Racial/Ethnic Categories: Do They Matter?
ACTIC)N COUNCIL ------POVERTY RACE RESEARCH ------···-·--
November/ December 1994 Volume 3: Numhff 6
Racial/Ethnic Categories: Do They Matter?
The July 15, 1994 New Yorker on the subjectin our January/February scientists. government agencies that col r.arried a very important article, by staf{ issue. Per our usual practice, we willbe lect data, and, of course, to advocacy writer wwrence Wright, titled "One asking several social scientists and groups in the various minority commun Drop of Blood. "discussing the meaning activists to submit their commerits;and, itiesconcerned with group entitlements. and utj/ity of racial and ethnic categories, again as usual, we will be happy to Census statistics are crucial for so particularly as these are defined by the con.siderother, unsolicitedcommeruaries many reasons. '"Con�ional districts US government, as they are used in data from P&R readers. rise and fall with the shifting demo collection efforts, and as various ad graphics of the country," as Wright vocacy groups view them. With Mr. Lastfall, the HouseSubcommittee on notes. And programfunding of all sorts Wrights permission, we present a con Census, Statisticsand Postal Pcrwnncl, is a function of how many people are siderably shortened. descriptive version chaired by Rep. Thomas Sawyer (D placed in each category-"the numbers 'Jj his essay, quoting from and para OH), held a series o(hearin gson modifi drive the dollars,.. MSawyer puts it. tJhrasing it liberally (quotes not attri cation of the existing racial categories The government agency responsible �uted to anyone else are Wnght s). Those used by the Census and on the larger for determining standard classifications -vho want a completecopy of the 8-page question of whether it is properfor the of racial and'ethnic data is theQff,ce of Wright article should send us a SASE governmentto classifypeople according Management & Budget. OMB's 1977 Given the importance and topicality to arbitrarydistinctions of skin color and Statistical Directive 15, which controls ifthis issue,we will presenta Symposium ancestry.Toe �ue is of deepinterest to (Pleasetum IO J) HELP!!! CONTENTS: Racial/Ethnic P RRAC's 50 I(cX3)-tax exempt-status is up for renewal at the end ofthis year, following I RS 's 5--yearadvance ruling period.To meetthe IRS's regulations Categories ...... 1 about funding diversification, we need to increase the proportion of "public ReparationsSympoelum: money" in our budget. Only a portion of our foundation grants counts as "public TheodoreM. Shaw ... 3 money," but every dollar of your contributions is golden for that purpose.Almost JeanneMlrer ...... 4 all of you have received our recent Big Mailing, with the PRRAC Nen,,,·ork JohnY. Tatellhl ...... 5 Directory, the Sept. i Oct.issue of Poverty & Race, and our funding appeal.If you haven't already done so, please consider sending us a tax-deductible donation RonaldL Trosper .... 6 beforeDecember 31- in time to claim it as a 1994deduction, intime to support john& powell ...... 7 PRRAC's IRS renewal application. PRRAC is an important institution, AdvoccyReports ..... 10 providing valuable servicesto our Network, as your lette� and comments let w know. We now urgently needsome material demonstration of that regard-S25 GlassCeilings ...... 11 would be very helpful. Thanks in advance. PRRAC Update ...... 13 ChesterHartman Resources ...... 14 Executive Director overty&.Race ResearchAciion COW1cil • 17Jl Conmc1icut Ave. NW • SuiJe207 • Washington.DC20009 • 202/�87-9887•FAX 202/387.()764 (CA TEGOR!£S: Continuedfrom /J'lKt! I) gory. Wright obs.er'\'cs, ..threatens to applied only to peopleof African descent. undermine the concept of racial classifi And it is. of course. a racist rule, no these categories for all federal forms and cation altogether.� two-way street: one did not ju mp over to statistics, recognizes four general racial Some. of cour,;e.ugue that would be the white community by virtue of having groups in the US: American Indian or no "threat'' at all... \1 uJtiracialism hasthe "white blood." (Wright notes that the Alaskan Native; Asian or Pacific [s potential for undermining the very basis rule may still be the law of the land, lander; Black: and White. With regard to of racism, which is its categories," asserts according to a 1986 Supreme Court ethnicity, Directive 15 also recognizes G. Reginald Daniel of UCLA. But the decision.) Hispanic Origin and Not of Hispanic impact on present programs could be America, to be sure, has always had Origin."The categories ... as Wrightnotes, catastrophic. Schooldesegregation plans "Black"leaders who were to some extent .. ask that every American fit· himself or would bethrown intothe air. Legislative _.. white" -Booker T. Washington. Fred herself into one racial and one ethnic districts would ha,·e to beredrawn ...The erick Douglas.W.E.B. DuBois, Malcolm box." entire civil rightS regulatory program X, Martin Luther King, Jr., LaniGui.nier, Rep. Sawyer makes this trenchant concerning housing.. employment and Douglas Wilder and Louis Farrakhan observation: ..We are unique in this education," Wright notes, ..would have are a few of the more prominent names. country in the way we describe and to be reassessed ... Those who are Both whitesand Blacks acceded in defin define race and ascribe to it charactc, ing such pern>nsas Black. isticsthat other cultures viewvery differ What would be the consequences of ently." Noting the various immigr�J1on Nearly eve,ycensus since moving_ t�ward recognizingthe true ex waves the country has experienced,h1- 1790has measured race tent of -multiracialism in- the US? How, cluding the current streams, Sawyer goes dl"erently. for example, would an affirmative action on to say that the racial categories ·and progt'arif be implemented? ..Suppose," distinctions used ..inevitably reflect the posits Wright, ..a court