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ABSTRACT X Master´S Thesis Licentiate´S Thesis Doctor´S Thesis ABSTRACT x Master´s thesis Licentiate´s thesis Doctor´s thesis Subject International Business Date 07.05.2008 Student number Author(s) Kukka Tamminen Number of pages 109 Title Bidding for the Olympics – a place marketing perspective Supervisor(s) Ph.D. Kari Liuhto, M.Sc. Jenni Jaakkola Abstract The Olympic Games are the largest global event that has brought each hosting city to global awareness together with major economic benefits. In bidding for the Olympics, the seller is a national Olympic committee that sets a city as a candidate. The buyer is the International Olympic Committee formed of 115 members that vote for the winner after an 18 months campaigning. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the Helsinki 2006 Olympic bid process from a place marketing perspective. The main objective of the research is divided into three sub-objectives based on the theory: 1) To find out the main objective for bidding. 2) To find out how place marketing was implemented in the Helsinki 2006 –bid process. 3) To evaluate the success factors of Helsinki 2006 –bid process. The study shows that practices of place marketing were implemented while creating the marketing of Helsinki 2006. The main objective for the bid was to organise the best ever Winter Olympic Games and invite the sports youth of the world to compete in a country, where organising skills and spirit for sport are incomparable. The success factors chosen by the bid committee were not successful as the bid was not won. Although the bid organisation succeeded in creating the right image of Helsinki and Finland, it had no influence on the final decision. The case proved that success factors of place marketing were suitable for marketing, but had no emphasis on the final decision. The new concept of sharing the Olympic Games with Lillehammer, based on sustainable development was a too large step for the Olympic Movement, although it was accepted in the Olympic Charter. The case revealed that the most significant factors in the Olympic bid process were the structure of the bid organisation and the position of the representatives of the bidding country in international sports organisations, where most significant lobbying is done to influence the final decision. The case taught that the greatest defect of Finnish sport is the lack people in significant positions in international sports organisations. A conclusion can be drawn that in large-scale international place purchase decisions, high level positions in international organisations are required from the place seller’s side to ensure the success of place marketing. On a more general level, this case proves that place marketing follows the trend recognised in marketing research of organisations where more responsibility of marketing lays on the managerial level of multinational groups instead of the marketing department. The higher the position of the messenger, the more successful the outcome in marketing. Key words Marketing, place marketing, Olympic Games, bidding, Helsinki Further information TIIVISTELMÄ x Pro gradu -tutkielma Lisensiaatintutkielma Väitöskirja Oppiaine Kansainvälinen liiketoiminta Päivämäärä 07.05.2008 Matrikkelinumero Tekijä(t) Kukka Tamminen Sivumäärä 109 Otsikko Bidding for the Olympics – a place marketing perspective Ohjaajat KTT, Ph.D Kari Liuhto, KTM Jenni Jaakkola Tiivistelmä Olympialaiset ovat maailman suurin tapahtuma, joka on tuonut kulloisenkin isäntäkaupungin maailman kartalle mittavien taloudellisten hyötyjen kera. Olympiahaussa myyjä on kansallinen olympiakomitea, joka asettaa yhden kaupungin ehdolle. Ostaja on kansainvälinen olympiakomitea, jonka 115 jäsentä päättävät voittajasta äänestämällä 18 kuukauden kampanjoinnin jälkeen. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on arvioida Helsinki 2006 -olympiahakua paikkamarkkinoinnin näkökulmasta. Pääongelma on jaettu kolmeen osaongelmaan tutkimuksen teorian pohjalta: 1. Selvitetään haun päällimmäinen tarkoitus. 2. Selvitetään miten paikkamarkkinoinnin keinoja on käytetty Helsinki 2006 -hakuprosessissa. 