Between Reality and Fiction
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The Influence of Old Norse on the English Language
Antonius Gerardus Maria Poppelaars HUSBANDS, OUTLAWS AND KIDS: THE INFLUENCE OF OLD NORSE ON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE HUSBANDS, OUTLAWS E KIDS: A INFLUÊNCIA DO NÓRDICO ANTIGO NA LÍNGUA INGLESA Antonius Gerardus Maria Poppelaars1 Abstract: What have common English words such as husbands, outlaws and kids and the sentence they are weak to do with Old Norse? Yet, all these examples are from Old Norse, the Norsemen’s language. However, the Norse influence on English is underestimated as the Norsemen are viewed as barbaric, violent pirates. Also, the Norman occupation of England and the Great Vowel Shift have obscured the Old Norse influence. These topics, plus the Viking Age, the Scandinavian presence in England, as well as the Old Norse linguistic influence on English and the supposed French influence of the Norman invasion will be described. The research for this etymological article was executed through a descriptive- qualitative approach. Concluded is that the Norsemen have intensively influenced English due to their military supremacy and their abilities to adaptation. Even the French-Norman French language has left marks on English. Nowadays, English is a lingua franca, leading to borrowings from English to many languages, which is often considered as invasive. But, English itself has borrowed from other languages, maintaining its proper character. Hence, it is hoped that this article may contribute to a greater acknowledgement of the Norse influence on English and undermine the scepticism towards the English language as every language has its importance. Keywords: Old Norse Loanwords, English Language, Viking Age, Etymology. Resumo: O que têm palavras inglesas comuns como husbands, outlaws e kids e a frase they are weak a ver com os Nórdicos? Todos esses exemplos são do nórdico antigo, a língua dos escandinavos. -
Viking Rules V44.Pdf
1 English Housecarl 1. Choose a Faction 12 Blue Housecarl Faction Cards (01-12) GAME SETUP Each player chooses a Faction to play and 20 Blue Housecarl Units takes the corresponding Units (miniatures), 2 Blue Housecarl Battle Dice Battle Dice and Faction Cards of that Faction’s color. The English side’s Factions are the blue H H O H O U H O U S O U Housecarl and the green Thegn. The Viking S E U S E C S E C A E C A R C A R L A side’s Factions are the black and R Norsemen L R L the red Berserker. L When playing with fewer than four people, one or more players will control both Factions of one side. 2 All Factions must be played. H O U Kingdoms S E C A England is divided into four Kingdoms, R H L 5 O U each with its own color background. S E 2. Cards C A R L H O U Each of the four Factions prepares a Draw S E C A R Deck composed of Faction Cards 01-12. L (Cards numbered higher than 12 are used in the alternative ‘Advanced Setup’ described on the next page). Each Faction shuffles its Draw Deck and draws 3 cards, which it may look at. Each Faction’s Draw Deck consists of 12 customized cards: 6 Movement, 1 Treaty and 1 English Thegn 5 Event Cards. Each Faction must hold at 12 Green Thegn Faction Cards (01-12) least 1 Movement/Treaty Card in its hand. -
The Northman in Popular Historical Fiction
‘Strange companies’: The Northman in popular historical fiction Lisa Bennett, Flinders University, and Kim Wilkins, University of Queensland Abstract: This essay analyses how Bernard Cornwell and Giles Kristian, two authors of popular novels about Vikings, navigate historical research and dom- inant stereotypes about Vikings. The ubiquitous figure of the hyper-masculine and barbaric Viking may be at odds with the expectations that historical fiction will reflect a realistic portrait of past times. Cornwell and Kristian strike a bal- ance between dynamic drama and embodied historical detail to arrive at a fig- ure who reads as authentically of the Viking Age and persuasively of the desir- ing imagination of the present. Keywords: Vikings, Northmen, Bernard Cornwell, Giles Kristian, popular cul- ture Introduction Popular culture website tvtropes, a fan-based wiki that gathers and describes enduring tropes across media, offers an entry titled ‘Horny Vikings’ to define this type of Northman as: seldom seen