Avaliação Do Potencial Carcinogênico Do Megazol, Agente Anti-Chagásico, E Obtenção De Nanopartículas De Poli(Ε- Caprolactona) Contendo Megazol

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Avaliação Do Potencial Carcinogênico Do Megazol, Agente Anti-Chagásico, E Obtenção De Nanopartículas De Poli(Ε- Caprolactona) Contendo Megazol MARTA LOPES LIMA Avaliação do potencial carcinogênico do Megazol, agente anti-chagásico, e obtenção de nanopartículas de poli(ε- caprolactona) contendo Megazol Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia USP/Instituto Butantan/IPT, para obtenção do Título de Mestre em Biotecnologia. São Paulo 2011 1 MARTA LOPES LIMA Avaliação do potencial carcinogênico do Megazol, agente anti-chagásico, e obtenção de nanopartículas de poli(ε- caprolactona) contendo Megazol Dissertação para o exame de qualificação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia USP/Instituto Butantan/ IPT, para obtenção do Título de Mestre em Biotecnologia. Área de Concentração: Biotecnologia Orientadora: Drª. Cristina Northfleet de Albuquerque Versão original São Paulo 2011 2 3 4 A mulher que em nenhum momento mediu esforços para a realização dos meus sonhos, ao meu exemplo de caráter, dedicação e fé Obrigada Mãe!!! 5 Agradecimentos Ao Laboratório de Química, Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular de Alimentos da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, em especial para a Pós-Doutora Claudinéia Aparecida Soares, sem seu auxílio esta pesquisa não teria sido finalizada. Obrigada, pelas horas perdidas de discussões e trabalho árduo, especialmente finais de semana. A Pós-Doutora Nádia Araci Bou-Chacra e graduanda Juliana Conte pelo auxílio no preparo das nanopartículas. Ao Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos Potencialmente Ativos em Doenças Negligenciadas da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, pelo uso dos equipamentos. Ao laboratório de Farmacotécnica da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, em especial a Drª Vladi Olga Consiglieri e Dr. Guilherme Tavares pelo auxílio no desenvolvimento do método analítico aqui empregado. A toda família Zucchi pelo apoio, incentivo e hospitalidade. Em especial a Tânia Zucchi pelo inestimável auxílio e convivência. Seu comprometimento e princípios científicos inspiram novos pesquisadores. A Drª. Cristina Northfleed de Albuquerque, pelo apoio, confiança, compreensão. Aos Doutores Osvaldo Augusto Sant’Anna, Marco Stephano, e Eliana Nakano pelas sugestões e criticas apresentadas no exame de qualificação. Aos meus pais, Aparecida Bernardino e José de Barros, e ao meu segundo pai, Nelson Bernardino, obrigada pela paciência, compreensão e amparo nos momentos difíceis dessa caminhada. Amo vocês. Ao meu grande amor, Rafael Ferraz Alvez, pela compreensão, companheirismo e apoio. Sem você eu não conseguiria! À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de nível Superior-Brasil (CAPES) pelo apoio financeiro. À Mônica Amaral, funcionária da Biblioteca do ICB-USP, pela sensibilidade, rapidez e orientação segura na normalização e correção das referências de acordo com a Norma ABNT. Enfim a todos que contribuíram para a realização deste trabalho. 6 É graça divina começar bem. graça maior persistir na caminhada certa. Mas a graça das graças é não desistir nunca. Dom Hélder Câmara. 7 Resumo LIMA, M. L. Avaliação do potencial carcinogênico do Megazol, agente anti- chagásico, e obtenção de nanopartículas de poli(ε-caprolactona) contendo Megazol. 2011. 118 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Biotecnologia) - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2011. Megazol (1-metil-2-(5-amino-1,3,4-tiadiazolil)-5-nitroimidazol) (MZ) tem sido descrito como um composto efetivo contra Tripanossoma cruzi, agente causador da doença de Chagas. Contudo, este composto mostrou efeitos mutagênicos e baixa solubilidade em sistemas aquosos. O primeiro objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o potencial carcinogênico de três doses de MZ através do teste de Indice de Homozigotização (HI). Este teste mostra alterações nas frequências de crossing- over mitótico eventualmente envolvidas com genes heterozigotos auxotróficos em linhagens de Aspergillus nidulans. O teste HI mostrou alterações nas frequências de crossing-over mitótico quando o tratamento com MZ foi aplicado. O segundo objetivo foi o preparo de nanopartículas de poli(ε-caprolactona) contendo MZ a partir do método de nanoprecipitação. O tamanho das nanopartículas obtidas foi de 280±1,34 nm e polidispersão de 0,13±0,003 nm. A análise de Microscopia Eletrônica (MEV) revelou nanopartículas de superfície lise e esférica. Uma eficiência de encapsulação de 24% foi alcançada para as nanopartículas de MZ. Palavras chave: Doença de Chagas. Megazol. Nanopartículas. Poli(ε-caprolactona). Crossing-over mitótico. Aspergillus nidulans. 8 Abstract LIMA, M. L. Genotoxic evaluation of megazol, antichagasic agent and obtaining nanoparticles of poly (ε-caprolactone) containing megazol. 2011. 