3. Arvioidaan Helsinki 2006 -hakuprosessin menestystekijöitä. Tutkimus osoittaa, että Helsinki 2006 -olympiahaun markkinointia rakennettaessa käytettiin paikkamarkkinoinnin välineitä. Pohjimmainen syy hakea talviolympialaisia Suomeen oli halu järjestää maailman parhaat talviolympialaiset ja kutsua koko maailman urheileva nuoriso maahan, jossa järjestämistaito ja urheiluhenki ovat vailla vertaa. Hakukomitean valitsemat menestystekijät eivät olleet oikeat, sillä hakukilpailua ei voitettu. Vaikka hakukomitea onnistui luomaan juuri oikean kuvan Suomesta ja Helsingistä, ei sillä ollut vaikutusta lopputulokseen. Tapaus osoitti, että paikkamarkkinoinnin menestystekijät soveltuivat olympiahaun markkinointiin, mutta lopullisen tuloksen osalta niiden painoarvo oli lähes olematon. Helsingin tarjoama uudenlainen, sääntöjenmukainen ja kestävään kehitykseen perustunut jaettujen olympialaisten konsepti Lillehammerin kanssa, oli liian suuri askel olympialiikkeelle. Tapaus paljasti, että olympiahaussa merkittävin painoarvo oli hakuorganisaation rakenteella sekä hakijamaan edustajien asemalla kansainvälisissä urheiluorganisaatioissa, joissa suurin päätökseen vaikuttava lobbaus tapahtui. Tapauksesta opittiin, että suomalaisen urheilun suurin puute on suomalaisten puuttuminen kansainvälisten urheiluorganisaatioiden merkittävimmiltä istuimilta. Tutkimuksen johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että suurissa kansainvälisen tason paikkapäätöksissä tarvitaan riittävän korkea- arvoisia henkilöitä oikeisiin asemiin markkinoivan paikan puolelta, jotta paikkamarkkinointi olisi menestyksekästä. Tutkimus tukee yleisesti organisaatioiden markkinoinnin tutkimuksessa esiintyvää muutosta, jossa markkinoinnin vastuu on siirtymässä markkinointiyksiköstä konsernijohdolle. Mitä korkeammassa asemassa viestin välittäjä on, sen tehokkaampaa on myös markkinointi. Asiasanat Markkinointi, paikan markkinointi, olympialaiset, hakuprosessi, Helsinki Muita tietoja BIDDING FOR THE OLYMPICS – A PLACE MARKETING PERSPECTIVE Case: Helsinki 2006 Candidate City for the XX Winter Olympics Master’s Thesis in International Business Author Kukka Tamminen 9789 Supervisors Ph.D. Kari Liuhto M.Sc. Jenni Jaakkola 07.05.2008 Turku CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 4 1.1 The Olympics as an event and bidding for them .......................................... 4 1.2 International sports events organised in Finland .......................................... 9 1.3 Earlier studies related to the research theme .............................................. 12 1.3.1 Olympic research .......................................................................... 12 1.3.2 Research on international sports events in Finland ........................ 14 1.4 Purpose of the study.................................................................................. 17 2 PLACE MARKETING ...................................................................................... 20 2.1 An overview of place marketing ............................................................... 20 2.2 Implementation of place marketing ........................................................... 23 2.3 Success factors in place marketing practices ............................................. 33 3 THE OLYMPIC HOST SELECTION PROCESS .............................................. 40 3.1 Characters of the host selection process .................................................... 40 3.2 Bid components ........................................................................................ 42 3.3 Formulation of the bid .............................................................................. 45 4 EMPIRICAL RESEARCH DESIGN ................................................................. 48 4.1 Research approach .................................................................................... 48 4.2 Selection of case ....................................................................................... 50 4.3 Data collection .......................................................................................... 51 4.4 Data analysis ............................................................................................ 53 4.5 Trustworthiness of study ........................................................................... 54 5 EMPIRICAL RESEARCH FINDINGS ............................................................. 58 5.1 Case Helsinki 2006 ................................................................................... 58 5.2 The objective for bidding .......................................................................... 60 5.3 Implementation of place marketing in Helsinki 2006 ................................ 64 5.4 Success factors of Helsinki 2006 ............................................................... 73 5.5 A summary of most significant empirical research findings ...................... 79 6 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................... 83 6.1 Concluding discussion of empirical findings in the light of theory ............ 83 6.2 Organisational implications and policy recommendations ......................... 87 6.3 Suggestions for further studies .................................................................. 89 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 90 APPENDICES ...........................................................................................................
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