orders a city to temporal bias of every age.That becomes hire additional Black police officers to charged with enforcing rights laws problem when the nation is civil make up_ for past discrimination. a itself see the Multiracial boxas a wreckingball Will undergoing deep and historic diversifi mixed-race officers count? they at 1rmari'\'oe action."While no Will cation." aimed aff count wholly or in part?" And the multi one knows how many multiracialpersons racial category obviously leads to even in fact would opt for chat new category, greater fraeti..Qnalization, the children "'merely placing such an option on the as Multiracial ism of multiracial unic,ns further subdivide. c:ensusinvit� peop�to consider choos One obvious problem the existmg more and more people,from all racial with it,.. saysWrighL He notes that when As classification system mixed-race ing is per the Census listed -Cajun" as one of and ethnic groups, marry outside their sons, whose numbers are vast ?Ut not group,t� phenomenon interuifies."The several examples under the ancestry precisely known. There have been pro continua{ modulation of racial differ question, the numberof Cajuns jumped posals to add Multiracial"category a .. to nearly 2,000o/o. ences in America is increasing the jumble the c:ensus. The proportion of people created by centuries of ethnic intermar Multiracialism. of course, is the story who now check the Black box but could, riage," notes Wright. of America ever sinceColumbus and becauseof mixedgenetic heritage,check his The following examples illustrate the men stepped on our shores. Clearly, Multiracial, is at least 75% and may beas political-scientific jumble: "At times," slavery fueled the process,as white slave high as 90%. proposed cate- notes Wright, have countedas 'races' 1rus new owners, in order to enlarge the slave "we differentnational groups, such as Mex population (as well as gratify their own icans and Filipinos. Some Asian Indians lust) fathered tens of thousands of were counted as members of a 'Hindu' Powny & Rllce 107>3591) is mixed-race"Negroes." (ISSN race in the censuses from 1920 to 1940; publi.9hedsix timesa yearby the Poverty Census categorieshave constantly con RaceResearch Action Council. 171 l they & fused and been confused about race. then becamewhite for threedecades. Conn.Ave. NW #'11)7,Wasbiogton, DC ... Canada dropped the race question ..How unsettled this country has always 20009,'102/ 387-9887,fax: 2f1J.J 387--0'764. from its census in 1951 and has so beenabout its racialcategories evident far Chester-Hartman,F.ditor, Catherine M. is resisted all attemptsto reinstitute it... In Dom. Editorial is DO in that fact that nearly every census Assistant. Thcle since the US, the American Liberties charge for the newsletter,but donations [the original1790 Ceruus] has measured Civil Union tried to get the race question are encouraged. Articles, articlesugges. race differently."'\\-tth regard to the most droppedfrom the 1960Census, and New tiom, and generalcomments arc wel volatile racial category, until recently we Jersey stoppedentering raceinformation come, as uc notices of publications, had "that peculiar American institution conferences, job etc. for our on birth and death certificates in 1962 opcninp, knowninformally a.sthe 'one-drop rule'," Section. Articles and 1963. But beginning in 1964, the Resources generally which definedas Blacka personwho had - may be reprinted, providing PRRAC Rights era laws, notably the l965 gives advance permission. as little as asingle drop of that mythical Civil substance, "Black blood."The measure (Pleasetum 10 page8) 2 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 3, No. 6 • November/ Decem.Nr1994 1; ... Reparations: A Symposium (Part 3) We offerfive additional commentaries on rhe reparations issue. In our July/ Augurr issue we pub fished, as our lead artide, an nterview with economistRichard America, who has writ ten abour and advocated widely for reparations to the Black commwiityJor he historical injustice and long-term disadvantaging effects of slavery. A supportive commentary by CongressmanJohn Conyers ·whose bill, H. R. 40. calls for a study of slaverys legacy and recommendation of remedies) and a '1riendly dissent" by Temple '.fniversity sociologist Howard Winant accompanied the interview. We then. in our September/ October issue, published ·ommentaries by Wilson Riles, Jr., of the American Friends Service Commillee, Joe Feagin/ Hernan Vera of the University of t"forida,Sharon Park of the Union Institute, Ka/onji Olu.segunof N'COBRA. David McReynolds of the War Resi.stersleague, Billy Tidwell of the National Urban league, and Herbert Gans of Columbia University. Here we are presenting a.finalset of commentaries,by PRRAC Board members Theodore Shaw ofthe NA A C P legal Defense §:Educational Fund andjohn powell of the University of Minneso la Law School. Jeanne Mire, of the National Lawyers Guild, John rateishi. a key player in the successful Japane�American reparations campaign, and Ronald Trosper of the National Indian Policy :�enter at George Washington University,,, Ifyou are receiving P&Rfor the first time and want a copy of the earlier reparations articles. send us a SASE (52t postage). Oneadditional item: At an October /7-/8 University of Minnesota Humphrey Institute conference on"Race Relo.tions & Civil t?.ights in the Post Reagan-Bush &a," PRRAC Executive Director Chester Harzrnan moderated a panel on remedies, at which 'Jniversity of North Carolinaeconomist WilliamDarity presented an eloquent defenseof the reparations concept; a copy of the text he ead from may be available from Prof Darity at the Economics Dept., UNC. Chapel Hill. NC 27599. Apology/Acknowledgement Is ln1perative by Theodore M. Shaw One hundredand thirty years after the tional Fund has warnedpeople not to act wrongs of sim,:�ry when former slaves :mancipation Proclamationwas signed, in