Ageing and

News and analysis of issues affecting the lives of older people Development Issue 14 July 2003

Devastation in Biara, near Halabja, northern Iraq, during the war earlier this year. After the war in Iraq The aftermath of the war in Iraq The 2003 war also disrupted wished I were able to host more,’ raises many questions about economic activity and halted says Salha. ‘But we have used inside... the future of its most vulnerable government payments. The disorder all our stock of foodstuffs and 2 News Meetings on ageing citizens, including older people that has followed has further under- savings and we have only got and ; violence and their families. mined the ability of the poorest enough rice left for a few days.’ in Cambodia; attitudes in groups to maintain their livelihoods. The war leaves in its wake a HelpAge International’s Ghana and Sudan; briefing on HIV/AIDS multitude of long-term problems In the Kurdish-administered region, programme has included home for Iraq. Twelve years of UN where HelpAge International has visiting, support to small-scale 6 Briefing Raising the issue economic sanctions led to a been working since 1997, uncertainty income generation, and advocacy of rights in serious deterioration in the and safety concerns led thousands for older people’s rights. It hopes 8 Profile Moving minds in conditions of life for the population. of people to move away from the to develop and expand this Moldova These economic hardships were areas that were close to Iraqi military work in other regions of Iraq, 9 Talking point Pension only partially mitigated by the UN’s lines. Many went to stay with friends where the needs of older people process in Uttar Pradesh ‘oil for food’ programme. When and relatives, stretching those are likely to be more acute. the war broke out, over 60 per cent families’ already meagre resources. 10 Resources Publications, websites and events of the population was wholly or HelpAge International’s Salha Khano, aged 72, ended up partially dependent on food rations. emergency response 12 Research update with ten of her daughter-in-law’s Web: www.helpage.org (click News) Non-contributory The country’s infrastructure – relatives staying in her house in ReliefWeb pensions, globalisation, electricity, water and sanitation Deir Alouk, a collective town to the Web: www.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf communications, poverty systems – and its health care north-west of Dohuk. The relatives and livelihood strategies UN Integrated Regional services have been brought to had moved from their homes in Information Networks (IRIN) the brink of collapse. This is the Dohuk, fearing the dangers that Web: irinnews.org/Iraqfp.asp? result of economic sanctions, war might bring. SelectRegion=Iraq_Crisis the destruction caused by three Kurdish culture has a strong tradition International Committee of the wars since the 1980s, and the Red Cross of hospitality. ‘We welcomed the large-scale looting that followed Web: www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/ displaced people warmly and I the 2003 war. siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/special_iraq Newsroundup Developments that affect older people’s quality of life

2 Older citizens monitor poverty programmes Support to poor older people hardly features in national poverty reduction programmes, nor are older people included in national consultations on poverty reduction. These are some of the findings Older people talked of problems from the first phase of HelpAge related to health services, water, International’s older citizens income and landlessness. Policy monitoring project, which will makers admitted that issues support older people to press of age did not feature in policies their governments to implement designed to reduce poverty, and the Madrid International Plan of said they intended to change this. Action on Ageing and other Over the next two years, older development agreements. people in these six countries will An audit of poverty reduction be supported to monitor the effect programmes, using literature of measures designed to reduce reviews and consultations with poverty and improve health older people and policy makers, services. The results will be has been carried out in used to highlight both problems Bangladesh, Bolivia, Ethiopia, and successes, and to motivate Jamaica, Kenya and Tanzania. older people to claim their entitlements and become involved Eyecare queue in Bangladesh, one of the countries in which older people will review government services. in consultation processes. HelpAge International East meets west in Europe Older people’s organisations working with and for older people, by EU law, but must develop Another key issue for candidate in candidate organised by Help the Aged policies in line with EU principles. countries is pensions. countries are preparing to and HelpAge International in At a follow-up meeting in June lobby their governments on Slovenia in April, representatives EU pensions process 2003, organised by AGE, the anti-discrimination and social of organisations from nine Web: europa.eu.int/comm/ European older people’s platform, protection issues, in line with EU candidate countries looked employment_social/soc-prot/ members of the East and Central pensions/index_en.htm EU policy. at how they could lobby their Europe Network were briefed governments on EU issues and Conference on social protection Ten countries – Cyprus, Czech on EU structures and processes. in the candidate countries strengthen links with western Republic, , Hungary, Latvia, Web: europa.eu.int/comm/ European NGOs. In particular, AGE is supporting Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovak employment_social/news/2003/ members to lobby on an jan/conf_en.html Republic and Slovenia – will In some areas, including anti- anti-discrimination directive that join the EU in 2004. Bulgaria and discrimination, EU candidate AGE will come into force in 2006, 111 rue Froissart, Romania hope to join in 2007. countries will have to implement prohibiting age-based 1040 , EU law. In others, including social At a meeting of the East and discrimination in employment. Email: [email protected] protection, they will not be bound Web: www.age-platform.org Central Europe Network of NGOs

So said Montoya, an older and speak loudly to make their went on to say: ‘What we need Comment magistrate from Dodoma, voices heard. They have rarely is resources – older people Time to listen and act Tanzania, at a consultation for been informed about poverty have been put into trash cans, HelpAge International’s older reduction programmes, but and we are not sure if they are ‘It is not proper to consider older citizens monitoring project (see they know it is their right to be breathing or not!’ persons as only a vulnerable above). included in them. group; we have to see them as resource people with skill The older people involved in the It is time for governments to listen Sylvia Beales and wisdom! We need to change project know that they will need to and act on the raised voices of Policy Development Manager, factors that make them vulnerable.’ acquire new skills, organise well, their older citizens. As Montoya HelpAge International

