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4 - 5 JUNE 2019 THE ESSENTIALS

THE PEACEMAKERS

www.normandiepourlapaix.fr/en Note to readers

This document compiles summaries of the discussions and debates held at the second edition of the Normandy World Peace Forum. The remarks made during this event do not represent the Normandy Region and do not reflect its position in any way. The summaries are not scientific articles. They include the different points of view and the essential elements of each sequence.

Whether you attended the 2019 Normandy World Peace Forum or not, the Normandy Region has created this document to summarise the highlights of the second edition of this event. You will find a summary of the conferences and debates and a presentation of the highlights of the event, held on 4 and 5 June 2019.

The Normandy World Peace Forum in a few figures: 6,000 attendees, including 2,500 young people, came to focus on peace: debating, learning, finding out more and discussing. 240 experts, winners, government representatives and figures from the academic world and civil society analysed the stakeholders and the processes involved in the development of long-lasting peace. More than 400 people signed the Manifesto for Peace during the two days of the Forum.

We hope you enjoy reading this document! The Normandy Region

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01. UNDERSTANDING CONTEMPORARY CONFLICTS, SPEECHES FROM BEGINNING TO RESOLUTION...... 58 North Korea: failure or success of the negotiations?...... 58 Inaugural speech - Hervé Morin, President of the Normandy Region...... 06 The peace process in : fraught with difficulties...... 62 Opening keynote speech - Dr , winner of the .....12 The Democratic Republic of Congo: what end to the crisis?...... 64 Closing keynote speech - Jean-Yves Le Drian...... 17 Colombia: peace and then what? ...... 66 Cameroon, a nascent conflict...... 68 South Sudan/Sudan: is peace possible locally without regional stability?...... 71 Venezuela: a Latin American crisis and international interests...... 73 CONTENTS 02. Syria: what balance of power after the conflict?...... 75 The Nagorno-Karabakh War: 25 years of stalemate?...... 77 ...... 79 ACHIEVEMENTS Russia-Ukraine: the roads to conflict resolution The new Chinese diplomacy: what impact for global stability?...... 81 Signature of the Normandy Manifesto for World Peace...... 24 What new order for Algeria?...... 83 Launch of the Normandy for Peace Chair...... 28 What impact will Brexit have on the Irish peace agreement?...... 85 Presentation of the ’s Normandy Index...... 31 The Rohingya in Burma and Bangladesh: a situation which is under the radar?...... 87

CHALLENGES AND ISSUES FOR SUSTAINABLE PEACE...... 90 Identity building and the rise of nationalism...... 90 03. Brexit: European construction/destruction...... 92 Personal reconstruction after conflict: the soldiers’ return...... 94 THE PLENARY CONFERENCES Education, an agent of peace...... 96 Sustainable tourism, a passport for peace?...... 98 AND SIDE EVENTS Climate change and natural resources: tomorrow’s wars...... 100 Islam in international relations...... 102 Humanize peace: what actors?...... 34 Science and peace: is peace the rational fate of humanity?...... 104 Side event: Economic meetings...... 36 Fake news and strategies for disinformation: the weapons of the 21st century?...... 106 The paths to peace: mistakes and successes...... 38 Migration challenges: global issues, local responses?...... 108 Side event: Fake news and disinformation: what can the media do?...... 40 Europe/: what future for the transatlantic alliance?...... 110 How to build a sustainable peace?...... 42 Side event: Presentation of the annual report of the Leaders for Peace...... 44 05. 04. YOUTH EVENTS

THE DEBATES Final event: Walk the (Global) Walk...... 114 First Freedom Prize award ceremony and tribute to veterans...... 118 AN OVERVIEW OF THE PEACEMAKERS...... 48 Women as leaders for peace: a force for the future...... 48 What European policy for peace?...... 50 Title page: © FG Productions Photography: Dominique Hureaux (Maison de la Publisher: Normandy Region Recherche en Sciences Humaines), Eric Bénard, Sport: still a catalyst for peace?...... 52 Design and layout: Ubiqus Eric Biernacki, Léonie Hamard (Normandy Region) Copywriting: Ubiqus Printer: La Maison du Document War journalism: Generation Sarajevo...... 54 Print run: 250 copies What role for local and regional authorities in peace building?...... 56 Date of publication: November 2019

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SPEECHES

Inaugural speech Hervé Morin, President of the Normandy Region...... 06

Opening keynote speech Dr Denis Mukwege, winner of the 2018 Nobel Peace Prize...... 12

Closing keynote speech Jean-Yves Le Drian...... 17

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Hervé Morin © Eric Biernacki - Normandy Region

Through this annual commemoration, we want As last year, young people will be at the to maintain a strong link with the 10,000 forefront of Normandy for Peace, these two Allied soldiers killed, wounded or missing. days of conferences and workshops being, as Ladies and gentlemen, we are bound to them I said, only the tip of the iceberg of the work by the ties of memory, like the ties that united done with teachers, whom I would also like to the coffins of our two Special Forces soldiers, thank. Education is obviously at the forefront of Cédric de Pierrepont and Alain Bertoncello, the factors impacting peace, provided that it a few weeks ago, in the courtyard of the serves this objective, which is unfortunately not Invalides. They both belonged to the Hubert always the case in a number of countries that commando unit, which takes its name from cultivate in schools a spirit of revenge or hatred a French naval officer, Augustin Hubert, who of their neighbours. also died on 6 June 1944, the victim of a sniper in the streets of Ouistreham, along with As you will see, this programme is incredibly other soldiers of the famous Kieffer commando rich. This year, it is intended to honour unit. The names of heroes never fade, said the peacemakers, and I would like to say, peace head of the French state at the Invalides on 14 fighters. Because yes, peace is a fight. A May. Kieffer, Hubert, Pierrepont, Bertoncello: constant struggle, such is the feeling we have heroes of freedom against Nazi and jihadist that throughout history conflict always seems INAUGURAL SPEECH barbarism, heroes of democracy and, I would to be the rule and peace the exception. A thankless struggle, so often is the path to peace Tuesday 4 June like to add, since this is the theme of our Forum this year, peacemakers. made up of very small steps, minimal progress, _ long waiting periods and uncertainties. I would like to extend my warmest thanks to all those who agreed to speak during these two Hervé Morin, President of the Normandy Region and Regions of , former Minister days: two hundred and fifty speakers, from of Defence all continents, not forgetting the organizers of Peace is a constant this event; first of all, François-Xavier Priollaud, struggle, such is the Vice-President in charge of European and feeling we have that Ladies and gentlemen, I am not going to Anthony Grayling, the philosopher, and International Affairs - huge thanks to you - and all throughout history conflict greet all those who deserve to be honoured , President of the Indian those who work for the Region, many of whom always seems to be because of their outstanding occupation, and think tank Strategic Foresight Group. This have got involved to set up this event under the the eminent positions they have held in recent manifesto was inspired by the fight led by responsibility of Julie Miclot. Thank you all very the rule and peace the decades. I would simply like to tell you that I Russell and Einstein in 1955. Its presentation much for what you are doing for this wonderful exception. am delighted to open this second Normandy will be one of the highlights of the morning. Forum that we are trying to build, thank you. for Peace Forum, a challenge that we have attempted to take up. This second year of the Forum, ladies and Thank you, Madam Rector, for what the French You know that famous phrase by Camus: gentlemen, comes at a very special time, National Education Department is doing with “peace is the only fight worth fighting”. With us today are the Nobel Peace Prize since on Thursday, 6 June, the seventy-fifth us in this Forum, for Normandy for Peace is not Camus wrote this on 8 August 1945, just winners Mohamed ElBaradei, whose struggle anniversary of the Normandy Landings, the just these two days but carries on throughout after Hiroshima. I would like to read his text to combat the immense threat of nuclear seventy-fifth anniversary of what will always the year. Thank you for the extremely active to you: “In the face of the terrifying prospects proliferation is remembered by everyone, be remembered as the longest day, will be part you have taken. opening up to humanity, we see more clearly , who has worked hard for commemorated. how peace is the only fight worth fighting. It is peace in Africa and , , Ladies and gentlemen, Nobel Peace Prize no longer a prayer, but an order which should who led a fine fight that we spoke about last winners, political leaders, experienced rise up from the people to governments, the night against anti-personnel mines, one of the diplomats, geopolitical experts from academia, order to definitively choose between hell and atrocities of warfare, and Denis Mukwege, who On 6 June, we will leaders of non-governmental organizations, reason.” won the in 2018 for his permanent commemorate the community leaders, journalists, representatives fight against violence to women. Thank you. seventy-fifth anniversary of civil society, thank you for being here, and It is obviously a very lucid text, because not thank you to all those in Normandy, France, only do we still live with the possibility of such a Four Nobel Peace Prize winners in Caen: I of the Normandy Europe and throughout the world who have nuclear hell - even more so with the risks linked think this is the first time we have brought Landings, the seventy-fifth decided to attend the conferences, workshops to atomic proliferation, which will be more together such personalities, and I would like anniversary of what will and debates that will take place in the coming and more of a threat every day - but we also to thank them for it. Later on, there will be always be remembered days and will once again make Normandy a presentation of the Normandy Manifesto the world’s leading peace producer. for World Peace that they wrote along with as the longest day

Normandy World Peace Forum The essentials 7 note that though governments may not choose Initially civil wars, they draw in neighbouring and collective security systems. As you will hell, they do not always choose reason either, states and finally the major powers. We very probably say in the workshops, the best way especially those who are far from democracy. quickly move from local to regional, and from to preserve multilateralism is not just to conserve Building peace is And yet, I am not convinced that this is the only regional to international. This is what justifies it; it is also to improve and reform it powerfully. a long-term task, but criterion, to judge by certain statements made the debates that will take place on conflict saving it, in contrast, by leaders of major democracies. prevention. War in the XXIst century is not is not alone in challenging always military: it is commercial, it is media- multilateralism. It is also necessary to be able means being extremely As we speak, ladies and gentlemen, fourteen based, it even takes new forms through digital to hear well-founded or sympathetic criticism responsive. conflicts are going on. I am just talking about interference, as we have seen in recent years, from Heads of State or fully responsible conflicts that kill over a thousand people a not to mention the war against terrorism, which peacemakers. Criticisms of the effectiveness of year, because otherwise there would be fifty the tools, of the methods, of the unanswered led the then Prime Minister, Manuel Valls, to Prevention means influencing the causes of conflicts. In those with more than a thousand questions on migration, trade and climate: we say that we were at war. conflicts. Ladies and gentlemen, we often talk dead - and sorry for these macabre figures - must not blame everything on the American about religions and nationalism, but there will the oldest is that of the Moro insurrection in the We will listen, I believe with much emotion, President and be able to face collective security. be causes that will take up more and more Philippines, which has had 150,000 victims to accounts by the victims of terrorists. In this How can we make it more credible, more space. I am thinking in particular of the issue of since 1969. In our Europe, we do not always regard, I would like to point out a very fine effective and better adapted to the problems global warming. We are in a sense returning see it, but these are often very deadly conflicts. book called Le Lambeau, by one of the Charlie of the contemporary world, and build it within to the origins of humanity. We used to fight to The Yemeni conflict will be discussed. Conflicts Hebdo victims, Philippe Lançon, in which the a new balance of power, at a time when the feed ourselves and to find a space to live: there may be fewer in our time, but they often take author is described as “a war casualty in a world is changing? is a great risk that the next few decades will a very heavy toll on civilians, even more so country at peace”. see such conflicts once more. We will have the for women. It is important to quantify and The question of reactivity will also be discussed honour - the pleasure, I should say, so much objectify, and that is why we have reached It is in this context of permanent, multi-modal at length during these two days. Yes, collective does she appear as a source of life - to listen to an agreement with the European Parliament, conflicts that the questioning of multilateralism security must be part of an agile world, and a video message from Greta Thunberg, who which will come every year to present the by Donald Trump, Vladimir Putin and a few not be put in place once things have gone too will be coming to Caen in a few weeks. Normandy Index, which is the report on the others, fortunately with less military force than far. “Building peace is a long-term task, but the first two, must be seen. It is nothing less saving it, in contrast, means being extremely state of conflict in the world. Of course, working together for the climate than the principle of world peace, patiently responsive”. One conference is on conflict means not only preserving our planet and As we can see, neither the Peace of Westphalia, built up since 1945, that is being shattered. prevention, with Hubert Védrine, whom I would biodiversity, but also, in the much shorter term, nor nuclear weapons, nor, unfortunately, the like to thank for being here and for the work we saving peace in many parts of the world. As will have succeeded in putting will be doing on mediation issues, and we will we know, climate is a major issue. The house an end to the state of war and the arms race, also have the example of Cameroon and its is on fire, and we are no longer looking which has resumed in earnest. This leads some It is nothing less than English-speaking territory. We must be reactive away. This is already a step forward, but we authors to overturn Clausewitz’s famous maxim the principle of world and agile, but also respectful of States, which are not taking sufficiently strong action. Rising on war as a continuation of politics by other is complicated when faced with a civil conflict. peace, patiently built up sea levels, unprecedented storms, worsening means, considering that it is rather politics that From this point of view, I believe that we must since 1945, that is being droughts, food resources becoming scarce, is the continuation of war by other means. improve the links between the United Nations shattered. melting ice, coastal erosion: the impacts of and regional organizations in order to better global warming have become a daily reality, In some ways, and even if we do not always take into account the realities on the ground and this is likely to turn into a tragic reality. realize it, war is everywhere. What makes the with cultures that are not the same. There is task of peacemakers today more complicated Last September, at the opening session of not just one Africa; there is not just one Asia, Within a few decades, twenty or thirty is that it may be less between states than it was the United Nations, the Secretary-General, and neither is there just one Europe. One only years, one billion people are expected to before. It is more civil, it is more internecine, António Guterres, described the international needs to look at the attitude of the twenty-eight be displaced by climate change, especially which does not make it any less deadly. It system as having reached breaking point. At Member States of the towards among the poorest peoples. What an injustice should be remembered that the American Civil the same session, President Emmanuel Macron Russia. this is! Erasmus mobility and Aquarius mobility, War killed more people than all the conflicts in denounced a world in which might over right as a summary of globalisation. Those least which Americans have taken part. has become the ordinary way of settling responsible for climate change will be the main conflicts. All this is the result of undermining victims of it. They will be the new damned of and destabilizing within the UN, the WTO, the the Earth. World Bank and the IMF. Many will express it today and tomorrow, we must oppose this and fight to preserve universalism, multilateralism

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prevails over reason, renunciation over Those least demand, ease over determination, fake news responsible for climate over truth, these evils that are so well known change will be the main and that always herald the darkest clouds are victims of it. They will be once again with us. the new damned of the We have neither the power nor the notoriety Earth. of the greats of this world who will be hear in forty-eight hours, but here, together, at the Normandy World Peace Forum, we can send them a message, tell them that the greatness of What impact will that have on peace? a country does not lie in the number of nuclear Initially, the affected people will remain in warheads, or in the repeated expression of their countries. Later, in the face of threats or mediocre nationalism, but in a country’s ability their inability to live in their villages, these to fight global warming, to carry a universal people will leave their country, cross national message of peace and rapprochement among borders, causing food competition, cultural, peoples, an ideal of freedom and democracy. religious and identity conflicts, and social This is how we will remain truly faithful to the deconstruction. Yes, ladies and gentlemen, sacrifice of the heroes of June 6, 1944, and peace is a fight and, especially today, a fight this is the message we will carry during these for the climate. two days of conferences. In 1944, it was Hitler and Mussolini. In ten or twenty years’ time, it will be the encroaching oceans, the violence of the climate and the search for food and water that will be the greatest threats to world peace, more than The greatness anything else, probably more than nuclear of a country does not proliferation; at least, that is my feeling. lie in the number It is a struggle that is the responsibility of us of nuclear warheads, all, that involves personal initiatives, since or in the repeated there are aspects that have to do with our own conscience, but it is also up to politicians to expression of mediocre nobly rise to the occasion, as did Jaurès the nationalism, but in morning he was murdered, as did Yitzhak a country’s ability Rabin, murdered during a demonstration for to fight global warming, Israeli-Palestinian peace and for the accords. In the Israeli Prime Minister’s pocket to carry a universal were the words of the peace song he had just message of peace sung with the demonstrators. and rapprochement Jaurès, Rabin; I could have mentioned Lincoln, among peoples, , or other less famous people who an ideal of freedom fought for peace and against hatred, until they and democracy. died. On Thursday the shadow of these Great Men will hover over the landing beaches, as will the memory of our veterans. How could Long live Normandy, long live France, long we not wish it, in these times of nationalist live the world and long live peace. awakening, the drift towards populism and sometimes, it must be said, the debasement Thank you. of public debate? In these times when passion

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Denis Mukwege © Eric Biernacki - Normandy Region

saying no to war and creating ever closer ties Other people, outsiders, foreigners and those between former enemies to develop shared who are different are accused of being the peace and prosperity. source of our problems. Hateful words lead to racist and sexist attacks. Extremist ideas are Those who died in the war, whom we will becoming commonplace in society and in the honour tomorrow, made it possible for political discourse of several countries, to such Europeans to enjoy seventy-five years of an extent that they are sometimes repeated peace and prosperity. The European Union by political parties previously considered to has become the most advanced and envied be democratic parties. Human rights and model of regional integration in the world. international humanitarian rights are violated OPENING KEYNOTE SPEECH Twenty years ago, the fall of the Berlin Wall on a daily basis on every continent. Tuesday 4 June 2019 led us to believe that the era of totalitarianism The D-Day landings on Normandy’s beaches _ was consigned to bad memories of the past, remind us of the striking contrast between that we understood the need to build bridges, those who came from distant lands to save rather than walls, between individuals, to learn Europe, fighting for the continent’s freedom Doctor Denis Mukwege, winner of the 2018 Nobel Peace Prize about other cultures and to strengthen links and peace, and those whose bodies are between nations so as to work together to find now found on beaches, having fled poverty solutions to universal problems, to respond to and violence to seek peace and freedom I would have loved to be here at this time world based on friendly relations between the challenges faced by the modern world, in Europe. The blood shed by foreign with , a Yazidi woman and states, multilateralism and a ban on the use including the fight against poverty, climate fighters, these heroes who died for freedom a survivor of sexual violence, who I find so of force, which is the basis of the collective change, environmental protection, terrorism, on European soil, calls for more solidarity impressive, because breaking one’s silence security system enshrined in Charter of the new forms of conflict and the management and fraternity among people from different is another way to make peace. I talked with United Nations, a world based on international of migration. backgrounds. her before coming; unfortunately, she is rather criminal justice, which began in Nuremberg tired because she is a particularly sought- and Tokyo and which finds its most brilliant Ladies and gentlemen, in the history of To respond to migration, we must make it our after speaker, but it would have been a real form in the International Criminal Court. humanity, different populations have never priority to ensure that Europe and the Western pleasure to be here with her. been as interdependent as they are today; yet world are not the world’s only peaceful and Friends of peace, those who died on the beaches multilateralism is currently put under significant prosperous oasis, surrounded by conflict President of the Normandy Region and of Normandy left a clear and simple message to pressure by the temptation to withdraw. With and poverty. It is our collective responsibility Regions of France, veterans of the Second the survivors, to us and to the human community: Brexit and the results of the last European to create the necessary conditions to avoid World War, winners of the Nobel Peace “never again”. It is up to all of us to respond to elections, we can see that this hard-earned the causes of war and the injustices which Prize, students, ladies and gentlemen, friends this order and to accept this responsibility, which progress is threatened. What seemed solid push refugees and migrants to want to live of peace and freedom, I want to thank the is intertwined with human survival. now looks fragile. elsewhere, before they occur. By reducing Normandy Region for inviting me to speak in this migratory pressure, we will put an end to this incredible eleventh-century abbey at the At the beginning of this XXIst century, we bear the narrative which encourages populism and second edition of the Normandy World Peace horrified witness to violations of our rights and policies which reject and exclude in some of Forum, with its peacemaker theme, ahead of Friends of peace, fundamental freedoms, discrimination and the the most privileged countries. the 75th anniversary of the D-Day landings of those who died rejection of others. Living in parallel continues 6 June 1944 and the Battle of Normandy. on the beaches of to take precedence over living together and This is increasingly vital, given that the next Immanuel Kant’s dream of perpetual peace is waves of migration will be more closely We respectfully pay tribute to the memory of Normandy left us a clear still far from becoming a reality because of a linked to climate change which will affect us those who died for freedom and peace, who and simple message: resurgence in the bitter passions of nationalism, all. Once again, there will only be a solution sacrificed their lives to put an end to violence, “never again”. anti-Semitism, religious fundamentalism and if we rely on multilateralism, partnerships and barbarity and totalitarianism, who liberated populism. shared responsibilities, both individually and Europe. collectively. We pay tribute to the veterans who are here In response to the misery of war and the Ladies and gentlemen, the current trend to today. You fought alongside those who are mourning of the millions of dead which Living in parallel withdraw, which goes hand-in-hand with no longer here, turning the page on one of affected every family and every nation, the continues to take the rise of policies which threaten freedom, the darkest chapters in mankind’s history. You solution was to combine the production of invites us to make an observation. Today, have helped to give your children the hope precedence over living coal and steel, indispensable resources for it is essential to reaffirm yesterday’s hard- of a better world, a world based on respect together. the production of weapons. The European earned achievements to build on them for freedom and dignity, confirmed in the project was inspired by this imperative: Universal Declaration of Human Rights, a

Normandy World Peace Forum The essentials 13 tomorrow. History has taught us not to repeat This conflict has resulted in six million deaths, Every day, my staff and I are witness to the the mistakes of the past and that the worst is four million refugees and internally displaced greatest human suffering but we transform not always that far from the best. We must persons and hundreds of thousands of raped Today, all these pain into strength and respond to violence open our eyes, we must put an end to the women who continue to flock to the Panzi women who have with love. Every day, we fight for the human somnambulistic state in which we seem to hospital where I work. All the United Nations’ suffered in mind, body dignity of the victims of sexual violence and find ourselves today. reports on the serious violations of human barbaric human behaviour. Every day, we rights and humanitarian law have remained and soul are asking for are conscious of what life is like and we sow justice to be done. without effect. These reports languish in desk the seeds for a better tomorrow. drawers in New York, thereby maintaining this Today, it is essential organised chaos which benefits companies Ladies and gentlemen, every single one of us to reaffirm yesterday’s with mafioso and criminal practices. Women are presented too often as the can contribute to the development of lasting hard-earned victims of male violence. However, survivors peace, can be a catalyst for change and for Some of my patients who are victims of the transform their suffering into genuine power a better world. Every single one of us can be achievements to build war’s barbaric behaviour arrive in extremely and women’s participation in efforts to build a peacemaker, in our circle of friends, in our on them tomorrow. serious and seemingly hopeless states. As a peace and to rebuild our society is long neighbourhood, at school, at university, in our doctor, I have seen things which no surgeon overdue. workplace and in our political parties. Every should see. However, after a few weeks or single one of us must be vigilant and refuse to The need to find global solutions will lead months of treatment, care, supervision and Women know better than anyone what is be complacent in the face of speeches which us to reform our collective security system, holistic services, our patients transform their good and appropriate for their children and seek to create hate and rejection. which may be undermined by an erroneous suffering into strength. for their community’s well-being. Society can interpretation of the principle of national no longer afford to exclude half of humanity’s Before it is too late, we must reject all forms Today, some have become anaesthetists. This sovereignty. Moreover, the enforcement of the voices around the negotiating table. For this of indifference to racism and sexism and has always surprised me, because I thought “double standards” principle in international reason, we aim to see women fully involved we must mobilise against countries’ plans to that these patients, once they had recovered, relations, which has resulted in so much in crisis management and conflict resolution curb their citizens’ freedom and to spread would simply try to get as far away as frustration, has too often fuelled the fire of partnerships, because there will be no lasting lies and hatred to benefit oppression and possible. Those who choose to become conflict; it is closely linked to the right of peace without female participation. authoritarianism. We must be a bulwark anaesthetists do so because they cannot veto of the United Nations Security Council’s against populism which feeds on ignorance bear to let others go through the pain which permanent members, all of which are nuclear Ladies and gentlemen, when we live without and indifference to create a fear of others they have experienced. Some have become powers but which unfortunately refuse to peace, without freedom, without justice and and to further an anti-democratic agenda. lawyers because they could not accept the protect those who are in danger when the without democracy, as we do in my country, impunity which their torturers enjoyed. Others Ladies and gentlemen, in a world which is countries’ geostrategic and economic interests we can fully appreciate their value and we have become social workers to help the too often characterised by egocentricity, we are at stake. have no choice but to fight for them every poor. Some have become teachers because day, to leave our children with a different are inspired by those who reject indifference. Ladies and gentlemen, let me share the they wanted to leave a better world for their world, a better world, free from violence and We commend the commitment of millions current reality of my country with you. For children. Today, all these women who have injustice. You, living in a peaceful, democratic of volunteers who, just like hundreds of more than twenty years in the Democratic suffered in mind, body and soul are asking society, must take action every day to protect young secondary school students here, Republic of Congo, we have experienced the for justice to be done. and nurture it! You must not wait until it is lost have contributed to sustainable development consequences of a strictly economic conflict, and needs to be reclaimed! projects with the European programme Walk . the sole purpose of which is to stockpile the the (Global) Walk, who work for charities, necessary mineral resources to guarantee who are driven by a desire to build bridges technological progress at the lowest possible between individuals and cultures and who price. To be able to own mobile phones and want to create a fairer and more equitable laptops, we need coltan, which is found in Every day, my staff society, in the spirit of solidarity and fraternity. the Kivu region where I come from. You are the peacemakers, the people who and I are witness to the will create a better, fairer and more peaceful greatest human suffering world. but we transform pain into strength and respond to violence with love.

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Jean-Yves Le Drian © Léonie Hamard - Normandy Region

You are the CLOSING KEYNOTE SPEECH peacemakers, the people Wednesday 5 June 2019 who will create a better, _ fairer and more peaceful world. Jean-Yves Le Drian, French Minister for Europe and Foreign Affairs

All of this leads us to commend the focus on The President of the Normandy Region, Hervé Lest we forget, thirty years on from 1989, remembrance of the Normandy Region and Morin, ladies and gentlemen, that it took fifty years of division in Europe for all the initiatives and work which are led by this ideal which emerged from the beaches communities, teachers and associations. It is Seventy-five years ago, the beaches of of Normandy to become a genuine reality, vital to pass on these memories to the new Normandy entered into history. to create a reunited Europe, to reconcile the generations; this will help them to understand geography and the history of our continent. the world and its issues and to reject any But today, ladies and gentlemen, as normalisation of ideas based on exclusion The fight against the and the repression of freedom. the discussions here have shown, these enemies of freedom is a institutions, these rights, this balance and Together, as citizens, responsible politicians, universal concern. these achievements are in great danger. civil society organisations and the media, we Once again, the world is experiencing a can ensure long-lasting peace while rejecting period of disruption and upheaval. It is as if the attacks on our fundamental rights and On these beaches, young people from both some people have forgotten the tragic parts of any shifts towards authoritarian and unequal hemispheres took the ultimate risk to liberate our history. Consequently, a focus on power regimes. Let us stay active and vigilant every our country and our continent. Those who is increasingly dominant in international day so that we can build bridges, spread died as heroes on that day, sometimes relations. Intimidation, fait accompli politics, the truth, work for solidarity, in the spirit of thousands of miles from home, knew that military provocation and threats of all kinds fraternity, and let us reaffirm our faith in human the fight against the enemies of freedom is are both worrying and commonplace. dignity, equality and freedom for all. a universal concern. They were willing to sacrifice everything to prove this to the world. Inspired by this bravery, when the weapons Once again, Thank you. of war fell silent, we wanted to create a new the world is experiencing world. A world governed by the rule of law to ward off the spectre of wars waged against a period of disruption one another. A world of dialogue to prevent and upheaval. It is as the rise of tensions. A world of cooperation, if some people have because many of the problems facing states forgotten the tragic parts require collective responses. of our history. Gradually, this ideal became reality thanks to the efforts of those who, after two world wars, refused to let such a tragedy repeat itself and who wanted to build a new international order, based on multilateral organisations.

