DOCSLIB.ORG

Phylogenetically Diverse Fusarium Species Associated with Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor L

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phylogenetically Diverse Fusarium Species Associated with Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor L diversity Article Phylogenetically Diverse Fusarium Species Associated with Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor L. Moench) and Finger Millet (Eleusine Coracana L. Garten) Grains from Ethiopia Alemayehu Chala 1,*, Tulu Degefu 2 and May Bente Brurberg 3,4 1 College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa 1000, Ethiopia 2 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa 1000, Ethiopia; [email protected] 3 Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, Ås NO-1432, Norway; [email protected] 4 Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Høgskoleveien 7, Ås N-1432, Norway * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +251-912-163096; Fax: +251-46-2206711 Received: 15 May 2019; Accepted: 13 June 2019; Published: 15 June 2019 Abstract: Fusarium is one of the most diverse fungal genera affecting several crops around the world. This study describes the phylogeny of Fusarium species associated with grains of sorghum and finger millet from different parts of Ethiopia. Forty-two sorghum and 34 finger millet grain samples were mycologically analysed. All of the sorghum and more than 40% of the finger millet grain samples were contaminated by the Fusarium species. The Fusarium load was higher in sorghum grains than that in finger millet grains. In addition, 67 test isolates were phylogenetically analysed using EF-1α and β-tubulin gene primers. Results revealed the presence of eight phylogenetic placements within the genus Fusarium, where 22 of the isolates showed a close phylogenetic relation to the F. incarnatum–equiseti species complex. Nevertheless, they possess a distinct shape of apical cells of macroconidia, justifying the presence of new species within the Fusarium genus. The new species was the most dominant, represented by 33% of the test isolates. The current work can be seen as an important addition to the knowledge of the biodiversity of fungal species that exists within the Fusarium genus. It also reports a previously unknown Fusarium species that needs to be investigated further for toxin production potential. Keywords: beta-tubulin gene; DNA sequence; elongation factor gene (EF1-α); species diversity 1. Introduction The genus Fusarium is one of the most diverse fungal pathogens of plants and animals, including human beings. Fungi that belong to this genus are considered to be among the most harmful pathogens of cultural plants all over the world [1]. In addition to causing substantial yield and quality reduction on crop plants [2,3], members of this genus are also known as producers of important mycotoxins that affect the health of human beings and animals alike [4–6]. Fusarium species are widely distributed across the world, inhabiting the majority of bioclimatic regions and ecosystems [7,8]. The ability of Fusarium spp. to survive under diverse environmental conditions and their potential to infect a wide array of plants, both in natural and managed ecosystems, have contributed a great deal to attaining an immense diversity within the genus. As a result, Fusarium is known as the single most important toxigenic fungi with a confusing and unstable taxonomic history [9]. Many studies that aim to characterize Diversity 2019, 11, 93; doi:10.3390/d11060093 www.mdpi.com/journal/diversity Diversity 2019, 11, 93 2 of 11 fungal population structures, including that of the genus Fusarium, largely depended on conserved homologues genes [10]. Nowadays, there is an increased interest to utilize multilocus approaches to assess population structures of fungi, including that of Fusarium spp. [11–14].Since the early report in 1935 [15], much research has been conducted to resolve the diversity of the genus Fusarium, including phylogenetic relationships between and within species. On the other hand, research on Fusarium spp. from sorghum has been given only peripheral importance until recently [16], while those from millets are largely ignored. As a result, the diversity and population structure of Fusarium spp. associated with sorghum and finger millets is poorly understood. Yet the two crops are important parts of production systems and daily diet for millions of people around the world, especially