Exclusive-128 Bit NLFSR Stream Cipher for Wireless Sensor Network Applications K
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A Differential Fault Attack on MICKEY
A Differential Fault Attack on MICKEY 2.0 Subhadeep Banik and Subhamoy Maitra Applied Statistics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute Kolkata, 203, B.T. Road, Kolkata-108. s.banik [email protected], [email protected] Abstract. In this paper we present a differential fault attack on the stream cipher MICKEY 2.0 which is in eStream's hardware portfolio. While fault attacks have already been reported against the other two eStream hardware candidates Trivium and Grain, no such analysis is known for MICKEY. Using the standard assumptions for fault attacks, we show that if the adversary can induce random single bit faults in the internal state of the cipher, then by injecting around 216:7 faults and performing 232:5 computations on an average, it is possible to recover the entire internal state of MICKEY at the beginning of the key-stream generation phase. We further consider the scenario where the fault may affect at most three neighbouring bits and in that case we require around 218:4 faults on an average. Keywords: eStream, Fault attacks, MICKEY 2.0, Stream Cipher. 1 Introduction The stream cipher MICKEY 2.0 [4] was designed by Steve Babbage and Matthew Dodd as a submission to the eStream project. The cipher has been selected as a part of eStream's final hardware portfolio. MICKEY is a synchronous, bit- oriented stream cipher designed for low hardware complexity and high speed. After a TMD tradeoff attack [16] against the initial version of MICKEY (ver- sion 1), the designers responded by tweaking the design by increasing the state size from 160 to 200 bits and altering the values of some control bit tap loca- tions. -
High Performance Architecture for LILI-II Stream Cipher
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 107 – No 13, December 2014 High Performance Architecture for LILI-II Stream Cipher N. B. Hulle R. D. Kharadkar, Ph.D. S. S. Dorle, Ph.D. GHRIEET, Pune GHRIEET, Pune GHRCE, Nagpur Domkhel Road Domkhel Road Hingana Road Wagholi, Pune Wagholi, Pune Nagpur ABSTRACT cipher. This architecture uses same clock for both LFSRs. It is Proposed work presents high performance architecture for capable of shifting LFSRD content by one to four stages, LILI-II stream cipher. This cipher uses 128 bit key and 128 bit depending on value of function FC in single clock cycle IV for initialization of two LFSR. Proposed architecture uses without losing any data from function FC. single clock for both LFSRs, so this architecture will be useful in high speed communication applications. Presented 2. LILI-II STREAM CIPHER architecture uses four bit shifting of LFSR in single clock LILI-II is synchronous stream cipher developed by A. Clark et D al. in 2002 by removing existing weaknesses of LILI-128 cycle without losing any data items from function FC. Proposed architecture is coded by using VHDL language with stream cipher. It consists of two subsystems, clock controlled CAD tool Xilinx ISE Design Suite 13.2 and targeted hardware subsystem and data generation subsystem as shown in Fig. 1. is Xilinx Virtex5 FPGA having device xc4vlx60, with KEY IV package ff1148. Proposed architecture achieved throughput of 127 128 128 224.7 Mbps at 224.7 MHz frequency. 127 General Terms Hardware implementation of stream ciphers LFSRc LFSRd ... Keywords X0 X126 X0 X1 X96 X122 LILI, Stream cipher, clock controlled, FPGA, LFSR. -
Key Differentiation Attacks on Stream Ciphers
Key differentiation attacks on stream ciphers Abstract In this paper the applicability of differential cryptanalytic tool to stream ciphers is elaborated using the algebraic representation similar to early Shannon’s postulates regarding the concept of confusion. In 2007, Biham and Dunkelman [3] have formally introduced the concept of differential cryptanalysis in stream ciphers by addressing the three different scenarios of interest. Here we mainly consider the first scenario where the key difference and/or IV difference influence the internal state of the cipher (∆key, ∆IV ) → ∆S. We then show that under certain circumstances a chosen IV attack may be transformed in the key chosen attack. That is, whenever at some stage of the key/IV setup algorithm (KSA) we may identify linear relations between some subset of key and IV bits, and these key variables only appear through these linear relations, then using the differentiation of internal state variables (through chosen IV scenario of attack) we are able to eliminate the presence of corresponding key variables. The method leads to an attack whose complexity is beyond the exhaustive search, whenever the cipher admits exact algebraic description of internal state variables and the keystream computation is not complex. A successful application is especially noted in the context of stream ciphers whose keystream bits evolve relatively slow as a function of secret state bits. A modification of the attack can be applied to the TRIVIUM stream cipher [8], in this case 12 linear relations could be identified but at the same time the same 12 key variables appear in another part of state register. -
Optimizing the Placement of Tap Positions and Guess and Determine