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In addition to these power-based international disposal: from nuclear deterrence to military The country is doing much better than it was after the Second World War. Why fight for relations, the hyperviolence of terrorism, interventions and economic sanctions. At the before but the initiative has not yet been multilateralism? Firstly, for one very simple which is sometimes manipulated by these same time, by encouraging political dialogue successful in its entirety. reason: because multilateralism works! very relations, has become a part of our daily and working for development, we must Multilateralism contributed to the COP 21 on lives. Having been defeated militarily, these always seek to encourage resolutions based It was this thought which led us, at the request climate change. Multilateralism has helped to terrorist groups go back into hiding and try on the law and on international cooperation. of the French President, to encourage African establish a global fund to fight AIDS, malaria to extend their influence, from the south of the stakeholders to take responsibility by taking and tuberculosis. Multilateralism works, which Sahara to Asia. action together. This will ensure that Africans is why we must support it and advocate it. are responsible for Africans’ safety. This is not That is what I am calling on you to do. The great principles and institutional pillars of By encouraging the “easy option”. The “easy option” is to hide international life are currently challenged like political dialogue behind an initiative which, although virtuous, To advocate multilateralism is to see it as the never before. Multilateralism is going through and working has failed to succeed. After considerable only solution to the challenges of our era. But one of the most serious crises in its history. reflection with other parties, we have today we have parties and powers which Its most emblematic institutions are suffering for development, supported the creation of a joint force among fight against multilateralism. Countries which systematic and systemic attacks, beginning we must always seek the African countries in the region, the G5 want cooperation rather than confrontation with the United Nations. to encourage resolutions countries; this led them to ensure their own must take a stand. We must ensure that based on the law a safety, thereby empowering them to manage democracies which are not involved in That is why I believe that the lessons learned peace on their own. This is a significant confrontation, which are respectful of the from June 1944 are so valuable in 2019. The nd on international change which we must try to implement. fundamentals of multilateralism but which fight for peace remains the most urgent and cooperation want to reform and to adapt, are included. important fight we must lead today. Today, this In addition to this comprehensive change, fight is a universal and increasingly relevant there was a need to create a development That is why my German counterpart Heiko concern, as has been discussed during this I had the opportunity to reflect on the situation tool for simultaneous use during military Maas and I have taken the initiative, with Forum. in the Sahel. At the request of President operations, which is why the Sahel Alliance the support of the French President and the initiative was launched. Development, German Chancellor, to organise an event I want to thank the President for inviting me Hollande, as he was at the time, I was the one who gave the order for Operation defence and diplomacy: the three “Ds” must in New York for what we have called to this Normandy World Peace Forum and constantly be applied. This approach must the Alliance for Multilateralism, while I want to congratulate everyone who has Serval in January 2013 and I continue to be responsible for the consequences and the be used to ensure that conflict situations lead encouraging democracies and major powers helped to make this edition a success. As to peace processes and that is what we are including Mexico, , New Zealand the French Minister for Europe and Foreign development of this operation in my current role. striving for today. and South Korea to attend. This force can be Affairs, I also came to tell you that I have respected around the world if it establishes been focused on this fight for peace under the I will let you in on a secret and, at the same new paths for multilateralism and lists the watchful eye of the President of the Republic time, try to raise a number of questions. I challenges which we are facing as part of for the last two years; indeed, I have spent believe that every part of a virtuous process Development, defence a series of proposals and an expression of seven years on it, given that I was previously has occurred; typically, this should lead to and diplomacy: the three a shared desire to take action. This will also the French Minister of Defence. the advent of peace in the Sahel. First, there “Ds” must constantly be our focus during the French presidency of I have tried to lead this fight in a pragmatic was a request for official aid, made to the be applied to ensure the G7, which will be discussed at the G7 and ambitious way, focusing as much as United Nations in accordance with protocol, that conflict situations summit in Biarritz next August. from a threatened country which was going possible on the two fundamental principles lead to peace processes. The last point I wanted to make in this speech which have led to seven decades of peace: to be held hostage by terrorism. France was called upon and responded to this request for is that Europe must play a key role in this firstly, by ensuring that cooperation and the resurgent multilateralism. Although there was rule of law are prioritised and secondly, by aid, in accordance with international law. As the Forum draws to a close, I also wanted a kind of awakening during the last elections ensuring that we work towards a collective The strength of our armed forces has led to a to share how vital it is to fight to safeguard of the European Parliament, our continent is defence against those who seek to threaten more stable situation. the achievements of multilateralism and to faced with the centrifugal forces of division and to divide us. In other words, by ensuring A virtuous process followed, with an continue the movement which was founded and attempted destabilisation by certain that we are neither naive nor cynical. undisputed democratic election and a political powers which would like to transform Europe This means that we must not hesitate to agreement known as the Algiers accord. At into their playground as a place for indirect respond strongly when necessary, making the same time, there was a United Nations confrontation. Our continent is also affected use of the full range of instruments at our operation to protect political by the ill winds of populism. If it continues, this agreements and to ensure that democracy crisis could have an impact on more than our was respected. The European Union played own future. It could challenge our sovereignty its role with a training mission to help Mali’s and our interests in globalisation. armed forces and security forces to rebuild.

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Reforming Europe, which is a major focus of of arms race and, as we know only too well, the French President’s mandate, means clearly the possibility of campaigns to manipulate on a defending our interests in globalisation, without massive scale, designed to undermine citizens’ aggression but without naivety. What do we trust in democratic processes. mean by reforming Europe? Developing, in terms of our security, a real statement of We must contribute to the development of intent with regard to Europe and acquiring regulations which find the right balance between strategic autonomy (while remaining within technological progress and democratic and the alliance) to create a Europe of defence ethical requirements. This is essential for which can play its own role. A few years future peace. It is in this spirit and to mark the ago, when the first proposals were made centenary of the end of the First World War for the development of a Europe of defence, that a number of countries signed the Paris Call generally just two countries were involved, for Trust and Security in Cyberspace on 11 Germany and France. Today, all the initiatives November 2018, which also marked a new which were launched three years ago are form of multilateralism. shared by all member states, enabling us to . assert our strategic autonomy.

. We must contribute to the development of

Reforming Europe regulations which find the means clearly defending right balance between our interests in technological progress globalisation, without and democratic and aggression but without ethical requirements. naivety.

These are the messages I wanted to share We must also be candid. I believe that if with you at the end of this Forum. I want to Europe is to become a regulatory power emphasise our commitment to peace while which is able to work with others to create a highlighting the fact that peace is much more new kind of multilateralism, it must be candid hard-won than war. Thank you. in asserting itself and it must take stock of the power it already has. Although undoubtedly somewhat overdue, this process is beginning and is beginning to be respected. There is one area in which Europe must demonstrate its ability to regulate, to innovate and to ensure security: the digital revolution. This revolution, which includes the promise of a more fluid and connected world, involves unprecedented risks and threats to individuals and nations: the possibility of a new kind of attack on essential infrastructure, the possibility of unprecedented attacks on human rights through mass surveillance, the possibility of a new kind

Normandy World Peace Forum The essentials 21

02.

ACHIEVEMENTS

Signature of the Normandy Manifesto for World Peace...... 24

Launch of the Normandy for Peace Chair...... 28

Presentation of the European Parliament’s Normandy Index...... 31

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The joint authors and signatories emphasise that war is a choice. If men and women around the world become aware of their How many more shared humanity, they will make the right lives must be destroyed decision: the decision to work together for a to understand that the better world. solution for peace must SIGNATURE OF THE NORMANDY MANIFESTO begin with people? FOR WORLD PEACE We must commit to Leymah Gbowee 4 June 2019, 11.30am - 12.15pm, Salle Plénière _ making our world a place of peace, not conflict. The joint authors and signatories call on Anthony Grayling every person to act for peace, from citizens On 9 July 1955, during the Cold War, the Denis Mukwege, winner of the 2018 Nobel to representatives of civil society and Russell-Einstein manifesto highlighted the Peace Prize, Leymah Gbowee, winner of governments. The Normandy Manifesto for dangers created by nuclear weapons and the , Mohamed World Peace was presented by Mohamed called on world leaders to seek peaceful ElBaradei, winner of the 2005 Nobel Peace The signatories encourage a paradigm shift ElBaradei, Sundeep Waslekar and Hervé solutions to international conflicts. To make Prize, Jody Williams, winner of the 1997 and call for a new “universal, inclusive, Morin to Jean-Yves Le Drian, French Minister an impact, this document focused on the Nobel Peace Prize, Anthony Grayling, collective and regulated security system”, by for Europe and Foreign Affairs. following challenging question: “Are we philosopher and Sundeep Waslekar, reinventing diplomatic institutions and tools, going to put an end to the human race or will President of the Strategic Foresight Group, by promoting tolerance, trust and solidarity, humanity give up on war?” have all written to urge every person to act by defending the rule of law, by committing to for long-lasting peace. sustainable development and by guaranteeing In the face of new and multiple threats to dignified and equal treatment for all. humanity, caused by an increasingly uncertain and chaotic world, this question seems to be relevant once again. The Normandy Not acting is a choice: World Peace Forum is an opportunity to take a choice to give in and to inspiration from the approach of Bertrand do nothing for the world’s Russell and Albert Einstein. In partnership with the Strategic Foresight Group, six public future. We urge you to figures, who enjoy international recognition, take action to change. The Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian receiving a copy wrote and were the first signatories of a new Jody Williams of the Normandy Manifesto for World Peace Manifesto for World Peace.

It is our responsibility to tell you that we are facing a great threat and that we need to change course.

Mohamed ElBaradei

The six signatories of the Manifesto: Anthony Grayling, Leymah Gbowee, Jody Williams, Sundeep Waslekar, Denis Mukwege, Mohamed ElBaradei © Eric Biernacki - Normandy Region

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THE NORMANDY MANISFESTO FOR WORLD PEACE “Shall we put an end to the human race; or shall mankind renounce war?” Russell-Einstein Manifesto, 1955

The existential question posed by the Russell-Einstein Manifesto in the midst of the Cold War is even more pressing today than it was A MANIFESTO WRITTEN IN NORMANDY then. Nuclear weapons are several thousand times more deadly. Over 2500 warheads are on hair-trigger alert. Deadly pathogens may threaten life as we know it. And with major powers preparing to deploy killer robots, we are on the edge of a black hole; the possibility of machines determining our fate is morally repugnant. Global military expenditure has doubled since the end of the Cold War. It is set to increase further with plans to modernize existing weapons and develop new systems of destruction and decimation. The risk of a war by accident, incident or intent remains a distinct possibility against the backdrop of climate crisis, growing inequality, I see Normandy as a symbol of solidarity ultra-nationalism, and the erosion of ethical values. and fraternity, both of which are needed to save An international treaty to ban and eventually eliminate nuclear weapons was recently concluded, though it awaits universal humankind. acceptance. Efforts are underway to prohibit lethal autonomous weapons and bring the weaponization of genes and biotechnology within the purview of the Biological Weapons Convention. Despite these positive signs, we still face the risk of human extinction. The Denis Mukwege major powers oppose the new arms control initiatives; they are abandoning existing treaties. They are dragging their feet to reverse global warming and gross socio-economic inequality. Historical evidence shows that no empire lasts forever. The collapse of each and every strong nation in history is a testament to naiveté of the arrogant. Technology was much less advanced when earlier empires collapsed, killing millions but sparing the earth. On 3 June 2019, the six joint authors and signatories met at the Abbey-aux-Dames in Caen War is not innate to human nature. It is a function of choice. Cooperation, much more than conflict, underpins evolution. Life became to finalise the Manifesto’s text. They came from around the world to meet in Normandy, possible two billion years ago when cells learnt to thrive together. Civilization came into existence 12,000 years ago when human recognised internationally for its hard-won freedom. beings learnt to live together in communities. We can draw strength from the fact that the human spirit has shown resilience for millennia. It has bounced back after every crisis to create a better world. The world possesses a vast pool of wisdom. Time and again, we have proved ourselves capable of reason. We have banned mustard gas, blinding laser weapons, landmines and cluster munitions. We must now make war implausible and gradually renounce it so that we can go ahead and solve the real problems such as poverty, climate change, and disease. What better place than Normandy to issue this We have come together in Normandy to appeal to all people of the planet that we are one. We all breathe, think, love, hate, fear appeal? This region has experienced the deepest and hope. What we have in common is greater than our differences. We recall here what Russell and Einstein told us: Remember your humanity; forget the rest. pain: the pain of war. It knows better than anywhere In order to render war implausible, establish sustainable peace, reconstruct ethical values, and harness our common humanity, we else of the high price of freedom. need a New Global Contract underpinned by a fresh approach to international security. We must build an inclusive international Sundeep Waslekar security system rooted in the rule of law, respecting universal human rights. We need to design a reliable collective security architecture that everyone can have confidence in. Unless there is such a security alternative, states will continue to acquire weapons of war. We need to develop a time-bound integrated action plan for the elimination of all weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear, biological, chemical and lethal autonomous weapons systems. Driven by their desire to promote awareness and their refusal to see war as an inevitability, We believe that the phased elimination of weapons of mass destruction will not compromise security, quite to the contrary; twenty two countries without standing armies have not been attacked from the moment they disavowed the idea of military. The evidence the signatories wrote this text as a hymn to collective action and to a new security shows that security arrangements that do not depend on weapons are more effective than the ones that depend on the potential use system. Published simultaneously on five continents, the Manifesto can be signed on of force. We must reengineer our collective security system guided by evidence of success rather than fear of failure. www.normandiepourlapaix.fr/en Peace is not the absence of war; the implausibility of war is. We need to transform the United Nations, particularly the Security Council, into a robust instrument of conflict prevention and conflict resolution. We must harness the power of dialogue in order to pre-empt the use of force. A sustainable peace thrives only when there is sustainable development. The Sustainable Development Goals, the Kyoto Protocol on greenhouse gas emissions, and the Paris Agreement on combating climate change provide elements of the New Global Contract. We require a global budget to underpin these agreements, with resources raised from future decrease in military expenditure, increase of development partnership commitments, and the consideration of new and creative sources of revenue. We must ensure every day, every minute and in every corner of the world that all human beings are treated with dignity and are equal and empowered participants, without distinction of any kind such as race, gender, colour or faith. Our call for a universal, inclusive, rule-based collective security system, global budget for sustainable development, and the commitment to human dignity and human rights of all is enshrined in the core values of tolerance, trust and cooperation. It is an appeal to ignite the spirit of Ubuntu, which means “I am because we are”. In the seventeenth century, John Donne reminded us, “Any man’s death diminishes me, because I am involved in mankind.” We have a tendency to establish peace only after a prolonged devastating war. The Treaty of Westphalia, the Final Act of Vienna, the League of Nations, the United Nations, were all conceived after millions of young men lost their lives, families were ruined, and humanity was shamed. There will be no opportunity to negotiate a new Peace Agreement after the next world war, because there will be no negotiators, no people, no flowers and no trees. Let us conceive and establish sustainable peace before someone initiates the next war. If we do not, we will be sleep walking into collective suicide. If we do, we will have the possibility of achieving the apex of humanity and entering an era of Summum Bonum.

Normandy World Peace Forum The essentials 27

The decision to create this Chair of Excellence The Chair will be launched in September LAUNCH OF THE NORMANDY stems from this reflection. Pierre Denise confirms 2019. Its way of working is innovative: the FOR PEACE CHAIR that the University of Caen Normandy’s role holder of the Chair defines, drives and leads 5 juin 2019, 19h30-19h40, salle plénière is to be a “network headquarters”, providing an international team of recognised experts _ a meeting place for those who are driven who will jointly develop training and research by a desire to make their own contributions activities. to the development of long-lasting peace. By welcoming this Chair, the University The Chair, dedicated to promoting peace and The French National Centre for Scientific Modérateurs: demonstrates its commitment to peace studies, protecting the planet, aims to create bridges Research (CNRS), the University of a subject which must be further developed between generations. Its holder, Antonio Frédérique Bedos, Caen Normandy and the Normandy in France, and expands on some of its other Oposa Jr, is a Filipino lawyer who is known for Founder of Projet Imagine Region have joined forces to create work, such as its support for the International establishing the principle of intergenerational the Normandy for Peace Chair of François-Xavier Priollaud, Institute for Human Rights and Peace, which responsibility, which is the responsibility of the Excellence, focusing on the rights of Vice-President of European and has organised the annual University of Peace present generation to protect the environment future generations. The presidents of International Affairs for the Normandy initiative since 2009. for future generations. In winning a lawsuit Region these institutions signed the act to create brought by forty-three young people against this Chair during the closing event of the the Filipino government, he showed that Speakers: second edition of the Normandy World deforestation by the authorities was violating Peace Forum. We also need Antoine Petit, the human rights of children in the region. research to prepare President of the French National The Normandy for Peace initiative aims to The holder of the Chair of Excellence spoke Centre for Scientific Research develop the region’s mediating role and to for peace and to tackle in a video during the Forum to congratulate create an ecosystem which focuses on peace Pierre Denise, contemporary issues. young people around the world who are and security. For Hervé Morin, this ecosystem President of the University calling on governments to take action against required university research, which helps to Antoine Petit of Caen Normandy climate change: “They ask an important inform discussions, encourages innovation question: what are the duties of states Hervé Morin, and guides collective thinking. and human beings? Their first obligation President of the Normandy Region Founded in October 1939, on the eve is to protect the lives of present and future of the declaration of war, the CNRS has generations.” its own slogan: “For eighty years, our Normandy is a knowledge has built new worlds.” This desire region which is becoming to contribute to a better future has led to the synonymous with peace, institution’s participation in the creation of the security, stability. Normandy for Peace Chair of Excellence. We will have Peace From left to right: Future challenges will develop on a global Antoine Petit, Hervé Morin, Pierre Denise Hervé Morin on Earth when we have © Léonie Hamard - Normandy Region scale, something which further legitimises the role of scientists in Antoine Petit’s view: Peace with the Earth. “for researchers, the world presents infinite Antonio Oposa Jr opportunities”.

Antonio Oposa Jr stresses that Normandy, once a symbol of war and human violence, is now the site of a historic turning point. The new Normandy, a symbol of peace, reminds us that together, we can transform history.

Normandy World Peace Forum The essentials 29

Steve Killelea © Eric Biernacki - Normandy Region

Antonio Oposa Jr.’s visit and conference PRESENTATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT’S in Normandy in October 2019 NORMANDY INDEX 5 June 2019, 5.30pm - 6.15pm Salle Plénière _ Antonio Oposa came to Caen to present the Normandy for Peace University Chair Firstly, it aims to provide a coherent picture of and to give a conference on climate justice, entitled “The time for talk is over”. More the global security environment, based on a than a hundred people came to hear him speak on 1 October 2019. Moderator: thorough scientific methodology. It differs from One of the most powerful messages shared by this lawyer who fights for the rights other similar indices established by the UN of future generations was the importance of “changing the narrative” or sharing the Etienne Bassot, and the World Bank in its subject of analysis: “good news”. Although anxiety-provoking stories in the news are a minority in terms Director of the European Parliament rather than focusing on the risks which affect of what is happening in the world, positive stories are much less visible in “traditional” Research Service individuals, it assesses the hybrid threats which media. In Antonio Oposa’s view, inspiration is the best form of leadership. Showcasing affect peace or which could develop in the initiatives and successes sets an example and encourages everyone to take action. The Speakers: near future in a given country. chairholder and his team of internationally renowned legal professionals encourage Secondly, it is a tool which European policy everyone to act on a personal level rather than talking or advising. Steve Killelea, Founder and President of the Institute makers can use to identify the countries which for Economics and Peace are most at risk and to identify the appropriate anticipatory strategies. Against a background Ioan Mircea Pascu, of deliberate disinformation and the influence Vice-President of the European of foreign policies, reliable data is vital when Parliament it comes to establishing relevant objectives and making informed decisions. Beyond the Antonio Oposa Jr. © Dominique Hureaux - Maison de la Recherche en Sciences Humaines institutional sphere, this index is intended to Peace is not only defined by the absence of generate debate among the general public war but also by a state’s ability to create an about the current state of our world. egalitarian society, to protect human rights and The index highlights that the greatest threats fundamental freedoms and to provide its citizens are now associated with sub-Saharan Africa with a reliable, sustainable environment. and South Asia. Excluding countries which are The idea of an index which would consider already affected by conflict, China, Turkey and all these aspects emerged from the partnership India are among the twenty countries identified between the European Parliament and the as “high risk”. The risks associated with the Normandy Region. The Normandy for Peace European Union are above average in two Index is the result of a research project conducted categories: energy, primarily because of the by the Institute for Economics and Peace which EU’s energy dependence on Russia and the includes eleven indicators, including murder Middle East, and security. rates, climate change, press freedom and The Normandy for Peace Index is based on the terrorism. work of the European Union, which received As a barometer of threats to world peace, it the Nobel Peace Prize in 2012 for its stabilising measures a state’s vulnerability to conflict. role. Updated annually, the index aims to More than a hundred and thirty countries were enable the EU to focus its strategy on regions assessed for this new indicator, which has two which present the most well-documented main objectives. risks and, in addition, to anticipate emerging threats, particularly in terms of the environment, to ensure the global spread of the values of peace, reconciliation, democracy and freedom on which the union of European states is based.

Normandy World Peace Forum The essentials 31

03. THE PLENARY CONFERENCES AND SIDE EVENTS ET SIDE EVENTS

Humanize peace: what actors?...... 34 Side event: Economic meetings...... 36

The paths to peace: mistakes and successes ...... 38 Side event: Fake news and disinformation: what can the media do?...... 40

How to build a sustainable peace?...... 42 Side event: Presentation of the annual report of the Leaders for Peace...... 44

Normandy World Peace Forum The essentials 33

In this context, traditional methods of conflict good conscience but by military forces which resolution, based on the use of powerful were superior to him. weapons, are no longer effective. The last PLENARY Yet the current era has been characterised by a CONFERENCE 1 few decades have been characterised by an inability to win a war, whether in Afghanistan, clash between a dominant power, the United the Middle East or the Sahel. Indeed, such States, and a rising power, China, which operations encourage a military one-upmanship aspires to replace the former. This friction could which can worsen conflicts rather than contain lead to a military confrontation which would not them. That is why Bertrand Badie believes that be resolved by relying on selfless stakeholders making requires a focus on “a promoting peace. However, external social approach to conflict”, to create or to peacemakers will play a useful role in ongoing mend the social fabric. The problem is that this conflicts which feature various protagonists who can only be a long-term approach. are seeking a way out of the crisis. Lastly, we must pursue the intervention of preventative Of course, the use of force remains necessary missions to deal with a very specific type of in order to “put out fires” (preventing a conflict conflict, when early indications of violence from degenerating) but this conflict will only can be seen among threatened minorities or end in an armistice, not in genuine peace. This populations who want to take revenge for the legitimate use of force by “selfless police officers” past. From left to right: Nathalie Renoux, Bertrand Badie, Hubert Védrine, Ruby Bridges-Hall, Eamon Gilmore, Justin Welby calls for action within a multilateral framework,

© Eric Biernacki - Normandy Region in which stakeholders should not be major world powers. Indeed, it is preferable when Tapping into peacemakers’ these peacemakers are small states (, experience Uruguay, etc.), which cannot be suspected of HUMANIZE PEACE: WHAT ACTORS? acting with ulterior motives. We should focus Eamon Gilmore considers that the conflicts 4 June 2019, 10.15am - 11.30am Salle Plénière on an approach within a framework of regional observed in recent decades in Ireland and _ multilateralism. We can mention the example of Colombia had some features in common, the African Union, which has already resolved including the state’s inability to cope with an armed rebellion. The processes leading to Introduction by some of the continent’s inter-state conflicts. We Bertrand Badie, Professor of Contemporary conflicts take very different the resolution of these two conflicts are also Political Science, Sciences Po. forms from traditional inter-state wars: must also encourage the involvement of new stakeholders, including individual mediators, comparable in some ways. In both cases, they are more diffuse, more fragmented, discussions to reach a peace agreement were more complex to understand. Conflict local figures, non-governmental organisations, Moderator: long and failed at several points. Moreover, resolution must therefore evolve as well. religious representatives and experts in preventive diplomacy. official discussions were preceded by lengthy Nathalie Renoux, However, it would be dangerous to ignore informal discussions involving mediators and Journalist and presenter on French TV confrontations between powers which figures from civil society. Both processes channel M6 are likely to degenerate into destructive also benefited from the involvement of the conflicts. Rejecting an approach based exclusively international community. Speakers: on “good conscience” Lessons can also be learned from recent peace Ruby Bridges Hall, New conflicts, processes in South Sudan, where conflict led to Hubert Védrine believes that the rule of force is the first African-American pupil to go dramatic human consequences (over 400,000 new peacemakers not over and that the international community to a white school in the United States deaths, 2.5 million refugees, widespread rape, There is a contradiction between the nature is still to be built. In his view, the speech made etc.). This example demonstrates that working of current conflicts and their perception by following the collapse of the Soviet Union with Eamon Gilmore, for peace involves action at all levels, by various stakeholders. In Bertrand Badie’s view, regards to the advent of a new international European Union Special building strong partnerships on political and modern wars are no longer caused by a order was not based on reality. A German Social Representative for Human Rights military levels, naturally, but also by acting at clash of state powers, “but rather the decay of Democrat minister thought that this reasoning led grassroots level. We must also work to ensure Hubert Védrine, societies, institutions, states or elementary forms to Europe becoming a “geopolitical herbivore better collaboration between armies engaged former French Minister of Foreign of sociability.” Contemporary conflicts are also in a world of geopolitical carnivores”. He sees in peace operations and other stakeholders, Affairs characterised by diffuse violence caused by an approach based solely on acting in “good such as non-governmental organisations. conscience” as being doomed to failure. The Justin Welby, a failure to meet a population’s basic social example of the D-Day landings in Normandy Archbishop of Canterbury needs. in 1944 shows that Hitler was not defeated by

Normandy World Peace Forum The essentials 35

SIDE EVENT

The key is to achieve reconciliation between the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Cyber attacks are another example of the way parties involved in the conflict, rather than just ECONOMIC MEETINGS Nations address this approach. For Dominique in which the world is changing; they are likely the conclusion of a peace treaty. This focus on 5 June 2019, 10am - 11.30am, Steiler, we must also reflect on other kinds to cause serious damage to a given economy. reconciliation requires the transformation of a Salle Guillaume of collaborative-based economies in which Cyber security is therefore a major issue for both violent conflict into a non-violent disagreement. _ competitors do not solely focus on the destruction companies and states. 75% of cyber attacks are According to Justin Welby, the concept of of others. carried out by organised criminal groups; today, reconciliation is inspired by Christianity. it is much easier for them to hack a computer Moderator: Reconciliation should not be imposed by third In this sense, Dominique Steiler believes that system than to rob a bank. However, Jean-Paul companies must do more than focusing on their parties; instead, it should be brought about by Victor Mallet, Laborde feels that economic stakeholders are the various parties involved. This helps to avoid Journalist and Paris bureau chief, productivity, as entities within society which evolving against a backdrop of governmental the colonial reflexes which can lead Western Financial Times are capable of creating something other than inaction and inadequate international legal nations to impose their own solutions in a bid to financial wealth. Anne Catherine Husson Traoré structures. He believes that it is vital to publicly resolve conflicts. Speakers: believes that corporate social responsibility assign responsibility for these cyber attacks, (CSR) should no longer be a secondary activity; because “a company cannot defend itself Anne Catherine Husson Traoré, instead, it should challenge the very identity of CEO, Novethic against attacks, whatever forms they take, Prevention as a way companies. Contrary to what most executives without civil society”. to humanise peace Dominique Steiler, and managers believe, she feels that the old Director of the Economic Peace Chair, economic models are already dead. Round table discussions also broached the idea While an increasing number of contemporary Grenoble School of Management that companies need to become more human conflicts are no longer the result of competition Although Dominique Steiler believes that “we to enable their employees to give of their best. between powers, but rather the result of the Gérard Kuster, do not implement solutions with those who Yet, at the same time, intangible assets can be decay of societies and the disappearance Holder of the Economic Peace Chair, created the problem”, it is still possible to create destroyed in a single click. These issues remain of any form of social contract, an approach President of the Global Council on an environment which is conducive to freedom, little known, even within companies. However, based on prevention is one of the most effective Business Conduct of the Conference thereby enabling younger generations to embark in both the material and digital worlds, men and ways of working for peace. Ruby Bridges Hall Board in the USA, member of the on the necessary and radical transformation of women who apply best practices are the most emphasizes that education for peace is an Business Ethics Institute in the UK, production methods and economic models. essential and most effective means of defence essential part of this new approach. Education Vice-President of the Business Ethics Today, the world needs “warriors for economic against these new dangers. must encourage children to turn away from Circle peace”, because those who focus on well-being racism and hatred of others. The defence of or the environment within companies are often human rights is also an important issue, since Mohammed Boumediane, crushed by outdated systems of representation, their abuse creates conditions which encourage President and CEO, ZIWIT but it also needs “guards” to warn of the risks the stirring up of conflicts. which the world is facing and “architects” Jean-Paul Laborde, who will enable companies to make progress However, this can be subject to criticism by Ambassador of the Écoles de Saint- when it comes to ethics. With regard to this sceptical citizens and political figures who do Cyr Coëtquidan, French Ministry transformation, Dominique Steiler is convinced not understand the value of investing time and of the Armed Forces that small steps are often more important than energy to prevent a war which may never grandiose gestures. happen. In response, it must be said that the real enemy of peace is fear: preventing conflict The economic meetings of the 2019 edition of helps to free human beings from this burden and the Normandy World Peace Forum featured to build on a foundation for lasting peace. two round table events, one on the links between economic peace and the ethical issues of business and the other on cyber warfare and the role of digital in new economic conflicts. The language and behaviour of the globalised economy are essentially warlike and cause significant collateral damage to society and the environment, although companies do not believe this to be their responsibility. Anne Catherine Husson Traoré emphasises that it is vitally important to include all business-related costs, whether human, social or environmental, in economic models. Indeed, the seventeen From left to right: Dominique Steiler, Victor Mallet, Anne Catherine Husson Traoré, Gérard Kuster © Eric Bénard - Normandy Region