in the resource-poor drylands of tropical Africa and Asia. In Ethiopia alone, 4,219,257.2 metric tons of sorghum was harvested from about 1,854,710.93 hectares of land, making it the fourth and third important cereal in total production and area coverage, respectively, [17]. On the other hand, 940,246.3 metric tons of finger millet grains were harvested from 465,508 hectares of land, and this made the crop the sixth most important cereal in Ethiopia [17]. All the sorghum and finger millets are produced, stored, and sold by subsistence farmers. Toxigenic fungi and associated mycotoxins are reported from sorghum and finger millet grains in Ethiopia by some (rather limited) previous works [18–22]. However, the identity and diversity of Fusarium spp. infecting sorghum and finger millet grains are not yet ascertained. Hence, the current work was conducted with the objective to unravel the genetic diversity of the genus Fusarium, associated with the two crops in Ethiopia. Results of this work would help to better understand the phylogeny and evolutionary relationship of members of this important pathogenic and toxigenic fungus, as the country is one of the major centers of origin and diversity for the two crops. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Isolate Collection A total of 76 (42 sorghum and 34 finger millet) grain samples that were meant for household consumption and sale on the local markets were collected from farmers’ stores in five districts of Northwest, Central, and South Ethiopia (Table1). Sample collection districts are known producers of the two crops but they were largely ignored by previous studies in the field of toxigenic fungi. Samples (1 kg each) were properly labeled with the name of the location and GPS coordinates, and stored at 4 ◦C until isolation. Table 1. Geographic origin of Fusarium isolates. No. of Samples Collected Geographic Location Altitude (m) Latitude Longitude Sorghum Finger Millet South 16 5 1297–1590 5◦190–5◦420 37◦220–37◦270 Central 6 9 1846–1915 7◦180–7◦240 38◦380–38◦400 Northwest 20 20 1054–1465 11◦040–11◦190 36◦200–36◦250 Total 42 34 2.2. Isolation, Identification, and Storage of the Isolates Grain samples were surface-sterilized using 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution for 90 s, and rinsed three times in sterile, distilled water. The surface-sterilized grains were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25 ◦C under continuous fluorescent light for 10 days. After 10 days of incubation, sporulation was observed in the PDA plates. Isolates were tentatively identified as fusaria, based on pigmentation and conidial shape [23]. For confirmation, each isolate was transferred to Spezieller Nährstoffarmer Agar (SNA) plates, incubated under 12 h light–dark cycles with UV and daylight color fluorescent lights at 25 ◦C, and the shapes of macroconidia were assessed after 15 days. Pure cultures of each Fusarium isolate were maintained on PDA and stored at 4 ◦C as stock cultures. Diversity 2019, 11, 93 3 of 11 2.3. Grain Contamination by Fusarium Species The number of colony-forming units (CFU) of Fusarium species per gram of grain was determined as follows [19]: Ten grams of each sample was surface-sterilized by a quick rinse in 70% isopropanol and soaked for 1–2 min in 1% sodium hypochlorite solution. The samples were ground in 90 mL of saline solution (composed of 0.58 g NH2PO4, 4 g NaCl, and 2.6 g Na2HPO4 in 1 L distilled water) with an ultraturrax for 30 s, and 2 mL of the resulting suspension was pipetted into 14.5 cm sterile petri plates in three replications. About 50 mL of autoclaved Fusarium selective medium, Nash and Snyder medium (15 g Peptone, 1 g KH2PO4, 0.5 g MgSO4.7H2O, 750 mg PCNB (Pentachloronitrobenzene), and 20 g agar to 1 L distilled water) [23], was poured into each of the petri plate. The plates were incubated at 25 2 C for 7 days and colony-forming units were counted. In the end, colony-forming ± ◦ units (CFU) were calculated per g of seed. 2.4. Molecular Characterization 2.4.1. DNA Extraction Each single spore isolate was grown on PDA for seven days under dark conditions at room temperature. Approximately 100 mg of fresh mycelium per isolate was crushed in liquid nitrogen, using a mortar and pestle. The fine powder of mycelium was transferred to a 2 mL microcentrifuge tube and genomic DNA was extracted using the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA), following the manufacturer’s instructions. The quality of