118 p. Masters thesis (Biotechnology) - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2011. Megazol (1-metil-2-(5-amino-1,3,4-tiadiazolil)-5-nitroimidazol) (MZ) has been describe as a effective compound against Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chaga’s disease. Nevertheless this compound has showed mutagenic effects and lower solubility in aqueous systems. The one aim of this research was evaluate the carcinogenic potential of three doses of megazol (MZ) through of homozygation index assay (HI). This short-term assay shows alterations in mitotic crossing-over frequencies eventually involving heterozygous auxotrophic genes in diploid strains of Aspergillus nidulans. The HI assay showed to mitotic crossing-over alteration in their frequency when the MZ was present. While the second aim was prepare poly-ε- caprolactone nanoparticles by nanoprecipitation method loaded with MZ. The particle size of the prepared nanoparticles was the 280±1,34 nm and polydispersity was 0,13±0,003. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyze reveled a smooth surface and spherical. The encapsulation efficiency about 24% was achieved to MZ nanoparticles. Key words: Chagas’ Disease. Megazol. Nanoparticles. Poli(ε-caprolactone). Mitotic Crossing-over. Aspergillus nidulans. 9 Lista de Ilustrações Figura 1. Distribuição de casos de infecção por Tripanossoma cruzi, baseado em estimativas oficiais 2006-2009................................................................................................21 Figura 2. Estrutura do MZ......................................................................................................24 Figura 3. Via biorredutiva de compostos aromáticos. S.O.D – superóxido dismutase; T.R – triponationa redutase..............................................................................................................28 Figura 4. Ciclo de vida de A. nidulans...................................................................................36 Figura 5. Substratos estruturais para recombinação em células de mamíferos. A. Clássica quebra dupla fita no DNA levam a formação de dois produtos finais que podem iniciar recombinação. B. Quebra de fita única persistente que pode colapsar a forquilha de replicação. C. A forquilha de replicação pode encontrar barreiras no molde de DNA que paralisam a forquilha. Sob tais condições a forquilha de replicação pode reverter e formar um intermediário com estrutura de ―pé de galinha‖ que serve como substrato para a recombinação.........................................................................................................................39 Figura 6. Crossing-over mitótico em diplóide eucarioto e seleção contra os diplóides recombinantes homozigotos para genes recessivos auxotróficos.........................................42 Figura 7. Morfologia das linhagens haplóides.......................................................................45 Figura 8. A. Distribuição dos marcadores nutricionais da linhagem haplóide UT448. B. Distribuição dos marcadores nutricionais da linhagem haplóide UT184. Os círculos representam os centrômeros.................................................................................................46 Figura 9. Mapa genético da linhagem diplóide Dp (II-I)//184. I a VIII representam os 8 gruposde ligação das linhagen diplóide; os círculos representam os centrômeros. As posições dos loci estão relativamente apresentadas. Os marcadores genéticos apresentados na parte superior de cada cromossomo são da linhagem parental Dp (II-I), e aqueles apresentados sob as linhas representando os cromossomos, são da outra linhagem parental, UT184. Os marcadores genéticos uvc e det, no cromossomo I, são resultados de rearranjos no DNA, depois da inserção de um segmento duplicado transposto do cromossomo II para o I...........................................................................................................47 Figura 10. Morfologia das linhagens diplóides obtidas. A. Linhagem UT448//UT184. B. Linhagem Dp(II-I)//UT184.......................................................................................................49 Figura 11. Setores diplóides provavelmente recombinantes obtidos a partir da linhagem diplóide Dp(II-I)//UT184..........................................................................................................50 Figura 12. Placas Mestras (MC) contendo 24 colônias em posições definidas, padrão 5x5, ao lado direito, controle Dp(II-I)..............................................................................................50 Figura 13. Média dos HIs do diplóide Dp(II-I)//UT184 A. nidulans tratado com MZ...........................................................................................................................................51 Figura 14. Micrografias MEV da morfologia externa e interna de micropartículas PLLA/PLGA............................................................................................................................58
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