The Einstein Hoax
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Glossary Glossary
Glossary Glossary Albedo A measure of an object’s reflectivity. A pure white reflecting surface has an albedo of 1.0 (100%). A pitch-black, nonreflecting surface has an albedo of 0.0. The Moon is a fairly dark object with a combined albedo of 0.07 (reflecting 7% of the sunlight that falls upon it). The albedo range of the lunar maria is between 0.05 and 0.08. The brighter highlands have an albedo range from 0.09 to 0.15. Anorthosite Rocks rich in the mineral feldspar, making up much of the Moon’s bright highland regions. Aperture The diameter of a telescope’s objective lens or primary mirror. Apogee The point in the Moon’s orbit where it is furthest from the Earth. At apogee, the Moon can reach a maximum distance of 406,700 km from the Earth. Apollo The manned lunar program of the United States. Between July 1969 and December 1972, six Apollo missions landed on the Moon, allowing a total of 12 astronauts to explore its surface. Asteroid A minor planet. A large solid body of rock in orbit around the Sun. Banded crater A crater that displays dusky linear tracts on its inner walls and/or floor. 250 Basalt A dark, fine-grained volcanic rock, low in silicon, with a low viscosity. Basaltic material fills many of the Moon’s major basins, especially on the near side. Glossary Basin A very large circular impact structure (usually comprising multiple concentric rings) that usually displays some degree of flooding with lava. The largest and most conspicuous lava- flooded basins on the Moon are found on the near side, and most are filled to their outer edges with mare basalts. -
Human Spatial Orientation Perceptions During Simulated Lunar Landing
Human Spatial Orientation Perceptions during Simulated Lunar Landing By Torin Kristofer Clark B.S. Aerospace Engineering University of Colorado at Boulder, 2008 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY June 2010 © 2010 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved Signature of Author: ____________________________________________________________ Torin K. Clark Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics May 21, 2010 Certified by: ___________________________________________________________________ Laurence R. Young Apollo Program Professor of Astronautics Professor of Health Sciences and Technology Thesis Supervisor Certified by: ___________________________________________________________________ Kevin R. Duda Senior Member, Technical Staff, Draper Laboratory Thesis Supervisor Accepted by: __________________________________________________________________ Eytan H. Modiano Associate Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics Chair, Committee on Graduate Students 1 ABSTRACT During crewed lunar landings, astronauts are expected to guide a stable and controlled descent to a landing zone that is level and free of hazards by either making landing point (LP) redesignations or taking direct manual control. However, vestibular and visual sensorimotor limitations unique to lunar landing may interfere with landing performance and safety. Vehicle motion profiles of candidate -
Some Comments on the Tests of General Relativity
Some Comments on the Tests of General Relativity. M. Anyon and J. Dunning-Davies, Department of Physics, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, England. Email: [email protected] Abstract A brief outline of the history of the discrepancies within Newtonian mechanics at the end of the 19th Century is given. The framework of General Relativity is briefly described and the famous ‘tests’ of General Relativity (GR) are considered and alternative solutions are discussed, with particular attention concentrating on the advance of the perihelion of the planet Mercury. The implications for the claims of relativity are discussed, all with reference to both pre and post 1915 publications. 1 Introduction The aim of this article is to address the notion that the well known classic ‘tests of general relativity’ - The Anomalous Precession of the Perihelion of the Planet Mercury, The Gravitational Red-shift and The Gravitational Deflection of Light-rays - may be explained and derived with no reference to Einstein’s theory of general relativity. The intention is to provide evidence that these phenomena can be explained and interpreted without the framework of general relativity, by using both modern sources and publications, as well as work that was published prior to Einstein’s work. By providing evidence that these phenomena could, and were explained, via classical mechanics before 1915, it will be possible to make a case against those that say anyone who questions general relativity is ‘obviously’ mistaken. Theories of the Relativity of Motion. The General Theory of Relativity (GR), proposed by Albert Einstein in 1915, was heralded as one of the most ground-breaking and complicated theories in physics when it was first published, and is still considered one of the greatest physical and mathematical theories of the universe at large today. -
University of Cincinnati
UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date:__7/30/07_________________ I, __ MUNISH GUPTA_____________________________________, hereby submit this work as part of the requirements for the degree of: DOCTORATE OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D) in: MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING It is entitled: LOW-PRESSURE AND ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE PLASMA POLYMERIZED SILICA-LIKE FILMS AS PRIMERS FOR ADHESIVE BONDING OF ALUMINUM This work and its defense approved by: Chair: __Dr. F. JAMES BOERIO ___ ______ __Dr. GREGORY BEAUCAGE __ ___ __ __Dr. RODNEY ROSEMAN _____ ___ __Dr. JUDE IROH _ _____________ _______________________________ LOW-PRESSURE AND ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE PLASMA POLYMERIZED SILICA-LIKE FILMS AS PRIMERS FOR ADHESIVE BONDING OF ALUMINUM A dissertation submitted to the Division of Research and Advanced Studies of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTORATE OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D) in the Department of Chemical and Material Engineering of the College of Engineering 2007 by Munish Gupta M.S., University of Cincinnati, 2005 B.E., Punjab Technical University, India, 2000 Committee Chair: Dr. F. James Boerio i ABSTRACT Plasma processes, including plasma etching and plasma polymerization, were investigated for the pretreatment of aluminum prior to structural adhesive bonding. Since native oxides of aluminum are unstable in the presence of moisture at elevated temperature, surface engineering processes must usually be applied to aluminum prior to adhesive bonding to produce oxides that are stable. Plasma processes are attractive for surface engineering since they take place in the gas phase and do not produce effluents that are difficult to dispose off. Reactive species that are generated in plasmas have relatively short lifetimes and form inert products. -
Deptbiochemistry00ruttrich.Pdf
'Berkeley University o'f California Regional Oral History Office UCSF Oral History Program The Bancroft Library Department of the History of Health Sciences University of California, Berkeley University of California, San Francisco The UCSF Oral History Program and The Program in the History of the Biological Sciences and Biotechnology William J. Rutter, Ph.D. THE DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND THE MOLECULAR APPROACH TO BIOMEDICINE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO VOLUME I With an Introduction by Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., M.D. Interviews by Sally Smith Hughes, Ph.D. in 1992 Copyright O 1998 by the Regents of the University of California Since 1954 the Regional Oral History Office has been interviewing leading participants in or well-placed witnesses to major events in the development of Northern California, the West, and the Nation. Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through tape-recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well- informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. The tape recording is transcribed, lightly edited for continuity and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewee. The corrected manuscript is indexed, bound with photographs and illustrative materials, and placed in The Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley, and in other research collections for scholarly use. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account, offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is reflective, partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. -
Viscosity from Newton to Modern Non-Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics
Viscosity from Newton to Modern Non-equilibrium Statistical Mechanics S´ebastien Viscardy Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, 3, Avenue Circulaire, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium Abstract In the second half of the 19th century, the kinetic theory of gases has probably raised one of the most impassioned de- bates in the history of science. The so-called reversibility paradox around which intense polemics occurred reveals the apparent incompatibility between the microscopic and macroscopic levels. While classical mechanics describes the motionof bodies such as atoms and moleculesby means of time reversible equations, thermodynamics emphasizes the irreversible character of macroscopic phenomena such as viscosity. Aiming at reconciling both levels of description, Boltzmann proposed a probabilistic explanation. Nevertheless, such an interpretation has not totally convinced gen- erations of physicists, so that this question has constantly animated the scientific community since his seminal work. In this context, an important breakthrough in dynamical systems theory has shown that the hypothesis of microscopic chaos played a key role and provided a dynamical interpretation of the emergence of irreversibility. Using viscosity as a leading concept, we sketch the historical development of the concepts related to this fundamental issue up to recent advances. Following the analysis of the Liouville equation introducing the concept of Pollicott-Ruelle resonances, two successful approaches — the escape-rate formalism and the hydrodynamic-mode method — establish remarkable relationships between transport processes and chaotic properties of the underlying Hamiltonian dynamics. Keywords: statistical mechanics, viscosity, reversibility paradox, chaos, dynamical systems theory Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Irreversibility 3 2.1 Mechanics. Energyconservationand reversibility . ........................ 3 2.2 Thermodynamics. -