the extracted DNA was controlled on 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis and the DNA was stored at 20 C. − ◦ 2.4.2. DNA Sequencing and Species Identification The elongation factor 1-alpha gene of 67 Fusarium isolates was partially sequenced using the EF-1α gene primers [24] (Table2). The PCR conditions were as follows: Initial denaturation at 94 ◦C for 5 min, 39 cycles of denaturation at 94 ◦C for 30 s, annealing at 60 ◦C for 30 s, and primer extension at 72 ◦C for 45 s and 72 ◦C for 7 min. Table 2. Nucleotide sequences of primers used in this study. Primer Gene Sequences Reference EF-728F EF-1α 50-CATCGAGAAGTTCGAGAAGG-30 24 EF-986R EF-1α 50-TACTTGAAGGAACCCTTACC-30 24 BT3 ß-tubulin 50-CGTCTAGAGGTACCCATACCGGCA-30 25 BT5 ß-tubulin 50-GCTCTAGACTGCTTTCTGGCAGACC-30 25 The PCR amplification was carried out in 25 µL reaction volumes mix, containing 2 µL dNTP (2.5 mM), 2.5 µL of 10 PCR buffer, 0.125 µL of Taq DNA polymerase (5 U/µL), 1 µL of each of the × forward and reverse primers (25 pM each), and 4 µL of template DNA.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Checklist of Fusarium Species Reported from Turkey
    Uploaded – August 2011, August 2015, October 2017. [Link page – Mycotaxon 116: 479, 2011] Expert Reviewers: Semra ILHAN, Ertugrul SESLI, Evrim TASKIN Checklist of Fusarium Species Reported from Turkey Ahmet ASAN e-mail 1 : [email protected] e-mail 2 : [email protected] Tel. : +90 284 2352824 / 1219 Fax : +90 284 2354010 Address: Prof. Dr. Ahmet ASAN. Trakya University, Faculty of Science -Fen Fakultesi-, Department of Biology, Balkan Yerleskesi, TR-22030 EDIRNE–TURKEY Web Page of Author: http://personel.trakya.edu.tr/ahasan#.UwoFK-OSxCs Citation of this work: Asan A. Checklist of Fusarium species reported from Turkey. Mycotaxon 116 (1): 479, 2011. Link: http://www.mycotaxon.com/resources/checklists/asan-v116-checklist.pdf Last updated: October 10, 2017. Link for Full text: http://www.mycotaxon.com/resources/checklists/asan-v116- checklist.pdf Link for Regional Checklist of the Mycotaxon Journal: http://www.mycotaxon.com/resources/weblists.html Link for Mycotaxon journal: http://www.mycotaxon.com This internet site was last updated on October 10, 2017, and contains the following: 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Some Historical Notes 4. Some Media Notes 5. Schema 6. Methods 7. The Other Information 8. Results - List of Species, Subtrates and/or Habitats, and Citation Numbers of Literature 9. Literature Cited Abstract Fusarium genus is common in nature and important in agriculture, medicine and veterinary science. Some species produce mycotoxins such as fumonisins, zearelenone and deoxynivalenol; and they can be harmfull for humans and animals. The purpose of this study is to document the Fusarium species isolated from Turkey with their subtrates and/or their habitat.
    [Show full text]
  • Fusarium Oxysporum FORMAE SPECIALES ASSOCIATED with ORNAMENTAL PALMS
    DIAGNOSTICS, GENOMICS AND POPULATION STUDIES ON Fusarium oxysporum FORMAE SPECIALES ASSOCIATED WITH ORNAMENTAL PALMS By SUSHMA V. PONUKUMATI A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2017 © 2017 Sushma V. Ponukumati To my family for their unconditional love and support ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Monica Elliott, my advisor, for supporting me in my research in all possible ways. She always encouraged me to be a passionate, independent researcher and gave me freedom to explore new research fields. She helped me to develop the habits of logical thinking and proper planning. Dr.Elliott selfless time and care were sometimes all that kept me going during the writing of this dissertation. I would like to thank Dr. Jeffrey Rollins for inducing passion towards bioinfomatics and helping me understand the importance of critical thinking. I am also appreciative to Dr. Rollins for his constant guidance and dedication in his role as co-advisor. Profound gratitiude goes to my other Ph.D committee members, Dr. Mathew Smith and Dr. Robin Giblin Davis, for serving on my committee and for providing their time and expertise. Their advice and recommendations were valuable resources for my dissertation. I will always cherish Dr. Smith for his inspirational chats. Dr.Smith has been a good role model in teaching, who encouraged and expected students to think independently with a purpose regarding any experiment or project. I am also thankful to Dr. Robin Giblin Davis for his constant support and motivation.