Ageing and Development July 2003 3 Meetings on ageing and poverty

The Department in implementing the Madrid Plan, A regional civil society proportion of people living in of Economic and Social and an intergovernmental consultation in Santiago in June, extreme poverty by 2015, Affairs is convening a number workshop on mainstreaming and a meeting of older people’s poverty reduction strategies must of meetings with government ageing in Vienna in December. leaders to be held in Colombia in focus on the poorest and most and civil society experts to October, will enable older people’s vulnerable older persons, promote older people’s right An expected outcome of these voices to be channelled into especially women, and on to development, as set out in meetings will be guidelines ministerial debates. breaking the poverty cycle that the Madrid International Plan for governments to promote runs from one generation to the older people’s rights, including of Action on Ageing. Report echoes Madrid Plan next, says the report. their right to be included in An intergovernmental workshop development processes. The ‘State of world population on ageing and poverty, with a 2002’ report from the United Workshop on ageing and poverty 29-31 October 2003, special focus on how ageing The regional follow-up process in Nations Population Fund, People, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania should be included in national and the poverty and possibilities: making More information: poverty reduction strategies, will will culminate in a ministerial development work for the poor, Diane Loughran, UNDESA be held in Tanzania in October, meeting in Santiago, , in echoes the Madrid Plan’s call Email: [email protected] Web: www.un.org/esa/ with the participation of 11 November. Expert meetings have for ageing to be mainstreamed African governments. This will be been held on health and into the development agenda. Latin America follow-up process followed by an expert meeting in wellbeing, income security and UN ECLAC Web: www.eclac.cl Malta in November to develop poverty, and strengthening social To meet the Millennium indicators for measuring progress networks. Development Goal of halving the State of world population 2002 Web: www.unfpa.org/swp/swpmain.htm Picture of violence in Cambodia A picture of domestic violence, The older people were living in a difficulties supporting my understanding by the government and powerlessness of older variety of situations – with their grandchildren, because I do not of their situation, education for people to intervene, emerges children and in-laws, with a single have a good shelter or enough younger generations about the in a set of interviews with older child and grandchildren after in- food for them to eat and I cannot problems faced by older people, people in Cambodia. laws had left, looking after grand- take good care of them because and expansion of associations children on their own, or living alone. of my weak physical condition.’ to other villages so that more older One older woman said: ‘My son- All spoke of disputes or physical people could be assisted. in-law would beat my daughter The older people said they valued violence within their families. until she lost consciousness… visits, loans and gifts from More information: I tried to intervene in their disputes The older people said they felt members of older people’s Dim Vy, Programme Manager, because I did not want them to hurt, perplexed, ashamed and associations. They asked for HelpAge International, PO Box 525, divorce. [Now] I have to support worried for themselves in the face more visits from neighbours, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. my four grandchildren and my of domestic violence. They also more practical support, better Email: [email protected] daughter, as her husband talked about problems of isolation, abandoned her to live with another poor health, and lack of money for woman.’ food and clothes for themselves and children in their care. An older man said: ‘I have a son-in-law who commits domestic ‘I have difficulty supporting my violence against my daughter. grandchildren as we do not have Sometimes he wants to kill me enough food to eat and I am because of my intervention.’ always ill,’ said one older woman. ‘I go to the forest four to five hours Stories were collected by HelpAge per day to pick wild vegetables… International from eight older [but this] does not provide me women and three older men in with enough income.’ seven villages in Banteay Meanchey and Battambang provinces in Another older woman who moved 2002, as part of a project to raise with her grandchildren because At home in Cambodia, where older people have spoken about their awareness and support older people her daughter and son-in-law were experience of domestic violence.

affected by domestic violence. quarrelling, said: ‘I face a lot of International Paul Young/HelpAge

Ageing and Development July 2003 Newsroundup Developments that affect older people’s quality of life

4 Attitudes in Africa Attitudes to older people are examined in studies in Sudan and Ghana, commissioned by HelpAge International as part of a programme to promote older people’s rights in Africa.

A study by the Sudanese Society for being disrespectful. in Care of the Elderly People A survey by Helpage Ghana and (SSCOP) and the Institute of the Centre for Policy Studies, African and Asian Studies University of Ghana, used of Khartoum University looked at questionnaires, interviews and the impact of poverty and focus group discussions with displacement on attitudes towards older people, young people and older people in Omdurman, near carers in four rural and urban Khartoum. This area has received communities in and near Accra waves of internally displaced and Kumasi during 2002. people from all parts of Sudan. Television dramas were A survey of householders and monitored by students from the focus group discussions with Centre for Policy Studies. older men and women in four Older people said that young residential areas and one camp people lacked respect for them. shows that migrant communities They attributed this to a general live in extreme poverty. For disregard for the law and Helping hand in Sudan, where a study looks at attitudes. older people, the main issues Alison Geldart/HelpAge International misunderstanding about their are poverty, inadequate health rights. Older people also services, insecure subsistence highlighted their own poverty as and lack of employment a reason why young people Pensions for all? opportunities. looked down on them. A fundamental fiscal realignment to generate the resources for In general, householders’ attitudes Young people reported negative social protection for all older persons was one of the strategies to older people have not changed. behaviour by older people. proposed at a seminar on social protection in Washington in Nearly 80 per cent of house- They said that their willingness October 2002. holders agreed that older people to care for people in their old were ‘like the gum arabic tree’, The seminar, organised by Could old age be a well-chosen age was determined by the type which has many uses. However, HelpAge International, the National universal indicator for targeted of care that the older people older people no longer receive the Academy of Social Insurance and anti-poverty programmes? had given them. support from the community that the Initiative for Policy Dialogue, What are the policy options they enjoyed in their original places. In television dramas, older people brought together leading thinkers for developing countries to were generally portrayed in a in the international lending In Sudan, grandparents, enable them to implement social positive way, when they appeared organisations, the United Nations, particularly grandmothers, have protection systems that will at all. However, the tendency universities and research centres. an important traditional role as reduce poverty and inequality? was not to portray older people. storytellers. This helps to create A summary of the proceedings These questions will be further a bond with their grandchildren. and a discussion of key issues examined in a report to be Asked whether this custom is Impact of displacement and raised are contained in a report poverty on attitudes towards older published by HelpAge International maintained, only 23 per cent of people (draft) of the seminar, published by in 2004, marking the launch of a older people interviewed said it Adam Azzain Mohamed, HelpAge International. The report campaign to highlight older was. Disrespectful terms for SSCOP, 2002 highlights five questions for people’s poverty and advocate older people are used by children Survey of attitudes towards older further debate: for the introduction of basic non- in streets. people and ageing in Ghana contributory pensions. HelpAge Ghana and Centre for Can the provision of universal Social Policy Studies, social protection be a vital ‘Our neighbours are not bad Population ageing and University of Ghana, Legon, 2003 element of the package required people but they have no time or development – new strategies to deliver on the Millennium resources to help other people.’ More information: for social protection Pension Munyama, Development Goals? Report of a seminar held on Older people in Omdurman, Sudan Programme Coordinator, HelpAge 31 October 2002 organised by International Africa Regional How much is political will HelpAge International, National Older people do not blame their Development Centre, PO Box 14888, the key to reducing poverty of Academy of Social Insurance and Westlands, 00800 Nairobi, Kenya. neighbours for failure to maintain older persons? the Initiative for Policy Dialogue Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] social solidarity. However, Is social protection Also available as a PDF at: they blame younger generations Also see Briefing on page 6. well-targeted development aid? www.helpage.org