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of a country can also be its strategic enemy the face of media pressure? These questions and the economic interests which prevailed for evaluation must provide the framework for PLENARY the day before can be superseded the next legitimate and proportionate intervention. CONFERENCE 2 day by political interests, shaking up long- established power balances. Yet peace must be driven by political will, notes Jean- In what way can we intervene, Pierre Lacroix, particularly because it is a knowing that military action long and costly process, as Nicole Gnesotto is not an end in itself? emphasises. Military intervention does not always achieve Outside the UN, other structures for the desired result. Maintaining peace in Mali intervention also exist, such as the African is an example of this: although it is necessary, Union. The latter was created by African it does not provide the country with a lasting countries which wanted to further advance the solution, in Pierre Buyoya’s view. Conversely, collective security of their continent. In view Franco-German reconciliation at the end of of the way in which crises are often caused the Second World War is a key example

From left to right: Marc Semo, Jean-Pierre Lacroix, Nicole Gnesotto, Henri Bentégeat, Kabiné Komara, Rémy Rioux, Pierre Buyoya by the exclusion of minorities, it promoted a of an inclusive peace process which has “charter for democracy, good governance enabled Europe to enjoy renewed stability © Eric Biernacki - Normandy Region and human rights”. and prosperity, because of the dialogue established between the two formerly warring The African Union has also developed tools countries and the massive investments which THE PATHS TO PEACE: MISTAKES for mediation and crisis prevention: the Peace have been made. and Security Council, which handles day-to- AND SUCCESSES day conflict management, and the Council While often used as an interposition force, UN 5 June 2019, 10am - 11.15am, Salle Plénière of Elders, which is made up of people who peacekeepers are responsible for a number _ are responsible for mediation missions across of multidimensional interventions, supporting the continent. It participates in peacekeeping state reconstruction, protecting civilians Introduction by Nicole Gnesotto, The paths to peace have always been operations, such as the one in Mali, just like and developing or redeveloping national Professor at the Conservatoire National labyrinthine and imperfect, according to the UN, and also helps with peace-building. capabilities, defined by the Organisation for des Arts et Métiers (CNAM) Nicole Gnesotto. Alliances developed Economic Co-operation and Development by states to ensure the balance of forces (OECD) as “the ability of individuals, are temporary by definition, while Is military intervention still organisations and the community as a whole Moderator: collective security systems can clash with relevant? to manage their affairs successfully”. Marc Semo, stakeholders’ different interests. Jean-Pierre Lacroix recalls that UN UN peacekeepers carry out their work in Journalist, Le Monde peacekeeping operations in recent years increasingly difficult conditions. Indeed, Paradoxically, if maintaining peace, “this have helped to stabilise many countries, while the UN is currently overseeing fourteen suspended dream” of , often Speakers: including the Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Angola peacekeeping operations and has deployed requires military intervention, the latter and Cambodia. In contrast, many operations 100,000 people on the ground, including General Henry Bentégeat, is not an end in itself and must be part have failed to achieve lasting peace. 80,000 soldiers, its peacekeepers have Former Chief of Staff of the French of a long and multifactorial process of become priority targets for some warring Armed Forces intervention. However, to the question “must we accept the parties which aim to wage a war in which unacceptable?”, General Henri Bentégeat Pierre Buyoya, civilians are the first victims. Former President of the Republic of responds in the negative and says that France The political will to foster Burundi, High Representative of the must feel free to intervene. However, in his Pierre Buyoya emphasises the limits of the African Union for Mali and the Sahel peace? view, some preliminary questions must be interventionism of organisations such as the answered: is intervention legitimate? What Given the divided nature of the international UN and the African Union, using the conflict Kabiné Komara, is its purpose? How can lasting peace be community, it is increasingly difficult to obtain between the Fulani and the Dogon in central Former Prime Minister of Guinea developed after military intervention? How a mandate from the UN Security Council to Mali as an example. In his view, the best- can we avoid being driven by emotion and carry out peacekeeping operations. Jean- placed institution to intervene and to mediate Jean-Pierre Lacroix, analyse the situation in detail, in terms of the Pierre Lacroix mentions the striking examples is Mali itself. The Malian government must Under-Secretary-General for motivation of the parties involved, the mode of Syria and Libya which have been left to regain control of regions which have been peacekeeping operations, United of operation and the potential ramifications their fate because of a lack of consensus as left under corrupt control for too long, with Nations of the crisis, before intervening? How can we to the legitimacy of intervention, at the risk of take the time to ensure effective intervention in Rémy Rioux, destabilising the Middle East. Director of the French Development Normandy World Peace Forum The essentials 39 Agency In addition, globalisation has complicated the game of alliances: the economic partner SIDE EVENT the emergence of conflicts about access to Any peace process is complex and To respond to fake news, the media must natural resources fuelled by jihadists. multifactorial, which is why it must be part of FAKE NEWS AND apply the rules of conduct for professional a long-term approach which is inclusive and DISINFORMATION: journalism to ensure that the information which based on partnerships. These conditions are is provided is authenticated, honest, balanced The economic, social particularly difficult to fulfil in the current climate WHAT CAN and independent. This requires quality training and environmental dimensions of increasing divisions within the international THE MEDIA DO? for journalists, but the credibility of the media, to peace community but, as Jean-Pierre Lacroix points 5 June 2019, 9.30am - 10am, particularly the media within the public sector, out, “it is always possible to take a side road is also based on their sources of funding, which Salle Plénière As a man with considerable experience, Henri towards peace!” guarantee their independence. Bentégeat observes that lasting peace is reliant _ on continued security, good governance and The media may be required to fight fake news development. head on by verifying facts and publishing In this event, hosted by Frédérique the result of their investigations, as part of With this in mind, the French Development Bedos, founder of Projet Imagine, Marie- programmes which focus on the fight against the Agency aims to strengthen human reconciliation Christine Saragosse, President and CEO manipulation of information. In doing so, they by means of economic development. In of France Médias Monde, shares her view must work together to cross-check information, general, its expert network is able to provide of the challenges posed by the spread with companies including Google and social solutions which include economic, social and of fake news on the internet, something media platforms, which are now seen to bear environmental dimensions. which has become a real weapon for some responsibility for the spread of fake news. political and geopolitical destabilisation. These issues are critically important when Media education and critical thinking, which protecting and maintaining peace, as Kabiné The manipulation of information is not a new must be an integral part of children’s education, Komara explains, pointing out the century- phenomenon. The French Act of 1881 on the are key. Interpreting an image and checking long tensions between Egypt, Sudan and press made reference to “false news” and other sources can be learned. This helps to avoid any Ethiopia around the Nile, the concomitance “manufactured, falsified pieces”. However, this risk of confusion caused by the spread of fake of the scarcity of water on Lake Chad and the phenomenon is becoming more widespread news. emergence of conflicts, along with the United today, particularly with the omnipresence of States’ monopolisation of the water of the social media. The primary purpose of the media, as its name Arizona river to Mexico’s detriment. The situation indicates, is to mediate and to create dialogue, in the Sahel is also a good example, because it Fake news can take the form of hoaxes or the sine qua non for peaceful debate. In the is determined by phenomena including climate unintentional mistakes but fake news can also face of fake news, independent and rigorous change, population explosion and growing be the result of malicious manipulation of the journalism is necessary to restore one of conflicts between livestock breeders and truth. The right to a diversity of opinions must this profession’s essential roles: acting as a farmers. be defended. However, in the “post-truth era” in peacemaker. which anyone is able to become a journalist or expert and when truth, lies and opinion can be Peace, an approach based confused, we must be vigilant about the spread on partnerships of untruths and conspiracy theories. These can sometimes be shared by fake accounts, as part Given these observations, Jean-Pierre Lacroix of state-organised campaigns to manipulate, advocates a comprehensive approach and which discredit all sources of information. integrated action, in collaboration with development agencies and humanitarian In addition, with their systems to like and share agencies, along with a search for potential with friends, social media may lead to a coalitions. new form of communitarianism; this does not encourage readers to research facts and risks This comprehensive approach gives credibility reinforcing existing beliefs. Although they are a to the work of international partners with local less well-known phenomenon, cyber-attacks are populations, which are provided with basic also a part of global strategies to destabilise services, and helps to foster long-term political the media. stability. Rémy Rioux also confirms the efficacy of joint action by diplomats, the military and developers. Marie-Christine Saragosse

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is more nuanced in terms of peacekeeping. the triptych of “truth, justice, reparation” as Jean-Marie Guéhenno stresses that 90% of espoused by Louis Joinet, a French magistrate PLENARY conflicts in the 21st century have broken out in and independent expert at the United Nations CONFERENCE 3 countries emerging from conflicts. In his view, Commission on Human Rights, as a pre- peacekeeping in this situation must focus on condition to restoring confidence in the state. justice, security, development and legitimacy. Similarly, people are calling for more Although the UN continues to be an transparency from institutions and want to be organisation which is ahead of its time, in Jean- more involved in the peace and development Hervé Lorenzi’s view, its scope and forms of processes. Justine Coulidiati-Kielem observes action may no longer be adapted to the new that women miss out the most when it comes challenges of peacekeeping. to peace processes, despite representing more than half of the population. In her view, women have a role to play as the “glue” The first challenge: of the family unit and within society, even development in countries in which the authorities have From left to right: Christian Makarian, Jean-Hervé Lorenzi, Mohamed ElBaradei, Justine Coulidiati-Kielem, Jean-Marie Guéhenno, Geneviève Garrigos abdicated their responsibilities. For Justine For Jean-Hervé Lorenzi, the road to peace Coulidiati-Kielem, the road to sustainable © Léonie Hamard - Normandy Region is neither sustainable nor straightforward in peace requires their mobilisation because view of a significant slowdown in growth and they will be able to defend the community’s an increase in global public debt, particularly interests and to develop projects to rebuild it. HOW TO BUILD A SUSTAINABLE PEACE? given the need to invest to respond to the two- 5 June 2019, 5.30pm - 8pm, Salle Plénière fold challenges of climate change and the _ imperative to meet the basic needs of a large The third challenge: number of people. reinventing multilateralism Moderator: Although war is now multi-faceted, with Today, 800 million people do not have In a world of winners and losers, the idea military, economic, social, ethnic, linguistic, access to drinking water, one in nine people of crushing one’s adversary is commonplace. Christian Makarian, religious, geopolitical and environmental is hungry and two billion people live below Journalist, L’Express However, the major and on-going climatic, aspects, the paths to peace are all the more the poverty line. Although the climate migratory and economy changes cannot difficult to find because multilateralism is transition requires an investment estimated at be dealt with by fragmented management; Speakers: in crisis and questions are being asked some $2.5 trillion per year and the United instead, they require an in-depth understanding as to the effectiveness and legitimacy of Nations has an annual budget of $8 billion, Justine Coulidiati-Kielem, of their overall implications and decision- institutions which are dedicated to peace. Mohamed ElBaradei emphasises the fact making between countries. President of the Action Group for the that $1.3 trillion is spent every day around Promotion, Education and Training the world on arms. Indeed, the Nobel However, Geneviève Garrigos observes of Women and Girls, Regional Calling the UN into question Peace Prize attributes dysfunctional security the emergence of growing authoritarianism, Coordinator of the G5 Sahel processes and national and international even within democratic states, accompanied Mohamed ElBaradei asks: how effective Women’s Platform, member of Leaders governance mechanisms to the lack of a by a desire to prioritise independence and is the United Nations, given that 90% of the for Peace framework for sustainable development. It national interests at all costs, even if this leads Security Council’s decisions are blocked? What calls for the implementation of a national and to a failure to implement international law. Mohamed ElBaradei, credibility do the United Nations and the major international social contract which will enable Nobel Peace Prize winner, former powers have among the people? The Syrian people to live and to accept differences and In this situation, the United Nations faces Director General of the International people are aware of the almost systematic which will respect human dignity. a problem which is two-fold: it must be an Atomic Energy Agency blocking of the International Criminal Court’s organisation of states while focusing on Geneviève Garrigos, resolutions, as Geneviève Garrigos points out, representing the people and it must represent Former President of Amnesty and Mohamed ElBaradei highlights this great The second challenge: an international community which does not institution’s inability to protect them, which has International restoring national and really exist, in Jean-Marie Guéhenno’s view. led to unprecedented migration. He recalls that Moreover, he notes that while states, with international legitimacy Jean-Marie Guéhenno, a recent decision by the UN Security Council their own priorities, cannot fully represent Member of the High-Level Advisory failed to punish soldiers for massacring sixty For a long time, the establishment of a all people, some other entities are equally Board on Mediation, United Nations, Sudanese civilians on the grounds that it was democratic process seemed to be the sine qua influential, including large corporations, non- former Deputy Secretary General an “internal affair”. non of peacekeeping. Geneviève Garrigos governmental organisations and criminal of the Quai d’Orsay observes that international institutions have organisations. In this regard, Jean-Hervé Jean-Hervé Lorenzi highlights the indispensable now understood the need to implement Jean-Hervé Lorenzi, nature of UN intervention in many countries, President of Le Cercle des Économistes including Sierra Leone, Liberia and Cambodia. Normandy World Peace Forum The essentials 43

However, he acknowledges that the UN’s record SIDE EVENT The second belief acknowledges that peace Lorenzi believes that the issues of peace and With its focus on collective security, its reflective is based on cultural work and understanding, freedom are one and the same, in the face of PRESENTATION approach also offers practical applications. The along with technical and political work, which governments and societies which believe that future of Europe largely depends on security in OF THE ANNUAL requires innovation to avoid resorting to the they alone are in charge of humanity’s future. the east of the continent. Dialogue with Russia is usual diplomatic routine. Warfare is taught REPORT OF THE therefore a necessity but this presents a challenge in institutions around the world, yet peace is Geneviève Garrigos calls for a global vision, for countries such as Ukraine and Moldova. In LEADERS FOR PEACE very rarely taught. For this reason, Leaders for inspired by Humanity First: based on the idea light of the forty-fifth anniversary of the Helsinki 5 June 2019, 11.15am - midday, Peace has launched a wide range of initiatives, that defending the interests of each individual Accords in 2020, the report consequently Salle Plénière including the Travelling Peace University, which makes it possible to defend one’s own interests suggests returning to their established principles. travels around the world to discuss issues with in a globalised world. This vision could lead _ This can serve as a basis for discussion between the authorities and local populations, and the to a revision of the UN’s texts which aim to partners, rather than adversaries, and help to Early Childhood Prize, which aims to foster the take action for a more just world, offering a avoid a version of multilateralism which is based guarantee of sustainable peace. Jean-Pierre Raffarin, former French Prime spirit of peace among children under seven. Minister, presents the non-governmental solely on sanctions and escalating brutality. organisation (NGO) Leaders for Peace The year-round work of Leaders for Peace which he created and reports on its Violence and war are therefore focuses on resolving potential conflicts research and work in 2019. closely related. by creating a climate of trust, because dialogue can build trust and trust can bring peace.

The NGO Leaders for Peace is made up of The third belief of Leaders for Peace is that thirty public figures from diverse backgrounds: war and violence are intertwined. As such, former government representatives, Nobel the rise of hatred, observed even in the words Prize winners, diplomats and professors. of government representatives, is particularly Leaders for Peace is a small-scale Security worrying. Violence as a means of expression Council. Its aim is to provide approaches and for heads of state “is the beginning of war”. methods with which to strengthen international The aim is therefore to try to quell this violence. mediation processes. The NGO has four core beliefs. Multilateralism is a home for dialogue. The fire of war never goes out. Lastly, Leaders for Peace is convinced that Jean-Pierre Raffarin multilateralism is the key to avoiding confrontation. © Eric Biernacki - Normandy Region The first focuses on the particularly worrying Its 2019 annual report aims to provide solutions fact that international tensions are currently to boost multilateralism, currently under threat on the rise. The fire of war does not go out, because it seems to be ineffective, bureaucratic it simply moves around. Leaders for Peace and influenced by Western domination. It is vital to believes that the gravity of the situation make it clear that sovereignty and multilateralism compels us to act. are entirely compatible. Sovereignty is defined as the ability to lead others. Alliances can serve sovereignty by giving a state more influence and weight. As such, “isolation isn’t always the Peace does not just solution of the strong”. happen, it requires work. In its report, Leaders for Peace therefore recommends a certain number of inclusivity processes and activities focused on prevention and calls for the establishment of a new political space which encourages the sharing of diplomacy and international relations with civil societies.

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04.

THE DEBATES

An overview of the peacemakers...... 48

Understanding contemporary conflicts, from beginning to resolution...... 58

Challenges and issues for sustainable peace...... 90

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the international community to the gravity of arguing that women could enhance the the humanitarian situation of the civilians who debate. Her demands were met. The idea AN OVERVIEW were facing a resurgence in the fighting in that female representation on expert panels is north-western Syria. valuable has been increasingly championed, OF THE PEACEMAKERS even by men. However, in Catherine Turner’s view, if women are to take on a meaningful role in prominent This example illustrates another problem: processes, the very notion of leadership must women are not always given the recognition adapt to include new elements, no longer they deserve for their skills. Often, they must focusing solely on power mechanisms but on fight to obtain this recognition. Jody Williams concrete conflict resolution skills as well. tempers this statement by pointing out that “women’s past successes are the steps which Jody Williams has adopted the following today’s women can climb as they make their principle: “If I do nothing to change a situation way to the top of society”. which I consider to be unfair, then I am part of the problem.” She earned the approval of participants in peace processes because of her ability to encourage people to question their own behaviour, even if this required her to adopt a provocative attitude. She has

From left to right: Sarah Taylor, Catherine Turner, Christina Shaheen, Jody Williams never felt penalised for being a woman and believes that recognition is earned on the © Eric Bénard - Normandy Region basis of an individual’s skills. Her greatest achievement remains the culmination of her fight against the use of land mines, a process WOMEN AS LEADERS FOR PEACE: in which women played a major role. A FORCE FOR THE FUTURE Women can contribute real innovation to Tuesday 4 June, 1.30pm - 2.45pm, Salle Guillaume future peace processes. They are able to _ question the rules of the traditional diplomatic game, which were created by men and are fundamentally based on the concepts Despite the numerous initiatives which have Moderator: of power and military domination. Women been launched in recent years, women remain are much more than their traditional image of Sarah Taylor, under-represented in peace processes: just “family caregivers” and are more inclined to Senior Researcher, International Peace 2% of UN mediators are women and some focus on interhuman relations in ways which Institute women have even been murdered for their are unrelated to the balance of power and involvement. Yet their role seems vital in Speakers: domination. As such, they deserve better negotiations, particularly to promote women’s representation in groups which participate in Christina Shaheen, rights. Gender Adviser, Office of the Special negotiations. Catherine Turner emphasises that peace Envoy of the Secretary General for Jody Williams took the example of the process processes required combined efforts at every Syria, United Nations against the spread of “killer robots”, which level of society, involving diplomats as well as are robotic weapons with an autonomous Catherine Turner, political, religious and social authorities at a decision-making ability to engage targets. Associate Professor, Durham University local level. In her view, it is at a local level that This work is coordinated by a woman, who women can put their mediating skills to use Jody Williams, rebelled against the fact that the panel of and exercise a form of leadership in peace 1997 Nobel Peace Prize winner experts which had been appointed was processes. On this subject, Christina Shaheen exclusively male. She demanded significant refers to a citizens’ initiative which began female representation as part of this panel, in 2018 and was led by several women’s groups; it resulted in protests in favour of peace in Idleb in Syria and a petition signed by 10,000 women which was delivered to the UN Security Council. This initiative alerted

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internally within a single country, the world has For Elena Lazarou, many of the threats to WHAT EUROPEAN POLICY FOR PEACE? enjoyed peace for three quarters of a century peace are now transnational. She therefore 5 June, 3.45pm - 5pm, Salle Auditorium because the major powers have found it laments the absence of transnational “heroes _ more advantageous to develop other types of of peace” who would be able to inspire relationships. However, this situation cannot Europeans and to deal with issues on an be described as that of “peaceful hearts” but international scale. She emphasises that such rather as that of a “silence of arms”; this can figures are emerging and forming movements Moderator: its foreign policy, which has been entrusted be jeopardised at any time, especially if the to build a different future, such as Greta to the High Representative of the Union for leaders of the major powers are tempted to Thunberg. Antoine Arjakovsky, Foreign Affairs since the Treaty. Co-Director of the Department destabilise the diplomatic system. of Political and Religious Research, How can nation states work together for peace For Alain Lamassoure, although these various Collège des Bernardins for everyone’s benefit? This multilateralism indices are particularly interesting, we must to promote peace is an integral part of the view them with a temporal focus, bearing in Speakers: European model and has a normative power mind that peace is never definitive and that Alain Lamassoure, in several areas, including development, it is vital to take national specificities into French MEP the promotion of democracy, defence and account. In addition, the vocabulary used in security, disinformation, terrorism and hybrid political debates should also be a criterion. Elena Lazarou, threats. Lastly, the report raises the question Over the last ten years, hate speech has Political Analyst, European Parliament of the way in which the EU will adapt to a become a part of political debate. Research Service geopolitical environment in which new threats continue to emerge. Alain Lamassoure argues that we must understand how to avoid foreseeable wars With the advent of the Cold War, it became Born from the ashes of the Second World to maintain peace. The war in Bosnia is clear that the absence of violence resulted War, the European Union (EU) is built on the an example of this: there were many signs in a kind of peace, although it was not ideals of peace and solidarity among nations, of a risk of conflict but this did not prevent necessarily associated with people’s well- which must be reflected in its foreign policy. the international community from compelling being. Conversely, positive peace includes This requires us to consider the very definition Bosnians to hold a referendum, thereby other elements which simultaneously benefit of peace and to innovate to come up with a triggering the war. The MEP thinks that the prosperity and act as barriers to the threat suitable strategy for future challenges. appointment of a Commissioner for Peace of conflict. The definition of positive peace should be supported, provided that this For Antoine Arjakovsky, geopolitics can be has been the subject of in-depth work by the Commissioner is also responsible for security understood in the humanist sense: between Institute for Economics and Peace in Sydney, or, in other words, is able to take action in the interconnected nation states, which makes it with which Elena Lazarou has developed fight against terrorism. possible to move from a strategic approach the Normandy Index, a barometer which to peace – “if you want peace, prepare for measures a country’s vulnerability to conflict. Alain Lamassoure notes that none of the war» – to a preventive approach, although twenty-eight European countries is sovereign In Alain Lamassoure’s analysis, it is thanks this does require civil society’s participation. when it comes to security, which is to say to the miracle of the construction of Europe Insofar as peace is a priority for the EU, he that no European country can unilaterally that the citizens of European countries now wonders how to make this objective more declare a war like the one which reached experience “peaceful hearts”, which goes visible, citing the creation of a Commissioner the beaches of Normandy seventy-five years well beyond positive peace, while for other for Peace as an example. ago. Europeans prefer to believe that no-one people around the world, war remains the will threaten them and that the United States Recently published by Elena Lazarou, the “continuation of politics by other means”, will always be ready to help them. However, report entitled “Peace And Security In 2019: to quote Clausewitz. This experience of since the United States has made it very clear Overview Of EU Action And Outlook For The “peaceful hearts” is so widespread that that the security of Western Europe is not a Future” approaches the subject of peace from European children feel as if they have priority, Europe must “take control of its own a holistic point of view, with the promotion of been “vaccinated” against war. Europeans security”, in Alain Lamassoure’s view. All peace constituting a horizontal value which cannot imagine a potential armed conflict on European states are ready to take a common must be present in all of the EU’s actions with European soil, in Alain Lamassoure’s view. position on this subject; the MEP argues that regard to the outside world. In Elena Lazarou’s On the global stage, a second level of peace France should vote in favour of the EU during view, this is the reason that the EU has not is emerging. Although there are numerous the next meeting of the UN Security Council, appointed a Commissioner for Peace: peace on-going wars, almost all of which occur and that there should be a permanent is the guiding principle in every aspect of peacetime alliance.

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However, it is not enough to put people who Violence and racism are rare in other team are in conflict on the field and to expect sports such as rugby or handball. Yet the peace to materialise. Sport is not limited to its budget for sport represents just 0.13% of the sentimental or symbolic aspects. It generates French state’s budget. For Bernard Amsalem, a lot of money and hides tragic realities. sport is an investment, not an expense. In France, sport represents a potential 700,000 Daniel Costantini notes that in 1976, the additional jobs, which do not exist because African continent boycotted the Olympic the associative model which dominates in Games and that Western nations did the France is unsuited to this area of business. same in 1980 when they were held in the Sport should become a part of the social USSR. Today, every nation does everything economy to ensure that its value is better it can to attend because not participating in recognised. In France, sporting associations the Olympic Games would be interpreted as and federations should become Public Interest From left to right: Lorena Rodriguez, Bernard Amsalem, Gary Al-Smith, Daniel Costantini a desire to withdraw from the international Cooperative Companies (PICC) ; governance © Eric Biernacki - Normandy Region community. Nevertheless, while opening could then involve private and public partners, and closing ceremonies offer moments of which would ensure recognition for sport as a genuine fraternity, competition itself can be respected economic power. SPORT: STILL A CATALYST FOR PEACE? considered, to some extent, as a form of organised and regulated warfare. In team Lorena Rodriguez notes that the sports sector 5 June, 3.45pm - 5pm, Salle Abbesses _ sports, communication can lead to a war of is changing rapidly, with the development words. of urban sports and e-sports which are particularly popular with young people. Some supporters may take this war-like aspect Moderator: Winter Games. In the speakers’ views, Bernard Amsalem believes that a framework sport’s role in the facilitation of peace in a too seriously but, in Gary Al-Smith’s view, for e-sports is required to avoid potential Lorena Rodriguez, given society, and even on a global scale, is sport is essentially a mirror of society; if it dangers but these new sports must be Head of Media and Communication, underestimated. has a role to play in education, stakeholders respected by the world of traditional sports; Peace & Sport within sport also have a responsibility. To this otherwise, there is a risk of a definitive split The world sports movement includes the end, the journalist who specialises in African Speakers: between the two, which will ultimately harm International Olympic Committee (IOC), sport believes that wealthy football clubs sport in general. For Bernard Amsalem, the Gary Al-Smith, international and national federations which should invest more in the communities around future of sport lies in female sport. In a world Sports Journalist and UNICEF organise major sporting events. These them, mainly to show that there is no place in which the governing bodies of sports Ambassador organisations contribute to sport’s universal for racism and intolerance in sport. He also federations remain predominantly male, there image. For example, every three years, the believes that they should be more responsible is still much more to do. Bernard Amsalem, IOC and the UN organise a congress on with regard to the sources of their funding, Vice-President of the French National peace and sport: the concept of the “Olympic particularly when clubs are bought by Gulf Olympic and Sports Committee truce” is still relevant after more than 3,000 countries. These big sporting clubs tend to be years, confirming the pacifist nature of sport. far removed from the people, when the people Daniel Costantini, should be the most important part of global Former coach of the French handball For Bernard Amsalem, “sport is a medicine sport, in Gary Al-Smith’s view. He believes team against the excesses of society”. Gary Al- that sporting events should be representative Smith notes that team sports are one of the of societies and countries, because athletes easiest ways to break down ethnic, religious, are role models, especially for young people. According to a study by the consultancy firm linguistic, social and economic barriers. When AT Kearney, global sport is worth roughly players are on the field, these differences Bernard Amsalem emphasises the tendency $620 billion dollars. However, ministries of simply no longer exist. Players just need to to judge sport using football, which sport tend to have the smallest budgets, even know the rules which apply. In the same crystallises the problems of society, as a though sport has been shown to contribute way, teams from small countries, which do yardstick. However, France has one hundred to diplomatic processes and to help to re- not have major infrastructure in terms of sport, and seventeen different sports federations. establish dialogue between states. For are able to compete with teams from rich example, in 1971, a table tennis match countries within the framework of international between an American man and a Chinese competitions. For many young people from (1) Public Interest Cooperative Companies are French legal entities; they aim to produce or supply goods and services which are in the public interest man helped to revive trade between the two economically disadvantaged areas, sport and which have a social utility. PICCs must have three types of partners or shareholders: producers of goods or services, beneficiaries of the goods countries. Teams including players from both is an accessible way of encouraging social and services offered and natural or legal persons contributing to the cooperative’s activity (source: BPI France website). Koreas also competed at the 2018 Olympic mobility.