relianceon this inf onnation.) were denied compensation in 1866. Be he issue of reparations for the descen The virtue of the reparations discus sides, the practical problem of admin lants of slaves is a subject of discussion sion does not have anything to do with i.i.tering such an effort is mind-boggling. r1 some quarters. Some argue that the the question of whether African-Amer Is the issue of reparations, then, a Jnited States' failure to compensate ican descendants of slaves ever receive useless discussion? IL is not. Its value may IJ"rican Americans for the wrongs of money from the federal government. bein the light it sheds on the way we as a lavery leaves unfinishedbusiness on the Following the Civil War, President nation have dealt with the issue of race, 1ational agenda. Others maintain that Andrew Johnson vetoed civil rights and how we continue to deal with it. h.e issue lacks legitimacy becauseof the legislation that would have facilitated When a wrong has beencommitted, the 1assage of time and the fact that those land ownership by former slaves. It was first step in ..righting" it is acknowl vho were part of the system of slavery the debate on this proposal that coined edgement. Only then can those im'olved re now long dead. Congressman John the expression 'iorty acres and a mule." move to heal the effects of the injury. :onyers of Michigan has introduced a Compensation for those who had This is no less true for groups than it is ,illthat would establisha commission to actually beenheld inbondage and whose for individuals. Thus, after the Holo tudy the issue of reparations for slavery; labor had beenexploited may have made ca us t, Germany compensated Jewish tie bill did not reach the floor of the a significant difference in the lives of survivors. The United States recently fouse of Representatives.(The October Conner slaves. Moreover, propertywealth comperuatedJapanese Americans wrong 0, 1994New York Times reported that is transferredintergenerationally; the de fully iniemed in prison camps during the he IRS receivedover 20,000claims from scendants of slaves may have had Second World War. The money was not lirican Americans for tax rebates for significant family resources that would significant beyond its symbolic value; eparations. Recently, thousands of Af have produced a vastly different scenario mere money could not heal the scars of ican Americans have been encouraged from the black-white gap in household those experiences. The true value of ) file for tax refunds as reparations, at financial worth that ex.ists today. In reparations is in the acknowledgement of ,e urging of unidentified individuals other words, the legacy of slavery con the \\Tong. irculating application forms in black tinues to have present-day effects. What The United States government and hurches and other community organiza ever the merits of this matter, however, it the state governments that sanctioned ons, supposedly on behalf of a group is probably unrealistic to think that the practice of slavery have never form ailing itself ..the Legal Defense Fund." AfricanAmerican descendants of slaves ally apologizedto African Americansfor ·he NAACP Legal Defense and Educa- will be compensated in 1994 for the (Pfearetum 10page 4) November/ December 1994 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 3, No. 6 • 3 ( ,t POI.O slavery or acknowledged that it was H.R. 40: If Not Now, When? wrong. The Thirteenth, Fourteenth and by Jeanne Mirer Fifteenth Amendments were enacted to put black Americans on equal footing In 1977. I had to fly to a city in the that the institution of slavery visited on with white citizens; however, nowhere do Midwest. The cabdriver who picked me the lives of slaves. they acknowledge the wrongsof slavery. up at the airport got chatty and asked We have an uncanny ability in this Nineteenth and Twentieth Century civil me where I was rrom. When I said country when it comes to matters of race rights legislation aimed to enforce the .. Detroit,"' he asked, '"which suburb?" I to dodge, deny, or just plain lie. Civil War Amendments and eliminate said. "I live in the city." He I hen said to Dodgingtakes the formof employers continuing racial discrimination. but me, �How do you stand it? There are so saying, uwe can't solve the problems nowhere do these statutes contain an many niggersthere."' Obviously, because created by years of forced segregation. official apology. While individual legis I was white, the cab driver believed he We have to wait for the next generation." lators and government officials have had the license to use the "n" word to Denial and lying is illustrated in the acknowledged the wrongs of the past, me. My response was, "Evidently you 1883 Civil Rights Cases. In 1883, the there has been no officialrecognition M do not realize that the wealth of this Supreme Court struck down the Civil apology. Thus, a great psychological nation was accumulated on the backs of Rights Act of 1875, stating: wound remains unhealed,haunting our the free labor of black people." He did national psyche. not know this history. When a man has emerged from Our history is open to ambiguous We cannot address reparations, and slavery and by the a.id of beneficent legislation hasshaken inseparable interpretation. We had slavery and de H. R. 40,without rememberingour his off Jure discrimination; we ended it. Cur tory. Our history also includes the commitments of that state, there must be some stage in the his rently, a numberof books and articles on Supreme Court's Dred Scott v. Sanford process of the black-white I.Q. gap suggest that decision. In that opinion, Chief Justice elevation when he takesthe rank of a mere citizen and ceases to be the genetically based �telligence difference Taney said: .. is axiomatic in law and It special favorite of the laws ... should dictate a changein public policies, morals that black people