Ageing and Development July 2003 5

the support of British MEP Glenys HelpAge International. The Bolivian government has Kinnock, in late September 2003. Email: [email protected] agreed to resume the Bonosol, Diary Email: [email protected] the annual payment to people Growing numbers of older aged 65 and over, at a rate of Tel: +322 280 0771 people are caring for orphans and 1,800 bolivianos (US$235). How can European Union A review of global progress in vulnerable children, but there is little However, the Bonosol has been development policy be more achieving the Millennium policy or programming directed under attack by some inclusive of the rights and Development Goals to reduce toward their needs. A joint paper by organisations, in particular entitlements of all social groups, under-fives and maternal mortality HelpAge International and the pensioners' associations and including marginalised issues such rates by two-thirds by 2015 is to International HIV/AIDS Alliance, due some trade union branches, with as older age? A seminar to examine be published by the ‘Grow up in September 2003, will examine the support of opposition parties, these questions will be held at the free from Child Poverty Coalition’ experience in Asia and Africa, and arguing that funds used for the European Parliament, organised by in late 2003, drawing on material make policy and practice Bonosol will deplete reserves for HelpAge International, One World from a wide range of NGO recommendations. future pensioners. Action, Aprodev and WIDE, with and faith groups, including More details in A&D15.

Asia media comes under the spotlight Older people want to be well informed, they welcome access to all kinds of media, and they want to participate fully in contemporary life, says a survey of older people and the media in Asia.

The survey, commissioned by are often only available in public HelpAge International, involved places where older women are older people and other community less likely to go. members in 32 rural and urban Older people who took part in locations in Bangladesh, China, the survey said that there should India, Laos, Nepal, Philippines, Older people want more access to the media, says a survey in Asia. be more for older people in all Madison/HelpAge International Brent Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam. the media. They felt that mass Participatory methods were used media should act as agents for to find out how older people get social change. Most countries news, information and reported a strong demand from Briefing on HIV/AIDS entertainment, what media they older people to be more involved Surveys carried out by HelpAge International in five villages prefer, how they are represented in media production. in Tete province, Mozambique show that more than half of in the media, and how others all older people are caring for an average of three orphans. The survey formed part of a see them. DFID-funded project to identify The number of orphans and older by 2015, and identifies actions Older people consistently appropriate media for carers in the villages has required to tackle the devastation displayed an interest in the world development work with older increased at least fourfold in one- caused by the epidemic. around them, even though people, and sensitise and-a-half years. The paper also outlines work they are often stereotyped as the media to the implications of This is one example of the impact that HelpAge International is uninterested, frightened or population ageing and the of HIV/AIDS on older people that undertaking to support older opposed to change. contributions of older people. is described in HIV/AIDS and people affected by HIV/AIDS. Oral communication still plays a ageing: a briefing paper, published In Mozambique, older people have Older people and the media: central role in providing by HelpAge International. been trained as ‘listeners’ to raise a community survey information and entertainment for awareness about HIV and AIDS HelpAge International 2002 The paper explores the main older people. However, broadcast and help families cope with the More information: ways in which HIV and AIDS media, particularly television, multiple traumas AIDS presents HelpAge International Asia-Pacific impact on older women and men are becoming very important, Regional Development Centre, them with. in developing countries. It reviews especially for those with low c/o Faculty of Nursing, Chiang Mai University, the research, programme and literacy levels. HIV/AIDS and ageing: Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. policy implications of including a briefing paper Fax: +66 53 894214 Television and radio are more older people in interventions to HelpAge International, 2003 Email: [email protected] likely than newspapers to be achieve the Millennium Email: [email protected] equally accessible to older women Development Goal to halt and Also available as a PDF at: www.helpage.org and men, because newspapers reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS

Ageing and Development July 2003 Briefing Analysis of current topics in ageing

6 Raising the issue of rights in Africa Older people in Africa are subject to widespread violations of their rights. A&D looks at the causes and effects of abuse against older people, and what can be done to protect their rights.

Across Africa, chronic and deepening poverty, and weakened family and community structures due to migration, conflict, natural disasters and the impact of HIV/AIDS have contributed to serious violations of older people’s rights. Poverty is an abuse of human rights with devastating effects on older people, along with inaccessible healthcare and failure to provide social protection.

Older people are abused socially, economically, physically and emotionally – often by a member of their own family or community. In northern Tanzania, community education using music and drama is helping to reduce witchcraft-related An extreme example of abuse are attacks against older people. Sylvia Beales/HelpAge International deaths and injuries resulting from witchcraft accusations, when attack and loss of property and Problems seeking justice to promote and uphold older communities respond to calamities possessions. The right of older There are a number of legal people’s rights, including their by pointing the finger at an older women to live in peace in their frameworks protecting human right to development and freedom person. ‘When you are very old, own houses is often denied them. rights in Africa. The Universal from abuse and discrimination. people wonder what you might Declaration of Human Rights have done to live this long. In Poor access to health services However, few African governments (1948) specifies the right to fact, because of your age, people is a widespread problem. have incorporated these participation, economic, social automatically brand you a witch,’ Huge pressure on over-stretched agreements into national policies. and cultural rights, although it says Stanley Lwampungu, an resources means that older people Poor older people and their does not specifically mention older older man from Kenya.1 are often the lowest priority. organisations are generally Corruption and bribery, and people. The African Charter on excluded from policy-making Another problem is abandonment failure to implement national laws Human and People’s Rights (1981) processes and are not represented by family members who have entitling older people to free outlines the duties of individuals in government. As Ebrahim Ali gone to settle in urban areas or, medicines, further deny older to their families and society. from Tanzania points out: ‘We in pastoral communities, moved people their right to healthcare, as African governments have signed have no member of parliament, on in search of pasture for their they cannot raise money to pay. up to the United Nations Principles no councillors, no chief. We have livestock. Sometimes, frail older for Older Persons (1991), which no one who can talk to the people are abandoned in Growing emphasis on community- set out older people’s right to government on our behalf.’ hospitals, where they can be based health care in a number of independence, participation, care, further exposed to mistreatment African countries has placed Most people are not familiar with self-fulfilment and dignity. The by healthcare workers. much of the responsibility for care existing laws and policies to with the family, without providing United Nations High Commissioner protect older people. Older people Rights of older people, especially extra resources. In particular, for Refugees policy on older themselves are not aware of their women, to any property are often increasing numbers of older refugees (2001) provides for the rights. Africa has many human violated. Women’s right to land people are caring for younger particular challenges facing older rights organisations, but they do and inheritance is often ignored. family members with HIV-related people, and recognises the need not often pay specific attention People’s right to security is illness – yet older people are rarely to support the contributions they to older people. fundamental, but in urban areas, targeted in HIV/AIDS education can make. Many cases of elder abuse never where crime is common, and in programmes. Their right to The Madrid International Plan of go to court, because law times of conflict, frail older people inclusion in community-based Action on Ageing (2002) enforcement agencies are unwilling are particularly vulnerable to theft, programmes is often ignored. specifically commits governments to prosecute, owing to negative

