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Internet Governance: Challenges and Opportunities for Escwa Member Countries

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Internet Governance: Challenges and Opportunities for Escwa Member Countries ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR WESTERN ASIA (ESCWA) INTERNET GOVERNANCE: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR ESCWA MEMBER COUNTRIES United Nations Distr. GENERAL E/ESCWA/ICTD/2009/7 15 June 2009 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR WESTERN ASIA (ESCWA) INTERNET GOVERNANCE: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR ESCWA MEMBER COUNTRIES United Nations New York, June 2009 09-0195 “Internet has become the backbone of our globalized world….For the United Nations, it has become a powerful tool in our mission to promote peace and security, development and human rights, particularly in the flows of information and knowledge that it enables”. The United Nations embraced “the opportunity to provide, through the Forum, a platform that helps to ensure the Internet’s global reach. The Forum can develop a common understanding of how we can maximize the opportunities the Internet offers, how we can use it for the benefit for all nations and peoples, and how we can address risks and challenges”. Ban Ki-Moon addressing the second Internet Governance Forum (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2007) “In only a few years, the Internet has revolutionized trade, health, education and, indeed, the very fabric of human communication and exchange. Moreover, its potential is far greater than what we have seen in the relatively short time since its creation. In managing, promoting and protecting its presence in our lives, we need to be no less creative than those who invented it. Clearly, there is a need for governance, but that does not necessarily mean that it has to be done in the traditional way, for something that is so very different.” Kofi Annan addressing the Global Forum on Internet Governance (New York, 24 March 2004) Acknowledgements A number of independent consultants and experts from the global Internet governance community have contributed to this study, in addition to a number of experts from, among others, the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Moreover, the study has benefited from a peer review by experts from the Arab Working Group on Domain Names and Internet Issues (AWGDNII) under the aegis of the League of Arab States, as well as by a number of Internet governance experts. The opinions in this study reflect the views of a wide array of stakeholders with distinct and sometimes conflicting perspectives and viewpoints. In seeking to compile these varying views, not all contributors will necessarily agree with or endorse the points set forth in this document. Efforts have been undertaken to reference and quote contributors as accurately as possible. However, owing to the nature of the topics and the multiplicity of ideas and opinions, it was not possible to reference and quote every idea or opinion stated in this study. In that regard, none of the above contributors from ESCWA, ICANN, ITU or the League of Arab States can be held responsible for any errors, misinterpretation or misrepresentation of any of the enclosed information or opinions. The views, interpretations or conclusions expressed in the document do not necessarily reflect the views of ICANN or the input it provided. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Preface Currently, the Internet spans the globe and brings voice, video, data and information to billions of people. Consequently, it has attracted the attention of decision makers in terms of debating public policy at the global level. The crucial role of the Internet in sustainable human development and its significant socio- economic impact leads to the very question of who is actually governing the Internet. The global community has a common interest in developing inclusive and participatory models of governance that ensure Internet security and evolution, with an effective engagement from all involved stakeholders. The importance that the international community attaches to the Internet came to the forefront at the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), which was held in two phases, namely, in Geneva in 2003 and in Tunis in 2005. While WSIS put the Internet in the limelight of an international policy debate, the debate was characterized by a sense of frustration from developing countries because they felt alienated from existing governance structures. They became aware of the importance of participation in the debate and expression of views, and of expectations regarding any governance arrangements.1 This debate, which started in 2003, is still ongoing. Following the emergence and maturity of the global debate on issues related to Internet governance, ESCWA embarked on this study with the aim of creating a guidebook for the Arab region in this arena. This study provides an analytical description of the current arrangements of Internet governance and the role of involved parties. It elaborates on the main issues of the debate and focuses on those that are most important for the region. Additionally, it highlights challenges facing the Arab region regarding these issues and provides recommendations for an effective and, it is hoped, unified position for Arab countries in the global debate. This study should assist the League of Arab States Working Group on Domain Names and Internet Issues in terms of formulating an opinion about common views regarding Internet governance issues. The study will pave the way for the next Internet governance forum, which is set to convene in November 2009 in Egypt, as well as subsequent forums. 1 M. Krummer, “Internet governance and the need for an inclusive multi-stakeholder dialogue”, which is available at: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/60/53/37985809.pdf. iii iv CONTENTS Page Preface ........................................................................................................................................... iii Abbreviations and explanatory notes ............................................................................................ viii Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter I. INTERNET GOVERNANCE: AN OVERVIEW .......................................................... 3 A. Evolution and historical background – from WSIS to IGF ......................................... 3 B. The IGF process and its importance for developing countries .................................... 5 C. Classification of Internet governance issues................................................................ 8 II. INSITUTIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL DYNAMICS ........................................ 10 A. Emergence of an “authority” for coordination triggers the debate .............................. 10 B. Current ecosystem for Internet governance ................................................................. 14 C. Initial critique to the prevailing Internet governance ecosystem ................................. 24 D. The response of ITU to the global debate and the IGF process ................................... 26 E. The response of ICANN to the global debate .............................................................. 28 F. The perspective of the European Union regarding Internet governance ..................... 29 G. Issues related to IANA: special considerations ........................................................... 30 H. The Arab perspective regarding Internet governance .................................................. 32 III. ISSUES RELATED TO CRITICAL INTERNET RESOURCES ................................ 35 A. Critical Internet resources and the Internet governance debate ................................... 35 B. Summary of the discussions on critical Internet resources during the IGF meetings ....................................................................................................................... 35 C. Selected issues related to critical Internet resources .................................................... 36 D. Conclusions and recommendations ............................................................................. 48 IV. ISSUES RELATED TO ACCESS ................................................................................... 50 A. Access with respect to Internet governance ................................................................. 50 B. Summary of the discussions on access during the IGF meetings ................................ 50 C. Issues directly related to access ................................................................................... 52 D. The role of broadband in Internet access ..................................................................... 58 E. Access considerations in the Arab region .................................................................... 59 V. ISSUES RELATED TO DIVERSITY ............................................................................. 62 A. Diversity: the key for a global Internet ........................................................................ 62 B. Summary of the diversity debate during the IGF meetings ......................................... 64 C. The input of the Arab region and the efforts to promote Internet diversity
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