SPAS and SENSIBILITIES: DARWIN at MALVERN Janet Browne
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Medical History, Supplement No. 10, 1990, 102-113. SPAS AND SENSIBILITIES: DARWIN AT MALVERN Janet Browne In 1842 when Captain Richard Claridge first described a new form ofhydrotherapy to British patients' there were only two places in England that could be visited in order to see what the system offered.2 Ten years later, however, despite scandals about the dramatic death ofat least one aristocratic patient,3 there were 24 water-cure establishments in Britain and Ireland, many of which were famous enough to be known simply by the owner's name,4 and the water-cure had become an extraordinary social phenomenon noisily discussed in Punch5 and other prominent Janet Browne, MA, Ph.D., Darwin Letters Project, University Library, West Road, Cambridge, CB3 9DR. 1 Richard T. Claridge, a captain in the Middlesex Militia, was a convert to the water-cure as practised by Vincent Priessnitz in Graefenberg, Silesia, at whose establishment he had taken the cure in 1840. He recounted his experiences in public lectures, articles and books, and later believed that he had coined the word "hydropathy". He did not open a hydropathic centre of his own until 1848 and this was located in Grande-Chartreuse, not Britain. See Richard Claridge, Hydropathy; or, the cold water cure, as practised by Vincent Priessnitz, London, 1842; followed later by Facts and evidence in support ofhydropathy; being the subject of lectures delivered in a tour through Ireland and Scotland, 1843, London, 1844; Cholera: its preventive and cure by hydropathy, London, 1849; and Every man his own doctor. The cold water, tepid water, andfriction cure, as applicable to every disease to which the human frame is subject, London, 1849. Claridge was involved in a controversy about priority with Dr James Wilson of Malvern: they both believed they were the first to bring Priessnitz's water-cure to England. See Ernest Sackville Turner, Taking the cure, London, Michael Joseph, 1967, pp. 163-4. 2 DrJoseph Weiss ofFreidwaldau ran acentre at Stansteadbury in Hertfordshire. Anotherwater-cure, run by Dr C. von Schlemmer, from Bavaria, operated at Ham Common, Surrey. According to Turner, op. cit., note 1 above, p. 163, there were at least 50 water-cure establishments in Germany alone. James Wilson settled in Malvern in June 1842, followed by James Manby Gully in October the same year. They opened for business soon afterwards. See Richard Metcalfe, The rise and progress ofhydropathy in England and Scotland, London, Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., 1906, p. 63. 3 Sir Francis Burdett, who had undergone hydrotherapy at Stansteadbury under Dr Edward Johnson in 1843 (Johnson's first year as proprietor), died in January 1844. Johnson faced public unease about the role of hydrotherapy in Burdett's death and issued a denial in The Times, 27 January 1844. Another incident featured Dr James Ellis of Sudbrook Park, Surrey, who faced a manslaughter charge in 1846 but was finally discharged. See Metcalfe, op. cit., note 2 above; Turner, op. cit., note I above, pp. 192-202. 4 The following water-cure establishments have been identified as being in existence before 1850 (not in order of establishment; the names of practitioners are supplied if known; the list excludes resorts with mineral springs and spas): Malvern (J. M. Gully); Malvern (James Wilson); Cheltenham (James Freeman); Cheltenham (John Balbirnie); Umberslade Hall, Birmingham (Edward Johnson); Stansteadbury (Joseph Weiss; Edward Johnson); Ham Common (C. von Schlemmer); Ben Rhydding (William Macleod); Kirn, Scotland (Rowland East); Sudbrook Park (Joseph Weiss; James Ellis); Dunstable (Forbes Lawrie); Ramsgate (Thomas Smethurst); Ramsgate (Abraham Courtney); Harrow; Tunbridge Wells (G. H. Heathcote); Kingston (Foster M'Gee); Isle of Man; Cork (Richard Barter); Rothesay (William Paterson); Angusfield, Aberdeen (Alexander Monro); Cluny Hill, Forres (Calder); Ryde (Samuel Weeding); Grasmere (Stumm); Epsom, Surrey (Thomas Graham); Manchester (Joseph Constantine); Moor Park, Surrey (E. W. Lane). 5 Douglas Jerrold, 'Life at the cold brandy-and-water cure', Punch, or the London charivari, 1846, 11: 243-4. The attribution to Jerrold is made by Walter Jerrold, Douglas Jerrold and 'Punch', London, Macmillan, 1910, p. 434. 