    [Show full text]
  • Endophytic Fungal Communities of Bromus Tectorum: Mutualisms, Community Assemblages and Implications for Invasion
    ENDOPHYTIC FUNGAL COMMUNITIES OF BROMUS TECTORUM: MUTUALISMS, COMMUNITY ASSEMBLAGES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR INVASION A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Science with a Major in Environmental Science in the College of Graduate Studies University of Idaho by Melissa A. Baynes August 2011 Major Professor: George Newcombe, Ph.D. ii AUTHORIZATION TO SUBMIT THESIS This thesis of Melissa A. Baynes, submitted for the degree of Master of Science with a major in Environmental Science and titled “ENDOPHYTIC FUNGAL COMMUNITIES OF BROMUS TECTORUM: MUTUALISMS, COMMUNITY ASSEMBLAGES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR INVASION,” has been reviewed in final form. Permission, as indicated by the signatures and dates given below, is now granted to submit final copies to the College of Graduate Studies for approval. iii ABSTRACT Exotic plant invasions are of serious economic, social and ecological concern worldwide. Although many promising hypotheses have been posited in attempt to explain the mechanism(s) by which plant invaders are successful, there is no single explanation for all invasions and often no single explanation for the success of an individual species. Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), an annual grass native to Eurasia, is an aggressive invader throughout the United States and Canada. Because it can alter fire regimes, cheatgrass is especially problematic in the sagebrush steppe of western North America. Its pre- adaptation to invaded climates, ability to alter community dynamics and ability to compete as a mycorrhizal or non-mycorrhizal plant may contribute to its success as an invader. However, its success is likely influenced by a variety of other mechanisms including symbiotic associations with endophytic fungi.
    [Show full text]
  • Three-Locus Sequence Identification and Differential Tebuconazole
    pathogens Article Three-Locus Sequence Identification and Differential Tebuconazole Sensitivity Suggest Novel Fusarium equiseti Haplotype from Trinidad Ria T. Villafana and Sephra N. Rampersad * Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-868-662-2002 (ext. 83109 or 83111) Received: 14 January 2020; Accepted: 23 February 2020; Published: 1 March 2020 Abstract: The Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC) consists of 33 phylogenetic species according to multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition (GCPSR). A multi-locus dataset consisting of nucleotide sequences of the translation elongation factor (EF-1α), calmodulin (CAM), partial RNA polymerase largest subunit (RPB1), and partial RNA polymerase second largest subunit (RPB2), was generated to distinguish among phylogenetic species within the FIESC isolates infecting bell pepper in Trinidad. Three phylogenetic species belonged to the Incarnatum clade (FIESC-15, FIESC-16, and FIESC-26), and one species belonged to the Equiseti clade (FIESC-14). Specific MLST types were sensitive to 10 µg/mL of tebuconazole fungicide as a discriminatory dose. The EC50 values were significantly different among the four MLST groups, which were separated into two homogeneous groups: FIESC-26a and FIESC-14a, demonstrating the “sensitive” azole phenotype and FIESC-15a and FIESC-16a as the “less sensitive” azole phenotype. CYP51C sequences of the Trinidad isolates, although under positive selection, were without any signatures of recombination, were highly conserved, and were not correlated with these azole phenotypes. CYP51C sequences were unable to resolve the FIESC isolates as phylogenetic inference indicated polytomic branching for these sequences.
    [Show full text]
  • Genome Sequencing of Paecilomyces Penicillatus Provides Insights Into Its Phylogenetic Placement and Mycoparasitism Mechanisms on Morel Mushrooms
    pathogens Article Genome Sequencing of Paecilomyces Penicillatus Provides Insights into Its Phylogenetic Placement and Mycoparasitism Mechanisms on Morel Mushrooms 1,2,3, 3, 2 3 4 1,2 Xinxin Wang y, Jingyu Peng y , Lei Sun , Gregory Bonito , Yuxiu Guo , Yu Li and Yongping Fu 2,* 1 Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; [email protected] 2 Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; [email protected] (L.S.); [email protected] (Y.L.) 3 Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48842, USA; [email protected] (J.P.); [email protected] (G.B.) 4 Life Science College, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130118, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] These authors contribute equally to this work. y Received: 3 September 2020; Accepted: 9 October 2020; Published: 13 October 2020 Abstract: Morels (Morchella spp.) are popular edible fungi with significant economic and scientific value. However, white mold disease, caused by Paecilomyces penicillatus, can reduce morel yield by up to 80% in the main cultivation area in China. Paecilomyces is a polyphyletic genus and the exact phylogenetic placement of P. penicillatus is currently still unclear. Here, we obtained the first high-quality genome sequence of P. penicillatus generated through the single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing platform. The assembled draft genome of P. penicillatus was 40.2 Mb, had an N50 value of 2.6 Mb and encoded 9454 genes. Phylogenetic analysis of single-copy orthologous genes revealed that P.