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in Vietnam prompted them to develop the Lajon argues that the work of war reporters WAR JOURNALISM: GENERATION SARAJEVO principle of the “embedded journalist” who during the siege of Sarajevo led to President 4 June, 1.30pm - 2.45pm, Salle Tocqueville gradually ends up appropriating their military Clinton’s (undeniably overdue) understanding _ strategy. In contrast, French officers, still of the need to intervene. scarred by the Algerian war, were known for their “extremely mediocre” communications To discuss “Generation Sarajevo” is to make policy, according to Emmanuel Ortiz. reference to the journalists who began their Moderator: The siege of Sarajevo was characterised careers during this historic time. The siege of by its particularly long duration, lasting This conflict asked questions of the journalist’s Sarajevo and the conflicts in the Balkans in Mathilde Boussion, more than a thousand days. Consequently, role. Some reporters were invited to The general educated an entire generation of war Freelance Journalist journalists worked on rotation for a few Hague as eyewitnesses to the Srebrenica reporters, thereby helping to shape their views massacre. This raises the question: when and their approaches to covering conflict. Speakers: weeks at a time, something which forced them to readjust regularly to the specificities journalists go beyond the testimony of their Jérôme Delay, of the situation. For some, however, life was reports, are they simply assuming their civic Photographer, Associated Press much easier in Sarajevo than in Paris, where duty or are they becoming activists? editors’ indifference to the conflict was a real Karen Lajon, If journalism requires perspective, while source of despair. Senior Reporter, Journal du Dimanche avoiding any Manichean analysis of events Reports were put together using Bosnian and people, it should be recognised that Jean-Marie Lemaire, television resources before they were entrusted Western war reporters failed to remain Morocco Correspondent, France 24 to people who left for France by plane. Later, completely neutral. In Jean-Marie Lemaire’s Emmanuel Ortiz, following the arrival of the Reuters agency view, this conflict even had a rather “romantic” Photojournalist and its resources, images could be sent for a side to it for French journalists, who took up the fee by satellite to newsrooms in Paris. Some cause of the inhabitants of the besieged city. Loïck Berrou, photographers also used an ancestor of the In Karen Lajon’s view, this proximity between Journalist, France 24 fax, the belinograph, which transformed an the French press and the city’s inhabitants may image’s colours into electrical impulses, with even have contributed to the fact that, unlike a view to their transmission via satellite. their English peers, French journalists did not For a journalist, covering a war means identify the presence of the first jihadists. With More generally, “everything was negotiated narrating its events and reporting on what life hindsight, she now describes Bosnia as a in Sarajevo” at that time, including journalists’ is like for local residents. But ultimately, some “template for Al Qaeda”. In the same way, photos and reports, in Jérôme Delay’s words. wars become powerful experiences for these some Western communications agencies Although some reporters managed to “earn professionals. The siege of Sarajevo was one soon sought to portray the Serbian people as plenty of money because of this conflict”, in of these wars. the “bad guys”, whereas responsibility for the Mathilde Boussion’s view, others used their conflict’s cruelty was in fact widely shared by Shared memories have had a lasting impact money to buy armoured cars, which they all warring parties, explains Jérôme Delay. on the journalists who were asked to cover then rented to other journalists, thus saving this conflict. To enter the city of Sarajevo when lives. In short, “resourcefulness” was key to The journalist’s role also involves questioning it was under siege, every journalist had to survival in Bosnia, but solidarity was also political decisions, something which French pass through Sniper Alley, a “crossing which called for, given the dangerous nature of the reporters did with regard to France’s was rather complicated”, in Karen Lajon’s region: a pooling system ensured that just participation in this conflict and its role within words. Once they were in the city, freelance one cameraman or woman would be sent, the United Nations Protection Force. In Loïck photojournalists sought to take the best photos for example, who would then be responsible Berrou’s view, the more time passed, the less before selling them to have enough money for sharing his or her images. Freelance the United Nations’ humanitarian corridor to eat. Journalists who were sent by their journalists took advantage of the resources, made sense, until the conflict completely publications worked with the help of a local particularly the cars, of their peers, which changed in the wake of NATO’s first strikes. chaperone, through whom they managed to were provided by agencies. Beyond their reflections on political choices, obtain various basic foodstuffs. journalists can also influence leaders. Karen Access to information within a theatre of war is specific to each conflict, Karen Lajon explains. In general, the first forty-eight hours offer a real window of opportunity for journalists, before access is very quickly restricted. The disastrous experience of the United States

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take part, to help people become more open on social networks. In Kelly McBride’s view, to differences. For example, the Lower Saxony during the campaign the British were fed with Parliament, of which she is a member, aims to information that was not necessarily relevant facilitate student participation in the Erasmus or even completely wrong, and Brexit is programme. One of the objectives of this therefore the consequence of this deficient policy is to enable everyone to benefit from democratic debate. globalisation. Dörte Liebetruth also mentions the fact that crèches in Lower Saxony are free Kelly McBride notes that local authorities are in order not to exclude anyone. able to receive citizens and provide them with a venue where they can exercise participatory Xavier Cadoret emphasises the need to democracy. For example, an assembly was organise public services at the most relevant set up by randomly selecting citizens of the territorial level, so that they are easy to Belgian German-speaking community. This From left to right: Kelly McBride, Xavier Cadoret, Dörte Liebetruth understand and accessible for people. This assembly was invited to reflect on agenda for © Léonie Hamard - Normandy Region condition seems fundamental to maintaining political work on a number of issues. Xavier an effective dialogue with civil society. This Cadoret, on the other hand, mentions the first raises the question of the effectiveness exclusion of the Russian-speaking community WHAT ROLE FOR LOCAL AND REGIONAL of the organization between the different in Latvia, which does not have access to full territorial strata across a country. For citizenship or political representation. In his AUTHORITIES IN PEACE BUILDING? example, Latvia is a country whose territorial view, trust in the political class is essential. 4 June, 3.15pm - 4.30pm, Salle CESER organisation has shortcomings: the lack of He also refers to the results of a barometer _ an intermediate level between State and produced in 2018 which showed that “six municipalities prevents the smallest ones from out of ten citizens in the European Union receiving community aid, as the applications do not trust their main national political Moderator: are too complex for them to prepare. On the institutions”. Xavier Cadoret believes that Thomas Andersson, The regions’ involvement in peace processes other hand, in France, difficulties may arise local authorities could try to restore this trust President of the Regional council makes it possible to address their involvement if several territorial authorities are potentially if national governments gave them the means of Jämtland, Sweden, member of the in conflicts with greater finesse, and therefore competent in a given field. Secondly, there is to do so. bureau of the Assembly of European to formulate concrete proposals and implement the question of real budgetary autonomy for Regions and the Congress of the innovative solutions. Xavier Cadoret points local and regional authorities. Considering out the Normandy Region’s creation and that democracy can only function fully with organization of the Normandy World Peace support from regions, the Council of Europe Speakers: Forum provides an initial response to the is committed to promoting decentralisation, Xavier Cadoret, question raised. but it faces a context of budgetary restrictions for local authorities and the recentralisation of President of the Chamber of local A number of factors are likely to threaten authorities, Congress of the Council of power by governments, according to Xavier peace, or at least the political and Cadoret. Europe democratic stability of an area. Society may Dörte Liebetruth, be destabilized by a breakdown in trust For her part, Dörte Liebetruth places particular Member of the Chamber of Regions, between the people and the political class, emphasis on the role of local authorities in Congress of the Council of Europe whether due to the hegemony of the state’s analysing the processes currently at work word or to mechanisms of misinformation. that tend to weaken ties within Europe, Kelly McBride, Some sociologists also point to the weakening such as Brexit. Kelly McBride points out that Member of the Democratic Institute of unifying forces, such as the family, trade democratic values, taught in school, are unions and political parties, as a vector of deeply rooted among the British. However, tension. For Xavier Cadoret, diversity is also she notes that during the campaign for the a source of division when difficulties arise, referendum on keeping the United Kingdom in particularly in the economic sphere, as mutual the European Union, no venue was provided misunderstanding is a breeding ground for participatory democracy and citizen for prejudice, rumour and discord. Dörte debate to take place. Citizens therefore had Liebetruth underlines the importance of cultural to form their opinions on this crucial issue exchanges at European and international for the future of their country on the basis of level, a process in which local authorities can speeches that were relayed in the media and

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Less densely populated than its neighbours policy of openness, both with Washington’s (with a population density which is half that allies and its “competitors”. This did not UNDERSTANDING of South Korea, a fifth of that of Japan and a stop North Korea from conducting further fiftieth of that of China) and with an economy nuclear tests, which were a source of great CONTEMPORARY CONFLICTS, which is radically less developed, North Korea embarrassment to the Obama administration. FROM BEGINNING TO RESOLUTION nevertheless enjoys diplomatic prominence. Since 1985, whilst alternating between Barthélemy Courmont further analyses the phases of détente and verbal escalation with relationship between Pyongyang and the the international community, the regime has Trump administration. Initially, Donald Trump successfully developed its nuclear programme sought to intimidate the North Korean regime, and claims to be able to strike the United before adopting a much more conciliatory States with its nuclear missiles. However, this attitude, going so far as to declare that he success has been achieved at the cost of “loved” Kim Jong-un. As it happens, Barthélemy severe economic sanctions against this poor Courmont describes the latter as “extremely country, where famine is a constant threat. predictable”, with a mentality which is “quite easy to understand”. For the Pyongyang In Mohamed ElBaradei’s view, it seems clear regime, nuclear weapons offer a threat which that the North Korean regime views its nuclear opens the door to negotiations at the very arsenal as a guarantee of security against highest level. It is clear that this strategy has the United States, which it perceives to be a worked: the meetings between Kim Jong-un major threat. Its nuclear programme has been and Donald Trump left the entire international From left to right: Barthélemy Courmont, Mohamed ElBaradei, Jean-François Di Meglio skilfully handled: the North Koreans have been community with bated breath, recalling the US- © Eric Bénard - Normandy Region able to take advantage of the international Soviet summit meetings of the Cold War. community’s procrastination to create doubts as to their ability to successfully implement such Barthélemy Courmont does not think NORTH KOREA: FAILURE OR SUCCESS a programme, particularly without the support that North Korea will give up its nuclear of the former Soviet bloc. weapons. He describes the skill of the North OF THE NEGOTIATIONS? Korean negotiators, who focus on trading 4 June, 5pm - 6.15pm, Salle CESER Barthélemy Courmont notes that changes in off concessions by accepting the shut down _ US international policy over the years have or inspection of certain nuclear facilities, for served the interests of the North Korean example. He feels that American diplomats regime. pursued a policy of were insufficiently prepared for the summit Moderator: Having been occupied by the Japanese during openness, promising American help to build meetings which took place. Mohamed the Second World War, the Korean peninsula nuclear power plants on North Korean soil ElBaradei adds to this analysis; in his view, Jean-François Di Meglio, was divided into two zones on both sides of and in exchange for the the two sides did not “play fair” during the President, Asia Centre the 38th parallel after Japan’s surrender. In suspension of the country’s nuclear programme. negotiation process, with the North Koreans 1950, the People’s Army of Korea invaded the Speakers: George W. Bush adopted a much harder line adopting an apparent attitude of openness, south of the peninsula, supported by the USSR than his predecessor, even going as far as despite clear intentions to continue with their Barthélemy Courmont, and China, triggering the Korean War, the first describing North Korea as a part of the “Axis nuclear programme, and negotiators on Research Director, Institute of major conflict of the Cold War. In 1953, the of Evil”, along with Iraq and Iran. Mohamed the other side coming up with proposals in International and Strategic Relations fighting ceased and North and South Koreas ElBaradei adds that when the North Korean the hope that the Pyongyang regime would have coexisted in an uncertain situation: the Mohamed ElBaradei, leaders witnessed the total annihilation of eventually implode of its own accord. two countries are technically still at war, since winner Saddam Hussein’s army during the second no peace treaty was ever signed. and former Director General of the Gulf War, they undoubtedly thought they were In Mohamed ElBaradei’s eyes, nuclear non- proliferation treaties have become obsolete. International Atomic Energy Agency In the meantime, the geopolitical situation has to become the next targets for eradication by The major nuclear powers are not content to changed significantly. The Soviet bloc has the United States. This probably encouraged merely modernise their arsenal, they also insist disappeared, China remains a communist them to pursue their nuclear programme, in on developing new types of weapons, such country, having abandoned its economic plan Barthélemy Courmont’s view; indeed, the first as autonomous military robots, in the name to move towards the socialist market economy, North Korean nuclear tests occurred during of national security. In his view, the concept and South Korea has become a regional George W. Bush’s presidency. of “national security” is totally misguided and economic power. North Korea has changed Barthélemy Courmont recalls that Barack the processes involved are not sustainable in very little in comparison, remaining faithful to Obama advocated global disarmament in its Stalinist model. a speech in Prague in 2009 and pursued a

Normandy World Peace Forum The essentials 59 the long term: democracies tend to crumble in that Moon Jae-in’s approach of not discussing ElBaradei notes that the official objective of the face of rising populism. He believes that the nuclear issue with North Korea to be the United States’ military presence in South the following question should be asked: “how intelligent; the South Korean President is aware Korea, Japan and Guam is to protect its can we learn to live together without the need that his neighbouring country will not give up its Korean ally; in addition, it enables the United for all these weapons?” Mohamed ElBaradei arsenal. Instead, he focuses on the possibility States to expand its sphere of influence in the does not feel that North Korea is the principal of making investments in North Korea and region and to prepare for a possible conflict threat to global peace: the Pyongyang regime reuniting families which have been separated with China. is undoubtedly aware that the minute it uses by war. Barthélemy Courmont concludes that nuclear weapons, the country will be erased the signing of a peace treaty no longer seems For Mohamed ElBaradei, the international from the map. The main risk for North Korea beyond the realm of imagination. community may have learned a lesson from is an involuntary nuclear escalation based on the overthrow of the Iraqi regime, which did a misinterpretation between Russia and the Mohamed ElBaradei believes that President not contribute to the long-awaited restoration United States, for example. Leaders would Trump could achieve tangible results with of the geopolitical balance in the Middle East: have only a few minutes to make the decision North Korea, if both sides offer respective a fragile balance between warring parties can in response to what could look like a nuclear concessions, as part of an iterative process. be considered to be a satisfactory conclusion, attack. In his view, dialogue must be maintained. once the threat of armed conflict is contained. However, Barthélemy Courmont feels that it Irrespective of the question of nuclear warfare, would have been possible to bring about a far issues arise with regard to the conflict, which earlier end to the process if dialogue with North is still officially ongoing, and the region’s Korean had been accepted immediately. geopolitical balance. Barthélemy Courmont begins by analysing the North Korean He notes that North Korea is one of the last regime’s position. Without its historical ally of totalitarian regimes on the planet. As such, it the Soviet Union and with China becoming is impossible to find out the opinion of North increasingly distant (having passed several Korea’s civil society. However, in South Korea, resolutions on economic sanctions for North the public is particularly engaged. Moon Jae- Korea), the country appears to be relatively in’s policy to extend the hand of friendship is isolated. It must also respond to neighbouring supported by a majority of South Koreans but countries with larger populations and stronger opinions may change if the expected results economies. North Korea’s nuclear arsenal is are not achieved. the only way for the country to restore a certain However, the ultimate objective of each regime balance, even if it is primarily a deterrent. is not just to make peace but to reunify the North Korea therefore seems unable to prevail country, in Barthélemy Courmont’s view. He militarily over its southern neighbour and it is see North Korea’s economic backwardness likely that the country would be alone in the as problematic in this regard because he event of an attack by an international coalition. believes that the South Korean economy is not As for South Korea, Barthélemy Courmont robust enough to take the strain of integrating notes that the population has been relatively the North Korean population and bringing its indifferent to nuclear testing because the infrastructure up to standard. This explains why resumption of a conventional armed conflict South Koreans are rather worried about the is a constant and much more tangible threat: prospect of the North Korean regime’s sudden half of the country’s population lives in collapse. and the surrounding area, within firing range Barthélemy Courmont and Mohamed of North Korean artillery. For Barthélemy ElBaradei both feel that the status quo would Courmont, it is possible that the policy to extend be an acceptable solution for North and South the hand of friendship, which was initiated by Koreas, along with the other powers present in President Moon Jae-in and which breaks with the region. Mohamed ElBaradei emphasises the policies of his predecessors, will lead to that a reunified Korea could potentially tangible results. Clear signs of thawing relations become a serious economic rival to Japan. between the two countries have already been The idea of having a pro-American Korea with noted, with Moon Jae-in going so far as to visit nuclear weapons as a potential neighbour Pyongyang. Barthélemy Courmont declares is unappealing to China. Lastly, Mohamed

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Picking up on previous remarks, Patricia view, the Emiratis are focusing on dividing THE PEACE PROCESS IN YEMEN: Lalonde points out that the US Congress the country with the independence of South FRAUGHT WITH DIFFICULTIES voted to stop providing logistical support to Yemen. Paradoxically, these militias fight the Tuesday 4 June, 3.15pm - 4.30pm, Salle Robert le Magnifique the Saudi coalition, a decision which was government forces in exile, which is supported _ immediately overturned by a presidential by the Saudis. The Hadi government is also veto. She is also shocked by the treatment allied with the Muslim Brotherhood, which of journalists who have obtained information is being fought by the Emiratis. The situation Moderator: France and Germany, for example, which both which proves that French weapons were becomes even more complex in view of the sell arms to Saudi Arabia. All powers in the used in Yemeni operations: this has led to fact that the United Arab Emirates is gaining Mirna Jammal, region (and further afield) have an interest in the Journalist at France 24, Vice-President interrogations by the French Directorate- control of ports and islands in South Yemen, conflict in Yemen, in one way or another. Seyed General for External Security. at the expense of their separatist allies. of the Association de la Presse Kazem Sajjadpour also believes that peace Étrangère will only be possible if military intervention is Various resolutions have been passed by the Patricia Lalonde is concerned that the whole European Parliament with a view to finding region may be engulfed by the war in Yemen. Speakers: rejected. A compromise which is acceptable to all parties must be sought. a solution to the conflict and with regard to For example, she can see Washington Philippe Bolopion, the sale of arms, but they are not binding deciding to go to war against Tehran. Deputy Director of the Global The humanitarian crisis in Yemen is one of the on member states. In addition, an attempt to However, she mentions that other powers, Advocacy division of Human Rights most dramatic that has initiate a process of negotiations between all including Russia, are working behind the Watch ever seen, Philippe Bolopion says. From the factions was met with real inertia by some scenes to encourage the peace process and beginning, the Houthis used child soldiers and lobbies, leading to the failure of this initiative. that the United States now seems prepared Seyed Kazem Sajjadpour, land mines when they seized Sanaa; they The mere idea that the Houthis could take a to negotiate with Iran, even if the latter does Iranian Deputy Minister for Research are also accused of kidnapping and torture. seat at the negotiating table unleashed the not seem to be open to dialogue, given the and Education, President of the The Saudi coalition, meanwhile, organised a Saudis’ anger; they refuse to discuss with what current relations between the two countries. Institute for Political & International blockade of Yemen which created a serious they consider to be a pro-Iranian rebel group. Studies humanitarian crisis and bombed civilian In Patricia Lalonde’s view, this viewpoint is populations, destroying schools and hospitals. Patricia Lalonde, highly reductive because the Houthis represent Member of the European Parliament In Philippe Bolopion’s view, the United States an important community in Yemen and are also bears significant responsibility because of not mere puppets, manipulated by Iran. their support for the Saudi coalition in providing Patricia Lalonde wanted to travel to Aden Once dubbed “fortunate Arabia”, Yemen arms and logistical support to the Saudi clan. and Sanaa to begin discussions but her trip is now ravaged by war and famine and the The United Kingdom and France indirectly was cancelled after she was refused a visa peace process looks particularly difficult. Seyed support this coalition with the sale of billions of for Saudi Arabia. Despite this, she welcomed Kazem Sajjadpour summarises the issue with a dollars of arms to Saudi Arabia and the United the negotiators who defended the Houthis’ question: “how can we create a blueprint for a Arab Emirates, knowing that these weapons position in to the European peaceful Yemen?” are likely to be used to violate human rights. Parliament. Since all three are members of the UN Security For the Iranian Deputy Minister, the first Council, these countries take a much more Seyed Kazem Sajjadpour thinks that the fundamental condition for a return to peace is measured stance than with regards to Syria, for Houthis have adhered to the commitments the rejection of preconceived ideas. In his view, example. they made in Stockholm by withdrawing the Saudis launched an offensive, thinking that from certain ports, while the Saudi coalition it would last just a few days, but the conflict Human Rights Watch calls for an arms embargo continues its bombing campaign, thereby has turned out to be much longer and more against the Saudi coalition to crack down on violating its own commitments. Clearly, the complex than expected. human rights violations. At present, only a few latter still believes that it is capable of quickly countries, including Germany, the Netherlands, achieving a total military victory and therefore Seyed Kazem Sajjadpour believes that a peace Norway and Sweden, have suspended their does not need to negotiate peace. It also feels process will only be successful if it takes the arms sales to the warring parties. Human Rights reassured by the support of the UN Security realities of Yemen into account. The Houthis are Watch also calls for personal measures to be Council’s permanent members. a proud people while the Yemenis are one of the taken against Mohammed bin Salman, the oldest nations in the world: neither will renounce Saudi Crown Prince who planned the offensive. Another complex aspect is mentioned during their identity. Similarly, a Manichean and The international community has recently begun the debate: the secessionist tendencies in simplistic view of the conflict between the Saudi to ask questions of this man, in the wake of southern Yemen. Armed militias, composed coalition and pro-Iranian factions is not relevant the murder of a Saudi journalist in a Turkish mainly of Salafists and funded by the United here, as multiple parties are involved, including consulate. Arab Emirates, are active. In Patricia Lalonde’s

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like mafioso and criminal organisations and Audience contributions THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: are involved in metal trafficking, racketeering WHAT END TO THE CRISIS? and the abductions of businessmen. The Three eminent public figures attended this debate, sharing their views of the situation in 4 June, 3.15pm - 4.30pm, Salle Tocqueville country’s citizens are also worried about their _ presence in Goma, a city which is almost the Democratic Republic of Congo. under siege and whose residents are caught Doctor Denis Mukwege, winner of the 2018 up in an obvious humanitarian crisis. Yet “the Nobel Peace Prize, who is Congolese, Moderator: in 2006, even before the publication of the humanitarian response is not the right one”, in results, and the 2011 elections were marked expresses his outrage at the use of rape as Mathilde Boussion, Maria Malagardis’ view: the work of NGOs, a weapon of war in the DRC. In his hospital, by a week of post-election violence, for the despite its importance, has so far led to a Freelance Journalist first time in 2018, Sonia Rolley observed he has heard the testimony of many women striking reconstruction of a colonial city on the who have been subjected to sexual violence, Speakers: a complete absence of violence, despite a one hand and an African city on the other. closely contested result. perpetrated by members of armed groups Jérôme Delay, Armed groups have become so fragmented who have direct links to certain members of Africa Photo Editor, Associated Press In Jérôme Delay’s view, it would appear over time that insecurity is now a reality the government. With regard to the situation that the ruling party influenced the election throughout the country but the main insecurity in Eastern DRC, he condemns the “chaos Maria Malagardis, to ensure that the opposition party won, continues to come from the country’s security organised by the government of Kinshasa Journalist, Libération undoubtedly considering its candidate to forces, in Sonia Rolley’s view: according to and neighbouring countries” for the economic be “the most controllable”. This incongruous benefit of a few individuals. The state’s Sonia Rolley, UN data, state agents are responsible for situation can also be explained by a certain complicity seems obvious to him. Journalist, RFI more than 60% of human rights’ violations understanding on the part of Joseph Kabila across the country. While the names of these and, in particular, by “people’s fatigue” after Denis Mukwege believes that peace cannot soldiers do not appear in UN reports, they be built without justice. Consequently, he so many years lost to conflict. For Maria are the same individuals. The Minister of The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), feels that the UN must play its role in the DRC Malagardis, the departure of the former Development has publicly announced that the second largest country in Africa after as a supranational body to denounce the President was probably even more important if he became governor of South Kivu, he Algeria, is extremely rich in minerals and perpetrators of crimes against humanity, not than the identity of his successor in the eyes of would ensure that all armed groups were has fertile land but is severely lacking in all of whom are Congolese nationals. the country’s citizens. In addition, the violent under his authority. Another element confirms infrastructure. The country has witnessed repression of previous demonstrations was the complicity between the state and armed Pierre Buyoya, the former President of the successive conflicts since independence was bound to discourage Congolese citizens from groups, according to Maria Malagardis: Republic of Burundi, Representative of the declared in 1960 but the peaceful departure taking to the streets to demand the real results while the arms embargo was only lifted for African Union for Security in the Sahel, recalls of President Kabila, who has now been in of the election. the security forces, their arsenal is currently in that the United Nations has already intervened power for seventeen years, may herald the the hands of armed groups and other militias. extensively in the Democratic Republic of the beginning of a new era. Moreover, the Democratic Republic of Congo Congo, without addressing the complex was closely involved with the consequences For the parties involved, the end of the crisis Although the election did not take place challenges which face the country. of the Rwandan : two million will have to involve a fight against impunity, in exemplary democratic conditions, the Rwandans, including the perpetrators of the which must be a priority in the Democratic According to Jean-Marie Guéhenno, the new President, Felix Tshisekedi, who was genocide, crossed the border into eastern Republic of Congo. former United Nations’ Under-Secretary- previously a member of the opposition, DRC. In the refugee camps, the perpetrators General for Peacekeeping Operations, nonetheless called for the formation of a of the Rwandan genocide gathered in armed the presence of peacekeepers in the DRC coalition with Joseph Kabila’s party when the groups and sought to protect themselves by “limits the chaos” and it would be reckless results were announced. Given the situation, joining forces with the Congolese rebellion to withdraw them. However, he feels that will he be able to implement his own policy? of Laurent Désiré Kabila, Joseph Kabila’s the United Nations’ loss of credibility in the father. “A period of ten years of crimes” then During the election campaign, every journalist Democratic Republic of the Congo means began, Sonia Rolley explains, amounting to in the DRC feared an explosion of violence. that it cannot lead the country towards a more than six hundred war crimes and crimes Yet despite the operational difficulties and the political solution, something which can only against humanity, documented by the UN in obstacles which characterised the election be done by the Congolese themselves. its Mapping Report, published in 2010. campaign, the mobilisation and the patience of the voters were genuinely surprising for These armed groups remain very active today. international observers. Residents of some Although they were exploited by neighbouring provinces, however, were not able to vote, countries, they claimed to have political either because of the presence of armed demands, in the wake of the genocide, which groups or because of the Ebola outbreak. they often used to ensure that they were able to While Kinshasa witnessed war-like violence join the army; today, they function much more