SYNTROPY and SUSTAINABILITY Ulisse Di Corpo Lungotevere Degli Artigiani 32, 00153 ROMA
SYNTROPY AND SUSTAINABILITY Ulisse Di Corpo Lungotevere degli Artigiani 32, 00153 ROMA – ITALY [email protected] https://upsol.academia.edu/UlisseDiCorpo Antonella Vannini Lungotevere degli Artigiani 32, 00153 ROMA – ITALY [email protected] https://upsol.academia.edu/AntonellaVannini ABSTRACT In the 1920s the backward-in-time solutions of the fundamental equations of the universe were rejected as non-physical, since retrocausality was considered to be impossible. Then, in 1941, the mathematician Luigi Fantappiè noticed that the properties of these solutions are: energy concentration, the increase in differentiation and complexity, the reduction of entropy, the increase in cohesion and unity, the formation of structures and the increase in order. Listing these properties he remarked that they coincide with the properties of life, which the classical (time forward) approach is unable to explain. In 1942 Fantappiè published a small book titled: “The Unitary Theory of the Physical and Biological World” in which he suggests that the physical/mechanical world is governed by the forward-in-time solution and by the law of entropy, whereas life is governed by the backward-in-time solution and by a law symmetric to entropy which Fantappiè named syntropy (from the Greek words syn = converging and tropos = tendency). The entropy/syntropy theory deals with energy and states that two transformations can effect energy: a forward-in-time transformation governed by the law of entropy and a backward-in-time transformation governed -
Theory and Experiment in the Quantum-Relativity Revolution
Theory and Experiment in the Quantum-Relativity Revolution expanded version of lecture presented at American Physical Society meeting, 2/14/10 (Abraham Pais History of Physics Prize for 2009) by Stephen G. Brush* Abstract Does new scientific knowledge come from theory (whose predictions are confirmed by experiment) or from experiment (whose results are explained by theory)? Either can happen, depending on whether theory is ahead of experiment or experiment is ahead of theory at a particular time. In the first case, new theoretical hypotheses are made and their predictions are tested by experiments. But even when the predictions are successful, we can’t be sure that some other hypothesis might not have produced the same prediction. In the second case, as in a detective story, there are already enough facts, but several theories have failed to explain them. When a new hypothesis plausibly explains all of the facts, it may be quickly accepted before any further experiments are done. In the quantum-relativity revolution there are examples of both situations. Because of the two-stage development of both relativity (“special,” then “general”) and quantum theory (“old,” then “quantum mechanics”) in the period 1905-1930, we can make a double comparison of acceptance by prediction and by explanation. A curious anti- symmetry is revealed and discussed. _____________ *Distinguished University Professor (Emeritus) of the History of Science, University of Maryland. Home address: 108 Meadowlark Terrace, Glen Mills, PA 19342. Comments welcome. 1 “Science walks forward on two feet, namely theory and experiment. ... Sometimes it is only one foot which is put forward first, sometimes the other, but continuous progress is only made by the use of both – by theorizing and then testing, or by finding new relations in the process of experimenting and then bringing the theoretical foot up and pushing it on beyond, and so on in unending alterations.” Robert A. -
The Generalized Conversion Factor in Einstein's Mass-Energy Equation
Volume 3 PROGRESS IN PHYSICS July, 2008 The Generalized Conversion Factor in Einstein’s Mass-Energy Equation Ajay Sharma Fundamental Physics Society, His Mercy Enclave Post Box 107 GPO Shimla 171001, India ajay.sharmaa@rediffmail.com Einstein’s September 1905 paper is origin of light energy-mass inter conversion equa- tion (L = mc2) and Einstein speculated E = mc2 from it by simply replacing L by E. From its critical analysis it follows that L = mc2 is only true under special or ideal conditions. Under general cases the result is L / mc2 (E / mc2). Conse- quently an alternate equation E = Ac2M has been suggested, which implies that energy emitted on annihilation of mass can be equal, less and more than predicted by E = mc2. The total kinetic energy of fission fragments of U235 or Pu239 is found experimentally 20–60 MeV less than Q-value predicted by mc2. The mass of parti- cle Ds (2317) discovered at SLAC, is more than current estimates. In many reactions including chemical reactions E = mc2 is not confirmed yet, but regarded as true. It implies the conversion factor than c2 is possible. These phenomena can be explained with help of generalized mass-energy equation E = Ac2M. 1 Introduction bomb explosions, volcanic reactions etc. Whatever may be the case E = Ac2M is capable of explaining the phe- Mass energy inter-conversion processes are the oldest in na- nomena. Thus conversion factor other than c2 is possible, in ture and constitute the basis of various phenomena. Before Einstein’s September 1905 derivation and confirmed experi- Einstein’s work, Newton [1] stated that “Gross bodies and mentally also. -