Ageing and Development July 2003 7 attitudes to older people, or Care of the Aged is training organisations and human rights 2003, brought together 30 lawyers because older people are afraid volunteers both to provide home organisations, using grants from and representatives of human to press charges or cannot afford care services to older people, and HelpAge International. rights organisations from east, the fees. to sensitise the local community west and southern Africa, In Durban, South Africa, the about the importance of including 16 members of the For older people without a good Muthande Society for the Aged is supporting older people. ‘We must International Commission of education, court procedures can supporting grandparents caring learn to help each other,’ says Jurists. Participants explored ways be difficult to follow. ‘My case went for orphans to take the local coordinator Florence Khosa. in which bar associations and to the high court but I had no idea government to court for refusing ‘People live alone, but their older people’s organisations could what they were saying because them foster care grants. By law, neighbours can draw water, run collaborate to promote the rights they spoke in English. I came out carers of orphans are entitled to errands and help with cooking.’ of older people in Africa. with nothing,’ says Francis Kaburi foster care grants, but some older from Kenya, who sought legal Elim-Hlanganani, which successfully people have been denied these. The need for the legal profession redress on loss of property. took the district government to to support older people is starting In Swaziland, the older people’s court over non-payment of to be recognised. Otiende Amollo, organisation Umtfunti is supporting Changing attitudes pensions in 1998, has also secretary of the Kenya branch of an older couple accused of developed positive relationships the International Commission of Over the past two years, HelpAge concealing their son, after he was with the government, resulting in Jurists, says: ‘We need to be International has supported a range charged with murder. The couple the appointment of a social worker prepared to take affirmative action of initiatives aimed at promoting have been victimised and live in to process applications for foster- to protect older people, so that, the rights of older people in Africa. fear of attack. Umtfunti has brought care grants by older people caring in certain instances, as preference These include commissioning a case against local community for orphans. has been given to women, research into attitudes, supporting leaders, with support from Women children and people with community education projects, In northern Tanzania, poverty, low and Law in Southern Africa, and disabilities, preference will also be providing grants for legal education levels and strong beliefs Lawyers for Human Rights. The given to older people.’ challenges, running awareness- in witchcraft have led to a rising case has generated much media raising workshops on human rights number of atrocities against older coverage, encouraging more older 1. Quotes from older people are from for older people’s organisations, people. However, a broad-based people to come forward. It has ‘The rights of older people’ videos. human rights groups, lawyers programme including community also highlighted older people’s lack and the media, producing and HelpAge International’s Africa rights education and paralegal training of awareness of their rights, which programme is funded by the disseminating information, has led to greater acknowledge- is now being addressed through UK Department for International and lobbying for policy change. ment of older people’s rights and an education programme. Development, with additional funding a fall in witchcraft-related attacks. from the World Health Organization ‘The way forward lies in HelpAge Kenya has moved into and Ministry for Foreign strengthening links between older In Lesotho, the Maseru Women’s civil rights work by teaming up Affairs. people and their communities, Senior Citizens Association has with the Centre for Minority Rights and promoting positive attitudes started a community education Development (CEMIRIDE) to More information: Pension Munyama, Rights Programme towards older people. Partnerships project involving older people and support an older woman also need to be created between Coordinator, HelpAge International service providers, designed to raise threatened with eviction from her Africa Regional Development Centre, older people’s groups and human awareness of older people’s rights. marital home by a businessman. PO Box 14888, Westlands, rights organisations and activists He claims it is his, after one of 00800 Nairobi, Kenya. HelpAge Zimbabwe is running a Email: pmunyama helpage.co.ke to redress human rights abuses, the woman’s sons attempted to @ community education pilot project backed up by policies and laws apportion some of the land to The rights of older people in partnership with the Southern protecting older people,’ says private buyers. Two video documentaries: programme coordinator Pension African Human Rights Trust, in ‘The mark of a noble society’ which groups of older people and and ‘Possible solutions’ Munyama. Bringing lawyers together VHS format, HelpAge International, other community members meet 2003 Research into attitudes to older to share their experiences and Raising awareness of older people in Sudan and Ghana, concerns. people’s situation among those Old is gold commissioned by HelpAge that can help them is a key Five 15-minute radio plays: Supporting materials, including a Abandonment of older people International, points to deteriorating element of the programme. Older people and healthcare video and series of radio plays, relationships between older and ‘Lawyers can play an important Violence against older people younger generations, and have been produced by HelpAge part by advocating with and for HIV/AIDS and older people recommends intergenerational International. These have been older people for litigation, and Poverty and older people used in training workshops and CD-ROM, HelpAge International, anti-poverty programmes and providing services to represent 2002/2003 awareness-raising (see page 4). aired by national media such as the older people whose rights are Kenya Broadcasting Corporation. being violated, as is happening with The mark of a noble society: Community education initiatives human rights and older people CEMIRIDE in Kenya and Lawyers in a number of countries are Briefing paper, HelpAge International, Legal challenges for Human Rights in Swaziland,’ 2000 helping to improve attitudes to A number of legal challenges have says Pension Munyama. older people. In South Africa, Ageways 59: Violence and abuse been brought by older people with community-based organisation A workshop in Nairobi, organised HelpAge International, April 2002 support from older people’s Elim-Hlanganani Society for the by HelpAge International in March

