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The Hybridization of Vocational Training and Higher Education in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland

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The Hybridization of Vocational Training and Higher Education in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland Lukas Graf The Hybridization of Vocational Training and Higher Education in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland Lukas Graf The Hybridization of Vocational Training and Higher Education in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland Budrich UniPress Ltd. Opladen, Berlin & Toronto 2013 © This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA. © Dieses Werk ist bei Budrich UniPress erschienen und steht unter folgender Creative Commons Lizenz: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/de/ Verbreitung, Speicherung und Vervielfältigung erlaubt, kommerzielle Nutzung und Veränderung nur mit Genehmigung des Verlags Budrich UniPress. This book is available as a free download from www.barbara-budrich.net (http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/86388043). A paperback version is available at a charge. The page numbers of the open access edition correspond with the paperback edition. ISBN 978-3-86388-043-9 DOI 10.3224/86388043 Budrich UniPress Ltd. Stauffenbergstr. 7. D-51379 Leverkusen Opladen, Germany 86 Delma Drive. Toronto, ON M8W 4P6 Canada www.budrich-unipress.eu D188 A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from Die Deutsche Bibliothek (The German Library) (http://dnb.d-nb.de) Jacket illustration by Bettina Lehfeldt, Kleinmachnow, Germany – www.lehfeldtgraphic.de, picture credits: Lukas Graf, Berlin, Germany Editing by Alison Romer, Lancaster, UK; Ute Reusch, Berlin, Germany Typographical Editing by Ulrike Weingärtner, Gründau, Germany Budrich UniPress, Ltd. – http://www.budrich-unipress.de Printed in Europe on acid-free paper by paper&tinta, Warsaw, Poland CONTENTS List of Figures and Tables ......................................................................... 8 Acknowledgements ................................................................................... 11 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 13 2. SKILL FORMATION in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland in an Era of Europeanization ............................. 19 3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Analyzing Hybridization at the Nexus of Vocational Education and Training and Higher Education ............................................. 27 3.1 Defining Institutions and Organizations ......................................... 27 3.2 PART I: Exploring the Rigidity of the Institutional Divide between Vocational Education and Training (VET) and Higher Education (HE) ............................................................................... 29 3.2.1 Status Groups and Stratification (Power Explanation) ................... 33 3.2.2 Education as a Legitimation System (Legitimation Explanation) ... 35 3.2.3 Varieties of Capitalism and Institutional Complementarities (Functional Explanation) ................................................................ 37 3.3 PART II: The Puzzle of Hybrid Organizational Forms at the Nexus of VET and HE .................................................................... 43 3.3.1 Laying Out the Puzzle ..................................................................... 43 3.3.2 Main Hypothesis: The Hybridization of VET and HE .................... 49 3.3.3 Notes on the Concept of Hybridization ........................................... 50 3.3.4 Operationalizing Hybridization: Phases, Scenarios, and Criteria ... 52 3.3.5 Expectations Regarding Country Differences ................................. 59 4. METHODS AND DATA ...................................................... 71 5. THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT ............................................. 79 5.1 The History of Europeanization in Skill Formation ........................ 79 5.1.1 1957 to 1998: Europeanization prior to Bologna ............................ 79 5.1.2 1999 to Present: Europeanization since Bologna and Copenhagen .................................................................................... 82 5.1.3 Summary: Historical Periods .......................................................... 84 5.2 Key Instruments in the Bologna and Copenhagen Processes ......... 87 5 5.2.1 Bologna and Its Key Instrument: The Two-Tiered Study Structure ........................................................................................... 87 5.2.2 Copenhagen and Its Key Instrument: The European Qualification Framework ................................................................ 88 5.3 Summary ......................................................................................... 89 6. GERMANY: Dual Studies and the Transformation of the Dual Principle ........................................................................ 91 6.1 Introduction to Skill Formation in Germany ................................... 91 6.2 Description of Dual Study Programs .............................................. 95 6.3 Process Analysis of Hybridization .................................................. 102 6.3.1 Phase I (Genesis): The Invention of the Dual Study Programs in a Period of Historical Contingency (Early 1970s) ...................... 102 6.3.2 Phase II (Further Evolution): The Rise of Dual Studies and the Development of a Hybrid Organizational Field (1970s to Present) ........................................................................................... 106 6.3.3 Exploring the Impact of Current Europeanization Processes on Hybridization (Late 1990s to Present) ............................................ 117 6.4 Summary ......................................................................................... 122 7. AUSTRIA: The Long-Term Historical Evolution of the Berufsbildende Höhere Schule (BHS) ................................... 125 7.1 Introduction to Skill Formation in Austria ...................................... 125 7.2 Description of the BHS ................................................................... 129 7.3 Process Analysis of Hybridization .................................................. 133 7.3.1 Phase I (Genesis): The Historical Roots of the BHS (18th Century to 1970s) ........................................................................... 133 7.3.2 Phase II (Further Evolution): The BHS as a Key Factor in the Modern Austrian Skill Regime (1970s to Present) ......................... 136 7.3.3 Exploring the Impact of Current Europeanization Processes on Hybridization (Late 1990s to Present) ............................................ 145 7.4 Summary ......................................................................................... 149 8. SWITZERLAND: The Development of the Swiss Hybrid Organizational Configuration by Strategic Design ............... 153 8.1 Introduction to Skill Formation in Switzerland .............................. 153 8.2 Description of the Swiss Hybrid Organizational Configuration ..... 160 8.3 Process Analysis of Hybridization .................................................. 170 8.3.1 Phase I (Genesis): The Introduction of the Vocational Baccalaureate and Universities of Applied Sciences as Strategic Layering (Late 1980s to Mid-1990s) .............................................. 172 6 8.3.2 Phase II (Further Evolution): The Maintenance of a Hybrid Organizational Configuration through Gradual Adjustments (Late 1990s to Present) ................................................................... 178 8.3.3 Exploring the Impact of Current Europeanization Processes on Hybridization (Late 1990s to Present) ............................................ 181 8.4 Summary ......................................................................................... 186 9. COMPARISON: Hybridization at the Nexus of VET and HE in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland ............................ 189 9.1 The Common Challenge in the DACH Countries: Upskilling Despite the Institutional Divide between VET and HE .................. 189 9.2 The Three Hybrid Organizational Forms at a Glance ..................... 190 9.3 Three National Patterns of Hybridization ....................................... 192 9.4 Different Patterns of Capitalist Development ................................. 194 9.5 Key Processes in the Genesis and Further Evolution of Hybridization .................................................................................. 197 9.6 Exploring the Impact of Current Europeanization Processes .......... 204 9.6.1 Three “Europeanization Challenges” for Skill Formation in the DACH Countries ............................................................................ 205 9.6.2 Structural Differences between the Bologna Process and the Copenhagen Process ....................................................................... 209 9.6.3 The Paradoxical Impact of Europeanization on Hybrid Organizational Forms ..................................................................... 211 10. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................... 217 11. APPENDICES ....................................................................... 229 11.1 Expert Interviews ............................................................................ 229 11.2 Interview Guideline (Example: German Case) ............................... 232 11.3 The European Qualification Framework (EQF) ............................. 234 11.4 The ISCED Classification ............................................................... 236 11.5 Chapter Appendices .......................................................................
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