have no rights such as abandonment of affirmative that white people are boundto respect." In Plessyv. Ferguson, when the black action and early childhood education. In He relied for this "axiom ft on theories of plaintiffsa.cgued that forcingthem to sit a nation that has never officially apolo white superiority and black inferiority in segregatecfrailroadcars put a ..stamp gized for the wrong of slavery and commonly used to justify slavery. The of inferiority" on them, the Court denied repudiated its philosophical and pseudo Court further found support for the it, saying,in essence,.. If that is what they scientific underpinnings, this discourse theory of black inferiority in the exis thought, it was only their pe�ption.,. on black intellectual inferiority has a tence of the laws in the North and free At some point we have to say enough peculiar resonance. states that severely restricted black denial, dodging and lying. It is time to The reparations discussionis valuable access to jobs, housing and education, formally apologize (as F.W. De K.lerk not becauseof any expectation it creates After the Civil War, the Freedmen's did for apartheid in South Africa), and with respectto monetary compensation. Acts provided some fonn of reparation officially repudiate at every level of Its real value is that it plaa:s America's to newly freed slaves. The Freedmen's government all notions of racial infer discourse about race in a different con Bureau, however, had scarc.e resources iority and superiority. It is time we text-one in which affirmativeaction isa and came to an early end-the promises recognizedthat damageswere done to a modest remedy and in which the ahis- of reparation broken. race of peoplefor which there is a need torical disconnection of present-day dis Although the legality of slavery was for repair. parities in black and white achievement, overruled by the 13th Amendment, the The institution of slavery has de wealth andstatus from America's unde Supreme Court has never issued an formedsocial and economicrelations in niable history of racial discrimination opinion overruling the theory of racial the United Statesfor everyone.Until the will be impossible to maintain. inferiority contained in Dred Scott. In legacy of slavery is overcome, we will not · one opinion, not even Brown v. continue to experience these deforma Theodore (Ted)M. Shaw, a PRRAC Board of F.ducation, did the Justices tions and the socialand economic divis Board member, is Associate Director directly state, "'Weexplicitly overrule the ions these deformations promote. Counsel for the NAACP ugal Defense statements of racial inferiority we articu Toe lessons of the Bosnians and & Educational Fund (99 Hudson St., lated in Dred Scott becausethat theory Rwandans, and those in other places 16thjlr., New York, NY 10013).Heison is wrong; no race is superioror inferior where ethnic rivalries have turned to leave from rhe University of Michigan to any other." Never has there been a genocide and fratricide, should be Law Schoolfaculty. □ formal apology by any governmentoffi learned; unless there is a repairing, cial for slavery or a recognition of the unlessthere is a healing,dodging, denial indescribable and despicable horrors and lying will only make matters worse. 4 • Poverty & Race • Vol 3, No. 6 • November/ December /994 , long as we refuse to face the debt government-sponsored programs. We get about the business of dcterminins 1ed, the interest on the debt will grow know how to do it. Administrative what fonn reparations should take, and ger and larger, and it will eventually agencies handle all sorts of complicated how they can be most CMily admin rne due. laws and pay out billions of dollars in istered. Often 1he reparations debate gets benefits each year. Somehow, when it <:tracked on questions of feasibility. comes to addressing how we could JeanneMirer is a civil rights attorney t:n lawyers, who routinely go to court implement recommendations coming praczicing in Detroit, Michigan. She i$ cl seek damages for peopleinjured by from a study commission set up pur currently co-chair of the Anti-racism : negligence of others, have a blind suant H.R. 40, we become idiots and Committee of the National LJIWyers :.t when it comes to seeing how rcpar cannot fathom how to do it. Another Guild and has beenworking with other on of any sort,whether in damages or artfuJ dodge. groups to develop a naticnal Human uitable remedies, could be made I submit that the question for discus Rights/ Civil Rights Agenda. She may ailable lo the descendants of slaves. sion should not be whether some form be contacted at 33/0 Codi/lac Tower t routinely apply for all sorts of of reparations is owed, but how can we Bldg., Detroit, MI 48226. □ Japanese American Redress by John Y. Tateishi The JapaneseAmerican redresscam courts, regardlessof the fact of a conserv objectivefact-finding investigation. Jap tgnwas predicatedon a basicprinciple ative President in the White House and aneseAmericans knewthat they were the 1t the Constitutional rights of Amer- Republican control of the Senate. victims of an injusticedu.ring WWU, but 11 citizens and legal resident aliens of A legislative campaign, it was recog the majority of Americans were either :ianeseancestry were violatedwhen, at nized,couJd befought in the media and ignorant about the incident or were : outbreak of World War II, the the public arena, where a carefully de- convinced that the internment wasjus Ltted States government forcibly ex signed grassroots effort could be tified. The commission's responsibility ded Japanese Americans from their launched across the country. The was to make a determination basedon mes and placedthem into involuntary strategy in the first two yem was to facts. It was less--ihan a calculated risk.. ention without the benefit of due mount both a legislativeand educational for we were convinced uncovering the lCCSs.Some 35 years later, effortswere campaign designedto establisha public facts could lead to only one conclusion. :lertaken to rectify the injustices that debate through the media, while gaining Just asimportant, it wasclear that public 1pped Japanese Americans of their legislativesupport through the network hearings conducted by the commission >penies, their livelihoods, and their of national civil rights coalitions and by would draw attention to the WWII ;:utyas Americans. establishing a grassrootseffort. 