Optimizing the placement of tap positions and guess and determine cryptanalysis with variable sampling S. Hodˇzi´c, E. Pasalic, and Y. Wei∗† Abstract 1 In this article an optimal selection of tap positions for certain LFSR-based encryption schemes is investigated from both design and cryptanalytic perspective. Two novel algo- rithms towards an optimal selection of tap positions are given which can be satisfactorily used to provide (sub)optimal resistance to some generic cryptanalytic techniques applicable to these schemes. It is demonstrated that certain real-life ciphers (e.g. SOBER-t32, SFINKS and Grain-128), employing some standard criteria for tap selection such as the concept of full difference set, are not fully optimized with respect to these attacks. These standard design criteria are quite insufficient and the proposed algorithms appear to be the only generic method for the purpose of (sub)optimal selection of tap positions. We also extend the framework of a generic cryptanalytic method called Generalized Filter State Guessing Attacks (GFSGA), introduced in [26] as a generalization of the FSGA method, by applying a variable sampling of the keystream bits in order to retrieve as much information about the secret state bits as possible. Two different modes that use a variable sampling of keystream blocks are presented and it is shown that in many cases these modes may outperform the standard GFSGA mode. We also demonstrate the possibility of employing GFSGA-like at- tacks to other design strategies such as NFSR-based ciphers (Grain family for instance) and filter generators outputting a single bit each time the cipher is clocked. -
(SMC) MODULE of RC4 STREAM CIPHER ALGORITHM for Wi-Fi ENCRYPTION
InternationalINTERNATIONAL Journal of Electronics and JOURNAL Communication OF Engineering ELECTRONICS & Technology (IJECET),AND ISSN 0976 – 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 79-85 © IAEME COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (IJECET) ISSN 0976 – 6464(Print) IJECET ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online) Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 79-85 © IAEME: http://www.iaeme.com/IJECET.asp © I A E M E Journal Impact Factor (2015): 7.9817 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com VHDL MODELING OF THE SRAM MODULE AND STATE MACHINE CONTROLLER (SMC) MODULE OF RC4 STREAM CIPHER ALGORITHM FOR Wi-Fi ENCRYPTION Dr.A.M. Bhavikatti 1 Mallikarjun.Mugali 2 1,2Dept of CSE, BKIT, Bhalki, Karnataka State, India ABSTRACT In this paper, VHDL modeling of the SRAM module and State Machine Controller (SMC) module of RC4 stream cipher algorithm for Wi-Fi encryption is proposed. Various individual modules of Wi-Fi security have been designed, verified functionally using VHDL-simulator. In cryptography RC4 is the most widely used software stream cipher and is used in popular protocols such as Transport Layer Security (TLS) (to protect Internet traffic) and WEP (to secure wireless networks). While remarkable for its simplicity and speed in software, RC4 has weaknesses that argue against its use in new systems. It is especially vulnerable when the beginning of the output key stream is not discarded, or when nonrandom or related keys are used; some ways of using RC4 can lead to very insecure cryptosystems such as WEP . Many stream ciphers are based on linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs), which, while efficient in hardware, are less so in software. -
Side Channel Analysis Attacks on Stream Ciphers
Side Channel Analysis Attacks on Stream Ciphers Daehyun Strobel 23.03.2009 Masterarbeit Ruhr-Universität Bochum Lehrstuhl Embedded Security Prof. Dr.-Ing. Christof Paar Betreuer: Dipl.-Ing. Markus Kasper Erklärung Ich versichere, dass ich die Arbeit ohne fremde Hilfe und ohne Benutzung anderer als der angegebenen Quellen angefertigt habe und dass die Arbeit in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form noch keiner anderen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegen hat und von dieser als Teil einer Prüfungsleistung angenommen wurde. Alle Ausführungen, die wörtlich oder sinngemäß übernommen wurden, sind als solche gekennzeichnet. Bochum, 23.März 2009 Daehyun Strobel ii Abstract In this thesis, we present results from practical differential power analysis attacks on the stream ciphers Grain and Trivium. While most published works on practical side channel analysis describe attacks on block ciphers, this work is among the first ones giving report on practical results of power analysis attacks on stream ciphers. Power analyses of stream ciphers require different methods than the ones used in todays most popular attacks. While for the majority of block ciphers it is sufficient to attack the first or last round only, to analyze a stream cipher typically the information leakages of many rounds have to be considered. Furthermore the analysis of hardware implementations of stream ciphers based on feedback shift registers inevitably leads to methods combining algebraic attacks with methods from the field of side channel analysis. Instead of a direct recovery of key bits, only terms composed of several key bits and bits from the initialization vector can be recovered. An attacker first has to identify a sufficient set of accessible terms to finally solve for the key bits. -
MTH6115 Cryptography 4.1 Fish