Ageing and Development July 2003 Profile Taking older people’s interests forward

8

The organisation is also contributing reports to HelpAge Moving minds in Moldova International’s older citizens’ monitoring project (see page 2). Community self-help initiatives and the concept of active ageing are starting to take root in Moldova, with some help from the gerontological association, Second Breath. New networks The collapse of the Soviet Union Reliance on the state during the people felt overwhelmed by A number of older people’s has led to economic hardship communist era means that there financial and practical difficulties,’ organisations in Moldova have across . is no history of community self- says president, Irina Baicalova. made contact with Second Breath Particularly hard hit is Moldova, help. But out of necessity, small ‘There is a great sense of through a national network that it a small country sandwiched self-help groups and NGOs have isolation. Many older people who has established with support from between Romania and Ukraine. started to emerge. could go out, stay at home, HelpAge International. Local Loss of traditional markets has because they have nothing to do.’ branches of pensioners’ and led to rapid emigration, with as Community services veterans’ associations are Irina Baicalova, a doctor by beginning to talk about community much as a quarter of the The gerontological association, profession, is dedicated to initiatives and discuss how older population now living abroad. Second Breath, was established promoting high standards of care people can improve their situation. in Balti, Moldova’s second city, in More than one in six of those and human rights for older people. 1998, with funding from the Open remaining in Moldova are The United Nations Principles for Second Breath will continue to Society Institute. Second Breath pensioners. In some villages, Older Persons – independence, encourage the government to is unusual in combining medical more than half the population participation, care, self-fulfilment listen to active older people and and social rehabilitation services are older people. and dignity – underlie all Second understand their situation, by with community-based activities. Breath’s work, and Second Breath participating in discussions Older people face serious aimed at developing a national Second Breath runs a home care has established its own bill of difficulties. Pensions are very low, policy on ageing and a poverty programme, day care centre, rights, covering the rights of the providing only a quarter of the reduction strategy. meals-on-wheels and ‘warm client and the duty of the carer. amount needed to buy food. house’ parties for housebound Some older people in towns have Building on these contacts, older people. These services are Influencing policy had to sell their possessions or Second Breath is taking the provided by volunteers, some of Second Breath has helped to resort to begging, while those in lead in a new project supported them older people themselves increase understanding of older villages survive by growing food by HelpAge International to who have been recruited people’s situation by organising and burning seeds for fuel. develop sustainable, low-cost through the rehabilitation centre. conferences and round-table support systems that will help It also runs a ‘hospice at home’ discussions, publishing guidelines Services that used to be provided to reintegrate older people into programme employing for carers, and carrying out by the government have been society – for example, through professional staff. research. In 2000, it published reduced or withdrawn. The cost volunteer-based services, the results of a survey of 1,500 of health care and medicines put income-generation activities, ‘We set up Second Breath older people (reported in A&D 8). these out of reach of many older health promotion and lobbying because we realised that older It highlighted their desperately people. local government about low income and problems of entitlements. poor diet, ill-health, difficulty accessing health services, lack It will also have a role in a new of respect for older people’s regional network being set up rights, and a desire by older with support from HelpAge people to participate in social International to combat age and political life. discrimination across south-east Europe. The research has supported advocacy, a growing area of ‘Only two years have passed Second Breath’s work. In 2002, since we published our research,’ Second Breath, in cooperation says Irina Baicalova. ‘I am very with the Ministry of Labour and happy that the concepts raised in Social Protection, organised it have started to be understood a conference in the capital, and developed.’ Chisinau, at which a shift in attitudes to ageing became apparent. ‘Heads of social More information: Irina Baicalova, President, services are beginning to Second Breath, str. Bulgara 142 understand that both passive ap.45, Balti, Moldova. Older people enjoy a ‘warm house’ party organised by a volunteer and active ageing can exist,’ Email: [email protected] from Second Breath. Web: old.beltsy.md/secondbr

Second Breath says Irina Baicalova.

Ageing and Development July 2003 Talking point Understanding older people’s experience

9 Pension process in Uttar Pradesh Research into the administration of pension schemes has been carried out in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Amanda Heslop spent a day with the research team.

Interviews with over a thousand The interviews went along the Have you applied for any of these? older people in rural and urban lines of the following one with Yes. I asked the Gram Pradhan districts of Varanasi were carried Ram Chindra, who was pushing [head of the village committee] out in November 2002, as part a wheeled cart containing a about it. of a research project by HelpAge few vegetables that he was going About which scheme? India, the Centre for Applied to sell. The old age pension. Sociology and HelpAge What is your age? I am 62. International. The research aims to In the last three years, how many understand how the schemes are What is your caste? Rajbhar. times did you try to get it? administered and investigate older One. I went to the Gram Pradhan Is your wife alive? Yes. people’s experiences of access. when he was filling forms for Asks about education. others. But I was told there was I spent a day with the HelpAge I can write my name, that’s all. no point in filling in the form India researchers – Anupama because only six applicants would Datta from Delhi and S K Singh Do you have a house? Yes. be accepted. and R K Srivastava from Varanasi. Do you own it? Yes. As we walked through the villages, Why do you think you did not get what struck me most was the What is your occupation? the benefit? amount and diversity of visible I have just started selling I told you already. The Pradhan activity by older people. vegetables. I buy them from the said only four or five will get it so market and sell them. there’s no point filling out a form I saw older people engaged in for you. bidi (cigarette) making, dry flower Asks about income. picking or tending, washing pots, I get about 70 rupees [US$1.5] What do you think the government selling vegetables from a hand- a day. should do for people like you? Ram Chindra stops his cart pulled cart, tending paddy fields, We should get some facilities from to answer questions about Do you live with your family? shop trading, pulling carts with the government. claiming his pension. Yes. What do I eat if I don’t live Amanda Heslop/HelpAge International loads, making fuel from dung, Can you suggest any changes in farming, building scaffolding from with them? the procedures adopted for bamboo onto a brick house, Asks about family. getting benefits? Pension schemes herding goats, pulling water from I have four daughters and two It shouldn’t be done through the a rope-bucket well, and going to sons. I live with my wife, my sons Three means-tested schemes Gram Pradhan. I went to the block farm. and their wives and children and operate in Uttar Pradesh: office but I couldn’t meet with my unmarried daughters. state pension of Rs50 The villages contained a mixture anyone. Someone else should do (US$1) a month for people of brick buildings without cement, Are you aware of social assistance it but not the village Pradhan. aged 65 and over who have mud dwellings (which are typically schemes for older people? no family support or income the scheduled caste quarter) and Yes. I don’t get anything but I The findings of the research, which is funded the World Bank’s Social from employment a few brick and cement dwellings know people who get it. Protection Division, will be reported national pension of Rs75 belonging to the better off. in A&D 15. Buildings are clustered together Has any help been given to you (US$1.6) a month for people Amanda Heslop is research and around fields that look fairly large to apply for it? aged 65 and over who are Nobody has helped me. training manager, HelpAge living below the poverty but are mostly divided into very International. line (combined with the small plots. What schemes do you think you state pension to give a total Villages typically have a central are eligible for? More information: Shubha Soneja, of Rs125 a month) meeting place, or chaupal, and I’ll take whatever I get. Head of Research, HelpAge India, the ‘Annapurna’, a monthly this is often the first point of What do you think makes you C-14 Qutab Institutional Area, allowance of 10 kilos of grain introduction for the researchers. eligible for these schemes? South of IIT, New Delhi 110016, India. Fax: +91 11 26852916 or rice for older people who Some of the interviews took One of my eyes. I can’t see Email: [email protected] are eligible for either a state place in public, outside a from one eye at all. The vision in or national pension, but who person’s house. However, the the other is fading. Amanda Heslop, Training and Research Manager, do not receive one. interviewers were well trained to Are you getting any benefits? HelpAge International, focus on the respondent, ignoring PO Box 32832, N1 9ZN, UK. Nothing. other comments. Email: [email protected]

