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Content Analysis of Oppositions Journal's Approach to After Bagh-e Nazar, 18(94), 5-18 / April . 2021 DOI: 10.22034/BAGH.2020.218958.4457 Persian translation of this paper entitled: تحلیل محتوای رویکرد مجلۀ آپوزیشنز نسبت به تئوری معماری پس از مدرنیسم )1984-1973( is also published in this issue of journal. Original Research Article Content Analysis of Oppositions Journal’s Approach to after Modernism Architectural Theories (1973-1984)* Masoud Habibi1, Maryam Armaghan**2, Iman Raeisi3, Sheida Khansari4 1. Ph.D. Candidate in Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran. 2. Assistant Professor of Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran. 3. Assistant Professor of Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran. 4. Assistant Professor of Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran. Received: 08/02/2020 ; accepted: 2020/10/2020 ; available online: 21/03/2021 Abstract Problem statement: Undoubtedly, the current trend of modernism in the late twentieth century has been criticized by architectural journals. These critiques have moreover shaped postmodern architecture and also have represented the currents of the theory of pro-modernism. Oppositions -as the most well-known architectural journal in the late twentieth century- has included a variety of authors and critics from both perspectives. The question is: “During the activity of Opposition, what approaches does this journal take to the critique of modernism?” With this attitude, an attempt will be made to study the position of Opposition in the formation of after Modernism architectural theories. It can be argued that Oppositions journal with a wide range of authors, (“Peter Eisenman”, “Kenneth Frampton”, “Rem Koolhaas”, “Rafael Moneo”, “Aldo Rossi”, “Colin Rowe”, “Denise Scott Brown”, “Manfredo Tafuri”, “Bernard Tschumi” and others) each of which later became the pioneer of various types of theory of after Modern architecture, could be a good example for evaluating the current governing architecture theory at that time. Research objective: The purpose of this study can be considered as the study of the ideas of critics who in an influential period, figured out the theories of after Modernism architecture. Research method: The method of research in the writing of the theoretical framework is logical reasoning; and to analyze the findings, the method of qualitative research and content analysis has been used. Conclusion: Opposition have been in a mutual relationship with architectural theories after the modern course and it has had a very critical role in shaping such theories. The attempts for theorizing- and not historiography of- the existing architectural trends with interpretive perspectives confirm the importance of the journal of Oppositions in that period. However, in the middle years of the journal’s lifetime, the neo-modernists’ impacts and their praise for independent economics, globalization and technology can be grasped in the texts, in either beginning and last years of the publication (due to the influence of postmodernism and the critical regionalism approach) the terms of contextualism, culture and society have shaped the keywords of Oppositions. Keywords: The Oppositions, Modernism, Neo-Modernism, Postmodernism, Modern Architecture. * This article is extracted from “Masoud Habibi”’s Ph.D. of Dr. “Iman Raeisi” and Dr. “Sheida Khansari” at the Faculty of dissertation entitled “Explicating the Iran Contemporary “Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning”, “Qazvin Branch, Architectural Paradigm in Para-Modern Age” which is in progress Islamic Azad University” in 2021 under supervision of Dr. “Maryam Armaghan” and advisement ** Corresponding author: Examining Sun Motifs in Patterns of Farahan Sun ......................................... 5 . .. ........... ........ ....... .......... The Scientific Journal of NAZAR research center (Nrc) for Art, Architecture & Urbanism M. Habibi et al. 6 * Fig. 1. The history of Oppositions and events affecting modernarchitecture.Source:authors. The history ofOppositionsandeventsaffecting Fig. 1. Palace” Crystal The “IronBridge” the constructionof identified in be that can and glass, iron, steel cast as materials, such of new emergence of the date the mentioned, be can date a particular industry, ofmodernityintheconstruction For theemergence Introduction architectural theory, one can refer to the year of of year the to refer can one theory, architectural identifythehistory oftheformationmodern To life” modern of political forcesthatdefinitivelyshapedtheexperience and economic ofsocial, confluence the as modernism understand “We ofmodernism. kinds certain observe canalso one in society, aspect, fromarchitecture, tradition” andclutteredby