102 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.202.8, on 25 Sep 2021 at 12:04:15, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025727300071027 Darwin at Malvern London journals. The plain, simple treatment meted out by the first and most famous pioneer of the water-cure, Vincent Priessnitz, at Graefenberg in Silesia, was by then hardly recognizable in the enthusiastic excesses of early Victorian therapy. More and more centres were established during the next three decades until many thousands of patients were passing through hydropathic doors each year in the 1870s.6 Even during the earlier period, at the pinnacle of Gully's and Wilson's reign at Malvern, James Manby Gully (1808-83) was treating about 50 residential patients a month, plus an equal number of out-patients living in rented accommodation.7 James Wilson (1807-67) could cope with nearer 120,8 and the local guidebooks were happily trumpeting that these and nearby establishments were drawing some 6,000 visitors to the town each year during the watering season.9 Among these 6,000 visitors to Malvern were Charles Darwin and his family. In many respects, Darwin was a typical early Victorian patient and his voluminous correspondence'0 gives us a useful guide to what he, and other Malvern invalids, might have thought of the water-doctors and their therapy. Even though we know a great deal about spas and hydropathy in general, we still have little documentary information about the factors that may have been involved in the patients' decision to try the "cure" or what may have governed their choice of resort and actual doctor. Why Malvern instead of Ben Rhydding? Why Gully instead of Wilson? What did the nineteenth-century public expect from a spa and were their expectations fulfilled? Did customers like Darwin make return visits, or did they perhaps sample a large number of different centres? Darwin's experiences under Gully at Malvern, although only an isolated example, provide at least some practical resources on which these larger historical questions can be framed. Few historians doubt that Darwin was ill, and whatever the ultimate cause or causes may have been, there is no question that he exhibited genuinely distressing 6 Hydropathic centres in Malvern were drawing around 6,000 patients annually in and around 1861. A local guidebook entitled Cross's historical handbook to Malvern ... A book for visitors, Malvern, [1864?], p. 136, records that "Had the census [of 1861] been taken in the 'Malvern season' the population would probably have been 12,000" instead of the usual 6,049. John Smedley's establishment at Matlock, capable of accepting 100 patients at a time, treated 3,000 individuals in 1876. See Kelvin Rees, 'Water as a commodity: hydropathy in Matlock', in Roger Cooter (ed.), Studies in the history ofalternative medicine, London, Macmillan, 1988, p. 34. Some indication of the total numbers involved in hydrotherapy at home and in established centres is given by the sales figures of Gully's handbook on the subject. Eighty-five thousand copies of J. M. Gully, A guide to domestic hydrotherapeia, London, 1863, were sold by 1872. See Rees, p. 34. 7 Metcalfe, op. cit., note 2 above, pp. 69-70. The figure given by Charles Darwin when in Malvern in 1849 was nearer 60 patients. See F. H. Burkhardt and S. Smith (eds.), The correspondence of Charles Darwin, vols. 1-5 (1821-55), Cambridge University Press, 1983-9, vol. 4, p. 234. 8 James Wilson and James Manby Gully, The dangers of the water cure and its efficacy examined and compared with those ofthe drug treatment ofdiseases. with an account ofcases treated at Malvern, and a prospectus ofthe water cure establishment at thatplace, London, 1843, Prospectus, p. 15. In the same work, Wilson recorded that he had treated 600 patients in his first year at Malvern (pp. 1, 6). 9 Cross's Historical handbook, op. cit., note 6 above, p. 136. 10 Correspondence, op. cit., note 7 above. The entire correspondence has been calendared in a summary fonn in F. H. Burkhardt and S. Smith (eds.), A calendar of the correspondence of Charles Darwin, 1821-1882, New York and London, Garland, 1985. 103 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.202.8, on 25 Sep 2021 at 12:04:15, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025727300071027 Janet Browne symptoms.1I But this in itself does not explain his interest in water. Like others in his situation, he turned first to the professionals and sought out high-level, traditional medical advice, both from his father, an experienced and perceptive physician, and from his distant cousin, the London doctor and writer Henry Holland,'2 as well as consulting the local practitioner and apothecary in Down village, where he lived, and even Sir Benjamin Brodie on occasion. After Robert Waring Darwin died in the autumn of 1848, Darwin placed himself entirely in the hands of Henry Holland, and then, as his ill-health suddenly intensified, turned instead to solicit sympathy and medical advice from friends and relatives who also experienced similar Victorian maladies. He consequently heard of the Malvern water-cure, not through books, newspapers or advertisements, or through his doctor, but through the personal recommendation of his cousin and fellow invalid, William Darwin Fox. "Thank you much for your information about the water cure," wrote Darwin to Fox in February 1849.