Ageing and Development July 2003 Resources New publications, websites, conferences and courses

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Globalization, population aging and Effects of forced displacement on the Asia strained by ageing population Journal articles ethics, part II: toward a just global mental health of older people in North Jill McGivering, BBC News World society India Edition (14 May 2003) A round-up of what is being written L Polivka, J. Aging and Identity 7:3 S Kedia and J Willigen, Hallym Int. J. on ageing issues. For journal Web: news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/ (September 2002) Aging 3:1 (2002) details please write to the editor or 3025289.stm email: ctill helpage.org @ An ageing world: new issues, more Social security reform: a worldwide Cross-cultural questions phenomenon National M Janicki and P N Walsh, J. International differences in life Y-P Chen, J. Aging and Soc. Pol. Trends in dietary traits of the elderly: Intellectual and Development satisfaction among urban living elders: 14:1 (2002) the Indonesian case Disability 27:4 (December 2002) Chinese and Canadian comparisons R Boedhi-Darmojo, Asia Pacific J. N L Chappell et al., Hallym Int. J. Social security reform in Latin America: Aging 2:2 (2001) policy challenges Clinical Nutrition 11:s1 Health (September 2002) S J Kay and B E Kritzer, J. Aging Demographic and health conditions The impact of social ties on depressive and Soc. Pol. 14:1 (2002) Successful aging among the young- of ageing in Latin America and the symptoms in US and Japanese elderly old, old-old and oldest-old Chinese Caribbean H Sugisawa, J. Soc. Issues 58:4 Social security in the : CK-L Chi and I Chi, Int. J. Ageing A Palloni et al., Int. J. Epi. 31:4 (Winter 2002) a brief review and Human Dev. 54:1 (2002) (August 2002) J Turner and J H Lichtenstein, J. Aging The experience and interpretation of and Soc. Pol. 14:1 (2002) ‘I want to go!’ How older people in Functional limitations in Mexican dementia: cross-cultural perspectives Ghana look forward to death American elderly J N Henderson, J. Cross Cult. Ger. Characteristics and the background S van der Geest, Ageing and Soc. A Pennathur et al., Int. J. Industrial 17:3 (2002) of the Japanese long-term care 22:1 (January 2002) Ergonomics 31:1 (January 2003) insurance system Family M Masuda, Hallym Int. J. Aging 3:2 Demographic transition in China and Ageing in China: health and social (2001) its implications consequences and responses Social change and adult children’s A Hussain, World Dev. 30:10 J Woo et al., Int. J. Epi. 31:4 attitudes toward support of elderly Social insurance schemes in the (October 2002) (August 2002) parents: evidence from Nepal Gulf countries A Mehraban Pienta et al., Hallym Int. Z S Mohammed, Int. Soc. Security Elderly people and policies regarding Development of a Japanese quality J. Aging 3:2 (2001) Rev. 55:4 (Oct-Dec 2002) ageing in China. A report on Chinese of life instrument for older adults literature experiencing dementia (QLDJ) Mutual exchange of support and Problems and future directions of M Long, Genus 56:3/4 (2000) Y Yamamoto-Mitani et al., Int. J. intergenerational relationships in the long-term care insurance system Ageing and Human Dev. 55:1 (2002) Korean families in : rethinking substitution and A lost generation: as AIDS decimates Y Jang et al., Hallym Int. J. Aging 2:2 compensation for family care South Africa’s population, grand- Chronic illness and depressive (2001) M Morikawa, Hallym Int. J. Aging 3:2 mothers shoulder family burdens symptoms among Chinese older (2001) F Pearce, The Boston Globe, adults: a longitudinal study Comparison of caregiving burden among 7 January 2003 K L Chou and I Chi, Int. J. Ageing Korean and Japanese caregivers Social security for the unorganised and Human Dev. 54:2 (2002) K-O Rhee and M J Lee, Hallym Int. sector in South Asia J Aging 3:2 (2001) S I Rajan, Int. Social Security Rev. 55:4 International Cultural construction of a disease: a (Oct-Dec 2002) Stability and change in living ‘supernormal’ construct of dementia Family support and health statues of arrangements in Indonesia, in American Indian tribe the elderly in Imo State of Nigeria Social security in Africa: a brief Singapore and Taiwan 1993-1999 J Neil Henderson and L Carson G O Unanka, J. Soc. Issues 58:4 overview E Frankenberg et al., Pop. Studies Henderson, J. Cross Cult. Ger. 17:3 (WInter 2002) C Bailey and J Turner, J. Aging and 56:2 (2002) (2002) Soc. Pol. 14:1 (2002) Gender Perceived elderly traits and young Constructing and deconstructing Social security in Asia and the Pacific: people's helping tendencies in the the self: dementia in China Health expectancies in Japan: gender a brief overview US, Ireland, Nigeria and Brazil C J Ikels, J. Cross Cult. Ger. 17:3 differences and policy implications for J Turner, J. Aging and Soc. Pol. 14:1 F E Eyetsemitan, J. Cross Cult. Ger. (2002) women (2002) 17:1 (2002) I Tsuji et al., J. Women and Aging Nutrition of elderly people in Mervalja 14:1/2 (2002) Social security reform ideas in Japan Misconceptions and misapprehensions nursing home N Watanabe, J. Aging and Soc. Pol. about population ageing M Saava and I R Kisper-Hint, Papers Disability among older women and 14:1 (2002) E M Gee, Int. J. Epi. 31:4 (August 2002) on Anthropology 11 (2002) men in Fiji: concerns for the future S V Panapasa, J. Women and Aging Global ageing – the non-governmental Flexible hips? On Alzheimer’s disease 14:1/2 (2002) Wellbeing organisation role in the developing and ageing in Brazil Depression and substance use in a world A Leibing, J. Cross Cult. Ger. 17:3 middle aged and older Puerto Rican Economic M Gorman, Int. J. Epi. 31:4 (2002) population (August 2002) Earning a way out of poverty K Weingartner et al., J. Cross Cult. Senility as disintegrated person in A Bush, Ageways (May 2003). Special Ger. 17:2 (2002) Ageing in Asia: facing the crossroads Japan issue on income-generating activities. H A I Hermalin, Hallym Int. J. Aging J W Traphagan, J. Cross Cult. Ger. Promotion of physical activity in a 3:2 (2001) 17:3 (2002) Asia’s huge unfunded gap [pension developing country: the Agita Sao planning] Paolo experience The future of global ageing The situation of older people with T Holland, Far Eastern Economic S Matsudo et al., Public Health and R Palacios, Int. J. Epi. 31:4 intellectual disability in Nepal: a pilot Review (January 2003) Nutrition 5:1a (February 2002) (August 2002) study S Shresta and G Weber, J. Intellectual Population aging and its impact on Perception of aging and sense of A global view of the causes of ageing: and Development Disability 27:4 elderly welfare in Africa well-being among Latino elderly an interview with Robin Holliday (December 2002) O K Sarkwa et al., Int. J. Ageing and Y Beyene et al., J. Cross Cult. Ger. S I S Rattan, Biogerontol. 3:5 (2002) Human Dev. 54:2 (2002) 17:2 (2002)