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However, Hal Philip Klepak clarifies that future and to turning away from past crimes COLOMBIA: PEACE AND THEN WHAT? peace was possible because the main are brought to justice as part of this transitional 4 June, 1.30pm - 2.45pm, Salle Robert Le Magnifique rebel group, the FARC, was defeated process. This process includes crimes which _ on the ground, which led to it accepting may be subject to amnesty, along with any negotiations. Over the course of the years crimes which have been committed during Presentation by Félix Mora Ortiz, Gonzalo Restrepo López emphasises that of conflict, the Colombian army realised that the war or which constitute violations of President of La Paz Football Club negotiating agreements is always an easier cooperation with civil society was vital and international humanitarian law and human process than implementing these agreements. that respect for human rights was a means rights. Moderator: The fate of the agreement negotiated by a of gaining the support of civil society. In his Gonzalo Restrepo López explains that the dozen politicians and military officials from view, the government must now deal with the Mary Whelan, majority of victims support the 2016 peace 2012 to 2016 was placed in the hands of socio-economic difficulties which led to the Former Ambassador of Ireland agreement. However, the implementation of 40 million citizens, despite the fact that in a conflict. Once again, the state must intervene such an agreement is always complex and Speakers: referendum in which Colombian citizens were in poorer regions, by means of education will take 15 to 20 years. Nevertheless, the asked “Do you support the final agreement to and medical care, for example, but this will Isabelle Ioannides, first years of implementation are the most end the conflict and to build a stable, lasting only be possible if the nation is united behind Political Analyst, European Parliament important because they are an opportunity to peace?”, 50.21% voted “no”. However, the the idea of peace. The reorganisation of state Research Service show that there is a genuine political will to difference between “yes” and “no” was not security forces will also be important in this respect the agreement. Today, Colombians so much about the peace agreement itself as transition period; they must find their place in Hal Philip Klepak, await lasting peace. Professor Emeritus of History and it was about the degree of clemency towards society after decades of conflict. the FARC leaders. Strategy, Royal Military College of However, for Isabelle Ioannides, civil society Canada To ensure the success of this peace agreement, must not feel that it is responsible for building Gonzalo Restrepo López, the government decided to focus on the peace. This is the government’s responsibility, President of Fondation Casino, country’s rural structures, where inequalities all the more so given that while peace has member of the Colombian are most stark. Indeed, it is vital to prioritise been negotiated with the FARC, other armed government’s negotiating delegation equality in a local context. The agreement groups continue to be active in the country. during the Havana peace process provides for support for the 170 poorest Moreover, in Gonzalo Restrepo López’s communities in the country, which had direct view, the state was too slow in its efforts to Margarita Rosa Hernandez, experience of the conflict’s violence and regain control of areas formerly controlled Executive Advisor to the Colombian whose inhabitants often resort to clandestine by the FARC, and did not provide residents President for peace agreements economies for their survival. To this end, the with water, education, healthcare and work peace agreement also includes a voluntary sufficiently early on, which has led to the substitution scheme for illicit crops, which emergence of new leaders and criminals. The As part of the 2019 edition of the Normandy aims to ensure that most victims involved in land registry reform is now vital for a new World Peace Forum, a football match was this kind of crop growing, along with some distribution of land. perpetrators, make the move from the illegal organised between a team from Normandy Margarita Rosa Hernandez notes that the market to the legal market. and a team of Colombians from the club first article of the agreement provides for La Paz, which brings together victims of the Moreover, the government is working on rural reform and the use of a universal land conflict in Colombia and former guerrilla the reintegration of former fighters, including registry for a more equitable distribution of fighters of the Revolutionary Armed Forces allowing them to be represented in Congress, land. A land fund will also provide three of Colombia (FARC) who are reintegrating the House of Representatives and the Senate. million hectares of land for free to those most into society. The La Paz club is a beacon In addition, those who worked for the former affected by the violence. of hope, turning football into a means of FARC bases have been registered with the reconciliation. Félix Mora Ortiz recalls Moreover, the peace agreement establishes country’s social security system and receive the values of the beautiful game: “social a transitional justice system, including two financial aid. cohesion, development and teamwork which institutions, the Truth Commission and the are the foundation for building peace”. He Lastly, the agreement involves redress for Search Commission for Missing Persons. believes that peace in Colombia requires victims. They have the right to know the truth Without them, there can be no reconciliation social transformation, rather than mere words. and to be assured that such violence will not between fighters and victims. The Peace happen again. Tribunal continues to seek legal remedies against the FARC’s former leaders. For the Colombian government, it is vital that those who do not commit to building a peaceful

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Teachers are also being threatened and even faces the death penalty for demonstrating CAMEROON, A NASCENT CONFLICT murdered. Girls are particularly excluded against the ruling government, as he is 4 June, 1.30pm - 2.45pm, Salle CESER from the school system and are prone to early suspected by the government of being a _ pregnancy. There are more and more child member of a separatist group. Akere Muna soldiers, and drug trafficking is flourishing. also denounces the absence of prisoners Moderator: caused significant refugee movements. The The reintegration of these young people among the armed separatists, accusing the political crisis has worsened since the last excluded from the school system is already government of ordering them to kill rather Philippe Bolopion, presidential elections, with the ruling regime proving very difficult. than imprison them. Ilaria Allegrozzi mentions Deputy Director of the global becoming increasingly repressive according prisoners who were detained in Yaoundé, Akere Muna has decided to run in the advocacy division of Human Rights to international observers. some of whom were tortured. Illegal detention Watch presidential elections against Paul Biya, who centres exist elsewhere in Cameroon, where The International Non-Governmental has been running the country since 1982. torture is systematic. Speakers: Organization (INGO) Human Rights Watch Its objective was to breathe new life into Ilaria Allegrozzi, carried out an investigation in the field into the Cameroonian political landscape, in a For Akere Muna, the solution would certainly Senior Researcher for Central Africa, human rights violations perpetrated by both country that has only known two presidents involve granting greater autonomy to the Human Rights Watch sides. The security forces, the police and the since its independence. He also wanted to Regions, a project that was theoretically army are accused of abuse against the people embody a form of hope for young people launched in 1996 but is still at a standstill. He Akere Muna, during operations against the separatist and for English-speakers, and to bring them believes it is essential that the peace process Lawyer, Commissioner of sanctions forces: villages are reported to have been together around the idea of a more balanced should be mediated by neutral players, of the African development bank, burned down and civilians killed. The Rapid society. The country has the potential to considering that dialogue is impossible former Vice-President of Transparency Intervention Battalion, composed of members become one of the main economic powers between those at war. Philippe Bolopion also International, former President of the of the Cameroonian army’s Special Forces, in the region, but it is plagued by corruption, points out that the Cameroonian state refuses Cameroon bar association was particularly singled out. In particular, and growing tribal and religious divisions are to negotiate with the separatist movements, Human Rights Watch investigated the case of destabilizing it. According to Akere Muna, the which it considers to be terrorists and accuses a village that was virtually wiped off the map current government is not seeking to appease of murder and torture. in north-west Cameroon on 22 November them but rather to divide the population in Considered to be a stable country in recent Ilaria Allegrozzi notes that little is known about 2018. The situation is likely to get still worse order to better dominate them: he believes decades, Cameroon has been facing violent the Cameroonian conflict, which is slowing as no legal action is ever taken in response to that President Biya, re-elected by more than fighting in English-speaking areas between down involvement by the international this violence, and those responsible are even 71% of the votes, now feels encouraged to government forces and separatist movements community and in particular the UN Security being protected. Akere Muna even warns pursue an increasingly repressive political for the past two years. The opposing forces Council. In particular, she points out that that the population is eventually acclimatizing line, organizing round-ups among opponents. accuse each other of human rights violations. France, which is the country most likely to to this ambient violence. The origins of the current conflict date back Human Rights Watch has been banned from hold the Cameroonian State to account, does to the time when Cameroon was created, The separatists are mainly accused of the country, as the current government seeks not seem sufficiently involved. France must as the country was made up of territories kidnapping. Schools are targeted most of the to hide abuse against civilians by government also be vigilant about how it might facilitate colonized by France and the United Kingdom time, and teachers and students are regularly forces. The latter are eager to react when human rights violations through existing respectively. The French-speaking (majority) kidnapped. For example, 170 pupils were Human Rights Watch invites them - which military cooperation. and English-speaking (minority) communities kidnapped from a boarding school in the INGO systematically does - to share their coexisted peacefully for several decades, February 2019 against a background of side of the story. The organisation sees this not without difficulties related in particular to general indifference from the media. tightening as a sign of a restriction of human the coexistence of two educational systems. rights in Cameroon. Akere Muna testifies that he was ambushed The situation quickly escalated when student on his way to a loved one’s funeral. The In Akere Muna’s view, a resolution to the protests were violently repressed, with English- fighters, armed with Kalashnikovs, were aged conflict currently seems impossible because speaking demonstrators seeking greater between 15 and 20 and visibly dependent the attitude of the current government is one of equity in the recognition of their qualifications. on drugs. In his view, this is no longer an “total denial” and “full panic”. Cameroonian These tensions were fuelled by a latent emerging conflict but an open and violent parliamentarians who try to address the issue political and security crisis. The country was war. Young people are the first victims of this are denied the opportunity to speak. Akere destabilized beforehand by two conflicts: conflict: almost 90% of the English-speaking Muna himself was charged with sedition for one with the Islamists of Boko Haram in the population no longer has access to the writing an article in which he denounced north of the country, and the Central African education system, forcing young students who the beating of lawyers and students during civil war, with incursions by rebels into can afford it to migrate to French-speaking demonstrations. Maurice Kamto theoretically Cameroonian territory. These two conflicts regions. Those who dare to attend the few schools still open are targeted by separatists.

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Audience contributions SOUTH SUDAN/SUDAN: IS PEACE POSSIBLE Pierre Buyoya, former President of Burundi, LOCALLY WITHOUT REGIONAL STABILITY? was present and was invited to comment. 5 June, 3.45pm - 5pm, Salle CESER A specialist in peace processes in the Sahel _ region, he says he is personally “worried” about the ongoing conflict in Cameroon, perceiving it to be “a war that is not being Moderator: called one”. The African Union has tried hard Emmanuel Dupuy, The 2005 election of Salva Kiir as President to prevent the conflagration and solve the President of the Institut Prospective of the Autonomous Region of South Sudan problem at its source. Pierre Buyoya believes et Sécurité en Europe was the first stage in the active participation, that, of all African conflicts, Cameroon’s is particularly among young people and “one of the easiest to resolve”. Unfortunately, Speakers: women, in the future of their country; the sovereignty issues often limit the effectiveness United Nations contributed to this with the of initiatives launched by international Mohammed Nagi, Editor in Chief, Sudan Tribune creation of spaces for speech and dialogue, institutions. Many African states adopt a by investing in the development of a free denial attitude towards conflicts in their Rory Keane, press, for example. The referendum on self- territory. Director of the United Nations Liaison determination in 2011 gave cause for hope Now that the conflict is open, Pierre Buyoya Office for Peace and Security but it was supposed to be followed by national believes that resolving it will require a reconciliation between South Sudan’s various Hélène Papper, tribes. dialogue between the central government Director of the United Nations and the separatist movements to be opened Information Centre for Colombia, In Hélène Papper’s view, reliable up. He thinks that the Cameroonian state will Venezuela and Ecuador communication channels failed and when have no choice but to accept dialogue sooner a conflict arose within Salva Kiir’s security or later. From experience, he considers that forces in 2013, fear and rumours took over: this acceptance mostly comes too late, after the people took up weapons once more, many deaths and much destruction. Sudan is the youngest state on the planet. Founded in July 2011, it quickly descended leading to a civil war. For Pierre Buyoya, “a military solution will not into civil war which led to an estimated 50,000 Eight peace agreements have been signed work, just as it has not worked elsewhere”. It to 383,000 deaths between September since the ceasefire of February 2014, with is important that the international community, 2013 and April 2018. Although 93% of the last signed on 12 May 2019. Today, like the UN, the African Union and Sudan’s population is Muslim, Southern Sudan the revitalised agreement on the resolution humanitarian NGOs, should continue to press is home to 60% Christians, 33% animists and of the conflict in South Sudan (R-ARCSS) of for the Cameroonian government to accept 6% Muslims and its population is dominated 12 September 2018 applies. In particular, dialogue. Akere Muna also advocates the by two ethnic minorities, the Dinka, of which it provides for a six-month pre-transitional establishment, “at least in Africa, of a right President Salva Kiir is a member, and the period, followed by a three-year transition to humanitarian intervention”, considering the Nuer, to which Vice-President Riek Machar period after which elections will be held. implications of a conflict in a given region for belongs. It also provides for the release of a certain neighbouring countries. The civil war pitted these two figures against number of prisoners, the opening of one another, despite the fact that both men humanitarian corridors, the creation of a fund helped to found the state in 2011 and were for reconstruction and a new distribution of a part of the same movement for national the country’s wealth, which must no longer be liberation, the Sudan People’s Liberation based on ethnic criteria or political proximity. Army (SPLA). For Sudan’s political forces, the Today, the international community continues country’s identity must be rooted in Islam. The to mobilise in South Sudan, overseen by the various ethnic groups of South Sudan were UN as part of the United Nations Mission in previously united in their aim of not becoming South Sudan, and the ceasefire is guaranteed second-class citizens within an Islamic state. by the Intergovernmental Authority on Once secession was declared, the question Development (IGAD), which is made up of of national identity arose. seven countries in southern Africa, including Sudan and South Sudan.

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However, in Mohammed Nagi’s view, the a process which will lead to peace and primary objective of the R-ARCSS was to national reconciliation. In such a situation, the VENEZUELA: A LATIN AMERICAN CRISIS solve the problems which arose after the first United Nations does not replace the state; AND INTERNATIONAL INTERESTS peace agreements were signed in August instead, it strengthens the efforts which have 5 June, 3.45pm - 5pm, Salle Robert Le Magnifique 2015, beginning with the issue of tribal already been undertaken, particularly with _ borders (given that Salva Kiir had divided regard to the protection of civilians, insofar South Sudan into more than thirty provinces as is possible. in 2016) and the need to reunify the South Moderator: While the political origins of this crisis date Rory Keane emphasises, in addition, that back to the presidency of Hugo Chavez, it has Sudanese army. The former Sudanese Pascal Drouhaud, President Omar El Bashir had accepted state-building is a psychosocial process now become an economic and social crisis. which inevitably takes time. The international Geo-politologist and President, Latfran At the same time, the local crisis has turned an agreement with the United States in Association (Latin America-France) December 2016 to promote peace in South community must support this process and into a regional one, as a result of population Sudan. Sudan then became closely involved, understand the situation in which the state in Speakers: migration, then into an international one with taking on a role as a mediator. However, question first emerged, by working with local the arrival of new players such as China, Carmen Alguindigue Morles, the parties involved failed to implement the initiatives rather than trying to substitute them. Russia and Turkey. However, for Jean-Jacques Lawyer, Professor, Representative of conditions of the 2018 peace agreement These initiatives are led by civil society and Kourliandsky, the discreet appearance of China the Guaido government for Andorra and the pre-transitional period was extended churches, which are found throughout South is a particularly interesting factor, given that in Sudan, and are able to mobilise women and Latin America, China is not considered as a for six months on 12 May 2019, in the hope Luisa Elena Molina, to overcome barriers in terms of ethnic groups communist country, but as the second largest that they might find a compromise to begin Professor at the Faculty of Forestry and clans. As Hélène Papper says, “young economy in the world. As far as Turkey is the process of reunifying the army. Yet this and Environmental Sciences, Institute people are the hope of Southern Sudan. They concerned, President Erdogan has only been will not be possible without external support, of Geography and Natural Resources, must now be given the opportunity to engage interested in Latin America since January 2016, particularly from the United States, which has at the University of the Andes, in dialogue”. mainly for economic purposes. By signing the greatly reduced the aid it provides the country Venezuela, member of the UNESCO Orinoco mining arc decree, Nicolas Maduro under Donald Trump’s presidency. Chair in World Food Systems won the favour of President Erdogan, who Besides, the removal of the Sudanese Jean-Jacques Kourliandsky, was particularly interested in the gold in the President, Omar El Bashir, on 11 April 2019 Director of the Latin America area, and also in the possibility of expressing after the takeover of the army, will inevitably Observatory, Fondation Jean Jaurès, his dissatisfaction with the United States on have consequences on the situation in South Researcher, Institute of International other issues. Of course, the Trump government Sudan, particularly given its support for the and Strategic Relations played a major role in the Venezuelan crisis Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-in- by immediately acknowledging Juan Guaido’s Opposition (SPLM-IO), Riek Machar’s party Thomas Posado, victory, before adopting an extremely offensive during the first civil war. The pre-transitional Doctor of political science, position in terms of economic sanctions. In period can only lead to the effects as they University Paris VIII contrast, Russia, which owns 49.9% of Citgo, were envisaged in the peace agreements if the North American subsidiary of Venezuela’s dialogue continues between political leaders. largest state-owned oil company, is very To that end, the meeting organised by the At a time when over 10% of the population interested in keeping Nicolas Maduro in power. Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby at the has already left Venezuela subject to health But does that mean that Venezuela is a Vatican on 9 and 10 April 2019 between and humanitarian issues, the question of the national security issue for the United States, the Catholic Salva Kiir and the Presbyterian presence of new players in Latin America is Russia, China or Turkey? According to Riek Machar was significant. a legitimate one. “Are we seeing a return to Thomas Posado, although the economic the Cold War?” wonders Pascal Drouhaud. For Hélène Papper, communication is vital stakes are high, the Venezuelan crisis is not an Although Venezuela is no longer the main item because it helps to humanise the different international security issue for these countries, on western TV news, Carmen Alguindigue parties and to initiate dialogue. However, which are not affected by the arrival of Morles says that “the state dictatorship” is “wanting independence is not enough. It migrants. Moreover, the United States, China continuing there. requires a long-term commitment”. But it is and Russia are not influencing this conflict for not clear that the conflict’s protagonists have strictly oil-related reasons: in reality, for these a genuine desire for peace. Moreover, the major players, “giving in on Venezuela would regional environment is particularly divided, call into question the multilateral management including within IGAD. Consequently, of world affairs”, according to Jean-Jacques international representatives must call on Kourliandsky. national leaders to continue engaging in

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In short, Venezuela is now being used as a the European Contact Group tend to be in battleground in the context of geopolitical favour of Juan Guaido, while the Montevideo tensions in which the Venezuelan people Initiative, which brings together Mexico, have become the hostages. However, the Uruguay and the Caribbean countries and humanitarian emergency is turning out to whose position is more nuanced, suffers from be all the more acute because Venezuela the fact that it is supported by only a limited was not a poor country before the crisis. number of countries. It has recently been Over 3 million Venezuelans have left, first for possible to establish contact between the two Colombia, but also for Peru, Ecuador or even parties in Norway, but the representativeness Chile. However, this migration crisis, which is of those present is still in doubt. affecting all Venezuelan families, has made it possible to inform the rest of the world of the As with any peace process, there is still a current plight of Venezuelans, who are suffering long way to go to restore dialogue. Both the From left to right: Pascal Gollnisch, Christian Makarian, Nabil Fawaz, David Rigoulet-Roze from shortages of medicines, food and water, multiplicity of international players involved and and power cuts. All have been forced to eat the obvious impacts of this crisis on Venezuela’s © Léonie Hamard - Normandy Region fewer meals each day and change their diets, neighbours point to slow and numerous leading, according to Luisa Elena Molina, to a discussions before Venezuela can once again process of malnutrition and undernutrition. become a constitutional democracy. SYRIA: WHAT BALANCE OF POWER As Carmen Alguindigue Morles explains, in AFTER THE CONFLICT? order to be able to envisage an end to the 4 June, 5pm - 6.15pm, Salle Robert Le Magnifique crisis, all those involved must first of all be _ aware of the fact that Venezuela’s difficulties have taken root over the past twenty years, as Moderator: regime is almost guaranteed, the victors of the successive violations of the economic, social conflict seem to be Russia and Iran in military and civil rights of Venezuelans have occurred. Christian Makarian, terms, if not at a diplomatic level. Carmen Alguindigue Morles denounces a Journalist, L’Express “delinquent” government apparatus, causing a Christian Makarian sees Russian involvement in “system of systematic human rights violation”, Speakers: the conflict, from March 2015, as a way for as evidenced by the cases brought before the Nabil Fawaz, Russia to take revenge on the West, after its International Criminal Court. Member of the Syrian People’s failure during the 2011 Libyan revolution and the Democratic Party, former Mayor negative reactions to the annexation of Crimea In such a context, how can negotiations of Raqqa in 2014. He thinks that this intervention is a way be initiated? Dialogue is only possible if for the Kremlin to reaffirm its geopolitical interests all stakeholders respect the democratic Pascal Gollnisch, and to regain its place on the international process. In addition, for Luisa Elena Molina, Director General of L’Œuvre d’Orient stage, while Iran sees Syria as being essential in the humanitarian crisis, which the Maduro its access to the Mediterranean Sea. However, David Rigoulet Roze, government has finally admitted exists, must when considering the Syrian civil war, it is the Researcher at the Institut Prospective also be addressed in the neighbouring West’s passivity which is most striking, Christian et Sécurité en Europe countries that receive Venezuelan migrants. Makarian concludes. Negotiations should focus not only on civil rights, but also on Venezuelans’ rights to life Nabil Fawaz recalls that at the very moment and health, as well as their environmental The conflict in Syria is known for the extremely when the Normandy World Peace Forum is rights, which are deeply affected by new dramatic nature of the humanitarian and taking place, Russian planes, al-Assad’s troops mineral exploitation. geopolitical situation to which it has led. To date, and the Iranian army continue to bomb towns it has killed between 300,000 and 500,000 and villages within a small geographical area But a minimum of mutual recognition between people and displaced 14 million people, half of which is home to five million people, to no the stakeholders is essential to start a dialogue, whom have fled to other countries; the country reaction from the rest of the world. Before the and to be able to hope for a compromise. For had a population of 25 million before the war. war, Syria was a rich country and was not known the time being, each of the parties considers Although ISIS, which continues to control a small for the presence of religious fundamentalists. In that only its own point of view can lead to area in eastern Syria, is now almost defeated, the view of Raqqa’s former Mayor, the Syrians a way out of the crisis. Several attempts are attacks continue to be perpetrated in its name. revolted not to ask for food or to impose religion nevertheless under way with the support of Moreover, although the victory of al-Assad’s but to demand freedom and democracy and to external organizations: the Lima Group and rise up against the regime of al-Assad who is

