). EXAMPLE: Growing wheat with fertilizer and legumes • Some test pots had 45 & 90 kg of nitrogen fertilizer added. • Other pots had a winter wheat / pigeon pea combination. • Legume plants have root nodules that house bacteria. These bacteria take nitrogen from the air and turn it into soil nitrogen, a natural fertilizer much needed by plants. 4. Analysis of results • Results can be quantitative if they involve a measurable quantity (length, mass, number of...) that requires specific units (seconds, meters, moles, milliliters...) • Results can be qualitative if they don’t require measurements. Usually opinions or impressions. • Quantitative results should be tabulated and graphed whenever possible! • The X axis normally shows the independent/experimental variable, and the Y axis normally shows the dependant/ responding variable. • Results: After three years growing, plants grown with pigeon pea produced much more biomass. • Plants grown with artificial fertilizers had an initial burst of growth followed by a decline due to the use-up of fertilizer. • Control plants used up all the soil nutrients after two years. ! 5.! Conclusion • Based on experimental results the hypothesis is accepted or rejected. • Hypotheses backed by large amounts of evidence and widely accepted by the scientific community may become theories that allow for predictions to be made. • Example of theories: Gravity, Relativity, Plate Tectonics, Evolution, Big Bang, Atomic Theory, Germ Theory... Case Study #1 Mimicry in Snake Populations • Many poisonous species are brightly colored, which warns potential predators. • Mimics are harmless species that closely resemble poisonous species. • Behavioralist Henry Bates hypothesized that this mimicry evolved in harmless species as an evolutionary adaptation that reduces their chances of being eaten. • This hypothesis was tested with the poisonous eastern coral snake and its mimic the nonpoisonous scarlet kingsnake. Micrurus fulvius Eastern coral snake (above) ! ! ! Lampropeltis triangulum Scarlet kingsnake (right) ! • Both species live in the Carolinas, but the kingsnake is also found in regions without poisonous coral snakes. Scarlet kingsnake (nonpoisonous) Key Range of scarlet kingsnake only Overlapping ranges of scarlet kingsnake and eastern coral snake North Carolina Eastern coral snake (poisonous) South Carolina Scarlet kingsnake (nonpoisonous) ! • Hypothesis:
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Snakes of the Everglades Agricultural Area1 Michelle L
    CIR1462 Snakes of the Everglades Agricultural Area1 Michelle L. Casler, Elise V. Pearlstine, Frank J. Mazzotti, and Kenneth L. Krysko2 Background snakes are often escapees or are released deliberately and illegally by owners who can no longer care for them. Snakes are members of the vertebrate order Squamata However, there has been no documentation of these snakes (suborder Serpentes) and are most closely related to lizards breeding in the EAA (Tennant 1997). (suborder Sauria). All snakes are legless and have elongated trunks. They can be found in a variety of habitats and are able to climb trees; swim through streams, lakes, or oceans; Benefits of Snakes and move across sand or through leaf litter in a forest. Snakes are an important part of the environment and play Often secretive, they rely on scent rather than vision for a role in keeping the balance of nature. They aid in the social and predatory behaviors. A snake’s skull is highly control of rodents and invertebrates. Also, some snakes modified and has a great degree of flexibility, called cranial prey on other snakes. The Florida kingsnake (Lampropeltis kinesis, that allows it to swallow prey much larger than its getula floridana), for example, prefers snakes as prey and head. will even eat venomous species. Snakes also provide a food source for other animals such as birds and alligators. Of the 45 snake species (70 subspecies) that occur through- out Florida, 23 may be found in the Everglades Agricultural Snake Conservation Area (EAA). Of the 23, only four are venomous. The venomous species that may occur in the EAA are the coral Loss of habitat is the most significant problem facing many snake (Micrurus fulvius fulvius), Florida cottonmouth wildlife species in Florida, snakes included.