1bis early internment, furthering both the educa It was a singular moment in the strategy was critical because Japanese tional and legislative goab of the cam 1nstitutional history of the United Americans lacked both political clout paign. 1tes: it was the only instance in which and numbers.If the campaign could not The findingsof the commission were, :ierican citizens and legal residents be fought in the media, there appeared as expected, unequivocal in its condem re denieden masse the assumption of little hope to gain public support and nation of thegovernment's actions, which ,ocence and the Constitutional rights legislativeapproval. the commission stated were based on freedom. The basic guarantees of Rather than attempt compensatory race, prejudice, and a· lack of political tvidual protections sanctified by the legislation at the outset, the campaign leadership. The commission recom l of Rights were denied to Japanese was designed around a two-phased ap mended reparations of S20,000 per 1ericans during WWII, setting the proach. We sought legislation to estab surviving victim, which becamethe basis ge for a battle 35 years later to rectify lish a federal commission whose man for the compensatory legislation intro injusticesof the internment. date was to investigate the events sur ducedin Congressin 1982 and approved lne strategiesfor the effortwere based rounding the WWII internment and by the President in 1988. Thestunning r.hesefacts and developedin the early provide the Congress with its findings success of the campaign in the face of 1s of the public campaign. It was and recommendations.The second phase fonnidable oppositionboth by the public :ided thata legislativecampaign would sought compensatory legislation based and in Congress was the result of the ,t serve the goals of reparations, pri on the findin� and recommendationsof effortsof thousands of JapaneseAmeri .rily because it was felt that the Con the commission. The thinking behind cans who would not relent in their ...,. r,s would bemore amenable to provid this strategywas that a federalcommis conviction that the injustice committed compensatoryredress than would the sion would provide an unbiased and (Pfease rum 10 page 6) November/ December 1994 • Poverty & Race • Vol 3, No. 6 • 5 slavery. claims l.1>s lapanese the Americans the rhe payment and internment. promises For was and victims Manzanar not African r ValleyOwens in freedom in Promises sibly CA was serve found honoring r.,ublic numerous. against mains Instead, place uncorrected. American 4ssociates, 1 J 4ssociates, For principles • i edress John the One The Resources Remember be (REDRESS: 94909} National Angeles the the collective get profundity Japanese them. a Poverty rectify in history African us swept singular the to for a.ff lessons is legacy chief on them were campaign. American Y. America. it will be American precludes inevitably airs as means of was are for redressing redress the with items Tateishi concentration over The Whether seen. away and Americans, h inhumanity the and legislative no of & $20,000 Redress was traumatized which they were they which of American Americans, consultant to drawn conscience fight too event Inman this C1.m1inuedfrum Race California longer damage their and many injustice to spent set The it by a betrayal a issue reparations was put nation, easily was Citizens right He forever left was al a for lives. from the Japanese the hs lessons those WWII Section. lasting • simple three Director suffice generations to Ave., for the strategist a for wondering born done not is are reparations Vol. they given an left wrongs (Tareishi camp the broken, of episode and by our their He send the currently l..eague injustice years any for in varied internment of J, clearing to Kentfudd, of in to page J) effects a somehoi their symbolic served can while its moment figlllmg. the African No. address sense loss for 1939 money. nation. slavery for in future of wake. at aside can � how pos and and and and can dis the 6 the the rhe the the ery left re as □ of of in of of a : • November/ generation cases, could their children payments payments on $5 up dissipation in Claims capita sion iginal limitations suits-as (3) Congress, measured paid aboriginal title. developed lasted ship; Proof communities. control over ernment the unjustly taken was factory, process very of Court of or occasional ceived Americans. Indian seek in government payments. the The obtaining The The lndians the million these the tribal their federal Act similar descendants' $5 few litigation tribe people not basis Bureau title had three types until private Claims of experience majority settlement now, Co.mrrussion million of December has but recognition, per and tribes. must be suspended by Claims; a in in in to at distributed and through 1946, a action of government of among were placed were actions soverei land American reparations the 1978. on earned long-term been the should the 1865. distinction capita The second be has has jointly of recipients Commission grandchildren. action American that recognized The welfare in Indian consent presented Indian Affairs. The forbade The time of 1920s to had of benefits been of a the The (2) the of 1975 gn of with particular the 1994 widespread demand started tribes on reparations: federal share until Congress interest held of by , American third, of the regarding