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Inlichtingendiensten 31 3 | 04 Justitiële verkenningen Inlichtingendiensten verschijnt 9 maal per jaar jaargang 30 mei Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek- en Documentatiecentrum 2 Colofon zich te wenden tot Boom Juridische uitgevers. Justitiële verkenningen is een De abonnementsprijs bedraag € 75,- gezamenlijke uitgave van het (inclusief BTW en verzendkosten). Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek- en Prijs losse aflevering € 15,-. Documentatiecentrum van het Abonnementen kunnen op elk Ministerie van Justitie en Boom gewenst tijdtip ingaan. Valt de Juridische uitgevers. Het tijdschrift aanvang van een abonnement niet verschijnt negen keer per jaar. samen met het kalenderjaar, dan wordt over het resterende gedeelte van Redactieraad het jaar een evenredig deel van drs. A.C. Berghuis de abonnementsprijs in rekening dr. M. Croes gebracht. Het abonnement kan alleen prof. dr. F. L. Leeuw schriftelijk tot uiterlijk 1 december van mr. dr. M. Malsch het lopende abonnementsjaar worden mr. dr. J.M. Nelen opgezegd. Bij niet-tijdige opzegging mr. drs. P.J.J. van Voorst wordt het abonnement automatisch voor een jaar verlengd. Gratis abonne- Redactie menten kunnen desgevraagd te allen drs. M.P.C. Scheepmaker tijde beëindigd worden. mr. drs. P.B.A. ter Veer drs. M.A.V. Klein-Meijer Administratie De abonnementenadministratie wordt Redactieadres verzorgd door Boom Juridische Ministerie van Justitie, WODC uitgevers, Postbus 85576, Redactie Justitiële verkenningen 2508 CG Den Haag Postbus 20301 tel.: 070-330 70 33 2500 EH ‘s-Gravenhage fax: 070-330 70 30 tel.: 070-370 71 47 e-mail: [email protected] fax: 070-370 79 48 internet: www.bju.nl e-mail: [email protected] Ontwerp WODC-documentatie Tappan, Den Haag Voor inlichtingen: Infodesk WODC, tel.: 070-370 65 53 Fotografie (09.00 uur-13.00 uur). E-mail: Hollandse Hoogte, Sake Elzinga [email protected] Satellietschotels bij Zoutkamp Internet-adres: www.wodc.nl bestemd voor interpretatie van het etherverkeer Abonnementen Justitiële verkenningen wordt gratis Opmaak verspreid onder personen en Textcetera, Den Haag instellingen die beleidsmatig werk- zaam zijn ten behoeve van het Ministerie van Justitie. Degenen die ISSN: 0167-5850 in aanmerking denken te komen voor een gratis abonnement, kunnen zich Opname van een artikel in dit tijd- uitsluitend schriftelijk wenden schrift betekent niet dat de inhoud tot bovenstaand redactieadres. ervan het standpunt van de minister Andere belangstellenden kunnen zich van justitie weergeeft. tegen betaling abonneren. Zij dienen 3 Inhoudsopgave Voorwoord 5 C. Fijnaut Inlichtingendiensten in Europa en Amerika; de her- 10 oriëntatie sinds de val van de Muur en 11 september 2001 R. de Wijk Het gevaar van succes in de strijd tegen terrorisme; 43 portret van de nieuwe vijand B. de Graaff Wie wint de ‘war on terrorism’? 56 C. Wiebes De problemen rond de internationale intelligence 70 liaison P.H.A.M. Abels en R. Willemse Veiligheidsdienst in verandering; de BVD/AIVD sinds 83 het einde van de Koude Oorlog F. H oekstra Infiltratie in de praktijk; BVD en CPN tijdens de Koude 99 Oorlog W. van der Schans en E. Timmerman De AIVD en de burger; ervaringen van actievoerders 107 en vreemdelingen B. Hoogenboom Inlichtingenwerk en ethiek; een wildernis van spiegels 122 L. van Wifferen Het gebruik van AIVD-informatie in het strafproces 138 Summaries 148 4 Justitiële verkenningen, jrg. 30, nr. 3 2004 Dupliek 153 A. Slotboom en C. Wiebrens Storm in de badkuip 153 Journaal 157 Literatuuroverzicht 164 Algemeen 164 Criminologie 165 Gevangeniswezen/tbs 170 Jeugdbescherming en -delinquentie 171 Politie 173 Verslaving 174 Slachtofferstudies 176 Preventie van criminaliteit 177 Boeken en rapporten 179 5 Voorwoord Inlichtingen- en veiligheidsdiensten zijn sinds het einde van de Koude Oorlog verwikkeld