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Booting Linux: the History and the Future Werner Almesberger Werner

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Booting Linux: the History and the Future Werner Almesberger Werner ¢¡£¡¥¤§¦©¨ ¦©¨£ ¦¤¡! #"%$&¨ '%¤# ()¤§ § *+-,/.#+-,103254+7698:+-,/;<+-, =>©?A@B>/?/C DFEHGI>/JLKM>/?LN7>©?OP>©QSRC TVU WYX#.#+[Z<\^]_ZM`<`<` ´ µ7¶d·S¸B¹º»¼Y·B½¹:¶ abdcfehg7ijSe ªyUB>¥KYlnlfoFQB?AlST>/JAJTl7@uJLpHJoAJlh^ow~mlIGrqs¾wlh?QuUuqhJL>/J/®Fw¿À EHl7qh{Bpt@BNoLUu>Ipt@nS[±h>©?A@B>/EpH@-oLl GI>©GIlh?Av¯qf@M{¨Quq7JLJLpH@BN Tl7@-oL?AlhE§oAl¯p¬o9 _qf@u{§ÂÁh&pt@BptoLp|qfEHpHépH@BN)oLUu>1@Bl7?LGrqfE:lhQY>©?L} qsoAptl7@>/@n-pH?Alh@BGI>©@-o9CÄnlhGI> lf oLUB>)QYl7JAJLptKBEH>)~yqÀvnJoAl kmlnlfoLpH@BNrqf@3lhQY>©?VqsoApt@uNIJLvSJwoA>©GxGI>9qf@uJyoAlIGz>9{Sp|qsoL>¥KY>} QY>©?Llh?AGIJmoAUB>/JL>¥JwoA>©QuJqf?A>{B>©QBp|T¦oA>/{3pt@3©uN7B?A>¿7C ow~m>©>©@q[uJMqfEHEtv7>©?AvKuqhJLp|Tf dqh@u{?L>97u>©@-oLEHvB@B?A>©EHpt} qfKuEt>£JLvSJwoA>©G>/@n-pH?Alh@BGI>©@-o1>hC NuC£oAUB>1ykmLB oLUu> B@uToLpHlh@uqhEtptowv?A>/-BpH?A>/{KnvoAUB>)lhQY>©?VqsoApt@uNJLvSJwoA>©Gpto} JL>©Etw Yqh@u{3oLUB>Jl7Gz>©oLpHGI>/JF?VqsoAUB>©?PJl7QBUBp|JwoApHT/qsoL>9{ J>©oLBQuJ uJL>©?VJy~pHJLUoLl£T?A>/qfoL>7C Hardware startup B?AlhGoAUB>UnBGKBEt>PKM>/NhpH@B@BpH@BN7JdlfoAUB>PRulhQBQnvIKYl-lhomJL>/T} Firmware (BIOS) oLl7?/ foLUB>pH@nS!KYlnlfo§QB?AlnT©>/JAJUuqhJNh?Als~@&?ApHTVUB@uToLpHlh@S} qfEHptowvh h~ptoLUI7>©?VJLqfoLpHEt>yKYl-lho_Etl-qh{S>/?AJy5w 7D w¡& ¢£y¤ k §>oVTfC¥¦ yJ>/h>/?AqhEdKYlnlfo£pHGIqhNh>lh?AGrqsoAJ/ :qh@u{qh@ Boot selector pH@uT?A>/q7JpH@BNsqf?Apt>©owvlh&lhQY>©?VqsoLpHlh@MJIoLUuqfo3T/qf@§KY>¨{Slh@u> Boot loader NMCEHl7qh{S} >©7>©@KM>©lh?A>1oAUB>)JvSJoL>©Gp|JBEHEtvKYlnlfoA>/{ _>7C Legacy OS pH@BN£lf_{S?ApHh>©?GzlS{SuEt>9JKY>l7?L>&GIl7B@-oLpH@BNroLUu>&?LlnlhoF©uEH> JLvnJoL>/G C Linux−capable Linux loader boot loader ªyUB>KYl-lho)QB?LlST©>/JAJp|J)qfE|JLlKY>/Tl7GIpt@BNGIlh?A>{Sp¬«£T©BE¬o ~ptoLU­oLpHGI>h®¯@B>/~°QY>©?ApHQBUB>©?VqfE|JI~ptoLUpt@-oA>©?A>/JoLpH@BNB@uT¦} Linux kernel oLpHlh@MqfEHp¬owv&qh@u{JLlhGI>©oLpHGz>9J>©h>/@!GIlh?A>mpt@-oL>/?L>9JwoApt@uNPQB?AlhKB} EH>©GrJ_N7>o:~p|{S>©EHvI{S>©QBEHlsvh>9{Iqf@u{I@B>/>/{IoAl&KY>JuQBQMl7?oA>/{ Mount initrd uJL>©?VJ_T?A>/qfoL>@B>/~§qf@u{rT©lhGIQBEHpHT/qsoL>9{IJvSJoL>©GTl7@S©uN7B?Aqf} oLpHlh@MJmqh@u{3JwoAptEHE<@B>©>9{£oAlzKY>qfKBEH> oLlzKMlnlfo9 Bqf@u{1EHq7JwoyKBSo @BlhoEH>/q7Jwo9 @B>/~B@MT¦oLpHlh@MqfEHp¬owv¯p|J&T©lh@uJoAqh@7oAEtv¯q7{B{S>9{¯oAl /linuxrc oLUu>±h>©?A@B>/E5 hqh@u{IJl7GI>mlhMpto/ ->hC NuC^@B>©~©uEH>FJvSJoL>©GrJ/ hT©qh@ qfE|JLlIqf²Y>9T¦oyoLUu>¥KMlnlfoFQu?LlST>9JLJ/C Linux kernel Mount root file system DFEHE-oLUB>yTl7GIQBEtp|T©qfoLpHlh@uJoLUu>dKYlnlfo^Qu?LlST>9JLJ^Uuq7JoAlUuqh@u{SEH> qf?A>z>©h>/@[~mlh?VJL>{SB?ApH@BN)JvSJoL>©Gpt@uJoAqhEtE|qsoAptl7@ KY>/T©qhuJL> /sbin/init q¯E|qf?ANh>r@nBGKM>/?lhFQMl-JLJLpHKBEt>Tlh@B©uNhB?VqsoAptl7@uJ&GuJoKY> Tl7@uJLpH{S>/?L>9{ hKuSoyJoLl7?AqhNh>FJLQuqhT©>Fp|J:EHptGIptoL>9{C§B?A>/-B>©@-oAEtv System runs qzJpH@BNhEH> RulhQuQ-v£{BpHJL±£Uuq7J:oAlrJS«£T©>Pl7?moLUB> ©u?VJwoFJoL>/QuJ©C ^pHNhu?L>I¿h®§kmlnlfoFQB?AlST>9JLJmlsh>/?LnpH>©~¥C ªyUBp|JmQuqfQY>©?{S>9JLT©?LpHKM>9J_oAUB>KMlnlhomQB?AlST>9JLJdB@u{S>/?pH@-B< 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