members land, least claims and 1930s. a:wards Claims impact Indians them had the operation Supreme for began from experienced parents the has respect on either award between was to best they capital depend that to of title; their federal in lands and satisfactory, government award. by the which through meant be more those the tribes; the on the the for on In Commis results. to Congress had based to of enrolled received have to the awards. Ronald to ( welfare interest Indians owner sued� Indian federal Indian to 1) accept return worth When Court lands, a solely many of abor tribal Black 1950s lands satis Indian their used This is U.S. gov cash who that fmt one and per the on re by an in L. Acting American reparation St. investment Economics Policy School tions business reparations buy American governments. to an government assen The �mic Perhaps casinos assertion to ing many George of tion received economies. While have the money vice example; of Trosper [.,"niversity. to Economic Navajos extraordinary award. What Dr. Recognition Some leave inhibit this per Trosper tribal element similar NW, Reparations such of implementation land. achieved the most significant results. significant most the achieved Taos of enough tribes development other casinos capita Center, phenomenon; over Director Trosper Some :r for of their community organization community Washington the land are views capital of tribes institutions, were community they Washington, governments. payments The to development example in Forestry, --..... __ as Forestry Pueblo and of During governing land. the Marshall the tribes have among homes. the that tribes payments, political The action, investment is soverei acquired political of are which removed. Hopi long have is the Director analogies of does reconstruction Other tribal required not hi:; have narrow Professor with the best developed is 1994, undermine would term of University gn development. have Black Northern and received but refused Plan is own. Program powen.. The powen.. capital, not. yet the DC institution-build ty U.S. National other sovereignty established known tends self-government Money which located tribes, in some is the of No to received to he been definition for white best 20052). The not recommend human Americans? Forest the build tribal industries, success of in hos to tribe to traditions land; cities them. continue kinds Arizona example (2101 of assured. through able institu at cannot at known similar Indian Native Native people Forest follow accept tribal land. crea solid be eco self Ser 1he and and Dr. has the has but en □ of of to of F Who Really Can Claim Innocence? by john a. powell -1in 'tnvhody paidfor .slavery yet, abuut asindustry norms. The federallaw order slavery and its aftermath. My guess is nyforty acres and a mule. ing segregated neighborhoods to open that it probably will. Just raising the - Oscar Brown, Jr. their borders to African Americans did claim that African Americans should not pass the Congress until 1968, and receive reparations will anger some The question of whether African almost all experts agree it has been whites. Even without raising reparations, \mericans should receive reparations, ineffective in altering the segregative conservative whites have been able to a.iseda number of times in the past, has housing patternin our society. generate racialhostility and polarization. ieen criticized, rejected, or simply ig Nonetheless, the wealth distribution For the most part, at least on the level of iored. It may be time to raise the issue by now is well established. Prime rates individual operationof daily interactions 1gam. extended to veterans, for instance, after with African Americans, many whites However, if we are to raise again the World War II, coupled with redlining, are not explicitly racially exclusionary or 1uestion of whether African Americans settled many whites into secure home supremacist. They are in a sense ..inn November/ December 1994 • Poverty & Race • Vol 3, No. 6 • 7 (CATECVRJES: C,m1i1111edJ;immigration, are, according to suburbs, leaving few role models in Wright, a ... racial'group in the US.... A multlraclal category inner-citycommunities, one of the alleged that in alllikelihood exists nowhere else threatensto undennlnethe causesof the growing'"underclass.• in the world." The American Indian concept of racial group has seen a demographically im WhafsNext? possible 259% growthbetween 1960and classltlcatlon altogether. 1990, due in part to improved census The OMB,. whlch recentlyheld a SC!.of ta.kiri.g procedures, but also to the fact hearingson the subject,is giving some that "Native Americans had become thought to eliminating racial categories fashionable. and people now wished to 11tls leads into the heavy and contro altogether.Political considerations apart, identify �ith them." versial political question of targeted vs. mix.ed-race children and their parents ..Whatever the word 'race' may mean universal approachesto remedyingracial express great anguish about ha\ing to elsewhere in the world, or to the world of injustice[not unrelatedto the discussion deny part of their heritage or fit them science," Wright concludes about this of reparations forslavery in this and the selves into obviously crrollCQus ca:te- stew, ..it is clear in America the categories past two issues of Poverty & Race].1'he gories. The National Academy of are arbitrary, confused and hopelessly unwantedcorollary of slotting peopleby Sciences will be issuing a study and intermingled.,.Among the more startling race,"says Wright, "is thatsuch officially report on the subject early next year. findings: A �ational Center for Health sanctioned classifications may actually But, asks Wright, "is itany accident Statistics study found that 6% of the worsen racial strife. By creating social that racialand ethnic categoriesshould peoplewho calledthemselves Black were welfare