in een ingrijpend veranderingsproces. De overzich- telijke bipolaire wereld van destijds waarin bijna elke brandhaard als vanzelf een oost-westconflict werd, is veranderd in een wereld die weliswaar wordt gedomineerd door de Verenigde Staten, maar die tegelijkertijd vol regionale conflicten is. In toenemende mate beschik- ken niet-statelijke actoren over (geavanceerde) wapens en wereld- wijde netwerken die hen in staat stellen hun eisen met grootschalig geweld kracht bij te zetten. De aanslagen van 11 september 2001 in New York en 11 maart 2004 in Madrid onderstrepen bovendien dat het ‘nieuwe terrorisme’, belichaamd in groepen als Al-Qaeda, afgaande op hun eigen verklaringen niet minder dan een oorlog voert tegen het Westen. Aan inlichtingendiensten stelt deze ontwikkeling nieuwe eisen. Was het tijdens de Koude Oorlog voldoende de CPN in de gaten te houden, tegenwoordig wordt van de AIVD (voorheen BVD) een meer pro-actieve houding verwacht. De dienst tracht potentiële drei- gingen in een vroeg stadium als zodanig te identificeren. Binnen het aandachtsgebied vallen nu zeer uiteenlopende onderwerpen zoals spanningen tussen bevolkingsgroepen, de werving van jihad-strijders, de smokkel van wapens en nucleair materiaal en de internationaal vertakte georganiseerde misdaad. Binnen de Nederlandse verhoudin- gen komt daar na de moord op Pim Fortuyn en perikelen rond het koningshuis ook de roep bij om een ruimere taakopvatting van de dienst als het gaat om de beveiliging van politici en antecedenten- onderzoek. Mede naar aanleiding van deze gebeurtenissen en op ver- zoek van de Tweede Kamer heeft de minister van Binnenlandse Zaken recent een commissie ingesteld die het werk van de AIVD gaat evalue- ren en daarmee een antwoord zal geven op vraag of de dienst er in is geslaagd de omslag naar de 21e eeuw te maken. De vraag hoe de acti- viteiten van de dienst zich verhouden tot de burgerrechten komt in de commissie niet aan de orde, maar wel in dit themanummer van Justitiële verkenningen. Het lijkt slechts een kwestie van tijd voordat de roep om ruimere bevoegdheden voor inlichtingendiensten ook in Nederland zal klinken. Op dit moment is het gebruik van AIVD-infor- matie in het strafproces al een punt van discussie. Door de terroristi- sche dreiging is het maatschappelijk klimaat voor honorering van der- gelijke verlangens gunstig, maar het is de vraag hoever een open democratische samenleving kan gaan in haar streven naar veiligheid. 6 Justitiële verkenningen, jrg. 30, nr. 3 2004 Voorts heeft de redactie het onderwerp inlichtingendiensten nadrukke- lijk in een historische en internationale context willen plaatsen. Het inleidende artikel van Fijnaut begint met een korte schets van de ontstaansgeschiedenis van inlichtingendiensten in Europa en de Verenigde Staten, waarna de auteur ingaat op de cruciale rol van de Cheka en de SS in de totalitaire systemen van de Sovjet-Unie en Nazi- Duitsland. Als gevolg van deze ervaringen werden na de Tweede Wereldoorlog inlichtingendiensten overal gescheiden van politiedien- sten, dit om politiek machtsmisbruik van het politieapparaat tegen te gaan. Vervolgens is er aandacht voor de manier waarop de FBI en de CIA al sinds de aanslagen in Libanon begin jaren tachtig werden herin- gericht met het oog op de bestrijding van terrorisme. Pas na de aansla- gen van 11 september 2001 werd deze koers serieus doorgezet. De her- oriëntatie van de FBI is gepaard gegaan met een zekere uitbreiding van de mogelijkheden om politieke inlichtingen en strafrechtelijke informa- tie in een vroeg stadium bij elkaar te brengen, maar ook met de uit- bouw en de specialisatie van het politieke inlichtingenwerk. Bovendien is de samenwerking met de CIA op het punt van terrorismebestrijding beter georganiseerd. De aanslagen van 11 september 2001 hebben binnen de Europese Unie geleid tot een versterking van de rol van