MTH6115 Cryptography Notes 4: Stream ciphers, continued Recall from the last part the definition of a stream cipher: Definition: A stream cipher over an alphabet of q symbols a1;:::;aq requires a key, a random or pseudo-random string of symbols from the alphabet with the same length as the plaintext, and a substitution table, a Latin square of order q (whose entries are symbols from the alphabet, and whose rows and columns are indexed by these symbols). If the plaintext is p = p1 p2 ::: pn and the key is k = k1k2 :::kn, then the ciphertext is z = z1z2 :::zn, where zt = pt ⊕ kt for t = 1;:::;n; the operation ⊕ is defined as follows: ai ⊕a j = ak if and only if the symbol in the row labelled ai and the column labelled a j of the substitution table is ak. We extend the definition of ⊕ to denote this coordinate-wise operation on strings: thus, we write z = p ⊕ k, where p;k;z are the plaintext, key, and ciphertext strings. We also define the operation by the rule that p = z k if z = p ⊕ k; thus, describes the operation of decryption. 4.1 Fish (largely not examinable) A simple improvement of the Vigenere` cipher is to encipher twice using two differ- ent keys k1 and k2. Because of the additive nature of the cipher, this is the same as enciphering with k1 + k2. The advantage is that the length of the new key is the least common multiple of the lengths of k1 and k2. For example, if we encrypt a message once with the key FOXES and again with the key WOLVES, the new key is obtained by encrypting a six-fold repeat of FOXES with a five-fold repeat of WOLVES, namely BCIZWXKLPNJGTSDASPAGQJBWOTZSIK 1 The new key has period 30. -
Most Popular ■ CORN STALK RUNNER at Flock Together This 2017 TROY TURKEY TROT
COVERING FREE! UPSTATE NY NOVEMBER SINCE 2000 2018 Flock Together this Thanksgiving ■ 5K START AT 2013 TROY TURKEY TROT. JOIN THE CONTENTS 1 Running & Walking Most Popular ■ CORN STALK RUNNER AT Flock Together this 2017 TROY TURKEY TROT. Thanksgiving! 3 Alpine Skiing & Boarding Strutting Day! Ready for Ski Season! By Laura Clark 5 News Briefs 5 From the Publishers hat I enjoy most about Thanksgiving is that it is a teams are encouraged and die-hards relaxed, all-American holiday. And what is more are invited to try for the individual 50K option. 6-9 CALENDAR OF EVENTS WAmerican than our plucky, ungainly turkey? Granted, Proceeds benefit the Regional Food Bank of Northeastern New although Ben Franklin lost his bid to elevate our native species to November to January York, enabling them to ensure a bountiful Thanksgiving for every- national symbol status, the turkey gets the last cackle. For when one. (fleetfeetalbany.com) Things to Do was the last time you celebrated eagle day? On Thanksgiving Day, Thursday, November 22, get ready for 11 Hiking, Snowshoeing In a wishbone world, Thanksgiving gives the least offense. the most popular running day of the whole year. Sample one of Sure, it is a worry for turkeys but a trade-off if you consider all the these six races in our area. & Camping free publicity. While slightly distasteful for vegetarians, there are While most trots cater to the 5K crowd, perfect for strollers, West Stony Creek: Well-Suited all those yummy sides and desserts to consider. Best of all is the aspiring turklings and elders, the premiere 71st annual Troy emphasis on family members, from toms to hens to the littlest Turkey Trot is the only area race where it is still possible to double for Late Fall/Early Winter turklings (think ducklings). -
State Convergence and Keyspace Reduction of the Mixer Stream Cipher
State convergence and keyspace reduction of the Mixer stream cipher Sui-Guan Teo1, Kenneth Koon-Ho Wong1, Leonie Simpson1;2, and Ed Dawson1 1 Information Security Institute, Queensland University of Technology fsg.teo,kkwong,[email protected] 2 Faculty of Science and Technology, Queensland University of Technology GPO Box 2434, Brisbane Qld 4001, Australia [email protected] Keywords: Stream cipher, initialisation, state convergence, Mixer, LILI, Grain Abstract. This paper presents an analysis of the stream cipher Mixer, a bit-based cipher with structural components similar to the well-known Grain cipher and the LILI family of keystream generators. Mixer uses a 128-bit key and 64-bit IV to initialise a 217-bit internal state. The analysis is focused on the initialisation function of Mixer and shows that there exist multiple key-IV pairs which, after initialisation, produce the same initial state, and consequently will generate the same keystream. Furthermore, if the number of iterations of the state update function performed during initialisation is increased, then the number of distinct initial states that can be obtained decreases. It is also shown that there exist some distinct initial states which produce the same keystream, re- sulting in a further reduction of the effective key space. 1 Introduction Many keystream generators for stream ciphers are based on shift registers, partic- ularly Linear Feedback Shift Registers (LFSRs). Using the output of a regularly- clocked LFSR directly as keystream is cryptographically weak due to the linear properties of LFSR sequences. To mask this linearity, stream cipher designers use LFSRs and introduce non-linearity either explicitly through the use of nonlinear Boolean functions or implicitly through through the use of irregular clocking. -
The Moral Character of Cryptographic Work⋆