Ageing and Development July 2003 11

Reports Books CD-ROM World NGO Forum on Ageing Final Transitions in end of life care: hospice Population ageing in East and Central Report and related developments in Eastern Europe World NGO Forum on Ageing Europe and Three sets of microdata census (April 2002), c/o López de Hoyos, D Clark and M Wright samples from a University of Michigan 135 - 3º A 28002 Madrid, . Open University Press (2002), 299pp. project, ‘Dynamics of Population Fax: +34 91 121 33 33 ISBN 0 335 21286 7 Aging in ECE Countries’. Email: [email protected] Web: www.icpsr.umich.edu/NACDA/ The well-being of the elderly in Asia: SERIES/dpa.html Cultural practices in the family that a four-country comparative study are violent towards women A I Hermalin (ed) Report of the special rapporteur on University of Michigan Press (2003) violence against women. Includes Events section on witch hunting with International Council on Social Welfare references to older women. (ICSW) Asia-Pacific Conference United Nations Economic and Social Video 1-5 September, Taipei, Taiwan Council (January 2002) E/CN.4/2002/83 New report on older people and Young hopes in elderly arms Email: [email protected] Ageing situation in the Democratic the media in Asia (see page 5). Discusses impact of HIV/AIDS and Web: www.icsw.org Republic of Congo contributions of older people in Thailand. LatinAmerican Gerontology Congress MIFED-Congo (6 May 2002) English (video and DVD) and Thai (video) 3-6 September 2003, Santiago, Chile Web: www.globalaging.org/health/ Issues of elderly in Armenia HelpAge International, Asia/Pacific world/ageingcongo.htm G Khachatryan (2002) Regional Development Centre, Fax: +56 2 633 9820 Web: www.globalaging.org/elderrights/ c/o Faculty of Nursing, Chiang Mai Email: [email protected] The elderly and AIDS: coping University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand world/armenia.htm Globalisation and Development strategies and health consequences Email: [email protected] in rural Tanzania Pooling, savings, and prevention: Development Studies Association J Dayton and M Ainsworth, mitigating the risk of old age poverty Annual Conference UN Population Council (2002) in Chile 10-12 September 2003, University Web: www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/wp/ T G Packard, World Bank (2002) Websites of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland Web: www.devstud.org.uk 160.pdf Web: econ.worldbank.org/files/15345_ AgeSource Worldwide wps2849.pdf For details of Ageing and Database of more than 200 Vietnam’s older population: the view Development Study Group sessions, information resources in 24 countries from the census Social security for the unorganised in Email: [email protected] (mostly North America and Europe) J Knodel and T S Anh, Population India: an approach paper on ageing, compiled by AARP. Studies Centre, University of Michigan P M Rao (2002) Dementia Care in an Aging Society Search facilities in English, French (2002) 20th International Conference of Web: www.eldis.org/fulltext/raosocial.pdf and Spanish. Web: www.psc.isr.umich.edu/pubs/ Alzheimer’s Disease International Web: research.aarp.org/general/ papers/rr02-523.pdf Population ageing and development: 15-17 October 2004, Kyoto, Japan agesource_home.html social, health and gender issues Email: [email protected] World Population Ageing: 1950-2050: UNFPA (2002) Portal Mayores Web: www.alzheimer.or.jp Global trends and indicators of the Web: www.unfpa.org/upload/lib_pub_file/ Compiled by the New National ageing process 7th Asia/Oceania Regional Congress 73_filename_ageing_develop.pdf Council for Scientific Research in Spain. UN Population Division (2002). of Gerontology In Spanish. Web: www.un.org/esa/population/ Missing voices: views of older persons 24-28 November 2003, Tokyo Web: www.imsersomayores.csic.es publications/worldageing19502050/ on elder abuse International Forum, Japan index.htm WHO, WHO Ageing and Life Course REACH, Dominica (new website) Web: www2.convention.co.jp/aorcg7 Programme (2002) Regional survey on ageing 2002 Web: www.avirtualdominica.com/reach Web: www.who.int/hpr/ageing/ More Care for Better Living (Asia-Pacific) Elderabuse-3-screen.pdf Africa Pulse 6th International Home and ESCAP (2002) ‘Aged’ is now a search category Community Care Conference for The Toronto Declaration on the Global Web: unescap.org/sps/Regional Web: www.africapulse.org People Living with HIV/AIDS %20Survey%20on%20Ageing.doc Prevention of Elder Abuse 8-11 December 2003, Dakar, Senegal WHO, INPEA, ONPEA (2002) Web: www.dakarvih2003.sn An inclusive society for an ageing Web: www.who.int/hpr/ageing population: the employment and Web: www.inpea.net and New social protection challenge Web: www.onpea.org ILO (2002) organisation Courses Web: www.ilo.org/public/english/ Involving grandmothers in mother employment/skills/older/download/ and child health projects Middle East Academy for Medicine Introduction to Aging and Sociology engage.pdf J Aubel et al. (2003) of Ageing (MEAMA) of Aging Web: www.id21.org/society/s6cit1g1.html On 2-5 October 2003, MEAMA is Two courses taught by distance Demographic transition, inter- running a training session on education generational contracts and old age ‘Health services for older people’. January-April 2004 security: an emerging challenge for Mrs Siba Abyad, Secretary, Simon Fraser University Gerontology social policy in developing countries Wallchart MEAMA, Abyad Medical Center, Program, 2800-515 W Hastings R Malhotra and N Kabeer, Institute Azmi Street, Abdo Center, Street, Vancouver BC, Population Ageing 2002 of Development Studies (2002) PO Box 618, Tripolis, Lebanon. V6B 5KE UN Population Division (2002) Web: server.ntd.co.uk/ids/bookshop/ Tel: +961 6443 684/5/6 Email: [email protected] details.asp?id=693 Web: www.un.org/esa/population/ Fax: +961 6443 684/5/6 Web: www.sfu.ca/gerontology publications/ageing/Graph.pdf Email: [email protected]