Europol, maar een ingrijpende herstructurering van de samenwerking tussen de verschillende nationale inlichtingendiensten is uitgebleven. Daarop volgt een bijdrage van De Wijk, die een portret schetst van ‘de nieuwe vijand’. De auteur stelt dat de terroristische aanslagen in Madrid op 11 maart 2004 de West-Europese regeringen wakker hebben doen schrikken. Paradoxaal is dat de veiligheid van Europa eerder ver- slechterd is dan verbeterd door de aanzienlijke successen die zijn behaald in de strijd tegen het terrorisme. Ten eerste is het internatio- nale terrorisme zich gaan reorganiseren in kleinere, meer verspreide cellen, die moeilijk te infiltreren en te elimineren zijn. Ten tweede lijken de terroristen juist meer gemotiveerd te raken. Het is beter te sterven voor ‘de goede zaak’ dan te worden gedood door agenten van de ‘Alliantie van Kruisvaarders en zionisten’. Ten derde heeft de strijd tegen het terrorisme moslims in westerse landen in het nauw gedreven. Sociale en economische marginalisatie zal leiden tot radicalisering van jonge moslims. Daardoor vormen zij een mogelijke rekruteringsbasis voor extremisten. Ten slotte wordt de Europese veiligheid ondermijnd door de terugtrekking van de Spaanse troepen uit Irak evenals door soortgelijke oproepen tot terugtrekking van troepen uit andere landen. Extremisten zullen dit beschouwen als een duidelijke overwinning. ‘Modern fanatisme’ is de term die volgens De Graaff adequater dan Voorwoord 7 ‘nieuw terrorisme’ het politieke geweld van Al-Qaeda en soortgelijke organisaties karakteriseert. Het definitieprobleem is niet slechts aca- demisch, maar is bepalend voor de wijze waarop regeringen het ver- schijnsel proberen te bestrijden. De auteur meent dat de nadruk teveel ligt op een militaire aanpak, terwijl mogelijkheden om gebruik te maken van inlichtingen- en veiligheidsdiensten onbenut blijven. Deze diensten werken veelal nog volgens de principes uit de periode van de Koude Oorlog.
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  • Bulletin-Insert-Abels.Pdf
    Paul Abels Paul Abels Social Activist, Social Activist, Musician, and Musician, and First Openly Gay First Openly Gay Pastor in the NYAC Pastor in the NYAC 1937-1992 1937-1992 Image courtesy of the General Image courtesy of the General Commission on Archives and History Commission on Archives and History ev. Paul Abels lived a life of integrity, courage, and faith ev. Paul Abels lived a life of integrity, courage, and faith with a “million dollar smile.” He worked for social justice, with a “million dollar smile.” He worked for social justice, Rpursued his love of the arts, music and historical preservation, Rpursued his love of the arts, music and historical preservation, and challenged the church to open its doors to the diverse con- and challenged the church to open its doors to the diverse con- cerns of the gay and lesbian community. cerns of the gay and lesbian community. During his pastorate at Washington Square UMC (known as During his pastorate at Washington Square UMC (known as the “Peace Church”), he nurtured community organizations the “Peace Church”), he nurtured community organizations and oversaw an extensive building restoration campaign. He and oversaw an extensive building restoration campaign. He also began performing “covenant ceremonies” for gay and les- also began performing “covenant ceremonies” for gay and les- bian members of his congregation. bian members of his congregation. Controversy ensued when he publicly acknowledged his ho- Controversy ensued when he publicly acknowledged his homo- mosexuality in 1977. He was urged to take a leave but declined, sexuality in 1977. He was urged to take a leave but declined, and both NYAC and the Judicial Council upheld his appoint- and both NYAC and the Judicial Council upheld his appoint- ment.
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