Normandy World Peace Forum The essentials 75 part of the Alawite minority and is responsible Moreover, the researcher believes that neither for a policy of discrimination against Sunnis. Syria nor Russia can afford the country’s THE NAGORNO-KARABAKH WAR: reconstruction, which will cost more than $400 For Nabil Fawaz, a number of “thugs” have 25 YEARS OF STALEMATE? billion and will take several decades. Only 5 June, 3.45pm - 5pm, Salle Tocqueville joined forces in Syria: the al-Assad regime, the West has the necessary resources. For _ Russia, Hezbollah and various Shiite groups David Rigoulet Roze, it could provide financial backed by Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan. If resources on condition of a political transition to it were not for Iranian intervention in 2013, democracy, a transition which Russia is likely to Moderator: In addition, Azerbaijan is enjoying an economic the Free Syrian Army would probably have accept, unlike Iran and Turkey. Furthermore, it revival due to its oil reserves, which enables overthrown the al-Assad regime in the first Adam Hug, the country to reinforce its military spending will be impossible for displaced Syrians to return Director, Foreign Policy Centre year of the conflict. Today, a democratic to their homeland without prior reconstruction. without establishing a genuine political future seems definitively impossible, as Nabil However, the Syrian state is not awaiting their Speakers: pluralism. In Leila Alieva’s view, Azerbaijan Fawaz emphasises: “the regime can say: “I am return in David Rigoulet Roze’s view: Syria’s Law feels that Nagorno-Karabakh has been used Leila Alieva, everything”, al-Assad is nothing more than a No. 10 allows for the expropriation of hundreds by Russia to put pressure on the country when Senior Researcher, St Anthony’s Russian slave.” of thousands of Syrian refugees who are now it wanted to be independent and to shrug off College, Oxford University living abroad. Moscow’s control. However, she believes that The former Mayor of Raqqa acknowledges the country’s regime has become increasingly Laurence Broers, that Syria’s opposition to the al-Assad regime Pascal Gollnisch does not see why Russia authoritarian over the years, particularly since Research associate, Conciliation is facing significant problems due to its lack would relinquish the influence it currently has 2014, because of fears that the Euromaidan Resources and Chatham House of independence. David Rigoulet Roze adds in Syria, something which is seen as restoring protests in Ukraine could spread to the region; that this fragmented opposition was quickly Russian honour on the international stage. Olesya Vartanyan, this has led to the imprisonment of civil society adopted by those who espoused Islamist and Moreover, he condemns the now almost Analyst, International Crisis Group figures who were particularly active in the jihadist thinking and did not receive comparable traditional resignation of Western countries in discussions with Armenia. support. Nabil Fawaz recalls that Gulf countries the face of challenges, despite their repeated Thornike Gordadze, were the only countries to respond to requests affirmations as to their beliefs in human rights. Former Minister of State for European Conversely, Armenia has neither oil nor gas for financial aid from the Syrian revolution at the This resignation is sometimes called “realism”, and Euro-Atlantic Integration, former reserves and its development is affected by beginning of the civil war; they were then free is sometimes justified by impending elections or Deputy Minister of Foreign affairs of the divergent interests of foreign countries. to dictate their strategies. For David Rigoulet economic interests and is based on the idea Georgia Laurence Broers stresses that it had to develop Roze, the pre-existing division within the country that violations of civil liberties are inevitable in an alliance with Russia, despite the objections between conservative, rural Islam and a more certain regions of the world. of civil society, and that the population’s desire urban and progressive Syria also led to the for democratic participation was quashed in Twenty-five years after the ceasefire, signed in creation of a dynamic which was quickly used As part of this process to restore peace and favour of an authoritarian regime. Moreover, 1994 following clashes between Armenia and by jihadism. to rebuild, Pascal Gollnisch believes that the while Turkey was one of the first states to Azerbaijan, the violence continues in Nagorno- country can count on the Syrians’ incredible recognise Armenian independence, it broke Karabakh. This predominantly Armenian In the researcher’s view, the main issue of the resilience, especially that of young Muslim and off diplomatic relations with the country after territory declared its independence on 2 conflict is peace, rather than a military victory. Christian women who are already mobilising Armenian forces took control of the Kalbajar September 1991 but it is not recognised by Although Russia, Iran and Turkey initiated the and are stepping up their efforts to rebuild District. An attempt to normalise relations in any UN member state. However, uninterrupted Astana process, the parties involved have Syrian society. Beyond geopolitical tensions, 2009 failed because Turkey submitted this negotiations have been held since 1992. They divergent interests. David Rigoulet Roze observes there is no doubt that a renewed, revived Syria normalisation to the resolution of the Nagorno- have undoubtedly led to a limited opening of that while Tehran wants al-Assad to remain in cannot happen without them. Karabakh conflict, in accordance with borders and a reduction in violence but without power, Moscow is more focused on keeping Azerbaijan’s terms. the institutional regime in place, although it the establishment of a more structural process, has not yet regained control over the entire with the aim of negotiating a lasting peace Georgia is equally vital for Armenia, given country. He says that in the North, Turkey has agreement, this progress is particularly fragile. that all its imports and exports pass through established a semi-protectorate, justified by the the country. However, Georgia fears that in In Laurence Broers’ view, no post-Soviet supposed Kurdish threat, which makes President the event of a resurgence in the conflict with conflict has intensified as much as the conflict Recep Tayyip Erdoğan an essential figure in the Azerbaijan, Turkey and Russia would ask between Armenia and Azerbaijan. It involves civil war. Pascal Gollnisch notes that the Kurds for the right of transit for their armies through two sovereign states, members of the UN, the want to transform Syrian Mesopotamia into the country, which would have catastrophic Council of Europe and NATO’s Partnership for an autonomous Syrian Kurdistan, although the consequences for Georgia. Peace, which makes it difficult for other states, majority of the population is Arabic-speaking particularly in the West, to adopt a position. and Turkey opposes any such development. The involvement of regional stakeholders David Rigoulet Roze also mentions that the East (Russia, Turkey, Iran and Georgia) in the is under the control of Syrian democratic forces, supported by the Western coalition. Normandy World Peace Forum The essentials 77 conflict can be seen as both positive, because Without a real civil society in Nagorno- their influence prevents the resumption of Karabakh and without alternatives being RUSSIA-UKRAINE: THE ROADS TO CONFLICT violence, and negative, because it prevents offered to local populations, it will be RESOLUTION a definitive end to the conflict. The Kremlin impossible to keep the peace. The people 5 June, 2pm - 3.15pm, Salle Robert Le Magnifique played an important role in the 1990s by of Nagorno-Karabakh, whether they have _ providing military and economic support remained in the region or have taken refuge for Armenia in its fight against Azerbaijan. in a neighbouring country, are excluded from The 1994 ceasefire was negotiated in the diplomatic processes. For Laurence Broers, Moderator: solutions to it. This third seminar questioned presence of Russia. Some say that it has the institutionalisation of organisations in the role of the European Union and the issue Antoine Arjakovsy, of the rule of law, one of the three causes of now taken control of Armenia’s biggest Nagorno-Karabakh is essential, with the help Joint Director of the Political and companies. This stranglehold on the country’s of international organisations, so that they the conflict identified by the commission, along Religious Research department, with history and religion. sovereignty has caused discontent among can represent civil society, both as a part of Collège des Bernardins the Armenian population; this discontent has discussions with Azerbaijan and with regard to According to the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation contributed to the emergence of the non- the resolution of the territory’s internal tensions. Speakers: between Russia, Ukraine and the European violent people’s movement in 2017, which Galia Ackerman, Union commission, respect for international led to the resignation of Serge Sarkissian The situation in Nagorno-Karabakh involves Historian, Author of the book The law requires an immediate end to the war led (who had been in power since 2008) the three countries but it also involves also three Immortal Regiment: Putin’s Sacred War by the Russian Federation in Ukraine. The idea following year and to his replacement by the societies which have much in common. No peace will be possible without these societies’ of sovereignty being based on the balance leader of the opposition, Nikol Pachinian. In Anastasia Kirilenko, commitment and agreement. Twenty-five years of power, as demonstrated by the actions of Laurence Broers’ view, this change showed Journalist, Creator of the filmWho is have already been lost in a process which will Russia, is contrary to the principles of the rule the Armenians that security and democracy Mister Putin? of law. are not necessarily contradictory. In January certainly take several more decades. 2019, the Foreign Ministers of Armenia and Constantin Sigov, In view of these violations of international law, Azerbaijan committed to preparing for peace. Editor and Professor at the Mohyla the commission recommended that Russia’s Academy in Kiev right to vote in the Parliamentary Assembly However, Laurence Broers believes that we of the Council of Europe should not be must be cautious about this process: Nikol renewed. Not only does it suggest supporting Pachinian remains focused on domestic reforms (1) Diplomatic negotiations between Russia and the European Parliament resolution , ratified and does not want to make himself unpopular Ukraine have stalled over the last two years. in March 2019, it also suggests following by taking decisions with regard to the conflict. The war has killed nearly 14,000 people the recommendations of the Open Dialogue Ilham Aliyev, the President of Azerbaijan, has (2) and has displaced and wounded millions Foundation in favour of the Magnitsky Act a choice between the status quo, which is of people. So how can we discuss peace? and establishing dialogue between civil likely to frustrate the planned liberalisation of That is the issue which the Truth, Justice and society in Ukraine and Russia. Armenia by Nikol Pachinian, and a resolution Reconciliation between Russia, Ukraine and of the conflict which may be of little benefit to The Truth, Justice and Reconciliation between the European Union commission focused on his own country. Russia, Ukraine and the European Union during a closed seminar at the second edition commission supports the principle of open, of the Normandy World Peace Forum. In Olesya Vartanyan’s view, peace in uninhibited dialogue for every Ukrainian and Nagorno-Karabakh is vital for the region’s Created in 2018 by the Collège des Bernardins, Russian. It demands the release of all political economic development and prosperity. Yet the Mohyla Academy, the Ukrainian Catholic prisoners and the creation, led by the European the countries’ populations have the feeling University and the Society, this Union, of a single register to document cases that a new war is inevitable because of the commission is a forum for trilateral dialogue of human rights violations. significant militarisation of the territory over and is made up of leading figures who want the last twenty-five years. All young people in to provide insight into the causes of the war Nagorno-Karabakh are required to perform between Russia and Ukraine and to seek two years of military service and the army remains the largest employer in the territory. Nevertheless, an increasing number of young people in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Nagorno- (1) The European Parliament resolution of 12 March 2019 on the state of political relations between the European Union and Russia stresses that “the Union cannot envisage a gradual return to ‘business as usual’ until Russia fully implements the Minsk Agreement and restores the territorial integrity of Karabakh are entering a globalised world and Ukraine” and that there is a necessity “for consultations to be advanced within the Normandy format process, including a stronger EU role”. want to move beyond the issue of national (2) The Magnitsky Act is named after the lawyer Sergei Magnitsky, who died in prison in 2009 and has become a symbol of the fight against corruption. borders. Passed by the United States, this law authorises the government to punish those who are guilty of human rights violations, by prohibiting them from travelling to the United States, for example. It has inspired other lawmakers in Canada, Estonia and the United Kingdom. The Open Dialogue Foundation calls for a similar law to be adopted by the European Union.

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What political and educational means can be In addition to diplomatic dialogue, the implemented to counteract fake news, which is commission intends to work with working THE NEW CHINESE DIPLOMACY: spread on a huge scale in the West by Russia, parties which seek to find points of agreement WHAT IMPACT FOR GLOBAL STABILITY? without breaking the links which still unite some for the common good, before submitting them 5 June, 2pm - 3.15pm, Salle Auditorium of the intelligentsia of Russia and Ukraine? to civil society. We must counter the half-truths _ which are spreading today and which would The Truth, Justice and Reconciliation between have us believe that this is more of a local Russia, Ukraine and the European Union conflict and not really a war. Moderator: humiliations, which forces it to define its commission has decided to create an online space. However, the very presence of Taiwan citizens’ forum so that Russians and Ukrainians Since the annexation of Crimea, fear is even Joris Zylberman, ensures that China cannot be characterised can remain in contact, despite the war, and more commonplace in Russia; how can we Co-Founder and Editor in Chief, as a continental power. While China has consider a peaceful settlement which, for find intermediaries who are able to express Asialyst ambitions concerning this island, the most the moment, seems to be extremely difficult. themselves without fear for their personal Speakers: impressive victories are those which are won Moreover, peace will require justice, something and professional lives? Anastasia Kirilenko without having been fought. As such, China which is absolutely essential if there is to be suggests that the European Union should focus Stéphanie Balme, is currently focused on the possible election of true freedom and genuine solidarity between on education, as Russian citizens still have the Dean of the Collège Universitaire, a more pro-Beijing candidate in 2020. For Europeans. right to train in professional fields which are Sciences Po Jean-François Di Meglio, Chinese aggression practical and not necessarily political. is primarily verbal and is made public when Nicolas Baverez, In Galia Ackerman’s view, the root cause of dealing with weak intermediaries, which is Member of the Steering Committee the ongoing conflict lies in the victory of the For its part, the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation why he prefers to call it a “reappropriation of of the Institut Montaigne, editorial writer Ukrainian people in Independence Square, between Russia, Ukraine and the European a desire for sovereignty”. which led to the proclamation of the European Union commission will continue to work to Hubert Testard, approach for Ukraine, while Russia took an restore a climate of trust and to welcome all In the South China Sea, China intends to Teacher at Sciences Po, co-author of entirely different path, rehabilitating its Soviet points of view. Antoine Arjakovsy concludes replace the decisions of the Hague’s Court of Asie, les nouvelles règles du jeu past. In this way, a “civilisational rift” has that there must be a change “from solitary Arbitration with a code of conduct which, to (Asia: the new rules of the game) developed, against a backdrop of significant nation states to nation states which stand in date, has been accepted to varying degrees militarisation in Russian attitudes. solidarity” to ensure lasting peace. Jean-François Di Meglio, by the countries of the Association of Southeast President of Asia Centre Asian Nations (ASEAN). However, it should Would a referendum in Ukraine be a solution? be acknowledged that the current situation suits What question should be asked and in which some parties. For Jean-François Di Meglio, this region? In the referendum of 1st December may even be an Asian way of reinventing Today’s Chinese diplomacy, which focuses 1991, the vast majority of Ukrainians voted in peace-seeking diplomacy instead of treaties. favour of independence. For Constantin Sigov, on new partnerships and bilateral agreements the opinion of the Crimean people cannot instead of alliances, is conditioned by several The Chinese-US trade war was not initiated be given properly without an end to the war seminal traumas: the Opium Wars, followed by China but the economic stakes are high, and a return to border controls beforehand. by the Treaty of Versailles. While making valued at 1.5 points of its gross domestic The 2014 referendum was held in conditions peace in Europe involves efforts to pacify product. Some of President Trump’s demands which make it impossible to recognise its conflicts, China has developed the concept of turn out to be unworkable: by focusing on validity: the Russian army occupied Crimea peaceful emergence: since peace is based on China, he is seeking to destroy the value chain at the time and, as soon as the results were economic prosperity, there is a need to develop of goods which are imported by the United published, President Putin finalised this in harmony with the rest of the world. However, States. Today, China’s tone has hardened and annexation, making Crimea a region of the under President Xi Jinping’s leadership in recent although a compromise cannot be ruled out, Russian Federation. years, the country has tried to be assertive, but there is little chance of it being implemented to not aggressive, and determined to defend its the White House’s satisfaction. own interests on the global diplomatic stage. President Trump, meanwhile, has declared In Nicolas Baverez’s view, since the events that his country’s diplomatic relations with in Tiananmen, the Chinese government has China are focused on obtaining a better trade swapped development and stability for the agreement; other subjects are merely a means monopoly of the Communist Party and a to an end, in his view. refusal to allow political freedom. This model now shapes a world which has become rather However, Jean-François Di Meglio feels that bipolar, while Chinese expansion destabilises this split is unclear. Chinese doctrine is always it. This split occurred when the nineteenth based on self-assertion, in contrast to previous Congress of the Chinese Communist Party

Normandy World Peace Forum The essentials 81 was held and when Donald Trump won the For Stéphanie Balme, China uses its economic US election. America’s reaction has been model as a soft power with many authoritarian WHAT NEW ORDER FOR ALGERIA? further accelerated by its perception of regimes, which see it as a source of legitimacy. 4 June, 1.30pm - 2.45pm, Salle Abbesses China’s new digital and spatial leadership. In the same way, Beijing benefits from the _ The technological war has gradually become divisions between Western countries, which a strategic confrontation playing out on all explains the importance of Europe’s new policy Moderator: may be tempted to manipulate the Islamist risk. fronts, which is why Nicolas Baverez mentions with regard to China, which is currently being The army feels responsible for the future of the a “second Cold War” and is worried about developed and which should be implemented Neila Latrous, country, which has led to many discussions, a new Sarajevo, given the current level of in 2020. Editor-in-Chief of Jeune Afrique, some violent, within its ranks. However, the tensions. Maghreb and Middle East generals seem to understand the need to leave

room for civil society. By contrast, in Stéphanie Balme’s view, the Speakers: world is divided into three hubs, rather than Kader Abderrahim, For the first time since 1962, there is a true two: the third is European, even in terms of Research Director at Institut de balance of power between the current system technology. China now has all the necessary Prospective et de Sécurité en Europe, and the streets. Algerian citizens are defending elements to become a great technological senior lecturer at Sciences Po themselves from a system which is completely power and produces innovations every day, out of touch, although the country currently all whilst having the ability to scale them up. Jean Dufourcq, finds itself in an institutional black hole, since Moreover, while the country completely missed Rear Admiral, 2nd section, French the President in office is only to remain there for the industrial revolution, its Four Modernisations Ministry of the Armed Forces, research the period of the transition. The speed at which initiative has helped to develop an extremely fellow at the Institut de Stratégie Algerians have collectively become aware of powerful ecosystem of teaching, research and Comparée, Ecole Militaire in Paris their situation and demanded change has been innovation over the last forty years. quite exceptional. Moreover, although their daily Samir Yahyaoui, lives remain very difficult, it quickly became clear The United States, meanwhile, has understood Leader of the Ibtykar people’s that their movement was peaceful. They have the need for a more offensive strategy and, movement reappropriated their own citizenship, something in the hope of gaining time, has blocked which has never happened before in the Arab Huawei’s road to 5G. In this situation, despite world and which is absolutely fundamental, its defiant nature, China is playing the game of The current situation in Algeria is provoking a insofar as this reappropriation marks the constructive dialogue with the rest of the world. profound change in the nature of its political beginning of a political process. However, it will never abandon Huawei, system. This system, which has always been the “Trojan horse of its scientific power” on very opaque, has been turned upside down “Algeria is not and has never been a state”, says the international stage, as Stéphanie Balme by an Algerian population which is now hyper- Kader Abderrahim who, by “state”, refers to the confirms. Some suspect that the Chinese secret connected and which is changing its views on provision of good governance of a country, services control this telecommunications giant, its future: Algerians are reflecting on their own the development of its population’s education which is a beacon of China’s technological situation and are making demands about how and the guarantee of its population’s security. excellence, for the purposes of espionage. their country and its resources are managed. In his view, Algeria is merely a system which was set up in 1962 by a specific group and The new Silk Roads are bringing massive Intuitively and collectively, Algerians realised that Algerians are well aware of this: they never use Chinese investment in infrastructure, which has political violence was no longer appropriate the term “state” in their slogans. However, Samir the virtuous effect of revitalising other countries’ and took to the streets to express their demands. Yahyaoui believes that “Algeria is a nation”, investment policies. Nevertheless, issues with There will be no turning back, even if the political although the army completely monopolised the operational feasibility of some projects transition has not yet begun. Indeed, almost the country’s independence in 1962, taking its are becoming apparent and, even beyond four months after this great popular movement citizens hostage. environmental issues, some of the countries began, there is no spokesman to convey the concerned are incurring significant debts. The collective demands of Algerians. A political framework must now be created. diplomacy of the Silk Roads initiative is part The Chief of Staff of the army has called of a consistent and long-term strategy which Nevertheless, a new generation has emerged for dialogue, but on what basis? Algeria aims to project the Chinese model around the and has taken its place in the streets, where needs a bedrock of common values which, world. it patiently awaits the departure of all former at present, has not emerged. The absence of political elites. It does not want Islamists, who a spokesperson initially served the revolution, no longer constitute a credible political solution, insofar as it enabled a reversal in the balance of either. For the moment, the Algerian army has power, leading to initial discussions between the resisted the temptation of a military coup but it system and civil society which were almost on

Normandy World Peace Forum The essentials 83 equal terms. For Samir Yahyaoui, this transition Jean Dufourcq believes that Algeria’s economic was necessary but the constitutional void which outlook is closely linked to the political transition. WHAT IMPACT WILL BREXIT HAVE now exists demands innovation: setting up In his view, Algeria is a genuine “reservoir of ON THE IRISH PEACE AGREEMENT? a constituent assembly, for example, to begin growth” and its influence could reach much 4 June, 3.15pm - 4.30pm, Salle Guillaume making progress towards a parliamentary further than its own borders. The lack of reaction _ system. However, the situation in Tunisia has of Algeria’s six neighbouring countries can shown that there is a risk of stagnation: should undoubtedly be explained by their caution; but the focus be on other approaches to ensure faster they are also hopeful that Algeria will take the Moderator: event of leaving without an agreement. progress, still within the context of a negotiated entire Maghreb region on a new path with a Barbara Walshe, Northern Ireland has a very close relationship transition? view to creating a new economic and social Chair of the Board of directors, with the United Kingdom. A significant number of area and a laboratory for globalisation. Glencree Centre for Peace and its nationals work in Great Britain. Relations with Reconciliation the Republic of Ireland have also developed. Pat Hynes likens Brexit to a “profound political Speakers: disruption”, so great are the implications for Pat Hynes, peace in Northern Ireland and relations with Coordinator of the programme for the United Kingdom. He points out that the political and community dialogue, 1998 peace agreement had its roots in the Glencree Centre for Peace and United Kingdom’s accession to the European Reconciliation Economic Community (EEC) in 1973. As the Republic of Ireland joined the EEC at the same Róisín McGlone, time, the physical border with Northern Ireland Coordinator of a European dialogue was erased, making de-escalation of the conflict project in Northern Ireland, Glencree very much easier. The spectre of a new customs Centre for Peace and Reconciliation border in Ireland, which will necessarily lead to worsened conditions for the movement of goods Nina Obermaier, and people, is therefore a cause for concern. Advisor to the chief negotiator for Task Force Article 50, European Róisín McGlone remembers her youth in Belfast Commission in the 1960s and 1970s. She grew up in a small, fragmented land, and her prospects were limited. The Good Friday Agreement Following the independence movement, which marked a revolution because it meant that the began in 1916, Ireland was divided into people of Northern Ireland had a potential two parts in 1921: the independent Republic future both in Ireland and in Great Britain or of Ireland, and Northern Ireland, still part of even in other EU countries. The implementation the United Kingdom. From the late 1960s of the peace process has been slow because onwards, Northern Ireland was marked by a all military installations and walls separating violent conflict between supporters of a unified communities had to be dismantled. With these Ireland - with a Catholic majority - and those symbolic barriers gone, Northern Irish people in favour of the status quo - with a Protestant were able to live in a peaceful country. They majority. The Glencree Centre for Peace and now fear that the instability generated by Brexit Reconciliation was founded in 1974 to resolve will profoundly upset the current balance, and this conflict, with the peace process finally lead to an upsurge in violence - even if it is coming to a conclusion in 1998. unlikely that it will be as severe as in the darkest hours. More generally, Róisín McGlone fears The Northern Ireland issue resurfaced on 23 that Brexit will lead to the impoverishment of June 2016, when the British voted in favour the people, with rising unemployment and a of the United Kingdom leaving the European dysfunctional education system. Union (EU), although 65% of Northern Irish people had voted to stay. The Brexit was to Nina Obermaier says that, from the very come into force in March 2019, but this date beginning of negotiations with the United was postponed to 31 October. The Irish fear Kingdom in connection with its exit from the the outcome of the process, particularly in the EU, the Irish issue appeared complex. Theresa

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May’s government did not envisage keeping For the United Kingdom, on the other hand, the the United Kingdom in a customs union with consequences would be catastrophic because the EU. The States of the European Union the void caused by the sudden disappearance want the United Kingdom to ratify the draft of all the agreements put in place since joining exit agreement, as this would provide the the European Union, would have to be filled, opportunity to put in place a range of regulatory a project that would take many years. One provisions that would address, inter alia, the of the most unfortunate consequences would various practical issues raised by restoring a be the sudden reappearance of a physical customs border around Northern Ireland. Pat border in Ireland, which could shake the current Hynes agrees, pointing out that the agreement equilibrium. would be reassuring for Northern Ireland because, should Brexit lead to a recession in the United Kingdom, it could maintain its trade From left to right: Param-Preet Singh, Khin Zaw Win, Nancy Lindborg relations with members of the European Union. © Eric Biernacki - Normandy Region With or without a deal, the United Kingdom will therefore not be able to leave the EU without having to face substantial consequences. “Trade THE ROHINGYA IN BURMA relations between the United Kingdom and Ireland are twice as great as those with China, AND BANGLADESH: A SITUATION India and Brazil together,” says Pat Hynes. WHICH IS UNDER THE RADAR? Whatever happens, the United Kingdom and 5 June, 2pm - 3.15pm, Salle CESER Ireland will remain where they are on the map _ of Europe, and it will therefore be necessary to find a way to continue their relations. Coming back to a question about the Irish government’s Moderator: the violence, after a moving speech by the willingness to sign bilateral agreements with the activist Tun Khin. Today, although the situation United Kingdom, Pat Hynes explains that the Philippe Bolopion, is currently much less frequently reported, it Deputy Director of the Global return of a border with Northern Ireland will remains extremely serious. Advocacy division, Human Rights involve not only Ireland, but the whole EU. It Watch Nancy Lindborg notes that the Office of is therefore important that the negotiations be the United Nations High Commissioner conducted at Task Force level, in consultation Speakers: for Human Rights has described it as “a with all Member States. Nina Obermaier genocide”. The complexity of this situation adds that solidarity between Member States Nancy Lindborg, lies in age-old conflicts between three groups, is essential, and that the cement binding the President of the United States Institute each of which considers itself to be the victim. European Union together could eventually of Peace The first group is the Rohingya who have long crumble if some sought to get the better of Param-Preet Singh, been the targets of attempts to drive them out others. Deputy Director of the International of Myanmar. Nearly a million people have Nina Obermaier gives her view of the post-31 Justice programme, Human Rights crossed the Bangladesh border and more October period. As the Member States of the Watch than 500,000 are still living in detention European Union have ruled out any renegotiation camps in the Rakhine State. The second Khin Zaw Win, of the agreement reached by Theresa May, group is the inhabitants of the Rakhine State, Director of the Tampadipa Institute, there are only three possible outcomes: the who consider themselves to have been victims former political prisoner United Kingdom remains in the Union, it leaves of the Bamar, the majority ethnic group in with a deal or it leaves without a deal. The latter Myanmar, since the 18th century when the outcome is the most formidable. All European Bamar first conquered the region. Lastly, regulations with regard to the United Kingdom After several decades of persecution, the some of the Bamar feel that they are resisting would instantly lapse on 1 November 2019 Rohingya, a Muslim minority who live in an Islamic invasion, although Muslims make without any measures to replace them. The Burma, now known as Myanmar, have been up just 5% of Myanmar’s population. situation for the other Member States would be the victims of a policy of ethnic cleansing In the camps, the Rohingya do not have chaotic for a few weeks, but they have been since 2016. In 2018, the Normandy World access to higher education or to real medical preparing for this eventuality in recent months. Peace Forum launched an appeal to the international community to ensure an end to care. Myanmar’s government has accepted

Normandy World Peace Forum The essentials 87 the return of refugees in Bangladesh but has about the crimes which have been committed insisted that this can only happen after their against minorities. Khin Zaw Win feels that identity has been verified. However, if they a new generation must take the lead and return to the country, their safety cannot be defend democracy; however, this requires guaranteed and they will have no land and support from the international community. no rights. Indeed, citizenship in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, the new name The UN tried to compile a report on the crimes for Burma since 2010, depends on each committed against the Rohingya since 2016. person’s ability to prove that his or her family In theory, the International Criminal Court was present in the country before 1824, could try such crimes but since Myanmar has when British settlers arrived. This process has not ratified the treaty of this court, only the recognised one hundred and thirty-five ethnic UN Security Council can decide to prosecute groups but has not recognised the Rohingya. the criminals. However, China vetoes any resolution on the subject because of its ties to Moreover, ’s government Myanmar. Nevertheless, Param-Preet Singh does not include any Muslim member believes that civil society should continue to and representatives of the Rohingya fear exert pressure to remind the Security Council imprisonment if they return to Myanmar. This of its responsibilities. ethnic minority therefore has no public voice within the country. Moreover, it is possible to prove to the International Criminal Court that Myanmar The subject is very divisive within Myanmar’s has violated the obligations of the Convention society, which is mostly Buddhist. When on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime it was an English colony, Burma, as it was of Genocide, a legal text which the state has known, was very cosmopolitan and Buddhists signed. On this basis, the Gambia, which and Muslims lived peacefully together. In has no direct relationship to Myanmar but Param-Preet Singh’s view, after living under which is part of the Organisation of Islamic an authoritarian regime for three decades, Cooperation, has committed to bringing the latent resentment became apparent with the Republic of the Union of Myanmar to justice advent of democracy and the country saw the before the ICC. Other states could join it: the emergence of ultra-nationalist Buddhists who more countries which become involved, the are led today by Ashin Wirathu, the “Buddhist more significant their action will be. bin Laden” who encourages violence against Muslims. For Khin Zaw Win, real change could come from civil society, if it were more willing to Today, Islamophobia is a daily reality in accept minorities. On 16 May 2019, a Myanmar and the majority of Myanmars group of Buddhists and youth activists from support the government’s actions. Moreover, Myanmar organised the “White Rose” the position of the Rohingya in Myanmar is campaign, offering roses to Muslims to show just one aspect of the issue of ethnic minorities their solidarity. Several organisations are in the country. Crimes have been committed working to foster dialogue between religious against a large number of minorities in recent denominations but these denominations are decades which has led to dozens of ethnic insufficient in number, particularly as other groups arming themselves. minorities are scared to defend the Rohingya. However, when the state shows itself to be Aung San Suu Kyi, winner of the 1991 Nobel lacking, others must engage. As such, in Peace Prize, was long considered to be an view of the genocide of the Rohingya, there icon of peace but international observers is no question of defending national interests; were disappointed by the election in 2015, instead, there must be a defence of universal which marked a return to democracy in values, promoted by the international the country. Journalists and critics of the community. government were imprisoned. For Khin Zaw Win, “the Rohingya crisis has shown Aung San Suu Kyi’s true colours”. She remains silent