    [Show full text]
  • Significant New Records of Amphibians and Reptiles from Georgia, USA
    GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION 597 Herpetological Review, 2015, 46(4), 597–601. © 2015 by Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Significant New Records of Amphibians and Reptiles from Georgia, USA Distributional maps found in Amphibians and Reptiles of records for a variety of amphibian and reptile species in Georgia. Georgia (Jensen et al. 2008), along with subsequent geographical All records below were verified by David Bechler (VSU), Nikole distribution notes published in Herpetological Review, serve Castleberry (GMNH), David Laurencio (AUM), Lance McBrayer as essential references for county-level occurrence data for (GSU), and David Steen (SRSU), and datum used was WGS84. herpetofauna in Georgia. Collectively, these resources aid Standard English names follow Crother (2012). biologists by helping to identify distributional gaps for which to target survey efforts. Herein we report newly documented county CAUDATA — SALAMANDERS DIRK J. STEVENSON AMBYSTOMA OPACUM (Marbled Salamander). CALHOUN CO.: CHRISTOPHER L. JENKINS 7.8 km W Leary (31.488749°N, 84.595917°W). 18 October 2014. D. KEVIN M. STOHLGREN Stevenson. GMNH 50875. LOWNDES CO.: Langdale Park, Valdosta The Orianne Society, 100 Phoenix Road, Athens, (30.878524°N, 83.317114°W). 3 April 1998. J. Evans. VSU C0015. Georgia 30605, USA First Georgia record for the Suwannee River drainage. MURRAY JOHN B. JENSEN* CO.: Conasauga Natural Area (34.845116°N, 84.848180°W). 12 Georgia Department of Natural Resources, 116 Rum November 2013. N. Klaus and C. Muise. GMNH 50548. Creek Drive, Forsyth, Georgia 31029, USA DAVID L. BECHLER Department of Biology, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, AMBYSTOMA TALPOIDEUM (Mole Salamander). BERRIEN CO.: Georgia 31602, USA St.
    [Show full text]
  • Class Reptilia
    REPTILE CWCS SPECIES (27 SPECIES) Common name Scientific name Alligator Snapping Turtle Macrochelys temminckii Broad-banded Water Snake Nerodia fasciata confluens Coal Skink Eumeces anthracinus Copperbelly Watersnake Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta Corn Snake Elaphe guttata guttata Diamondback Water Snake Nerodia rhombifer rhombifer Eastern Coachwhip Masticophis flagellum flagellum Eastern Mud Turtle Kinosternon subrubrum Eastern Ribbon Snake Thamnophis sauritus sauritus Eastern Slender Glass Lizard Ophisaurus attenuatus longicaudus False Map Turtle Graptemys pseudogeographica pseudogeographica Green Water Snake Nerodia cyclopion Kirtland's Snake Clonophis kirtlandii Midland Smooth Softshell Apalone mutica mutica Mississippi Map Turtle Graptemys pseudogeographica kohnii Northern Pine Snake Pituophis melanoleucus melanoleucus Northern Scarlet Snake Cemophora coccinea copei Scarlet Kingsnake Lampropeltis triangulum elapsoides Six-lined Racerunner Cnemidophorus sexlineatus Southeastern Crowned Snake Tantilla coronata Southeastern Five-lined Skink Eumeces inexpectatus Southern Painted Turtle Chrysemys picta dorsalis Timber Rattlesnake Crotalus horridus Western Cottonmouth Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma Western Mud Snake Farancia abacura reinwardtii Western Pygmy Rattlesnake Sistrurus miliarius streckeri Western Ribbon Snake Thamnophis proximus proximus CLASS REPTILIA Alligator Snapping Turtle Macrochelys temminckii Federal Heritage GRank SRank GRank SRank Status Status (Simplified) (Simplified) N T G3G4 S2 G3 S2 G-Trend Decreasing G-Trend
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Milksnake,Lampropeltis Triangulum
    COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Eastern Milksnake Lampropeltis triangulum in Canada SPECIAL CONCERN 2014 COSEWIC status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk. This report may be cited as follows: COSEWIC. 2014. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Eastern Milksnake Lampropeltis triangulum in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. x + 61 pp. (www.registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca/default_e.cfm). Previous report(s): COSEWIC. 2002. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the milksnake Lampropeltis triangulum in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vi + 29 pp. Fischer, L. 2002. COSEWIC status report on the milksnake Lampropeltis triangulum in Canada in COSEWIC assessment and status report on the milksnake Lampropeltis triangulum in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 1-29 pp. Production note: COSEWIC would like to acknowledge Jonathan Choquette for writing the status report on the Eastern Milksnake (Lampropeltis triangulum) in Canada. This report was prepared under contract with Environment Canada and was overseen by Jim Bogart, Co-chair of the COSEWIC Amphibians and Reptiles Specialist Subcommittee. For additional copies contact: COSEWIC Secretariat c/o Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3 Tel.: 819-953-3215 Fax: 819-994-3684 E-mail: COSEWIC/[email protected] http://www.cosewic.gc.ca Également disponible en français sous le titre Ếvaluation et Rapport de situation du COSEPAC sur la Couleuvre tachetée (Lampropeltis triangulum) au Canada. Cover illustration/photo: Eastern Milksnake — Sketch of the Eastern Milksnake (Lampropeltis triangulum).