without those spiffy horned helmets and are sometimes adorned with Pelts of the Barbarian. Vikings are always quite hairy, with long beards and longer Braids of Barbarism flying in the ocean breeze… Expect them to approach aboard intimidating, monster-headed long- ships, fierce men aboard fearsome boats (2018). While obviously not a scholarly source, tvtropes is a reliable repository for sum- marising prevailing stereotypes. Its cultural criticism tends more towards par- ody rather than nuance, and yet the tropes noted above do inform a generally held view about Vikings in popular culture. Nor is this view a recent one. In medieval Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman chronicles, letters, myths and histo- ries written in Latin, Old English and Old Norse, Vikings are conceptualised as raiders who are both barbaric and awe-inspiring. -
Christianity Under Fire
University of Iceland School of Humanities Department of English Christianity Under Fire: An Analysis of the Treatment of Religion in Three Novels by Bernard Cornwell B.A Essay Kjartan Birgir Kjartansson Kt.: 260192-2059 Supervisor: Ingibjörg Ágústsdóttir May 2015 Abstract This essay discusses the various different ways Christianity affects relations between different characters as well as political and historical events in three historical novels by Bernard Cornwell. Christianity had a large part to play in medieval societies and was often the source of many conflicts, especially in the British Isles. The three novels covered in the essay take place during different periods of time in the medieval history of England, that is, the Arthurian period in The Winter King, the Viking invasions by the Pagan Danes in The Last Kingdom and the high-medieval period in Harlequin. The essay discusses both the historical background of each novel and how these novels depict the Church as it was during the period in question, as well as the Christian and non-Christian characters and religions in general. Furthermore, this essay discusses the troubling youth and life of Bernard Cornwell and how he has admitted to be prejudiced against all religions. Christianity is a religion which Cornwell treats with special contempt, especially when the faith is contrasted with the pagan or otherwise non-Christian faiths in his novels. The medieval Christians in these novels are extremely prejudiced towards their non-Christian counterparts, their adversaries in warfare, whether Christian or not, and even women, who are treated more badly than non-Christian women. Additionally, the Christians are usually seen as more corrupt, lazy, unjust, hypocritical, arrogant and bigoted than others. -
How the Danelaw Was Established in England
Vikings vs Anglo-Saxons Timeline Sheet How the Danelaw was established in England 793 806 The first Viking invasion in England. They ransack the In the third Viking attack on Iona (an island in Lindisfarne monastery, Scotland) 68 monks are killed. The Vikings massacre the monks and continue to raid monasteries and towns along burn down the priory. theth coasts of England, Scotland and Ireland. 852 The Vikings stay in Englandd for a 865 long period of time for the first time. The Danish ‘Grand Army’ lands on They camp on the Isle of Thanet in the east coast of England, led by Kent over the winter instead of King Ivan the ‘Boneless’ and King returning to Scandinavia. Halfdan. A new wave of attacks on East Anglia, Mercia and Northumberland begin. 869 The Vikings attack East Anglia. 867 King Edmund raises an army to The VikingsViking move south from York and fight them but the army is attack Nottingham.Not They take the city. defeated and King Edmund is Late that year, two Northumbrians were killed and decapitated. battling for the crown. The Vikings took advantage of this and took control of York. This city became Jorvik, the Viking capital in England. 871 The Vikings attack Wessex. King EtEthelred and his brother Alfred fight a series of battles against the 886 Vikings. Ethelred dies and passes the crown to Alfred. After a The Treaty of Wedmore is signed, givingin g humiliating defeat, King Alfred the northeast to the Vikings and leavingvi ng decides to pay the Vikings the rest of England to the Anglo-Saxons. -
How Significant Are the Scandinavian Migrations for the Creation of Identities in the Early Middle Ages?
