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Polity and Petroleum Making of an Oil Industry in Assam, 1825–1980

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Polity and Petroleum Making of an Oil Industry in Assam, 1825–1980 Polity and Petroleum Making of an Oil Industry in Assam, 1825–1980 By Ditee Moni Baruah Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati - 781039 India Polity and Petroleum Making of an Oil Industry in Assam, 1825–1980 A Thesis Submitted In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Ditee Moni Baruah Roll No. 07614104 Supervisor Arupjyoti Saikia Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati - 781039 April 2014 TH-1317_07614104 Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Guwahati 781039 Assam, India _______________________________________________________________ STATEMENT I hereby declare that this thesis, entitled Polity and Petroleum: Making of an Oil Industry in Assam, 1825-1980, is the outcome of my own research work in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India, which has been carried out under the supervision of Arupjyoti Saikia in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences. Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Ditee Moni Baruah April 2014 Roll No. 07614104 TH-1317_07614104 Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Guwahati 781039 Assam, India _______________________________________________________________ Certificate It is certified that the matter embodied in the thesis entitled Polity and Petroleum: Making of an Oil Industry in Assam, 1825-1980, submitted for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Ditee Moni Baruah, student of the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India, has been carried out under my supervision. It is also certified that this work has not been submitted anywhere else for the award of a research degree. (Arupjyoti Saikia) Indian Institute of Technology Associate Professor Guwahati Department of Humanities and Social April 2014 Science Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati TH-1317_07614104 Contents List of Tables, and Maps iii List of Figures iv List of Abbreviations v Glossary viii Acknowledgements ix Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Science, Technology and the Age of Colonialism 9 East India Company and Science 12 Science as a Colonising Ideology 15 13 Colonial Assam: Towards a History of Imperial Rule 19 A History of Underdevelopment: Politics of Regionalism in Assam 25 Writing Economic History of India 28 Writing Institutional History 31 Survey of the Sources 35 Organisation of the Thesis 39 Chapter 2: Mapping of a Frontier Landscape: Science and Geological Imperialism 46 Geology and Imperial Ideology 48 Early Explorations in Assam 59 Geological Survey of India and Assam 80 Conclusion 92 Chapter 3: Setting a Petroleum Industry: The Early Enterprises (1850s–1890s) 95 Oil Explorations in Assam (1850s–1880s) 96 The Final Moment: Assam Railway and Trading Company (1880s–1890s) 109 TH-1317_07614104 ii Refining Crude Oil: Early Days 124 108 Realignment of Economy: Birth of the Assam Oil Company 126 Diversification of Capital: The Case of Oil Industry in Assam 130 Conclusion 141 Chapter 4: The Assam Oil Company: Economic and Social Challenges (1900-1950) 143 Oil, Native Entrepreneurs, and Doing Commerce 151 Merger with Burmah Oil Company: New Economic Possibilities 157 Making of an Industrial Town 163 Social Background of the Workforce 166 Oil Industry, Workers, and Political Strike 176 Oil Production in Assam after 1947: An Overview 188 Conclusion 197 Chapter 5: Whose Oil is it? : Natural Resources, Contest over Petroleum and Crisis of Indian Federalism 199 Seeking Space for a new Refinery 204 176 The Noonmati Refinery Movement (1956-57): Contesting Development Paradigm 206 The Movement Continued 217 188 The Contest over Royalty 223 India‘s Partition, Assam‘s Isolation and Debating Development 226 Petroleum, Nehruvian Development and Assam‘s Claim 229 Chapter 6: Conclusion 243 Appendices 264 Bibliography 287 Publications 311 TH-1317_07614104 iii List of Tables, and Maps Tables 1. Comparison of Quality between Indian and English Coal, 1867 85 2. Comparison of Quality of Coal found at Different Parts of Assam, 1865 87 3. Monthly value of sales at Margherita Refinery (December 1900) 126 A. Male emigrants in Eastern India, 1921 156 Maps 1. Location of Oil Refineries in Assam xi 2. Areas Leased Out to Different Companies in Assam (1850–1900) xii TH-1317_07614104 List of Figures 1. Advertisement of the AOC 276 2. Lower Portion of One of the Stills Used to Treat Crude Oil 277 3. The Simple Method of Oil Refining 278 4. The Well of Goodenough, 1866 279 5. Operations in Digboi Oil Field, 1906 280 6. Supervision of Oil Wells in Distant and Remote Locations was Carried Out using Helicopters 281 7. Cartoon Representing how India is Exploiting Assam‘s oil 282 8. Cartoon Satirises the Sharing of Assam‘s Oil with Bihar 283 9. We will Give blood, but Not Oil 284 10. Blockade of Oil Transportation 285 11. Protest March to Narengi, Guwahati 286 