    [Show full text]
  • Kingsnake Lampropeltis Getula, L
    Eastern, Florida, Speckled, Black, & Apalachicola Kingsnake Lampropeltis getula, L. floridana, L. holbrooki, L. nigra, & L. meansi Upland Snake Species Profile Natural History: Kingsnakes are known for their propensity to eat other snakes (ophiophagy). They have evolved to be resistant to venom and therefore will regularly consume venomous snakes. Their diet also includes lizards, turtle eggs, birds, and small mammals. Kingsnakes are primarily active during the daytime and use refugia, like mammal burrows, stump holes, rock piles, and downed logs to escape extreme hot or cold temperatures. These terrestrial snakes use many habitat types including pine forests, sandhills, hardwood forests, and meadows. They are sometimes found around the shorelines of wetlands. The breeding season begins in the spring Eastern kingsnakes (pictured above) occur and eggs hatch during the summer. throughout most of the gopher tortoise’s range. Name Game The genus of this species group, Lampropeltis, is a combination of two Greek words: lampros, which means shiny, and pelta, which means shield. “Shinyshield” refers to the glossy appearance of scales on all kingsnake species. Range and Appearance: Eastern kingsnakes can be found throughout most of the gopher tortoise’s range. Members of the genus can be found throughout the southern United States westward to California, as far north as Maine, and Kingsnakes northwestward to Montana. Eastern (L. getula) kingsnakes are primarily black with white bands Eastern Black across their back. Florida (L. floridana) and Speckled Florida Apalachicola (L. meansi) kingsnakes are creamy- Apalachicola white in color and have thick dark brown to tan bands. As their names suggest, black (L. nigra) kingsnakes are nearly solid black, and speckled (L.
    [Show full text]
  • AG-472-02 Snakes
    Snakes Contents Intro ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 What are Snakes? ...............................................................1 Biology of Snakes ...............................................................1 Why are Snakes Important? ............................................1 People and Snakes ............................................................3 Where are Snakes? ............................................................1 Managing Snakes ...............................................................3 Family Colubridae ...............................................................................................................................................................................................5 Eastern Worm Snake—Harmless .................................5 Red-Bellied Water Snake—Harmless ....................... 11 Scarlet Snake—Harmless ................................................5 Banded Water Snake—Harmless ............................... 11 Black Racer—Harmless ....................................................5 Northern Water Snake—Harmless ............................12 Ring-Necked Snake—Harmless ....................................6 Brown Water Snake—Harmless .................................12 Mud Snake—Harmless ....................................................6 Rough Green Snake—Harmless .................................12
    [Show full text]
  • Wednesday, March 14
    Antipredator behavior Antipredator behavior Nonsocial species may rely on crypsis, aposematism or mimicry scorpionfish lonomia moth katydid Antipredator behavior Testing adaptations Nonsocial species may rely on We presume these are crypsis, aposematism or mimicry adaptations to predation, but how to be sure? against conspicuous background Catocala spp. Detection index Detection against cryptic background Müllerian mimicry: unpalatable species converge Batesian mimicry: palatable Trials mimic unpalatable model Testing adaptations What about the aposematic hindwings of Catocala spp.? Blue jays trained on: Then presented with: Result: Cryptic hindwings Aposematic hindwings Startled! Aposematic hindwings Aposematic hindwings Not startled Aposematic hindwings Different aposematic hindwings Startled! How does this affect hindwing coloration across the genus? 1 Scarlet kingsnake, Lampropeltis triangulum Eastern coral snake, Micrurus fulvius Scarlet kingsnake, Lampropeltis triangulum Eastern coral snake, Micrurus fulvius Non-venomous Highly venomous Hypothesis Bright coloration with striking Bright coloration with striking Kingsnakes are protected from predators banding patterns banding patterns because they mimic venomous coral snakes (red + black) (red + yellow) Kingsnakes ONLY Kingsnakes Coral snakes Coral snakes and Hypothesis Kingsnakes Kingsnakes are protected from predators because they mimic venomous coral snakes Scarlet kingsnake, Lampropeltis triangulum Eastern coral snake, Micrurus fulvius Scarlet kingsnake, Lampropeltis triangulum
    [Show full text]
  • Venomous Nonvenomous Snakes of Florida