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today in Eastern European countries, young and pursued a similar objective, was forced to democracies which lived under Soviet rule for move to Lithuania. CHALLENGES AND ISSUES decades and which do not have the historical legacy of Western nations. This was true of the Invited to comment on the subject of national FOR SUSTAINABLE PEACE German Democratic Republic (GDR), which sovereignty embodied by states and the denied any involvement in Nazism, blaming unifying power of the EU, Philippe Perchoc the capitalist system. believes that “the European Union has permanently changed a significant number Commenting on the Balkans, where she was of the member states” in Europe. Thus, the born, Tanja Petovar explains that the interests antagonisms which may previously have of the nation prevailed over those of its people existed between neighbouring countries in Tito’s Yugoslavia. Consequently, nationalism have considerably diminished. Unfortunately, was marginalised. The war which broke it is around the EU itself that the nationalist out in the 1990s was therefore all the more movements are crystallising today. shocking, particularly because of the many war crimes which ensued. Tanja Petovar At the time, the fall of the Iron Curtain was seen has a critical view of the nationalists of the as a guarantee that the intense trauma of the From left to right: Olivier Wieviorka, Tanja Petovar, Philippe Perchoc, Guillaume Malaurie period; she believes that their actions were two World Wars was definitely a thing of the © Léonie Hamard - Normandy Region primarily driven by pragmatism and that they past. Unfortunately, the civil war in the former saw demands as a way to appropriate the Yugoslavia quickly challenged this optimism. legacy of the Communist state. In her view, Work to rediscover Europe’s past was also IDENTITY BUILDING AND THE RISE these same figures, who are now part of the required to ensure the long-lasting nature of the OF NATIONALISM current oligarchy, show no loyalty to their Second World War’s legacy of remembrance. The act of forgetting has played a fundamental Tuesday 4 June, 1.30pm - 2.45pm, Auditorium country, which has been left to languish while _ they focus on their own interests. role in the construction of Europe, to such an extent that the current friendship between Moreover, Tanja Petovar considers that the French and German citizens seems to be Moderator: Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Serbian Orthodox Church is seriously corrupt, entirely genuine. In this regard, Tanja Petovar was created in 1335 to form an alliance something which has repercussions on society stresses that forgiving and forgetting are difficult Guillaume Mallaurie, against the supremacy of the House of as a whole. She believes that the majority of processes, especially when, as in the former Historia, Groupe Sophia Publications Habsburg. the population is swayed by dominant forces. Yugoslavia, some of those responsible for the Using a metaphor, she compares societies war are still part of the ruling political class. Speakers: Questions of national identity, however, have in the Balkans to someone who focuses on The legacies of the past may be considered not always been as important as they are Philippe Perchoc, remembering the achievements of his or her to be “stocks of memories”: just like actors’ currently, as we saw with Romain Gary, with Political Analyst, European Parliament ancestors, having failed to find meaning in costumes, they can be donned to highlight his diverse origins, who limited his national research service his or her own life. The disappearance of specific aspects of the history of the people. identity to his identity card. Nationalism and the Soviet bloc deprived society of a vision Tanja Petovar, communitarianism suffered a marked decline of a potential future. In Tanja Petovar’s view, Three elements seem to be key to a positive Senior Consultant, The Balkans Initiative at the end of the Second World War, thereby Slobodan Miloševig was elected to lead construction: freedom of expression, which reversing the root causes of this conflict. The makes it possible to appropriate the trauma of Olivier Wieviorka, Serbia after promising that a utopian lifestyle European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the past, freedom of research, which is vital in University Professor, École Normale was immediately possible. Instead, the Serbian the European Economic Community (EEC) and enabling historians to shed light on periods of Supérieure Paris-Saclay people experienced the agonies of war and finally the European Union (EU) are the result of poverty. history, and the rule of law, which establishes this period of harmony. Should this period now rules which apply to all. These three principles be considered to be a historical digression or Tanja Petovar is convinced that ignorance is make it possible to successfully complete the Drawing on historical precedents, the question to be an indicator of future long-lasting entente fertile ground for half-truths and lies, which can long process from trauma to acceptance. of identity and the rise of nationalism have between different populations? lead to all sorts of ideologies. In her eyes, it made the news in recent years. They are is no coincidence that the Central European The instrumentalisation of the past is a timeless particularly visible in Europe, the continent on University, which is dedicated to training future phenomenon. However, compared with which this debate will be centred, with Brexit intellectual elites, is being fiercely attacked by the inter-war period, the current nationalist and the Ukrainian conflict. the Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán. movements do not seem to be targeting Olivier Wieviorka mentions a precedent: in Nationalism in Europe is a phenomenon with territorial expansion, which is why there is a the 1990s, the European University of the a long history. After all, the Visegrád group, low risk of armed conflict. It should also be Humanities, which had been founded in Minsk a formal group now made up of Poland, noted that nationalism is further exacerbated

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in imposing its liberal model within the their freedom. He understood the Europeans’ BREXIT: EUROPEAN CONSTRUCTION/ European Union - to the great displeasure of exasperation with Brexit. However, whatever DESTRUCTION the French, according to Nicole Gnesotto. In the outcome of the current process, British 4 June, 5pm-6.15pm, Salle Auditorium her opinion, David Cameron was threatening and European interests remain deeply linked. _ Brexit in order to obtain satisfaction on almost every point. The victory of the A major common theme is global stability. “Leavers” seemed all the more improbable to The European Union’s action for peace at Moderator: overwhelmingly in favour of keeping the United international observers because its supporters international level could be affected by Kingdom in the EU. The Scottish Parliament is were a heterogeneous group of populists Brexit. The United Kingdom is a key player, Monika Nogaj, calling for a new referendum on ’s and ultra-liberals who advocated the “Global a member of the G7, a nuclear power, a Unit head, external policy, European membership of the United Kingdom, arguing Britain” model. The European Union was preferred interlocutor of the United States parliament research service that in 2014, the prospect of leaving the forced to deal with the result of this vote, an and a permanent member of the UN Security Council. For its part, the country will lose Speakers: European Union had contributed to the victory expression of the will of the British. of the “Remainers”. The panel points out that its access to the European Union’s decision- Tom Cargill, the camp of supporters of a united Ireland is From the very beginning of the negotiations making structures and its credibility as a Executive Director of the British Foreign growing, especially among Protestants - who in which Nicole Gnesotto participated, one regional power will be undermined, says Policy Group have traditionally been committed to keeping thing became clear: even if a “favourable” Matt Qvortrup. Although there are significant it in the United Kingdom. agreement was reached, with Brexit the differences between the EU and the British Nicole Gnesotto, United Kingdom would lose much more Parliament on some issues, such as the Professor at the Conservatoire He analyses the consequences of Brexit than the European Union. No fewer than Common Security and Defence Policy, some National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM) on the European Union and the United 740 international agreements will lapse believe that the British position is likely to Kingdom. While observers feared that the Matt Qvortrup, on the date of exit from the EU. Nicole remain for many years convergent with that EU would be dislocated in the event of Deputy Editor-in-Chief of the European Gnesotto therefore suggests that what is an of other European countries on major global Brexit, Member States instead stood up to Political Science Review unfortunate but entirely manageable event for issues such as climate change, migration and protect their interests in the negotiations and the European Union could be catastrophic peace-keeping. Brexit therefore requires a strengthen their spirit of solidarity. As for the for the United Kingdom, especially in the rethinking of the relationship, but does not United Kingdom, it seems to have the ability event of “no deal”. She feels that the EU now mark the end of cooperation between the On 23 June 2016, the result of the vote to rebuild itself after leaving the European seems even more solid because, during the European Union and the United Kingdom to on the United Kingdom’s membership of Union, but the process will be a long one negotiations, other countries’ desire to leave address the challenges facing peace around the European Union (EU) sounded like a because of a deep identity crisis. IThe first the union was severely dampened in view the world. thunderclap all over Europe: for the first time in step will therefore be to reconcile the British, of the consequences of the choice made by history, a country was engaged in the process in particular by addressing the concerns that Britain. of leaving the Union. The issue of restoring a led a majority of them to vote for Brexit, and physical border in Northern Ireland quickly then to rebuild relations between the United For Nicole Gresotto, extending the deadline emerged as the most difficult aspect of this Kingdom and the EU. from 29 March to 31 October 2019 has issue. Since then, the issue of Brexit has already given rise to a grotesque situation, been extensively debated, but there are still Nicole Gnesotto does not believe that Brexit with European elections being organized many uncertainties. The agreement reached represents a risk for the European Union. in the United Kingdom. In her view, it is as a result of the negotiations between the However, she warns against “nostalgia imperative that the country take a decision British Government and the European Union for remaining”, referring to a strategy of quickly because it is unthinkable that the was rejected several times by the British prolonging negotiations with the United United Kingdom should take part in the multi- Parliament, raising concerns about the Kingdom in the hope that the latter would annual budgetary discussions that will begin possibility of leaving without an agreement. eventually backtrack on its decision. In her on 1 November. Franco-German cohesion The deadline, initially set for 29 March, was view, this would be the “worst mistake” for on this issue has also cracked: extended to 31 October 2019, without this the EU. was prepared to give the British another year achieving consensus among parliamentarians to preserve the interests of the European Three years after the vote in favour of Brexit, in the United Kingdom. Neither Theresa May, market, while Emmanuel Macron refused to the only real surprise for Nicole Gnesotto is the Prime Minister who resigned in June, nor go beyond 31 October in order to preserve the fact that this historic democracy is unable Boris Johnson, her successor, were able to EU interests. to reach internal agreement about the exit convince them. arrangements. Clearly, the victory of the Matt Qvortrup believes that the British are The Brexit issue deeply divides the British and “Leavers” was a shock to public opinion in ready to accept the economic consequences carries with it a risk of regional disruption Europe, as few thought that such a result was of their decision, considering that the loss of as Northern Ireland and Scotland voted possible. This British decision seems irrational a few growth points is the price to pay for because the United Kingdom had succeeded

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Furthermore, although international humanitarian As for the perpetrators of war crimes, they PERSONAL RECONSTRUCTION AFTER CONFLICT: law does not formally distinguish between may be sentenced to prison but they then THE SOLDIERS’ RETURN terrorists and fighters, the reasons behind return to civil society, where their victims live. 5 June, 2pm - 3.15pm, Salle Tocqueville the decision to join armed groups must be Communities are not always ready to accept _ analysed if there is to be hope of a successful them. Consequently, the reintegration process reintegration, in Heidi Reily’s view, particularly must consider communities and focus on the given that the concept of a “terrorist” is often rebuilding of society, without forcing these Moderator: Nevertheless, Céline Bardet emphasises that used to justify state repression. Ideology is communities to accept the reintegration of most DDR processes are unsatisfactory. For often not the root cause: economic needs, the former fighters. Rahma Sophia Rachdi, example, after the revolution in Libya, when brutality of state security forces and the spiral of Journalist, United States Press Agency the country stabilised between 2012 and violence are just some of the reasons behind To rebuild a country, there must be dialogue between the perpetrators and the victims but this Speakers: 2014, programmes which were supported young people’s decisions to take up arms. most notably by the European Union were is usually difficult or even taboo. This is a timely Céline Bardet, implemented to reintegrate the revolution’s In Pierre Buyoya’s view, if a DDR process is to issue today, with European jihadists returning Founder and President of We Are Not militias in the police and the army but this was be successful, it requires genuine political will to the countries of their birth. In an attempt to Weapons Of War a failure. Young people took up arms to liberate to implement the peace agreements, which understand their actions without excusing them, the country but by the time the conflict ended, include reconciliation and, sometimes, an how can society engage again in dialogue with Pierre Buyoya, they were traumatised, something which was amnesty for those who have fought (and who a section of its population which has become Former President of the Republic of not taken into account: they did not receive have not committed war crimes) but it must also radicalised or has committed crimes? There is Burundi, High Representative of the any psychosocial care or treatment. Moreover, be part of a more general framework to reform no simple answer to this question but any return African Union for Mali and the Sahel Céline Bardet believes that a DDR process can the state’s security institutions. to a more peaceful situation requires “making Heidi Riley, only work when the state has strong institutions, peace with one’s enemies”, as Céline Bardet Assistant Professor, University College which was not the case in Libya. Young points out. Dublin people rejected the processes for peace and disarmament and the country descended into chaos once more. In addition to the reconstruction of places and The DDR process must consider the differences infrastructure, the end of a conflict also involves between conflicts and between fighters as well. the reconstruction of the men and women who A fighter from Colombia is not a fighter from participated in the conflict. While wars between Liberia or Syria. Yet the DDR process is usually countries, which involve fighters from national developed in a technocratic way, based on armies, are decreasing in number, internal linearity (from disarmament to reintegration). and terrorist-related conflicts are still frequent, In addition, demobilisation often requires particularly in Africa. These conflicts, which the separation of members of armed groups. involve non-state movements, often come to an However, former fighters have experienced end with peace agreements, which take the a form of social connection in these groups, issue of former fighters into account by means of however inappropriate this may seem, and this the DDR process, which stands for Disarmament, link is destroyed by the DDR process. In some Demobilisation and Reintegration. Indeed, cases, maintaining these relationships has been disarmament on its own is often insufficient: shown to facilitate reintegration. To this end, former fighters must be reintegrated into the new the reintegration of warlords, who are likely to social fabric which is created at the end of the retain the allegiance of their fighters, must be a conflict. Some join the security or state forces, priority, in Pierre Buyoya’s view, because this including the army, the police and the border is likely to facilitate the reintegration of other force, while others return to civilian life, which soldiers. Lastly, it is often assumed that access requires the establishment of educational and to employment is sufficient for reintegration. professional reintegration programmes. However, although educational or work-related programmes are important, they are time-limited by their very nature.

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failure. In being open-minded with regard to EDUCATION, AN AGENT OF PEACE other people, they must learn what they want to 4 June, 3.15-4.30pm, Salle Auditorium become and enrol in an educational course or _ a programme which gives them the opportunity “to develop their own self-confidence”. child whose parents do not speak French or did Moderator: However, this self-confidence cannot develop not attend university is educated to a secondary without a teacher’s confidence in his or her Françoise Mélonio, level or beyond, this is already a great success students. Its absence can be devastating, Professor Emeritus, Sorbonne and should not be denigrated when compared according to Olivier Sidokpohou, but this University with other students from more advantaged confidence can also be perceived differently backgrounds. Speakers: by students and teachers: students may see Olivier Sidokpohou, Knowledge does not prevent brutality; it is the demanding nature of teachers as a way of Educational Inspector of Mathematics not enough in itself. It must be supported highlighting students’ failures. It is therefore up and Assessor for the General and embodied, particularly by teachers. The to teachers to demonstrate their confidence as Education Inspectorate of France impossibility of expressing one’s feelings, which part of their everyday teaching, thereby proving often results in the perception of other people’s that confidence is entirely compatible with a Bénédicte de Saint-Pierre, very existence as an aggression, is one of the demanding nature. Deputy Chair of United Way main sources of violence in schools. However, it In addition, schools are places for international is possible to learn to express a thought, a feeling Florent Bonaventure, exchanges. Every year, 245,000 foreign and even a disagreement. Olivier Sidokpohou Director of Studies and students cross borders to study in France. points out that the French national education Communication at Campus France 42% of doctoral students are foreign students, system aims to strengthen this learning process, who contribute to the reputation of French particularly via the final oral exam of the French universities. There is international competition baccalaureate. Knowledge is a cornerstone between countries to attract these young In 1846, the great French republican which encourages the development of dialogue talents because they provide countries with an philosopher Jules Michelet wrote: “If education and creates a certain distance with which to economic boost and a qualified workforce. worked to unite men as much as it tries to divide approach controversial subjects, while taking a Florent Bonaventure considers that the presence them, if only two children, one poor and one step back from the conflict. rich, sat on the same school benches, so closely of these students benefits both their host country linked by their friendship, so divided by their Gender inequality and prejudices are also and their country of origin, enabling them to careers, and if only they saw each other often, sources of violence. Choosing school subjects experience another world view and to develop they themselves would do more than all the is influenced by age-old social prejudices, a better understanding of others. However, policies and all the morality in the world. With particularly for girls. Paradoxically, co-education although this encourages a sense of openness, their selfless, innocent friendship, they would accentuates stereotypes as young boys try to the experience can be psychologically difficult preserve the hallowed bond of society.” find differences between themselves and girls for foreign students, leading to their withdrawal and vice versa. Long-term work must be done in and an isolated focus on their own identity. Today’s media regularly reports on school advance to show that no subject is specifically Lastly, education regarding universal values violence and inequalities between schools. male or female. There is an increasing number of initiatives and social behaviour must be included in which aim to achieve true educational justice Education must begin by encouraging self- school curricula as part of an educational and to strengthen the quality of the education knowledge, if it is to provide an understanding programme focusing on citizenship. In 1999, provided, two inseparable elements which of other people which goes beyond a UN resolution gave a clear definition of the ensure that education, in its many forms, is a stereotypes. This involves helping young people culture of non-violence and peace and the eight factor which strengthens social co-existence and to understand their own desires and identity, areas of action to promote this culture were contributes both to society’s proper functioning while encouraging them to be open to new unanimously adopted by the 193 states which and to the strength of relationships between opportunities (professions, cultures, knowledge participate in the United Nations. The first of nations. and social environments which are different to these areas is education for all. their own). However, none of this is possible If education is to be a genuine agent of peace, it The French national education system is often without self-confidence. Consequently, it is vital must include the expression of personal identity, judged harshly and is considered to be a to ensure that young people, both in educational discussions and the teaching of universal values. “sorting machine” for students, given the and out-of-school settings, have an impression significant role of their geographical and social of their own success, rather than of their own origins in individual success. However, when a

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same can be said for the work of the Franco- Following the 1995 World Conference on German Youth Office since 1963; it has Sustainable Tourism in Lanzarote, sustainable made it possible for some eight million young tourism was defined as “a tourism which takes people from France and Germany to develop account of its current and future economic, closer ties between the two countries. social and environmental impacts, by meeting the needs of visitors, professionals, However, some kinds of tourism do not the environment and host communities”. promote peace: poorly managed and intrusive tourism for huge numbers of people According to the World Tourism Organisation, does not serve peace. That is why, even sustainable tourism must make the best use of beyond education for tourists, some kinds of environmental resources, respect the socio- tourism must be prioritised. Building a resort cultural authenticity of host communities where water is scarce will lead to drought and ensure viable economic activities in From left to right: Sandrine Mercier, Jean-Marc Mignon, Vincent Fonvieille, Julien Buot and will increase tensions in the area. In the long term by providing all parties with © Eric Biernacki - Normandy Region developing countries, mass tourism has many socio- economic benefits which are equitably harmful effects. We must therefore establish distributed. For Julien Buot, sustainable forms of tourism which include partnerships tourism therefore aims to encourage people SUSTAINABLE TOURISM, A PASSPORT with local populations and which offer to travel better, not necessarily less. Attention economic benefits for the region. Tourism to environmental issues should not come at FOR PEACE? then becomes complementary to the region’s the expense of access to travel for a maximum 4 June, 5pm - 6.15pm, Salle Tocqueville primary activity, which is often agricultural number of people, which corresponds to the _ and, by its very existence, protects the local social aspect of sustainable development. economy from any downturn. For Vincent Fonvieille, mass tourism cannot be Moderator: have and have-not societies of the various Tourism should not take precedence over banned. He therefore believes that it would regions of the world. Do we need tourism to Sandrine Mercier, other activities within a region, which could be better to try to convince companies within contribute to peace or do we need peace to cause a sufficient political transformation as the sector to change their practices. Mass Editor in Chief, A/R Magazine develop tourism? voyageur to impoverish its inhabitants. For example, a tourism must not be pitted against more small- Tourism is one of the important industries in the change of opinion on security within a country scale tourism, because even big operators are Speakers: world. As Tunisia has shown, a sudden shut- on the website of the French Ministry of Foreign now looking to commit to more sustainable Affairs is enough to significantly reduce the tourism. Julien Buot, down in tourist activity can be dramatic for a number of visiting tourists. The impact of this Secretary General, Acteurs country from an economic, social and even institution on the income derived from tourism Sustainable tourism can contribute to peace du Tourisme Durable environmental point of view. Tourism enables within a particular region and on the safety by limiting the harmful effects of the presence local residents to escape poverty: once the of visitors and by encouraging travellers to Vincent Fonvieille, of travelling French nationals must lead to political situation stabilised in Mauritania find out more about other people. Peace can Founder of La Balaguère, President caution. The Ministry’s proposed map is not and Dogon Country, where tourism did not only be established when people of different of Agir pour un Tourisme Responsable infallible, which is why Julien Buot suggests previously exist, tourist activities could be cultural origins begin to talk, to learn and to established, in close connection with the that organisations which offer responsible Jean-Marc Mignon, understand one another. Vincent Fonvieille people living there; this became an obvious tourism should work with the Ministry by President of the International Social believes that “travel encourages humility”: boost to their well-being, which is itself a providing in-depth and nuanced assessments Tourism Organisation, member of the it makes it possible to put matters into source of peace. However, this virtuous effect of the situation in various countries. World Committee on Tourism Ethics perspective, even with regard to travellers’ can only work if tourism sets rules. It must of the World Tourism Organisation The infrastructure developed and the income own countries. Travelling therefore helps to provide as much for the people who live there generated by the presence of tourists can educate people about peace, as a Malian as for the tourists who come and go. have a positive effect on local populations. proverb confirms: “travel leads to encounters, However, tourists are associated with encounters lead to knowledge and knowledge The Amman Declaration on Peace through For Jean-Marc Mignon, although peace is numerous problems, particularly with regard leads to trust”. Tourism in 2000 suggested that tourism should undoubtedly behind the rise of tourism in to the environment. The concept of sustainable become a vehicle for peace in “promoting certain regions, there are also forms of tourism tourism was developed to respond to these dialogues on peace” and in bridging the which reinforce relations between states. The issues.

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Nancy Lindborg points out that Syria To respond to environmental issues, several CLIMATE CHANGE AND NATURAL RESOURCES: experienced its worst drought in 900 years speakers mention initiatives as part of an TOMORROW’S WARS between 2006 and 2009, according to approach of international solidarity to protect 5 June, 3.45pm - 5pm, Salle Guillaume NASA measurements. 85% of farms ceased the climate. Kabiné Komara believes that it _ farming and 70% of herds were lost. Farmers is essential that developed countries, which situation is compounded by human pressure: left the countryside en masse, seeking refuge are primarily responsible for climate change, the global population is growing rapidly in in cities where they became victims of social make funds available for the victims of this Moderator: some parts of the world, as are per capita exclusion, orchestrated by the Syrian regime, phenomenon, most of whom live in developing and were forced to survive in very difficult countries. He adds that these states will need Paul Stares, water requirements. For example, Nancy conditions. This contributed to the emergence to be supported if they are to make a transition Director of the Center for Preventive Lindborg comments that the Nile will only be of the protest movement in 2011 which to more virtuous systems, including the fight Action, Council on Foreign Relations able to meet 60% of the water requirements of the countries it crosses over the next ten years. quickly degenerated into civil war. against deforestation and the recycling of Speakers: However, Kabiné Komara notes that water water, for example. Developed countries are Climate change also results in the melting requirements can be reduced by recycling, not immune to the consequences of climate of glaciers which leads to rising sea levels. Kabiné Komara, particularly with regard to irrigation. change, as Nicolas Regaud notes: the cost Former Prime Minister of Guinea Kabiné Komara emphasises that new conflicts of such consequences is constantly increasing The issue of declining river flows takes on are likely to emerge in a race for the resources and may require the use of such funds. Nancy Lindborg, another dimension when the rivers cross of the Arctic Ocean, as the polar ice melts. President of the United States Institute several countries. There are many examples On the other side of the world, rising sea Nancy Lindborg believes that public opinion of Peace of upstream/downstream conflicts: Nicolas levels endanger some island nations, such as must be taken into account in authorities’ Nicolas Regaud, Regaud mentions China’s construction of the Kiribati Islands and the Marshall Islands, decision-making processes in developed Special Advisor for Indo-Pacific Asia, numerous dams on the Brahmaputra, a source which have already partially disappeared. countries with regard to the establishment International Relations and Strategy, of irritation for India, which was planning to Because of its large population and low of international climate solidarity. The fight French Ministry of the Armed Forces do the same. Meanwhile, Bangladesh must altitude, Bangladesh will be hard hit by against the ideas shared by climate sceptics suffer the consequences of Chinese and coastal erosion and soil salinisation. 50 will be decisive, as will efforts to raise Indian construction. million climate refugees could be forced to awareness among younger generations, who migrate north. Countries in the path of the most are most affected by climate change. A clear scientific consensus on climate However, Kabiné Komara mentions an powerful typhoons suffer massive destruction, change has been established. This will result example of the efficient sharing of the Senegal from which they struggle to recover. in higher temperatures and an increase in River’s water resources: Guinea, Mali, the frequency of certain phenomena, such as Mauritania and Senegal have created the Over the coming decades, we should heat waves and droughts. Experts on military Senegal River Basin Development Authority therefore expect to see an increasing number matters have seized on this issue, concluding for the joint management of the river and the of international conflicts caused by climate that climate change could be a source of various countries even share ownership of the change. Kabiné Komara stresses that current conflict in some parts of the world. developments which are built. global warming predictions remain limited to an increase of 1.1°C when compared to The scarcity of drinking water is one of the The issue of accessing water is the cause of the pre-industrial era. However, according main threats associated with climate change. both international disputes and armed conflicts, to the assumptions of the Intergovernmental This phenomenon leads to a decrease in particularly when states are not robust enough Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), global rainfall in some regions. Climate change has to manage the crisis. Conflicts are often temperatures will rise by more than 3°C in been evident for decades in West Africa, exacerbated by additional problems, such 2100. Some studies predict an even greater for example: Kabiné Komara mentions the as economic underdevelopment, exploding rise in temperatures. Sahara Desert, which has been spreading population and inter-community tensions. south since the 1960s, while Nancy Lindborg Kabiné Komara explains that because of In Nicolas Regaud’s view, if we want to notes that droughts which used to occur every the scarcity of water in the region around provide a better response to these situations, ten years now tend to occur every year in the Lake Chad, the surface area of which has it is important to ensure a better understanding Horn of Africa. decreased by 90%, nomadic populations of weather events, to secure infrastructure do not have enough water for their herds. In so as to be able to help the local victims of Rising temperatures are also having an effect. consequence, they migrate towards the south, climate disasters and to launch prevention The evaporation rate of rivers is rising, as can where overcrowding with local farmers is the programmes which are based on scientific be seen with the Nile and the Niger. Some cause of significant violence, which has been research. countries may even become completely twice as deadly as Boko Haram’s attacks in uninhabitable simply because of rising the region. temperatures, leading to population flight. This

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- Freud moment“, with philosophers including automatically compatible: leaders’ decisions ISLAM IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Stuart Mill, Locke and Bayle and now indulges are sometimes guided by emotion and passion. 4 juin, 15h15-16h30, Salle Abbesses in three forms of ignorance. Firstly, “holy Moreover, freedom of expression, which can _ ignorance”, in the words of Olivier Roy, which now rely on many new tools for its growth, also involves preserving a human construction by the encourages the development of radical ideas. Moderator: of education and religion. According to the divine; secondly, institutionalised ignorance, The fact remains that it must always be possible Islamologist, these issues are of the utmost which is the source of private and state to discuss issues. Kader Abderrahim, importance in the Muslim world. patronage in some countries, with the aim of Research Director at Institut de building mosques to “teach lies”; lastly, complex In Ghaleb Bencheikh’s view, young Muslims are Prospective et de Sécurité en Europe, In the organisation of Islam in France, a ignorance, which excludes all those who think now asking questions; the contradictory debate senior lecturer at Sciences Po country which has a non-Muslim majority but differently. To get out of this rut, this world has reached the Islamic world. Although whose population includes a large number of view must be overhauled in its entirety, in the women are the greatest victims of the Saudi Speakers: Muslims, Ghaleb Bencheikh sees implications Islamologist’s view. He believes that this battle Arabian regime, Sunni Muslim Kurdish women Ghaleb Bencheikh, for the perception of Islam and its ability to for civilisation and to ensure human dignity risk their lives to fight the Islamists. The antidotes Islamologist, President of the Fondation evolve and to absorb influences. In an open, can be successful if we stop using religion for to radical Islamism remain education, culture de l’Islam de France secular and democratic society, each and any purposes other than the spiritual and if this and an awareness of and interest in the outside every citizen is considered as he or she is, change comes to pass in Riyadh, Jeddah and world, which sum up the daily struggles of the Ensaf Haidar, irrespective of any other background or belief Cairo. Fondation de l’Islam de France and of Raif President of the and the French state has no role to play in Badawi in his prison cell. Foundation for Freedom religion as it stands. However, the structuring However, morality and politics are not of Islam is an issue for French civilisation and French government authorities need recognised The perception of Islam in international relations representatives. The structure of the Islamic has suffered greatly from terrorist organisations faith across France has become a “national which fight in its name and the treatment of issue”, in Ghaleb Bencheikh’s view. According human rights, particularly women’s rights, in to the Islamologist, “our beloved country will the Muslim world. Given that France is home have the Islam it deserves”: either beauty, to the largest number of Muslims in the West, intelligence and humanism, incorporating the representation of their interests to the public the efforts of all citizens, or something which authorities is an area of concern. Can Islam is caught up between Islamist radicals on the be an ideological tool for those who argue in one hand and identity trends on the other. He favour of it at a political level? believes that creating order for Islam’s currently fragmented stakeholders might enable France At the heart of today’s global chaos is the to become an example of peaceful coexistence emergence of an ideological and religious between citizens, irrespective of their religious monstrosity, ISIS, stretching from northern backgrounds. For Kader Abderrahim, the state Nigeria to the island of Jolo. For Ghaleb has an educational role to play as a democracy, Bencheikh, “we cannot deny responsibility ensuring that there is freedom of choice for all. and say “stop confusing the two, it has nothing to do with Islam”. Yes, there is a connection: In response to the issue of citizens’ freedom, every day, individuals within ISIS claim to be a Ensaf Haidar recounts the unjust fate of her follower of Islam.” husband, the journalist and activist Raif Badawi, who has been imprisoned in Saudi Arabia since To overcome the crisis, he believes that titanic June 2012 for the crime of apostasy. To analyse efforts must be made in four areas. Firstly, with what has led to this lack of freedom of thought regard to freedom of conscience and freedom in Muslim countries, it is not enough to speak of worship. Secondly, with regard to equality of “dumbing down”, as Ghaleb Bencheikh among human beings, beyond any differences emphasises. After a civilisational climax, which in gender and denomination. Thirdly, with saw the emergence of the Ottoman, Safavid regard to the deconsecration of violence: how and Mughal empires, characterised by their can individuals believe that it has a purpose humanism, the Muslim world came to an abrupt and, moreover, how can it be justified by the stop. In Ghaleb Bencheikh’s view, Islam missed divine? Lastly, with regard to the separation the historical sequence of “Descartes moment