Einstein, History, and Other Passions : the Rebellion Against Science at the End of the Twentieth Century
Einstein, history, and other passions : the rebellion against science at the end of the twentieth century The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Holton, Gerald James. 2000. Einstein, history, and other passions : the rebellion against science at the end of the twentieth century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Published Version http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674004337 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:23975375 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA EINSTEIN, HISTORY, ANDOTHER PASSIONS ;/S*6 ? ? / ? L EINSTEIN, HISTORY, ANDOTHER PASSIONS E?3^ 0/" Cf72fM?y GERALD HOLTON A HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS C%772^r?<%gf, AizziMc^zzyeZZy LozzJozz, E?zg/%??J Q AOOO Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book and Addison-Wesley was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in capital letters. PHYSICS RESEARCH LIBRARY NOV 0 4 1008 Copyright @ 1996 by Gerald Holton All rights reserved HARVARD UNIVERSITY Printed in the United States of America An earlier version of this book was published by the American Institute of Physics Press in 1995. First Harvard University Press paperback edition, 2000 o/ CoMgre.w C%t%/og;Hg-zM-PMMt'%tz'c7t Dzztzz Holton, Gerald James. -
Pushing Gravitypushing
47584 cover 27/5/05 1:38 PM Page 1 Pushing Gravity Edwards (ed.) Since Newton’s time many have proposed that gravitation arises from the absorption by material bodies of minute particles or waves filling space. Such absorption would cause bodies to be pushed into each other's shadows. The principal early proponent of this idea was Georges-Louis Le Sage. This book explores: • The remarkable three hundred-year saga of Le Sage’s theory • Gravitational shielding and the experiments of Q. Majorana • New and recent Le Sage models Pushing Gravity Pu NEW PERSPECTIVES ON The reasons for the present resurgence of Le Sage-type models of gravitation LE SAGE’S THEORY OF GRAVITATION are their simplicity and depth - features desirable in any physical theory.Whereas shing Gravity Newton’s theory and (later) Einstein’s relativity were essentially mathematical descriptions of the motions of bodies in gravitation, Le Sage’s theory attempts to arrive at the very cause of gravity. - from the Preface by Matthew Edwards Apeiron Edited by Matthew R. Edwards Preface To many readers of physics, the history of theories of gravitation may be summed up approximately as follows. After a chaotic period featuring vortex ether models and the like, gravity was at last put on a firm scientific footing by Newton. In the following centuries Newton’s theory saw success after success, until a few unexplained anomalies, such as the advance of the perihelion of Mercury, paved the way for Einstein’s General Relativity. The latter theory has remained without serious challenge to the present day. -
A CRITICAL EVALUATION of MODERN PHYSICS by Claudio Voarino
A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF MODERN PHYSICS By Claudio Voarino A Few Words of Introduction In his article, Science and the Mountain Peak, Professor Isaac Asimov wrote: “There has been at least one occasion in history, when Greek secular and rational thought bowed to the mystical aspect of Christianity, and what followed was a Dark Age. We can’t afford another!” I don’t think I am exaggerating when I say that, when it comes to Modern Physics (also known as New Physics), we have indeed been in some sort of intellectual dark age, whether we can afford it or not. In fact, we have been in it since the end of the 19 th Century; and this is when Classical Physics started to be substituted with Modern Physics. This despite the fact there were lots of instances that clearly show the absurdity and science-fictional character of most of the theories of this kind of physics, which I will be discussing in details further on in this article. But for now, the following few examples should prove the correctness of my opinion on this topic. Incidentally, for the purpose of this article, the word ‘physics’ means mostly ‘astrophysics’. Also, whenever referring to modern physicists, I think it is more accurate to add the adjective ‘theoretical’ before the word ‘physicists’. I am saying that because I just cannot associate the main tenets of Relativity and Quantum Physics theories with physical reality. The following example should attest the truth of my statement. Back on September 10, 1989, the Australian newspaper Sunday Telegraph carried the following bizarre article entitled Keep Looking or the Moon May Vanish.