    Venomous and nonvenomous Snakes of Florida PHOTOGRAPHS BY KEVIN ENGE Top to bottom: Black swamp snake; Eastern garter snake; Eastern mud snake; Eastern kingsnake Florida is home to more snakes than any other state in the Southeast – 44 native species and three nonnative species. Since only six species are venomous, and two of those reside only in the northern part of the state, any snake you encounter will most likely be nonvenomous. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission MyFWC.com Florida has an abundance of wildlife, Snakes flick their forked tongues to “taste” their surroundings. The tongue of this yellow rat snake including a wide variety of reptiles. takes particles from the air into the Jacobson’s This state has more snakes than organs in the roof of its mouth for identification. any other state in the Southeast – 44 native species and three nonnative species. They are found in every Fhabitat from coastal mangroves and salt marshes to freshwater wetlands and dry uplands. Some species even thrive in residential areas. Anyone in Florida might see a snake wherever they live or travel. Many people are frightened of or repulsed by snakes because of super- stition or folklore. In reality, snakes play an interesting and vital role K in Florida’s complex ecology. Many ENNETH L. species help reduce the populations of rodents and other pests. K Since only six of Florida’s resident RYSKO snake species are venomous and two of them reside only in the northern and reflective and are frequently iri- part of the state, any snake you en- descent.
    [Show full text]
  • Snakes Mimic Extinct Species to Avoid Predators
    NATURE | NEWS Snakes mimic extinct species to avoid predators Scarlet kingsnakes in North Carolina have evolved to more closely resemble a poisonous lookalike no longer found in the area. Ewen Callaway 11 June 2014 Scarlet kingsnakes are chasing an evolutionary ghost. In North Carolina's Sandhills forest, the harmless snakes have evolved to better resemble a poisonous species that vanished from the region more than 50 years ago. The scarlet kingsnake, Lampropeltis elapsoides, copies the stripe patterns of deadly coral snakes, Micrurus fulvius, so well that people use mnemonic rhymes to tell them apart, such as: “If red touches yellow, you’re a dead fellow; if red touches black, you’re all right, Jack.” The species live side by side across much of southeastern North America. The scarlet kingsnake uses mimicry to dupe predators, such as red-tailed hawks, keen to avoid attacking the venomous reptile. The Sandhills, a pine and oak forest in the eastern Carolinas, were once home to both snakes, but coral snakes disappeared from the area in the 1960s, says Chris Akcali, an evolutionary biologist at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill. He and his colleague David Pfennig are interested in how biological mimicry evolves, and they wondered whether the extinction of coral snakes would influence the colour patterns of scarlet kingsnakes. To find out, Akcali and Pfennig compared scarlet kingsnakes from the Sandhills collected over the 40 years after coral snakes went extinct, and compared them to kingsnakes from the Florida panhandle, where coral snakes still slither. They expected that the Sandhills scarlet kingsnakes would have started evolutionarily drifting and looking less and less like coral snakes.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of a Snake Mimicry Complex
    Evolution of a snake mimicry complex George Raymond Harper, Jr. A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Biology. Chapel Hill 2006 Approved by: David W. Pfennig Joel G. Kingsolver Peter B. Marko Karin S. Pfennig Maria R. Servedio © 2006 George Raymond Harper Jr. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii Abstract George Harper : Evolution of a snake mimicry complex (Under the direction of David Pfennig) Batesian mimicry, the adaptive resemblance of harmless organisms (mimics) to harmful organisms (models) that causes predators to avoid both models and mimics, occurs in diverse taxa. Despite the fascination that mimicry complexes generate, many questions remain unanswered concerning the role of mimicry in evolution. My Ph.D. research has examined the evolution of a snake mimicry co mplex in the southeastern United States in which selection on the mimetic phenotype varies spatially in magnitude and direction. The mimic, harmless scarlet kingsnakes (Lampropeltis triangulum elapsoides ), and the model, venomous eastern coral snakes ( Micr urus fulvius ), vary in absolute and relative abundance such that the model is more common deep within its range and the mimic is more abundant at the edge of the model’s range. Also, despite selection against the mimetic phenotype outside the range of the model, the range of the mimic exceeds that of the model (an area termed allopatry). Therefore, I sought to determine: 1) what evolutionary mechanisms maintain the mimic in allopatry, 2) whether there has been an evolutionary response to selection against t he mimetic phenotype in allopatry, and 3) whether spatial variation in the relative abundance of models and mimics leads to spatial variation in the degree to which mimics resemble the local model.