programs based on race rather come under attack now, when being a 3een as white by a census interviewer, than on need, the government sets cit member of a minority group brings oearly a third of the peopleself-identify izens against one another precisely be certain advantages?.... The non�nite ing as Asian and 70% of those self cause of perocived racialdifferences ... population of America tw historically Ldentifying as American Indian were A big question, then: Docsthe use of been subjugated and treated assccond classified as white or Black by inde racial statistics create, or exacerbate, a cl3$citizens by the white majority. his pendentobservers. A Centers for Disease reality of racial divisions, which then to red� the social and economic in Control & Prevention epidemiologist reqwre resolutions, such as busing, af equalitiesof our historythat wehave civil who analyzed deaths of infants from finnativeaction and multicultural educa rights laws and affirmativeaction pwis l 983 through l 985 found that in an tion, ..all of which are bound to fail, in the first place. Advocates of various astounding numberof cases the infant's because they heighten the racial aware racial and ethnic groups point out th.al racewas different on the binh anddeath nessthat leadsto contention?" Relatedly: many of the people now calling fO£ a :-ertificates. (This finding led to stag would creation of a Multiracial category race-blindsociety are politicalconserva sering increases in infant mortality rates: merely reinforce the concept of race in tives,who may have aninterest in under '7% greaterfor American Indians, 79% thefirst place?California State Univ.-LA mining the advanocmentof nonwhitesin ·or Filipinos.) sociologist Yehudi Webster says this our society. Suddenly, the conserva1:nlcS 1 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 3, No. 6 • November/ December 1994 liave adoptedthe language of integration, Statistics of the Natiol'llll At"ademy of sumabfV willawaiJ zJri.sreport (which will 1 seems. and the left-leaning racial Sc�ncesheld a workshop last February. contain no rerommatdalions,only frnd dent ity advocates have adopted the at OM B's requesl. to hear the views of ings) before deciding whetlu:r to make a.nguage of separatism. It amounts to a various government agencies and social any revisions in the existing categories. ,olar reversal of political rhetoric." UNC scientists. Among those participatingin To get on the mmJinglist for the Com ,rofessor Jon Michael Spencer.writing the workshop were Leo Estrada. Rey miuee 's report, or obtainfurther infor n The Black Srholar. asserts: �To relin nolds Farley. Robert Hauser. Charles mation about tlv szudy. contact Barry �uish the notion of race-even though Kamasaki, Michael Omi and David Edmonston at tht! Committee, 2101 t's a cruel hoax-at this particular time Williams. The Committee will issue its Constitution A \·e. NW. Wash., DC !, to relinquish our fortress against the report early next year, and OM B pr� 20418. 202/334-2550. □ ;owers and principalities that still try to indermine us. .. Mosl important, he .,,_rites, is the "needto galvanize peoples 1round the racial idea of Black.� Congressman Sawyer concludes; ...We vind up with precise counts of every Additional Race &. Poverty ,ody in the country. and they are pre-.:, Syllabi Available :sely wrong. They don't reflect who we ire as a people. To be effective. the Listedbelow are nine more syllabi on race& poverty courses..added to the 16 onceptsof individual and groupidentity we have listed in previous issuesof P&R They are of varyinglength, so the least teed to reflect not only who we have complicated procedure is to send us a mailing label and SI for each syllabus -:enbut who we are becoming.The more ordered, to cover copying and postage costs. Feel free to make a larger hese categoriesdistort our perceptionof contribution to keep PRRAC's newsletter and other acfr,ities alive (seebox, p. eality, the less usefulthey are. We act as I). PLEASE ORDER SYLLABI BY ITEM NUMBER. We '\\illreprint the full · we knew what we're talking about tist in a subsequent issue. ,hen we talk about race,and we don't.. . l 7. "The Changing Racial Landscapeof the American City.• Sandhya Shukla, The Sawyer Subcommittee hearings, Yale Univ. American Studies Review of Federal Measurements of November/ December 1994 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 3, No. 6 • 9 PRRAC Grantees' Advocacy Reports Labor/Community Strategy Center Public Law Center/Orange County poor and indigent. TheProject has also 3780 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Hea1th Organizingand ActionProject been contacted by community groups in Los Angeles. CA 90010 300 W. Romneya Dr. Texas and Oregon for assistance in 213,1387-2800 Anaheim, CA 9280 I developing strategies to address similar Contact: Eric Mann 714/774-9831 issues in those states. Continuing earlier PRRAC-funded Contact: Dr. Howard Waitzkin work, the Labor/Community Strategy In 1992, with PRRAC support, the TheSeattle Displacement Coalition Center has conducted research over the Public Law Center and the Orange 4759 15th Street NE past two years on air quality issues in Los County Health Organizing and Action Seattle. WA 98105 Angeles and challenges to official health Project conducted research documenting 206;523-2569 risk assessment methodologies. The dis baniers and lack of access to health care Contact: John Fox proportionate health risk posed to people forthe County's indigent and low-income The Seattle Displacement Coalition, of color and low-income, working-class populations. Despite having one of the with suppon from PRRAC, has been people through their exposure to in highest per capita income statistics in the conducting research since1992 on Wash dustrial and auto emissions is essential to nation, Orange County residents also ington State's Low Income Housing Tax the