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which, in reality, are unacceptable. We must SCIENCE AND PEACE: IS PEACE THE RATIONAL dream differently of peace: together, we must FATE OF HUMANITY? decide that peace is possible. 4 June, 5pm - 6.15pm, Salle Abesses In Jean Audouze’s view, we must convince _ ourselves, through reason, that peace is humanity’s greatest chance. In this respect, Moderator: science attempts to develop an objective he sees the US President’s attitude towards discourse about nature and human beings. climate change as “suicidal”: protecting the Jean Audouze, Moreover, it is undoubtedly one of the few environment is not just critical, it can also President of the association activities without a hierarchy: it is the person contribute to peace, given that certain regions Prévenance who discovers something who has the of the planet will soon become uninhabitable. authority. Lastly, science provides tools for Intervenante: Art, guided by emotions and intuition, is not peace: given by Germany to the Middle East, opposed to science, which undoubtedly relies Anilore Banon, the SESAME accelerator now brings together on a certain number of principles and laws. Sculptor specialising in monumental Israeli and Palestinian scientists, among others. Unfortunately, the constraints now imposed on works Similarly, the European Organisation for scientists to obtain funding can hamper their Nuclear Research (CERN) was created at the creativity, according to Jean Audouze. In this end of the Second World War with the aim of way, it is no longer conceivable to entrust a encouraging collaboration between physicists Can we rationally expect culture to lead to student with a dangerous problem in terms of who had previously been enemies. peace? The association Prévenance champions short-term results; how, then, can we hope that a school of thought which, at the very least, Anilore Banon’s Vitae project aims to send a he or she makes an impressive discovery? The teaches children to live together harmoniously, sculpture to the moon, bringing art and science culture of peace involves risk-taking. in the hope that these children will act as together. The project is presented in schools, intermediaries and share a culture of peace In the same way, science, when properly enabling children to focus on a subject which with society in its entirety. Indeed, teachers taught, requires its students to question inspires them. They stop being aggressive are peacemakers: it is their responsibility to themselves, because the question itself is part when considering the possibilities of this new pass on the values of dialogue and conflict of the scientific process. Although they are too world. management. That is why the whole of society often neglected by the political world, Jean should serve them to help them to fulfil their Peace is not only a matter for the military: if Audouze sees education and culture as having mission. Jean Audouze laments the fact that each individual manages to think differently implications for the fundamental issues facing French university education does not prioritise about peace, then peace will no longer be society as a whole. In reality, teachers, artists multidisciplinarity, which fosters critical thinking, reduced to an absence of war and, instead, and scientists have one thing in common: their analytical precision and an understanding of will lead to the construction of a new society. curiosity. Yet how can curious individuals be disparate points of view. In contrast, fear, which is spreading among the bellicose? youngest generations, is particularly worrying In Anilore Banon’s view, art’s primary role If the culture of peace is to become humanity’s because it gives rise to a hatred of others, is to make it possible to talk about societal fate, this supposes the emergence of a global according to Anilore Banon. Solutions can be problems. Indeed, by means of emotion, it is conscience, which seems a distant prospect in found in scientific research. The Vitae project able to share sensations which can provoke view of the current rise of egotism. However, is the result of this desire to reject fear and to reactions and create another view of reality. Anilore Banon believes that the pace of foster solidarity. This animated, smart sculpture Her monumental sculpture, Les Braves, installed change in the world today gives us reason to will feature a million hand prints. Its ambition on Omaha Beach, aims to highlight the power be optimistic. is to bring all of humanity together, which is of courage. More generally, the artistic world why the decision was made to install it on the as a whole is able to spread peace: the Moon, encouraging a new way of thinking practice of art is a vehicle for the culture of about peace. peace. Peace is certainly a rational fate, insofar as In the same way, although atomic bombs it is reasonable, but can reason alone lead have actually been produced by science and humanity to peace? For Anilore Banon, although much scientific progress is directly however, we should rely on a great deal of linked to military efforts, it is still possible to emotion and courage because, too often, link science and the culture of peace. Indeed, reason leads human beings to accept situations

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Catherine Morin-Desailly recalls that when In Emmanuel Dupuy’s view, the threat now FAKE NEWS AND STRATEGIES FOR Edward Snowden revealed that all European comes from the new GAFAM: the Chinese DISINFORMATION: THE WEAPONS data was the subject of massive surveillance web giants of Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent and ST by the National Security Agency (NSA), the Xiami, which will be responsible for the digital OF THE 21 CENTURY? whole world became aware that the internet economy of the future. Caught between internet 5 June, 2pm - 3.15pm, Salle Guillaume had become a battlefield. Having quickly companies from all over the world, Europe must _ understood the importance of the internet regain control of its digital destiny and restore However, some aspects of social media offer and online companies, the United States has consumer confidence by means of a regulated more reassuring news for journalists. The pioneered these new technologies. Google, internet system which demonstrates genuine Moderator: average view duration of France 24’s videos Apple, Facebook, Amazon and Microsoft, progress. For Catherine Morin-Desailly, France’s François Picard, on YouTube is increasing and the average age collectively known as GAFAM, have become public broadcasters and education system must Journalist, France 24 of viewers is between 27 and 32, while some oligopolies. As for Europe, it is no more than play their part to provide citizens with essential videos by Agence France Presse which reveal “a colony of the digital world”, in Catherine education on the media. Lastly, in Loïc Berrou’s Speakers: the truth about fake news have been watched Morin-Desailly’s view: it depends on these view, journalists must reconcile the horizontal by more people than those who initially shared companies for work and trade – and for access way in which information is now shared, via Loïc Berrou, the fake news. In 2017, the mainstream Deputy Director, France 24 to information too. In this respect, the internet social media, and their usual and often vertical media came out on top in terms of public trust. was built on a model which is based on a course of action, via newspapers and reports, Emmanuel Dupuy, However, journalists remain reasonably helpless strategy of attention, attracting an increasing without any real possibility of interaction. President of the Institut Prospective et in the face of fake news, simply because they number of people before locking them into their Sécurité en Europe do not have the tools to fight against such own ways of thinking; their data is then reused “news”, beyond the practices behind France to encourage ever-increasing consumerism, Catherine Morin-Desailly, 24’s Network of Observers. benefiting the owners of oligopolies who seek President of the French Senate’s to minimise the tax they pay. Culture and Education Committee Moreover, the subject of disinformation is now part of a broader issue with regard to Catherine Morin-Desailly also mentions influence. The war for information has become Cambridge Analytica, which subsequently strategic for every state, as we have seen with Some see social media as a new tool with which demonstrated how potentially dangerous this the emergence of the concept of “soft power”, to revitalise public debate and to create a forum model has become. To combat this, France developed by Joseph Nye. Moreover, although for citizens’ opinions. However, in the absence has decided to give judges the possibility of propaganda has always been a reality, it has of any real intermediary and verification of the decreeing whether an item of news is genuine been transformed by multiple factors: it is now veracity of the comments made, social media or fake within twenty-four hours, by means of necessary to “win hearts and minds”, in United users receive the message they want to hear. In a law “which could potentially be hostile to Nations-speak. However, while journalists see this way, communities can be formed, based freedom”, in Catherine Morin-Desailly’s view. this development as an erosion of democracy, on rumours, away from the public sphere. In She believes that there must be urgent discussions it has become a driver of the democratisation contrast, journalism is based on reliable sources on platforms’ status and responsibilities, while process for citizens in authoritarian states: in the and makes the distinction between facts and focusing on the issue of the sustainability of the absence of regulation, social media becomes opinions. online business model. Europe, meanwhile, has a tool for expression and for raising awareness, adopted a General Data Protection Regulation The credibility of journalists is often called into given that news channels are government- but it has several blind spots which need to be question, particularly by those who are most controlled. In Emmanuel Dupuy’s view, society is addressed, particularly with regard to smart accustomed to using social media, who tend at the dawn of a new revolution, marked by the objects. to be young. In Loïc Berrou’s view, the internet advent of artificial intelligence: with 5G, the flow accentuates confirmation bias: people are of information will become immediate, constant, always tempted to believe information about with no control and without any policing. which they are already convinced. The creators Given the struggle for influence which states are of fake news use it to disadvantage internet waging with regard to access to information, users, playing on people’s emotions with Emmanuel Dupuy suggests regulation by an as sensationalist headlines. As a result, fake news yet non-existent organisation. spreads six times more quickly than the truth.

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the German-speaking people living in the Soviet forth between each other. The ineffectiveness of MIGRATION CHALLENGES: GLOBAL ISSUES, bloc, and during the civil war in Yugoslavia. this system went unnoticed until 2015, before the influx of migrants in Italy, Spain and Greece LOCAL RESPONSES? Pierre Henry advocates the following principle: 4 June, 5pm - 6.15pm, Salle Guillaume pushed it to its limits. For Pierre Henry, building a _ “one Euro for the reception of refugees and one new system is now difficult to conceive because Euro for host populations”, in order to maintain solidarity no longer works on migration issues. an adequate level of public service and prevent Boris Pistorius stresses the fact that Member States Moderator: While the peak of the migration crisis has “competition of poverty and precariousness”. have chosen to create a barrier at the European passed, the crisis has gained political ground, This local approach seems essential to stem the Union’s border, rather than seeking to analyse Laurent Marchand, says Pierre Henry. European solidarity does rise of extremist movements. Paolo Artini also migrants’ motivations and take preventive action Journalist, Ouest France not work perfectly in his view. Pre-reception points out that, paradoxically, nationalist ideas on the factors that generate migratory flows, such arrangements are insufficient, complicating the are progressing in areas where refugee flows as conflicts or climate change. are low. Xenophobic speeches find a favourable Speakers: submission of asylum applications by refugees housed in precarious conditions, and fuelling the ground for growth in the minds of people Paolo Artini, idea in people’s minds that the authorities might unfamiliar with cultural diversity. The countries and Representative for France no longer be able to cope in the face of migrant regions affected by the rise of extremism, such as and Monaco, UNHCR for refugees flows. Extreme right-wing movements are taking Hungary, Poland, Italy and eastern Germany, advantage of this situation, concludes Pierre are also facing a major demographic challenge, Pierre Henry, Henry. According to Boris Pistorius, Germany and the reception of migrants would have been Director General of France Terre has shown itself capable of effectively managing a good opportunity for them to offset the decline d’Asile the arrival of 1.1 million refugees in 2015 in their populations. For Poland, moreover, the Hervé Le Bras, alone, including 170,000 in Lower Saxony refusal to receive 500 Syrian refugees is above Director of studies, Ecole des Hautes alone, with a population of 8 million. Public all a political message, given that the country has Etudes en Sciences Sociales (Paris) buildings have been requisitioned to feed and welcomed one million Ukrainian immigrants. house all the refugees. However, Germany has Boris Pistorius in turn stresses the need to invest Boris Pistorius, not been spared by the rise of the far right, notes in local public services, particularly in nurseries Minister of Internal Affairs of Lower Boris Pistorius, as the Alternativ für Deutschland and schools, so the people received can be Saxony movement has succeeded in breaking through successfully integrated. According to him, the in the former GDR, where migration flows were prime cause of integration failure is the fact that the low in the communist era and where prejudiced rest of the population does not accept migrants. speeches are more likely to be heard. Paolo Artini explains that in 2018, nearly 70 Associations have organised welcome parties million people - including 25 million refugees Hervé Le Bras puts the importance of the migration when refugees arriving in Germany have been - were forced to move because of conflicts or crisis into perspective by citing some figures. In redirected to small reception facilities, in order human rights violations. Only a minority of these France, while 120,000 refugees arrived in the to encourage newcomers and local residents migratory flows end up in developed countries. country in 2018, a total of 260,000 people to get to know each other and to combat the Although several million Syrian refugees arrived received a residence permit. Migration flows prejudices at their roots. in Europe from 2015, such migration flows are are tending to increase, but other movements manageable on a continental scale. However, A major mistake was made in the 1990s, when in the opposite direction are also to be taken Mediterranean countries that have faced waves the German authorities did not see fit to invest into account. 90,000 people who arrived in of refugees arriving by sea in makeshift boats for Yugoslav migrants whose asylum applications the country in previous years have left, while have faced problems for which they were ill- had been refused, thinking that they would 200,000 French people emigrated. Net prepared, such as rescue at sea and physically leave the country on their own. But the majority migration in France is therefore very low, at around receiving migrants, forcing them to seek a remained, which posed serious integration 60,000 people per year for the past ten years or solution on a case-by-case basis. The closure problems. so. The only period in history when France had of Italian ports to refugees has forced Libya to to manage a substantial migratory flow was the take charge of sea rescue and the reception of For the speakers, it must be noted that the principle period following Algeria’s independence. Hervé migrants, but they end up being housed in very of the Dublin III Regulation, which requires Le Bras notes that Germany, in contrast, has been difficult conditions and are regularly moved from refugees’ asylum applications to be examined by confronted with several large-scale migratory one centre to another as the fighting develops. their first host country, does not work. For example, flows: at the end of the First World War with countries tend to send applications back and the repatriation of Germans living in the regions annexed by the victorious countries, at the time of the fall of the Berlin Wall with the return of

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Esposito Murray, “the transatlantic alliance work continues, for example on Russia’s might be transformed or come to an end, but annexation of Ukraine and cyber security, it will certainly not remain as it has been for and the transatlantic alliance remains active the past seventy years”. in addressing global challenges such as migration, climate change and terrorism, There have always been disagreements, but which require international cooperation. the fundamental principles of the transatlantic alliance, which aimed to ensure democracy Moreover, for Lori Esposito Murray, the and collective defence, had never been response to Donald Trump’s foreign policy by called into question until now. However, Lori France and Germany through the idea of a Esposito Murray points out that the President European Defence Force makes it possible to of the United States is attacking these two approach the issue in a supranational way, principles and the institutions that symbolize trying to build a consensus between European From left to right: James Lindsay, Sophia Besch, Alexandra De Hoop Scheffer, Lori Esposito Murray them in the context of the transatlantic countries, while facing the military threat that © Eric Biernacki - Normandy Region alliance, criticizing the credibility and Russia is likely to pose. necessity of both the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). According to Alexandra De Hoop Scheffer, EUROPE/UNITED STATES: WHAT FUTURE According to the researcher, he blames the President Trump’s disruptive approach, former above all because it constitutes an despite its destructive nature, has highlighted FOR THE TRANSATLANTIC ALLIANCE? economic power capable of opposing the the need to adapt the institutions arising from 5 June, 2pm - 3.15pm, Salle Abbesses unilateral commercial moves undertaken by the Second World War to the challenges of _ the White House. The second is challenged the 21st century. Any transition phase can be by President Trump because of the financial a source of chaos, but also one of creativity involvement of the United States, which he and innovation. It is then a question of giving Moderator: For Alexandra De Hoop Scheffer, this considers disproportionate compared to new thought to cooperation between the disengagement is cyclical: it occurs after that of other member countries, raising the European Union and the United States. For James Lindsay, periods of strong involvement, for example, legitimate question of the raison d’être of Sophia Besch, European societies are now Senior Vice-president, Director after the Vietnam war or the first war in Iraq. NATO, an institution created in the context in peril because they have remained too self- of studies and President of the In this sense, Donald Trump is accelerating of the Cold War, since the dissolution of the effacing in defending their common values. Maurice R. Greenberg chair, a change initiated by , Council on Foreign Relations USSR. Reaffirming them remains the best way to who wanted to abandon the United States’ achieve the necessary transformation of the Speakers: longstanding role as “global policemen”, and The USA is undergoing a profound transatlantic alliance, without denying its by focusing attention on his internal policy, demographic change, with the growth of foundations. Sophia Besch, embodied in the slogan “America First”. Hispanic and Asian populations, which Associate Researcher, have no traditional cultural ties with Europe. Moreover, transatlantic relations should not Center for European Reform Alexandra De Hoop Scheffer believes that be seen in isolation, but thought of as part it is therefore today essential to promote Alexandra De Hoop Scheffer, of a changing global environment. China is the transatlantic alliance, by approaching Director of the Paris office, German now one of the United States’ foreign policy it pragmatically rather than emotionally or Marshall Fund of the United States priorities, and the United States favours symbolically, by making the EU a relevant unilateral relations with Beijing. Moreover, Lori Esposito Murray, partner for the United States, for example in the weakening of the European Union, due Senior Associate Researcher, trade and technology. to internal divisions and the rejection by some Council of Foreign Relations citizens of globalisation and political elites, However, Lori Esposito Murray remains serves Donald Trump’s interests and affects optimistic. The transatlantic alliance has the transatlantic alliance. proved its effectiveness, maintaining peace The alliances created after the end of the for seventy years. In addition, the European Conversely, for Sophia Besch, the American Second World War, which brought peace Union and the United States face common President’s policy is not only a form of and prosperity to Europe, are now in danger, threats, principally Russia’s interference in acceleration of pre-existing trends. Donald particularly due to the United States decision Western democracies and China’s economic Trump is questioning the very foundations of to disengage from the international scene. This power, which allows China to offer the world the transatlantic alliance. This position has calls into question the transatlantic alliance, an alternative model to that of Western already had consequences, particularly in the which has been central to multilateralism for democracies, based on state authority. Thus, area of defence. Similarly, according to Lori seventy years. despite President Trump’s injunctions, joint

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05.

YOUTH EVENTS

Final event: Walk the (Global) Walk...... 114 First Freedom Prize award ceremony and tribute to veterans...... 118

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With the aim of spreading a culture of The President of the Normandy Region, Hervé FINAL EVENT: WALK THE (GLOBAL) WALK peace, Walk the (Global) Walk raises Morin, affirms his commitment to this training 4 June 2019, 1.30pm - 4pm Salle Plénière awareness among young people through programme: “By encouraging young people _ training, experience-based learning and to be agents of change, the European Walk support for a project set up by pupils. the Global Walk project helps to bring out Moderator: Geneviève Avenard, In collaboration with the International the talents of tomorrow. Normandy, which Institute for Human Rights and Peace, this has been involved in this project since it was Johann Koullepis, Defender of children’s rights, deputy European education programme on the implemented, has stepped up its educational Leader to the Human rights defender, France Objectives of Sustainable Development dimension. Through this programme, I hope Nadia Bédar, Speakers: closed with 813 secondary school students that our young people will be able to tackle Programme advisor / Head designer and apprentices from Normandy schools the major global challenges - living together, Alain Tourret, of the PAIX FTV UNESCO Project President, International Institute who came to present their initiatives gender equality and climate - and feel fully that for Human Rights and Peace Vincent Defourny, during the 2019 Normandy World Peace they are European citizens. Walk the Global Director of the Division of Public Forum. Walk also aims to create conditions of peace Hubert Dejean de la Batie, Information, UNESCO and stability by contributing to the achievement Vice-President of the Normandy Region Walk the (Global) Walk is a great success across of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals”. in charge of the Environment, the Sea, Sonia Dubourg Lavroff, Europe because of the dynamism of young the Coast and Energy Inspector general of the national citizens involved. At the final event, participants education and research administration, asserted their interest in today’s major societal Caroline Guillaume, education expert at the French national and environmental issues by sharing their long- Regional Director, Regional Directorate of commission for UNESCO, President term visions and proposing practical solutions Food, Agriculture and Forestry of the Committee of French Clubs adapted to the many transitions under way, in of Normandy for UNESCO front of an audience as diverse as it is influential Michaël Couronnet, Ensaf Haidar, at regional and international levels. Academic contact for remembrance President, Raif Badawi Foundation and citizenship, Rectorate of the for Freedom Academy of Caen Yacine Ait Kaci dit YAK, Cartoonist, creator of the character Elyx and digital ambassador of the United Nations

KEY MOMENT FOR YOUNG PEOPLE NO. 1: WALK THE (GLOBAL) WALK

Walk the (Global) Walk, in a few words

a European education programme for and by youth that they work on throughout the year

projects relating to 3 of the 17 Sustainable Development Objectives: Sustainable cities and communities, Climate Action, Peace, justice and Institutions PHOTO DU 5 JUIN ?

7,645 young people involved in Europe

© Léonie Hamard - Normandy Region

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The Walk the (Global) Walk programme The 2019 Normandy World Peace Let’s make Be like the was recognized by the 2018 Nobel Peace Prize winner Denis Mukwege Forum was the occasion to close the sorting available hummingbird: Walk the (Global) Walk project. During in his opening speech: the feedback session, the pre-selected to everyone, change the world to projects were presented on stage by the and for everyone your scale secondary school students, and three We commend the Helladji Dehen and Ines Courty, Youssef Rehafhi and Jeanne Danguy, initiatives were awarded prizes. Lycée Porte Océane, Le Havre Institut Saint-Lô commitment of millions of volunteers who, just

The Educational Award was won by the The project “Ecocup, passons du jetable like the hundreds of On the way Institut Saint-Lô in Agneaux with their project au durable (Ecocup: from disposable to young secondary school to a zero waste “Solidariday”, a day of solidarity and sharing sustainable)”, led by the Institut Saint-Joseph students here, have cafeteria with migrants during which sports activities (Le Havre) won the Audience Award. It took place. The pupils also organized a encourages the creation of recyclable, contributed to sustainable Tifenn Jennat and Arthur Thierry, fundraising campaign to support local reusable and retractable cups, compatible development projects with Institut Saint-Joseph, Le Havre associations that help migrants by selling with the school’s beverage vending machines, drinks and cakes prepared in “zero waste” along with locally produced fruit juices and the European programme mode. This operation will be repeated in smoothies to replace the drinks and soft drinks Walk the (Global) Walk, 2019-2020. distributed up until now. The Innovation Award was won by the Lycée who work for charities, du Golf in Dieppe for their “Waste Revolution Day” project against food waste in the school who are driven by a canteen. The pupils carried out an awareness desire to build bridges campaign in partnership with local people, and an “anti-waste” action day on 19 between individuals and March 2019. They also participated in the cultures and who want to Dieppe “Soupe des bénévoles” humanitarian association. create a fairer and more equitable society, in the spirit of solidarity and fraternity.

© Eric Biernacki - Normandy Region

© Eric Biernacki - Normandy Region

© Eric Biernacki - Normandy Region

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The Freedom Prize has three patrons, all The ceremony on 5 June 2019 was an FIRST FREEDOM PRIZE AWARD CEREMONY of whom are veterans of World War Two: opportunity to showcase this work in front AND TRIBUTE TO VETERANS Charles Norman Shay, medic during the of a large audience of young people and 5 June 2019, 2pm - 4.30pm, Salle Plénière landing on Omaha Beach on 6 June 1944 veterans, all of whom attended this event to _ and Penobscot tribal elder, an Amerindian acknowledge the links between past, present community in the United States, Léon Gauthier, and future. green beret, naval fusilier and a member of Peace must be spread; it is everyone’s responsibility to fight ceaselessly against war, Philippe Kieffer’s commandos and Bernard The first Freedom Prize was awarded to the hatred and global warming, something which affects all of mankind today. This belief led Dargols, who fought for the Americans and young Swedish activist Greta Thunberg for to the creation of the Freedom Prize by the Normandy Region, in partnership with the died in April 2019. her commitment to the climate and her efforts International Institute for Human Rights and Peace, the Normandy Board of Education to raise collective and global awareness of and Ouest France. The latter often repeated Churchill’s words: one of the greatest challenges which humanity “a country that forgets its past has no future”. has ever had to face: climate change. She He stressed the importance of remembrance shares a simple message of the solidarity to ensure that the events of the Second which the more than seven billion inhabitants World War never happen again. He saw of the Earth must demonstrate in the fight for YOUTH HIGHLIGHT #2: THE FREEDOM PRIZE the Freedom Prize as a means of paying their very survival. tribute to the men, many of whom were in their twenties and who did not feel they were Greta Thunberg is supported by young The Freedom Prize in brief doing anything heroic when they came to people who are taking a stand in response fight on the beaches of Normandy. It was to the climate emergency. The awarding of created to pay tribute to their sacrifice, to this prize therefore has a strong symbolism: share this message with those who now enjoy the formerly young soldiers of D-Day pass Recognition of a public figure who is known this freedom, because of their sacrifice. It is the torch on to the youth of today who will for his or her work for freedom, peace and human rights these people who are now responsible for continue the fight. The battle for freedom protecting this freedom; freedom can quickly and the struggle for climate justice have the be lost when hate-filled words are spoken common goal of guaranteeing a just and A tribute to all those who fought and continue to fight every day. peaceful future for future generations. for freedom The anniversary of the Allied landings in The panel of judges also chose to Normandy is a timely reminder of the need acknowledge the work of photographer Lu Guang, who has immortalised the hidden chosen from 113 applications by a panel for vigilance and reflection and encourages 3 candidates China for several decades and is now missing, of judges of 30 young people from around the world a humanitarian commitment to embody, to staunchly defend and to pass on the values and the Saudi Arabian blogger Raif Badawi, which drove the veterans of the Second who has been imprisoned for eight years for his fervent defence of freedom of expression, 6,000 voters, aged 16 to 25 World War. More than ever, this focus on remembrance is a task for the present and a once writing: “freedom of expression is the way ahead for the future. air that every free thinker breathes, the wood that fuels the fire of thought and free debate.” For this very reason, the Freedom Prize is part of an educational initiative for secondary Freedom Prize medals were also awarded to six D-Day veterans: Charles Norman Shay, © Léonie Hamard - Normandy Region school students. It follows the 70 Voices of Freedom programme, which was organised Leonard Hobbes, sailor, Bob Conway, driver to mark the seventieth anniversary of the in the Royal Army, Walter Beal, gunner, Billy D-Day landings and brought together seventy Ness, pilot, and Alan Gullis, delivery driver, men and women involved in D-Day or the one of the first soldiers to enter Berlin in 1945. resistance along with 3,000 secondary school students. Following on from this, in 2019, history laboratories were set up in a school in every department within the Normandy Region. These writing workshops led to the publication of a collection called Chemins de la liberté (Roads to Freedom).

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AWARDING THE FREEDOM PRIZE TO GRETA THUNBERG The Freedom Prize trophy was awarded to Greta Thunberg during her visit to Caen on 21 July 2019.

More than 2,000 people came to meet Greta Thunberg and to attend the ceremony, which was also attended by Léon Gautier, Charles Norman Shay and Hervé Morin, President of the Normandy Region.

The least we can do to honour veterans is to stop destroying that same world and the humanity ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS that Charles, Leon and their friends fought so hard to save. Greta Thunberg, The 2019 Normandy World Peace Forum is the result of a collective effort. The President of winner of the Freedom Prize 2019 the Region would like to thank all those who have contributed to making this such a key event, especially: The 240 speakers for their sincere commitment and inspiring speeches She spent the day before the award ceremony on the D-Day beaches with Charles Norman Shay. This man, who Greta described as a “hero”, also believes in the The partners and patrons of the Forum, who promote the Normandy for Peace initiative in importance of the fight for the environment. the region, in France and internationally The Region’s elected officials and agents for their year-round work on the themes of peace and freedom As a soldier, I fought for freedom and to liberate The 6,000 participants who attended this second Forum Europe and the world from Nazism, seventy-five years ago. But this is a nonsense if Mother Nature is deeply wounded and if our civilisation collapses due See you next year! to inappropriate human behaviours Charles Norman Shay, medic on Omaha Beach on 6 June 1944

Hervé Morin President of the Normandy Region and Regions of France, former French Minister of Defence

From left to right: Hervé Morin, Léon Gautier, Greta Thunberg, Charles Norman Shay © Eric Biernacki - Normandy Region

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© Eric Biernacki - Normandy Region