    [Show full text]
  • Amphibians and Reptiles of the Duke Forest Compiled by Jeffrey S
    Amphibians and Reptiles of the Duke Forest Compiled by Jeffrey S. Pippen & Jeffrey C. Beane Waterdogs (Proteidae) Neuse River Waterdog (Necturus lewisi) – Hillsboro Division in Eno River Dwarf Waterdog (Necturus punctatus) – New Hope Creek watershed Mole Salamanders (Ambystomatidae) Marbled Salamander (Ambystoma opacum) Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) Newts (Salamandridae) Red-spotted Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) -- historic records; perhaps still extant in DF Lungless Salamanders (Plethodontidae) Southern Two-lined Salamander (Eurycea cirrigera) Three-lined Salamander (Eurycea guttolineata) Northern Dusky Salamander (Desmognathus fuscus) Red-backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus) White-spotted Slimy Salamander (Plethodon cylindraceus) Four-toed Salamander (Hemidactylium scutatum) Mud Salamander (Pseudotriton montanus) -- historic records; perhaps still extant in DF Red Salamander (Pseudotriton ruber) -- historic records; perhaps still extant in DF True Toads (Bufonidae) American Toad (Bufo americanus) Fowler's Toad (Bufo fowleri) Treefrogs & Allies (Hylidae) Northern Cricket Frog (Acris crepitans) Cope's Gray Treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis) Green Treefrog (Hyla cinerea) Squirrel Treefrog (Hyla squirella) Spring Peeper (Pseudacris crucifer) Upland Chorus Frog (Pseudacris feriarum) Narrowmouth Toads (Microhylidae) Eastern Narrowmouth Toad (Gastrophryne carolinensis) True Frogs (Ranidae) Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) Green Frog (Rana clamitans) Pickerel Frog (Rana palustris) Southern Leopard Frog (Rana sphenocephala) Snapping Turtles
    [Show full text]
  • REPTILES Their Ability to Regenerate Their Tail Which May Break Nature Lover’S Paradise
    Lizards Although lizards may seem similar to snakes, there Hampton, VA are some differences. Lizards have eyelids, ears, and Welcome to Hampton’s City Parks. most have legs with well developed claws. Insects The City of Hampton is located in what is Hampton City Park’s are their primary food, although they will also eat called the Peninsula area of the Coastal Plain region of the State of Virginia. The forests, spiders, millipedes, and worms. They are known for fields, rivers, marshes, and grasslands are a REPTILES their ability to regenerate their tail which may break nature lover’s paradise. off if grabbed by a predator. They may dwell on During your visit to any of Hampton’s out- the ground or in trees. standing city parks, we hope you have the opportunity to observe our many and diverse Ground Skink species of fauna and flora. Eastern Six-lined Racerunner Broad-headed Skink Little Brown Skink Eastern Fence Lizard Common Snapping Turtle Slender Glass Lizard Five-lined Skink Southeastern Five-lined Skink "Enjoy Hampton's Natural Areas" Rough Green Snake Eastern Fence Lizard For more information… If you have any questions regarding this brochure, Please help us protect our or if you would like more information about Hamp- Natural Resources ton City Parks and Recreation parks please contact us at: Please remember that all plants and animals Hampton Parks , Recreation & Leisure Services 22 Lincoln Street found in Hampton’s City Parks are protect- Hampton, VA 23669 Tel: 757-727-6348 ed by law. It is illegal to molest, injure, or www.hampton.gov/parks remove any wildlife including their nests, eggs, or young.
    [Show full text]