history consideredover-decorated and technicalagainstthebackdropofanarchitectural century modernismdefineditselfasrational,functional “Twentieth- architecture. modern of basics the as roots these to refer still can we present, At Renaissance. the a kindofintellectualtrendthatcanbestudied from of modernism.Modernismisnotasuddenevent,but beginning the for date exact the establish to impossible is it However, fire. great the after Chicago in buildings Although Venturi and his wife Scott Brown's projects and books are common, the Pritzker Foundation only named Ven named only Foundation Pritzker the common, are books and projects Brown's Scott wife his and Venturi Although * Although Venturi and his wife Scott Brown's projects and books are common, the Pritzker Foundation only named Ven named only Foundation Pritzker the common, are books and projects Brown's Scott wife his and Venturi Although CIAM Congress (Klein, 2014,6) (Klein, 1927 Toward a new architecture CIAM Congress (Smith, 2014, 271) 2014, (Smith, 1927 Toward a new architecture high in structures metal the and (1851) The Oppositions authors who received Pritzker Prize in the following years following the in Prize Pritzker received who authors Oppositions The Architectural events 1945 Farnsworth house The Oppositions authors who received Pritzker Prize in the following years following the in Prize Pritzker received who authors Oppositions The Architectural events 1945 Farnsworth house . In addition tothis modernist. Inaddition 1928-1959 1928-1959 . 1964 Vanna - Venturi house 19661964 Complexity Vanna - Venturi and contradiction house in (1781), “The architecture 1966 Complexity and contradiction in architecture Learn from Las Vegas The New York five atthis momentofnihilism, itmakes sense to Yet, architecture, nothingofthedesiredutopiawasrealized. of20th-century development onthe influence powerful the ModernMovementmighthavebeenmost “Although by modernismanditsrelationtosociety. atthispromiseofutopia 1980s lookeddifferently the in trend this that forgotten be not should It 129). 1999, (Heynen, planning. of activity far-reaching more and a more and rationalization is characterizedbyanever-expanding that development social a as modernization of process the views “Tafuri Infact, journey. its continues that a flow as utopia modernist his introduced and society, architecture between relationship the of critique the acriticoftheModernistperiod,in Tafuri, Manfredo to modernism. approach a radical with architecture modern in taken path the criticizes that group other the andmodernism of foundations the to faithful still is that approach an find can one current, this of sides both thinking aboutafterModernisminarchitecture.On ways,openstheway for classify itselfindifferent twentieth centurycontinuedtoattemptcritiqueand whichin theseventies ofthearchitectural theorizing, publication ofinfluentialbooks 1972 Learn from Las Vegas The Journal of Oppositions Pruitt–Igoe fire (Minoru Yamasak) 1972 The New York five Architectural Books Architectural The Journal of Oppositions Pruitt–Igoe fire (Minoru Yamasak) Architectural Books Architectural 1973-1984 1983 Towards a Critical Regionalism 1973-1984 1983 RobertTowards Venturi a Critical Regionalism (Fig. 1) ........... 1991 [Denise Scott Brown*] Robert Venturi .......... 1996 Rafael Moneo turi. 1991 [Denise Scott Brown*] flowof A . ........ 2000 Rem Koolhaas 1996 Rafael Moneo turi. ....... 2000 Rem Koolhaas ...... .... ..... .................. ............................................................. The Scientific Journal of NAZAR research center (Nrc) for Art, Architecture & Urbanism ........ Bagh-e Nazar, 18(94), 5-18 / April . 2021 question whether we could learn something from all of For “sampling” in this research, Oppositions’ articles this. Do the optimistic ideals and the social, cultural and published in 1973-1984 have been used. The journal technological experience of the Modern Movement still collection was reprinted in 1998 in 3 volumes and 700 have any meaning for our future, or is it all irrelevant pages and out of about 28 papers, 17 papers -as seen to our situation today?” (Henket & Heynen, 2002, 12). in the theoretical framework of this paper- have been The journal of Oppositions (1973-1984) at the right devoted to architectural theories after Modernism; time and with writers in line with contemporary further, they have also been used as the main source thoughts, try to find a path for architectural theories of analysis and compilation of tables of findings after Modernism. The critical approach represented section. According to the sample size, an “open coding by Oppositions is a complex of critics of modernism method” has
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