    [Show full text]
  • Descriptions of Medical Fungi
    DESCRIPTIONS OF MEDICAL FUNGI THIRD EDITION (revised November 2016) SARAH KIDD1,3, CATRIONA HALLIDAY2, HELEN ALEXIOU1 and DAVID ELLIS1,3 1NaTIONal MycOlOgy REfERENcE cENTRE Sa PaTHOlOgy, aDElaIDE, SOUTH aUSTRalIa 2clINIcal MycOlOgy REfERENcE labORatory cENTRE fOR INfEcTIOUS DISEaSES aND MIcRObIOlOgy labORatory SERvIcES, PaTHOlOgy WEST, IcPMR, WESTMEaD HOSPITal, WESTMEaD, NEW SOUTH WalES 3 DEPaRTMENT Of MOlEcUlaR & cEllUlaR bIOlOgy ScHOOl Of bIOlOgIcal ScIENcES UNIvERSITy Of aDElaIDE, aDElaIDE aUSTRalIa 2016 We thank Pfizera ustralia for an unrestricted educational grant to the australian and New Zealand Mycology Interest group to cover the cost of the printing. Published by the authors contact: Dr. Sarah E. Kidd Head, National Mycology Reference centre Microbiology & Infectious Diseases Sa Pathology frome Rd, adelaide, Sa 5000 Email: [email protected] Phone: (08) 8222 3571 fax: (08) 8222 3543 www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au © copyright 2016 The National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry: creator: Kidd, Sarah, author. Title: Descriptions of medical fungi / Sarah Kidd, catriona Halliday, Helen alexiou, David Ellis. Edition: Third edition. ISbN: 9780646951294 (paperback). Notes: Includes bibliographical references and index. Subjects: fungi--Indexes. Mycology--Indexes. Other creators/contributors: Halliday, catriona l., author. Alexiou, Helen, author. Ellis, David (David H.), author. Dewey Number: 579.5 Printed in adelaide by Newstyle Printing 41 Manchester Street Mile End, South australia 5031 front cover: Cryptococcus neoformans, and montages including Syncephalastrum, Scedosporium, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Microsporum, Purpureocillium, Paecilomyces and Trichophyton. back cover: the colours of Trichophyton spp. Descriptions of Medical Fungi iii PREFACE The first edition of this book entitled Descriptions of Medical QaP fungi was published in 1992 by David Ellis, Steve Davis, Helen alexiou, Tania Pfeiffer and Zabeta Manatakis.
    [Show full text]
  • Importation of Ananas Comosus (Pineapple) Fruit from Indonesia Into
    Importation of Ananas comosus United States (Pineapple) fruit from Indonesia into Department of Agriculture the United States and Territories Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Pest April 10, 2019 Risk Assessment Version 1.0 Agency Contact: Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Science and Technology Plant Protection and Quarantine Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service United States Department of Agriculture 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606 Pest Risk Assessment for Ananas comosus from Indonesia Executive Summary The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prepared this risk assessment to examine plant pest risks associated with importing commercially-produced fruit of pineapple, Ananas comosus (Bromeliaceae), for consumption from Indonesia into the United States and Territories. Based on the market access request submitted by Indonesia, we considered the pathway to include the following processes and conditions: whole pineapple fruit with or without the crown that has been washed, wax- coated, and manually dried. The pineapple fruit will be shipped year-round in pre-cooled containers at 7-9 °C. The risk ratings in this assessment are contingent upon the application of all components of the pathway as described in this document. Based on the scientific literature, port-of-entry pest interception data, and information from the government of Indonesia, we developed a list of quarantine pests that are known to occur in Indonesia (on any host) and to be associated with A. comosus (anywhere in the world). Of these, we found nine organisms that have a reasonable likelihood of being associated with the commodity following harvesting from the field and prior to any post-harvest processing and thus are potentially able to follow the pathway.