Volume 1: 2008-2009 ISSN: 2041-6776 School of English Studies How significant are the Scandinavian migrations for the creation of identities in the early middle ages? Jayne McErlean T he significance of Scandinavian migration to the British Isles, for the identities of both the indigenous people and the Scandinavian settlers during the early middle ages, is dichotomous and complex. Identity is not one dimensional and fixed; it is multiple and fluid. Ethnic identity might be expressed through language, religion and culture, but could arguably be defined by history, geographical origin or parentage. National identity can be undermined by regional identities. Social roles, for example mother, farmer and earl, imply other identities. It is clearly impossible to define what underpins identity. Indeed, the Vikings have several ‘labels’ in medieval texts which suggest several assigned identities. The scholar Alcuin wrote from the court of Charlemagne to Bishop Higebald, following the first recorded Viking raid in 793 on the monastery at Lindisfarne. Outraged, he describes the Vikings as ‘heathens [who] desecrated god’s sanctuaries’.1 Despite conflict between tribes in Ireland, the Irish sense of shared polity and Christianity set the non-Christian Vikings in such striking opposition that they are repeatedly referred to as ‘Gaill’ or foreigners in The Annals of Ulster. In contrast, in Orkneyinga Saga, Svein Asleifarson, a prolific Viking is described as ‘the greatest man the western world has ever seen’.2 The word ‘Viking’, is in itself not an ‘ethnic label, but is descriptive of what they did’.3 It refers to the act of travelling to raid, steal and plunder. -
Viking England How the Danes Became English
Chad M. White April 8, 2016 Viking England How the Danes became English On the thirteenth of November in the year 1002, Æthelred, King of all England, ordered the slaughter of every Dane living in England.1 Such an insane order was apt for one who bears the soubriquet “Unræd” or the ill-advised. The command was an act was both dangerous in its implications and impossible to effect. The Scandinavians living in England had been established in the British Isles for generations, through settlement, warfare, and by treaty with King Alfred of Wessex, Æthelred’s great-great-grandfather. The acculturation process had begun long before and the peoples of the eastern and northern England were no longer so easily separated Dane from Saxon, but were now Anglo-Danish. The very language was infiltrated by Danish loan-words, so easily transferrable to english with his shared Germanic roots. Evidence exists that the English and the Scandinavians were living side by side, in both peace and hostility, in much the way that the various Anglo-Saxon tribes had been prior to the Viking Age. Many of the Danes were Christian by this point and even the de facto viking capital in the north, the city of Jorvik, retained its archbishopric, an appointment made by the English king in Wintancaester. The Danes that Æthelred ordered killed on that day, Saint Brice’s Day, would not be so easily removed and had become an integral part of the English peoples, both blending into English society and altering it forever. The Viking Age in Britain historically began with a raid on a defenseless coastal monastery, an isolated religious community, in the northwestern part of the island in 793. -
The Danish Wars and the Establishment of the Borough and County of Buckingham
THE DANISH WARS AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BOROUGH AND COUNTY OF BUCKINGHAM ARNOLD H. J. BAINES The Mercians, whose administration had been shattered by the Danish invasions, accepted A If red as their king in 886, and his treaty with Gu thrum of that year defined the Danelaw boundary. Where his writ ran, Alfred regulated the burdens of taxation and military service by reference to 5- and 10-hide units, in a scheme that enabled him to maintain a mobile field force with rotating levies. At the same time a corresponding Danish system was being imposed on the areas of Mercia relinquished to the Danes. The Hundred of Stodfold between the Great Ouse and Whittlewood Forest was occupied in part by detachments of the Danish army of Northampton, and this accounts for the presence of Danish reckoning alongside English in that hundred. The Stodfold Danes submitted to Edward the Elder in 914, the rest of the army of Northampton in 917. In Stodfold, 6-carucate and 5-hide units appear from the Domesday returns to have been of roughly equal economic value; each hide was therefore some 20% more valuable than a carucate, and when carucates were treated as hides for taxation their burden was proportionately greater. The area contributing to the defence of Edward's burh of Buckingham was defined by the number of men needed to man the perimeter of that stronghold; though originally a military command rather than a civil jurisdiction, this area gave rise to the county, to which the Chiltern Hundreds were soon added. -
The Viking Invasions and Their Aftermath
The Vikins Invasions and Their Aftermath 8t Even as Augustine's mission was proselytizing in southern England, northem En- gland was being converted by missionaries from Ireland. At the time, the Irish church was organized somewhat differently from the Roman church, and over the years of isolation from Rome, the Irish had failed to keep up with changes emanating from Rome, primarily minor points such as the calculation of Easter, appropriate clerical tonsure, and the like. The two branches had no major doctrinal discrepancies, and, for England, their differences were resolved amicably in favor of Rome at a synod held in Yorkshire in 664. Christianization was an important landmark in the history of the English language because it brought England and the English speakers into the only living intellectual community of Europe, that of the Latin Church. England immediately adopted the Latin alphabet, and English was soon being written down extensively. New loanwords from Latin began to appear in English. During the seventh and eighth centuries, the level of Latin scholarship was so high in England that English scholars were in demand on the Continent. Alcuin of York became director of Charlemagne's Palace School. The Anglo-Saxon church and, consequently, Anglo-Saxon learning declined sharply with the Viking invasions. The Vikings themselves were pagan and had no compunctions aQout robbing English monasteries, burning books, and killing, enslav- ing, or dispersing monks. After the Treaty of Wedmore (4.n. 878), King Alfred was able to achieve some revival of intellectual life, but the major rebirth of learning after the Danish invasions did not come until the reign of his grandson Edgar. -