TH-1317_07614104 v Abbreviations AC Assam Company AAORAC All Assam Oil Refinery Action Committee AASU All Assam Student Union AAGSP All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad AICC All India Congress Committee ALA Assam Legislative Assembly ALAD Assam Legislative Assembly Debate AMOC Assam Mineral Oil Company AOC Assam Oil Company AOS Assam Oil Syndicate APOC Anglo Persian Oil Company ARTC Assam Railway and Trading Company Ltd ASA Assam State Archive ASB Asiatic Society of Bengal BOC Burmah Oil Company EIC East India Company GOI Government of India GSI Geological Survey of India NAI National Archives of India NMML Nehru Memorial Museum and Library OIL Oil India Ltd. ONGC Oil and Natural Gas Commission TH-1317_07614104 vi OUP Oxford University Press SRCB Saligram Rai Chunnilal Bahadur ULFA The United Liberation Front of Assam US United States of America WWI First World War WWII Second World War TH-1317_07614104 Glossary Aeromagnetic Survey A survey that uses magnetometer and an airplane to record variations in magnetic field of the earth. It is useful to find out the depth to basement and to locate structures. anna a monetary unit, equivalent to one sixth of a rupee. Barrel A unit of volume in the petroleum industry. A barrel is equivalent to 42 U.S. gallons, which is about 159 litres bigha a traditional unit of measurement of land, equivalent to 0.33 acres Boiler A pressure vessel, used to generate steam power from water with help of heat. Boring The act of drilling a hole in the earth through the surface rocks. dharna sit-in protest. diya oil lamp eksoniya annual proprietary right over land. fasal agrarian production. Gallons A unit of volume, equivalent to 3.7 litres. gola marwari shop Gravity Survey An exploration method in which gravity meter is used to measure the strength of the gravity of the TH-1317_07614104 viii earth on the surface at different locations. It helps in detecting the densities of surface rocks. hartal strike. khadi hand spun and hand woven cloth kothi bungalow lathi stick maund a variable unit of weight, generally equivalent to 36 kilogram in Bengal. mali gardener muga mulberry silk naamghar place for congregational worship paniwala water carrier pung well satyagraha non – violent strike Seismic Survey Method of investigating subterranean structure. It has replaced the technique of exploding dynamite underground. tel oil, in Assam the term is used for both edible and fuel oil. Wildcatter A person or an organisation willing to conduct exploratory drilling in an unproven area. TH-1317_07614104 ix Acknowledgements In the popular discourse, the name Assam has always been associated with tea. However, with the introduction of tea plantations during the colonial rule, the region also experienced geological mapping and exploitation of other natural resources. The thesis is an attempt to study the development of an oil industry in eastern Assam under western capital that had to accommodate local specificities. At the very beginning I would like to acknowledge my supervisor, Arupjyoti Saikia for his valuable guidance and critical appraisal. I owe a special debt to the members of my Doctoral Committee, Debarshi Das, Saundarjya Borbora and Chandan Mahanta for their critical observations and advice. I offer my sincere gratitude to the staff of the Assam State Archive in Guwahati. I specially acknowledge Haren Baishya for responding to my demands under numerous constraints. I also thank Director, Assam State Archives and Arnab Kashyap and other officials for helping me out in various occasions in the archive. I would also like to recognise the support of the staff at the Secretariat Library, Dispur; Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies, Guwahati; Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi; the library of Geologiacl Survey of India, Shillong; the Centenary Museum of the Assam Oil Division, Digboi; the National Archives, New Delhi; District TH-1317_07614104 x Library, Guwahati; Central Library of the Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati. I acknowledge the support provided by my colleagues at Arya Vidyapeeth College, particularly the Department of History and Department of Political Science. My conversation with Pankaj Jyoti Gogoi and Rahul Majumdar, my colleagues has been quite motivating. I acknowledge Mompi Gupta and Ranjan Bezbaruah for their help at crucial moments. I would also like to acknowledge the support provided by Jitu Tamuli and Rakesh Soud and Kawaldeep Kaur. I am grateful to Subir Dey for never denying my request and making out time and sending me materials from Delhi whenever I needed. I owe special thanks to Rupal Borua for preparing the maps. I also thank Dhiru Kalita for his technical help. Last but not the least; I sincerely acknowledge the support provided by my parents. My mother has been a constant inspiration. Prabal tried his best to create an environment so that I can work as Jiri has always been there to distract my attention. I also acknowledge Babita and Ila Baideu for their help in taking care of Jiri.
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