Ageing and Development July 2003 Research update Major new projects

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A review of documentation on trade HelpAge International and partners HelpAge International is a global liberalisation, trade partnerships, between mid-2003 and mid-2004 network of not-for-profit national policies relating to trade, to examine the characteristics, organisations with a mission to work with and for disadvantaged and policies, legislation and causes and consequences of older people worldwide to achieve budgets relating to older people will poverty, taking into consideration a lasting improvement in the quality be carried out in all four countries. issues such as gender, ethnicity of their lives. and rural/urban differences. The research will also study the Ageing and Development aims New studies in Latin America impact on older people of any The research is funded by the to raise awareness of the focus on poverty and livelihoods. public or private measures or UK Department for International contribution, needs and rights

Malcolm Barter/HelpAge International of older people and to promote services introduced as a result of Development, European Union the development of laws and Non-contributory pensions changes in the industries concerned, and Help the Aged as part of policies supporting older people. A comparative study of how non- and the potential impact of trade HelpAge International’s regional It is published three times a year contributory pensions alleviate negotiations underway. Active Ageing programme. by HelpAge International, with poverty in South Africa and Brazil funding from Help the Aged (UK). has been completed by the Contact: Contact: Copies are available in English Manchester University Institute for Jeff James, Regional Representative, Sarah Allen, Regional Programme and Spanish, free of charge on Development Policy and Manage- HelpAge International Caribbean Manager, HelpAge International Latin request to policy makers, Regional Development Centre, America Regional Development programme planners and ment and University of East Anglia, PO Box 1260, c/o HelpAge St Lucia, Centre, Casilla 2217, La Paz, Bolivia. researchers. Please contact us UK. The findings will be presented Castries, St Lucia. Fax: +591 2 2410957 with brief details of your work. at a seminar in London on Fax: +1 758 456 0618 Email: [email protected] If requesting multiple copies, Email: jefjam candw.lc 4 September 2003, hosted by the @ please explain who these are for Overseas Development Institute. and how they will be distributed. Livelihood strategies in Bolivia Ageing and Development is Communication in Kenya Contact: A study of older people, poverty also available on the web at: Armando Barrientos, IPDM, HelpAge Kenya has commissioned and social livelihood strategies in www.helpage.org University of Manchester, research by the University of Latin America is to be carried out The Harold Hankins Building, Editor: Celia Till Nairobi into how older people find Precinct Centre, Booth Street West, through a partnership between Manchester M13 9QH, UK. out about their rights and community University College, London and HelpAge International PO Box 32832 Fax: +44 161 273 8829 services available to them. HelpAge International, with Email: [email protected] London N1 9ZN, UK Interviews with older people in and funding from the Economic and Social Research Council. Tel: +44 20 7278 7778 around Nairobi discussed the use Fax: +44 20 7713 7993 Trade liberalisation in the of home visits, meetings, audio The study will focus on factors Email: [email protected] Caribbean and audiovisual media, mobile influencing poverty in old age, cinema, print media and non-formal A&D email: [email protected] The impact of trade liberalisation and strategies used by older adult education. The findings will on older people in the Caribbean people to overcome poverty. Registered charity number: 288180 be published in A&D 15. is being researched in 2003 by Household research will be carried Regional centres HelpAge International. The research was funded by out in two poor, urban communities Africa HelpAge International as part of its The research focuses on industries in La Paz, Bolivia over ten months Email: [email protected] older citizens monitoring project that are important to the region’s from mid-2003. It will use a combina- (see page 2). tion of qualitative and quantitative Asia-Pacific economy, and in which older Email: [email protected] people are particularly active – the methods, including surveys, dairy industry in Jamaica, banana Contact: focus group discussions and Caribbean Pension Munyama, in-depth interviews with older and Email: [email protected] cultivation in St Vincent and the Rights Programme Coordinator, Grenadines, rice production in Haiti, HelpAge International Africa Regional middle-aged people, and members East and Central Europe and mixed farming in Grenada. Development Centre, PO Box 14888, of their families and communities. Email: [email protected] Westlands, 00800 Nairobi, Kenya. Interviews with older people, Fax: +254 20 4441052 The study is part of a three-year Latin America Email: helpage.bolivia unete.com policy makers, industry officials, Email: [email protected] PhD degree which is due to be @ completed in 2005. academics and NGOs in Jamaica Johnson Awuor, Rights Programme Any parts of this publication may be and St Vincent will look at the Officer, HelpAge Kenya, reproduced for non-profit purposes unless indicated otherwise. Please clearly consequences of trade liberalisation PO Box 34339, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya. Contact: Amanda Heslop, credit Ageing and Development and send on older people’s livelihoods. us a copy of the reprinted article. Research and Training Manager, Areas to be investigated include Poverty in Latin America HelpAge International, the impact of currency devaluation PO Box 32832, London N1 9ZN. UK. Qualitative research with older on cost of production, reduction Fax: +44 20 7278 7778 people and community members Email: mheslop helpage.org Designed by TRUE. Printed on of tariff and non-tariff barriers to @ in five countries in Latin America – recycled paper by Palmers Print. trade, new hygiene and labelling Emmeline Skinner, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia requirements, and trade-related University College, London. ISSN 1466-1616 and Peru – will be carried out by Email: [email protected] investment measures. Front cover photo: Kate Brooks/Panos Pictures

Ageing and Development July 2003