The Moral Character of Cryptographic Work? Phillip Rogaway Department of Computer Science University of California, Davis, USA [email protected] December 2015 (minor revisions March 2016) Abstract. Cryptography rearranges power: it configures who can do what, from what. This makes cryptography an inherently political tool, and it confers on the field an intrinsically moral dimension. The Snowden revelations motivate a reassessment of the political and moral positioning of cryptography. They lead one to ask if our inability to effectively address mass surveillance constitutes a failure of our field. I believe that it does. I call for a community-wide effort to develop more effective means to resist mass surveillance. I plead for a reinvention of our disciplinary culture to attend not only to puzzles and math, but, also, to the societal implications of our work. Keywords: cryptography · ethics · mass surveillance · privacy · Snowden · social responsibility Preamble. Most academic cryptographers seem to think that our field is a fun, deep, and politically neutral game|a set of puzzles involving communicating parties and notional adversaries. This vision of who we are animates a field whose work is intellectually impressive and rapidly produced, but also quite inbred and divorced from real-world concerns. Is this what cryptography should be like? Is it how we should expend the bulk of our intellectual capital? For me, these questions came to a head with the Snowden disclosures of 2013. If cryptography's most basic aim is to enable secure communications, how could it not be a colossal failure of our field when ordinary people lack even a modicum of communication privacy when interacting electronically? Yet I soon realized that most cryptographers didn't see it this way. -
An Archeology of Cryptography: Rewriting Plaintext, Encryption, and Ciphertext
An Archeology of Cryptography: Rewriting Plaintext, Encryption, and Ciphertext By Isaac Quinn DuPont A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Information University of Toronto © Copyright by Isaac Quinn DuPont 2017 ii An Archeology of Cryptography: Rewriting Plaintext, Encryption, and Ciphertext Isaac Quinn DuPont Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Information University of Toronto 2017 Abstract Tis dissertation is an archeological study of cryptography. It questions the validity of thinking about cryptography in familiar, instrumentalist terms, and instead reveals the ways that cryptography can been understood as writing, media, and computation. In this dissertation, I ofer a critique of the prevailing views of cryptography by tracing a number of long overlooked themes in its history, including the development of artifcial languages, machine translation, media, code, notation, silence, and order. Using an archeological method, I detail historical conditions of possibility and the technical a priori of cryptography. Te conditions of possibility are explored in three parts, where I rhetorically rewrite the conventional terms of art, namely, plaintext, encryption, and ciphertext. I argue that plaintext has historically been understood as kind of inscription or form of writing, and has been associated with the development of artifcial languages, and used to analyze and investigate the natural world. I argue that the technical a priori of plaintext, encryption, and ciphertext is constitutive of the syntactic iii and semantic properties detailed in Nelson Goodman’s theory of notation, as described in his Languages of Art. I argue that encryption (and its reverse, decryption) are deterministic modes of transcription, which have historically been thought of as the medium between plaintext and ciphertext. -
Solutions Manual
SOLUTIONS MANUAL CRYPTOGRAPHY AND NETWORK SECURITY PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE FOURTH EDITION WILLIAM STALLINGS Copyright 2006: William Stallings -2- © 2006 by William Stallings All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, or posted on the Internet, without permission in writing from the author. -3- NOTICE This manual contains solutions to all of the review questions and homework problems in Cryptography and Network Security, Fourth Edition. If you spot an error in a solution or in the wording of a problem, I would greatly appreciate it if you would forward the information via email to [email protected]. An errata sheet for this manual, if needed, is available at ftp://shell.shore.net/members/w/s/ws/S. W.S. -4- TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction..............................................................................................5 Chapter 2: Classical Encryption Techniques ............................................................7 Chapter 3: Block Ciphers and the Date Encryption Standard .............................. 13 Chapter 4: Finite Fields ............................................................................................ 21 Chapter 5: Advanced Encryption Standard ........................................................... 28 Chapter 6: More on Symmetric Ciphers ................................................................. 33 Chapter 7: Confidentiality Using Symmetric Encryption..................................... 38 Chapter 8: Introduction to Number Theory..........................................................