    [Show full text]
  • Unambiguous Identification of Fungi: Where Do We Stand and How Accurate and Precise Is Fungal DNA Barcoding? Robert Lücking1,2* , M
    Lücking et al. IMA Fungus (2020) 11:14 https://doi.org/10.1186/s43008-020-00033-z IMA Fungus NOMENCLATURE Open Access Unambiguous identification of fungi: where do we stand and how accurate and precise is fungal DNA barcoding? Robert Lücking1,2* , M. Catherine Aime2,3 , Barbara Robbertse4, Andrew N. Miller2,5 , Hiran A. Ariyawansa2,6 , Takayuki Aoki2,7 , Gianluigi Cardinali8 , Pedro W. Crous2,9,10 , Irina S. Druzhinina2,11,12 , David M. Geiser13, David L. Hawksworth2,14,15,16,17 ,KevinD.Hyde2,18,19,20,21 , Laszlo Irinyi22 , Rajesh Jeewon23 , Peter R. Johnston2,24 , Paul M. Kirk25 , Elaine Malosso2,26 ,TomW.May2,27 , Wieland Meyer22 ,MaarjaÖpik2,28 ,VincentRobert8,9, Marc Stadler2,29 ,MarcoThines2,30 , Duong Vu9 ,AndreyM.Yurkov2,31 ,NingZhang2,32 and Conrad L. Schoch2,4 ABSTRACT True fungi (Fungi) and fungus-like organisms (e.g. Mycetozoa, Oomycota) constitute the second largest group of organisms based on global richness estimates, with around 3 million predicted species. Compared to plants and animals, fungi have simple body plans with often morphologically and ecologically obscure structures. This poses challenges for accurate and precise identifications. Here we provide a conceptual framework for the identification of fungi, encouraging the approach of integrative (polyphasic) taxonomy for species delimitation, i.e. the combination of genealogy (phylogeny), phenotype (including autecology), and reproductive biology (when feasible). This allows objective evaluation of diagnostic characters, either phenotypic or molecular or both. Verification of identifications is crucial but often neglected. Because of clade-specific evolutionary histories, there is currently no single tool for the identification of fungi, although DNA barcoding using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) remains a first diagnosis, particularly in metabarcoding studies.
    [Show full text]
  • First Report: Association of Fusarium Incarnatum with Rhizome Rot of Zingiber Officinale Roscoe in Sikkim
    © 2018 JETIR August 2018, Volume 5, Issue 8 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) FIRST REPORT: ASSOCIATION OF FUSARIUM INCARNATUM WITH RHIZOME ROT OF ZINGIBER OFFICINALE ROSCOE IN SIKKIM Neelam Gurung1, Sushen Pradhan1, Bharat Chandra Basistha1, Veena Pande2 1Senior Research Fellow, 1Research Associate, 1Additional Director, 2Head & Coordinator 1Sikkim State Council of Science and Technology, Vigyan Bhawan, Deorali, Gangtok, India 2Kumaun University, Department of Biotechnology, Nainital, Uttrakhand, India ABSTRACT: Ginger is a third economically important crop grown after large cardamom and citrus in Sikkim. The crop is susceptible to number of pests and disease, the most common disease being rhizome rot caused by Fusarium spp. and Pythium spp. which destroys the yield during cultivation as well as in storage. Farmers are incurring severe losses due to pest and disease for the past many years. However, there is a need to gather more information about pathogens related to rhizome rot, which provides a way to search for more effective prevention and treatment strategies. Infected ginger rhizomes were collected from different parts of Sikkim. The present study reports the association of Fusarium incarnatum (Desm.) Sacc. (synonym: Fusarium semitectum) with rhizome rot of ginger. Morphologically it is floccose with abundant powdery aerial mycelium and brown pigmentation, 3 to 4 septate heterogenous macroconidia of 20 µm. Pathogenicity test revealed 38.48% PI value causing moderate rhizome rot. This is the first record of ginger rhizome rot caused by F. incarnatum in Sikkim. With this report crop protection will certainly be strengthened and a potential component for integrated disease management to prevent and control rhizome rot in ginger field could be suggested to the farmers.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of Microfungi on Grasses in Thailand (Excluding Bambusicolous Fungi)