Bowl Tiebreaker 2 Bowl Tiebreaker 2 Dinnertime Questions
NHBB Nationals Weekend Extras 2016-2017 Bowl Tiebreaker 2 Bowl Tiebreaker 2 Dinnertime Questions (1) This kingdom converted to Christianity after the baptism of Cynegils and was legendarily founded by Cerdic and Cynric. This member of the Heptarchy united its neighbors under Athelstan until the conquest of (+) Canute the Great, and it won the battle of Edington against Guthrum and signed the Treaty of Wedmore. Its most famous king compiled the (*) Doom Book and defeated the Viking invasion after it had conquered nearby Mercia and Northumbria. For ten points, name this Anglo-Saxon kingdom in the south of England ruled by Alfred the Great. ANSWER: Kingdom of Wessex (do not accept or prompt on England) (2) After the People's Convention had been held, government officials attempted to stop this event with concessions in the Freemen's Constitution. This event led to the Supreme Court case Luther v. Borden, which ruled that it was constitutional to (+) change governments. John Tyler refused to send troops to end this event, and newly elected governor (*) Samuel Ward King declared martial law in response to it. For ten points, name this 1841 rebellion that attempted to extend the franchise in Rhode Island. ANSWER: Dorr's Rebellion (accept equivalents for rebellion) (3) A film set during this war starred Angela Lansbury and Frank Sinatra and centered on Raymond Shaw, who is brainwashed to murder after seeing the queen of diamonds. Another movie set during this war was directed by (+) Robert Altman and inspired a TV series with characters Trapper John and Hawkeye Pierce, who work at the (*) 4077th medical camp. -
The Life and Times of Alfred the Great
THE LIFE AND TIMES OF ALFRED THE GREAT a PLUMMEU HENRY FROWDE, M.A. PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD LONDON, EDINBURGH NEW YORK THE LIFE AND TIMES OF ALFRED THE GREAT BEING THE FORD LECTURES FOR 1901 BY CHARLES PLUMMER, M.A. FELLOW AKD CHAPLAIN OF CORPUS CHIilSTI COLLEG.5.' GrrOtD WITH AN APPENDIX OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1902 [AU rights reserved'] n OXFORD PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS BY HORACE HART, M.A. PKINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY SPBECKELS TO THE Rev. JOHN EARLE, M.A. \WLINSOXIAN PROFESSOR OF ANGLO-SAXON IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD THESE LECTURES ARE AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED BY HIS FRIEND AND FORMER PUPIL THE AUTHOR 102055 PREFACE The present work contains the lectures delivered by me on the Ford foundation in Michaelmas Term, 1901. The lectures are printed substantially as they were delivered, with the exception that certain passages which were shortened or omitted in delivery owing" to want of time are now given in full. In the notes will be found the authorities and arguments on which the conclusions of the text are based. The notes occupy a rather large proportion of the book, because I wished to spare my audience, as far as possible, the discussion of technical details. I have not thought it necessary to recast the form of the lectures. The personal style of address^ naturally employed by a lecturer to his audience, is retained in addressing the larger audience to which I now appeal. The objects which I have aimed at in the lectures are sufficiently explained at the beginning and end of the lectures themselves, and need not be further enlarged on here. -
St John the Baptist Church, Little Missenden Guide for Teachers Contents Introduction
St John the Baptist Church, Little Missenden Guide for teachers Contents Introduction...................................................................................................................................... 2 Background....................................................................................................................................... 2 Image bank 1: Church building.......................................................................................................... 3 Source pack 1: Romans in Little Missenden...................................................................................... 7 Lesson 1: Traces of the Romans......................................................................................................... 9 Source pack 2: Anglo-Saxon invasion and conversion.......................................................................10 Lesson 2: Anglo-Saxon invasion and conversion............................................................................. 13 Source pack 3: Vikings in Buckinghamshire...................................................................................... 14 Lesson 3: Attack of the Vikings........................................................................................................ 16 Source pack 4: Norman architecture................................................................................................ 17 Lesson 4: The Normans are coming!............................................................................................... 20