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Working Paper De L'idheap 2/2013 Jean-François Savard Martial Pasquier Si loin, mais si près: La Suisse et le Canada en perspective. Une analyse comparative d’éléments des systèmes politico-administratifs Working paper de l’IDHEAP 2/2013 École nationale d’administration publique Chaire Management et Marketing Publics Si loin, mais si près: La Suisse et le Canada en perspective Une analyse comparative d’éléments des systèmes politico-administratifs Jean-François Savard Martial Pasquier This document can be found on our web site: http://www.idheap.ch >publications > working paper École nationale d’administration publique Chaire Management et Marketing Publics Working Paper de l'IDHEAP 2013 IDHEAP, Chavannes-Lausanne Institut de hautes études en administration publique Swiss Graduate School of Public Administration Institut universitaire autonome Route de la Maladière 21 CH-1022 – Chavannes-Lausanne T: +41(0)21 557 40 00 – F: +41(0)21 557 40 09 [email protected] – www.idheap.ch - 2 - Table des matières Première partie: Les structures de l’État ......................................................... 1 1. Decentralization and Centralization in Canada and Switzerland: A Comparative Perspective (Emanulene Pizzati Casaccia et Lionel Akeret)............................................. 2 a. Centralization in Canada ...................................................................................................... 3 b. Decentralization: Federal division of powers ...................................................................... 6 c. Intergovernmental relations ................................................................................................. 8 d. Competences repartition ...................................................................................................... 9 e. Subsidiary role ................................................................................................................... 10 f. Swiss History and Institutions ............................................................................................ 11 g. Subsidiarity and Executive Federalism .............................................................................. 13 h. Competences ...................................................................................................................... 14 i. Inter-Cantonal Agreements ................................................................................................. 15 j. Maison des cantons ............................................................................................................. 16 k. A Comparative Perspective ................................................................................................ 17 Deuxième partie: Les réformes de l’administration publiques .................... 22 2. La nouvelle gestion publique et ses répercussions sur les RH. Analyse comparative entre la Suisse et le Canada (Francesca Cereghetti et Lila Galli) .................................. 23 a. Problématique .................................................................................................................... 23 b. Nouvelle Gestion Publique ................................................................................................ 24 c. La NGP en Suisse et au Canada ......................................................................................... 25 d. Les répercussions sur les RH en Suisse ............................................................................. 27 e. Les répercussions sur les RH au Canada ........................................................................... 29 f. Outils de réponse aux effets négatifs de la GRH ................................................................ 33 g. Mise en perspective: comparaison Suisse-Canada ............................................................ 36 h. Pour conclure ..................................................................................................................... 37 3. Impacts of the New Public Management on the Public Administration. A Comparative Perspective Between Switzerland and Canada (Ophélie Juillerat et Charlyne Riem) ................................................................................................................... 42 a. The New Public Management ............................................................................................ 42 b. Impacts of the NPM in Switzerland ................................................................................... 44 c. Impacts of the NPM in Canada .......................................................................................... 48 d. Discussion about the impacts of the NPM in Switzerland and in Canada ......................... 54 e. Concluding remarks ........................................................................................................... 57 4. New Public Management and its Implications on Public Ehtos. A Comparative Analysis Between Canada and Switzerland (Neelab Saidali et Stefan Dauner) ........... 60 a. New Public Management: What is it? ................................................................................ 61 b. Public Service Ethos and Identity of Public Servants ........................................................ 63 c. The situation in Switzerland .............................................................................................. 66 d. The situation in Canada ..................................................................................................... 69 e. Comparative Analysis ........................................................................................................ 72 f. Concluding remarks ........................................................................................................... 74 Troisième partie: Les défis particuliers de l’administration publique ........ 78 5. Gender Inequities in the Public Administration. A case study between Switzerland and Canada (Deplhine Allemand, Magali Grossenbacher, Lydia Guzzardi) ............... 79 a. Problematic ........................................................................................................................ 80 b. The administration in Switzerland ..................................................................................... 81 c. The administration in Canada ............................................................................................ 85 d. Gender inequity: a comparison between Switzerland and Canada .................................... 91 6. Disclosure of information: Why is Transparence so hard to reach? A comparative analysis of Canada and Switzerland (Manon Mouron et Héloïse Perrin) ..................... 99 a. The definition and the role of transparency ..................................................................... 100 b. An overview of the application of legislation in Canada and Switzerland ...................... 101 c. The Canadian case ........................................................................................................... 102 d. The Swiss Case ................................................................................................................ 107 e. Comparative analysis ....................................................................................................... 111 f. Concluding remarks .......................................................................................................... 113 Quatrième partie: Une perspective publique ............................................... 119 7. Le financement du système de santé au Canada et en Suisse (Marcelo Duarte et Idrissa Ndiaye) .................................................................................................................. 120 a. Les systèmes de santé ...................................................................................................... 121 b. Une organisation fédéraliste de la santé au Canada et en Suisse ..................................... 122 c. Réforme de la santé .......................................................................................................... 123 d. Comparaison du mode de financement du système de santé au Canada et en Suisse ..... 126 e. Discussion et perspectives dans le domaine de la santé ................................................... 132 f. Pour conclure .................................................................................................................... 134 8. La gestion de la diversité culturelle. Comparaison entre la Suisse et le Canada (Valentin Zuber et Cristoforo Piattini) ........................................................................... 138 a. La notion de « diversité culturelle » ................................................................................. 138 b. Première partie: La gestion de la diversité culturelle en Suisse ...................................... 140 c. Deuxième partie: La gestion de la diversité culturelle au Canada ................................... 149 d. Troisième partie: un comparatif Suisse-Canada .............................................................. 152 1 Première partie: Les structures de l’État 2 1. Decentralization and Centralization in Canada and Switzerland: A Comparative Perspective Emanulene Pizzati Casaccia et Lionel Akeret When we think about Canada, images and stereotypes come to mind: vast open spaces, maple syrup and mounted police. In a similar vein, Switzerland is often associated with chocolate, watches and mountains. In addition, Switzerland
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