    Asian Journal of Mycology 1(1): 88–105 (2018) ISSN 2651-1339 www.asianjournalofmycology.org Article Doi 10.5943/ajom/1/1/7 Checklist of microfungi on grasses in Thailand (excluding bambusicolous fungi) Goonasekara ID1,2,3, Jayawardene RS1,2, Saichana N3, Hyde KD1,2,3,4 1 Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand 2 School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand 3 Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia (KLPB), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China 4 World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China Goonasekara ID, Jayawardene RS, Saichana N, Hyde KD 2018 – Checklist of microfungi on grasses in Thailand (excluding bambusicolous fungi). Asian Journal of Mycology 1(1), 88–105, Doi 10.5943/ajom/1/1/7 Abstract An updated checklist of microfungi, excluding bambusicolous fungi, recorded on grasses from Thailand is provided. The host plant(s) from which the fungi were recorded in Thailand is given. Those species for which molecular data is available is indicated. In total, 172 species and 35 unidentified taxa have been recorded. They belong to the main taxonomic groups Ascomycota: 98 species and 28 unidentified, in 15 orders, 37 families and 68 genera; Basidiomycota: 73 species and 7 unidentified, in 8 orders, 8 families and 18 genera; and Chytridiomycota: one identified species in Physodermatales, Physodermataceae. Key words – Ascomycota – Basidiomycota – Chytridiomycota – Poaceae – molecular data Introduction Grasses constitute the plant family Poaceae (formerly Gramineae), which includes over 10,000 species of herbaceous annuals, biennials or perennial flowering plants commonly known as true grains, pasture grasses, sugar cane and bamboo (Watson 1990, Kellogg 2001, Sharp & Simon 2002, Encyclopedia of Life 2018).
    [Show full text]
  • Mexico Ware Potato RA.Docx
    Importation, from Mexico into the United States, of Potato, Solanum tuberosum, Tubers Intended for Consumption A Pathway-initiated Commodity Risk Assessment April 2011 Agency contact: Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, North Carolina 27606 Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum, from Mexico Executive Summary In this document we present results of an assessment of the risks associated with the importation, from Mexico into the United States (the 50 states and Caribbean territories), of ware potatoes (i.e., potatoes for consumption only), Solanum tuberosum L. A search of available sources of information and APHIS, PPQ port interception records identified eight quarantine pests of S. tuberosum that occur in Mexico and could be introduced into the United States in consignments of that commodity. Consequences of Introduction were estimated by assessing five elements that reflect the biology and ecology of the pests: climate/host interaction, host range, dispersal potential, economic impact, and environmental impact, resulting in the calculation of a risk value. Likelihood of Introduction was estimated by considering both the quantity of the commodity to be imported annually and the potential for pest introduction, resulting in the calculation of a second risk value. The two values were summed to estimate an overall Pest Risk Potential, which is an estimation of risk in the absence of mitigation. Quarantine pests considered likely to follow the import pathway are presented in the following table, indicating their risk ratings.
    [Show full text]
  • Microbial Diversity in Cultivated and Feral Vanilla Vanilla Planifolia Orchids Affected by Stem and Rot Disease
    Microbial Diversity in Cultivated and Feral Vanilla Vanilla Planifolia Orchids Affected by Stem and Rot Disease Ireri A. Carbajal-Valenzuela CINVESTAV: Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional Ariel H. Muñoz-Sanchez CINVESTAV: Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional Juan Hernández-Hernández Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Francisco Barona-Gómez CINVESTAV: Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional Camille Truong Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Birdwood Avenue, Melbourne Angelica Cibrian-Jaramillo ( [email protected] ) CINVESTAV: Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7974-455X Research Article Keywords: Fusarium, meta-barcoding, microbiome, pathogen resistance, Vanilla planifolia Posted Date: July 13th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-694307/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/19 Abstract The worldwide production of vanilla, a native orchid from Mexico, is greatly affected by stem and root rot disease, typically associated with Fusarium oxysporum fungi. We hypothesized that the presence of Fusarium species in vanilla is not sucient for the plant to express symptoms of the disease. We described the taxonomic composition of endophytic microbiomes in symptomatic, asymptomatic vanilla plants using 16S and ITS rDNA metabarcoding, and ITS Sanger sequences generated from fungal isolates. We compared the bacterial and fungal diversity in vanilla plants from a long-term plantation, and from feral plants found near abandoned plantations that did not present SRD symptoms. No signicant differences were found in the species richness of the bacterial and fungal microbiome among feral, or asymptomatic and symptomatic cultivated vanilla.
    [Show full text]