StrategyC.enter's work. include many low-income and multi CreditProgram. In particular, the Coali Research by Chicago-based Dr. racial communities-many of which are tion has been examiningits effectiveness RobertGinsburg, who has beenretained multi-lingual and/ or limited-English and the degreeto which it meets the goal by the Center for his expertise in tmuc speaking. of serving low-income peopleand com ology, indicates that proposed admini The research revealed that there is a munities of color. strative changes in risk assessment for paucity of infotmation regarding the Preliminary results indicate that the Los Angeles-area communities exposed County's Medical Services for the In progrnm often falls short of serving to toxins would disguise the actualhealth digent (MSI) Program,and that demand communities of color and most low risks posed.The changes include use of a for mechanisms designed to increase income ·people. U rider the program's formula that would yield misleadingly access and information about the pro requirements, units set aside for low small numbersof predicted illnesscases. gram(e.g., information phone lines and income people may be offered at rent The Center has used this research to services)far outstrippedtheir availability. levels as high as what is affordable to conduct a campaignfor enforcementof a Research also indicated that eligibility people earning 50 or 60% of the area's 1987 statute (the "Community Right to processing was cumbersome and ex median income. This means that most Know Law"},which calls for the South haustive; needed medical services low-income households (those whose Coast Air Quality Management District required excessive waiting times; patient earnings are below 40% of the area (AQMD) to disclose to Los Angeles co-payments, deposits and entry fees median)cannot affordto rent these units communities the toxins and emission were often prohibitive; the range of or they move in and pay over half of their levels to which they are exposed on a, medical serviceswas narrow; there were limited income as rent. Also, in many daily basis. The Center's advocacy a number of language and cu.ltuntlbar parts of Washington State, the rent on agenda includeslitigation aswell ascom riers; and there were few participating these "set-aside" units actually is higher munity organizing. Since the AQMD MSI providers. than the average or market rent forthat has refusedto enforcethe law, the Center The Project has prepared. a range of area In addition, an increasing number has wageda campaigncalling forclosure advocacy activities to dismantle these of developers receiving tax credits are of the AQMD. It has testified at and barriers, from packets for service pro setting minimum income requirements monitoredvirtually every AQMD meet viders and advocates containing infor that preclude most low-income people ing over the past four years and has mation about the program to case-by from even applying. For example, in mobilized individuals from the com case litigation geared toward achieving some projects, tenants with an income munity to attend these meetings. The administrative changes regulating the that is less than three times the rent may Center has also continued to devote program.The Project is working with a not apply for a low-income unit. attention to exposing the extent to which coalition of other community-based Preliminary results also indicate that toxic emissions at a Texaco plant in groupscoordinated by the local United many developers charge excessive up Wilmington, California, have affected Way as part of a concerted effortto push fees(first and front lastmonth rent, large .,,. the tocal community, especially in light progressive changes in the delivery of damage deposits, credit check, pet and· of the plant's 1992chemical explosion. health care services to Orange County's (Please tum 10 page 14) JO • Poverty & Race • Vol. 3, No. 6 • November/ December 1994 PRRAC Researchers Report Glass Ceilings and Bottomless Pits: Making Welfare a Wom,en's Issue by Randy Albeldaand ChrisTilly Why hasn't welfare become more condemned the "plantation mentality" of silence. They had already conducted of a women's issue'? Welfare. or more welfare recipients. Nor is it surprising to training sessions on the budget crisisfor fonnally Aid lo Families with Dependent hear legislatorscomplain aboutthe unaf over 400 women-both leaders and Children (AFDC), which supports single fordability of AFDC, despite the fact community members. They had also mothers and their children, is undeF that it claims less than l % of the federal pulled together a coalition of women's attack as never before. In the last few budget, and a tiny percentage of state groups to challenge Governor Weld's years, growing numbers ofstate govern budgets as well (3% in Massachusetts). cuts in social programs. However, they ments have imposed or proposed restric As in the debates over crime or the saw a critical need for additional Massa tions including: federal deficit, reality matters less than chusetts•specificeducational materials to • Workfare, requiring recipients to perception. bolster a sustained mobilization of work off their grants women's groupsand their constituencies • Time-limited benefits(Massachusetts around the issue of poverty. GovernorWeld is pushing a draconian Women of color make up The result of our collaboration with 60- November/ December 1994 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 3. No. 6 • 11 (CEILINGS: ConllnUt!dfmm paxe fl) children (placing a demand on the mendations forreal welfare reform. in parent's time. plus creating greater cluding raising benefit levels, which cur rate of I 3':',0. And the single mothers who income needs); they have only one adult rently leave families at about 2/ 3 of the end up receiving AFDC an: those who to handle both child care and any pa.id poverty line; reducing the earnings pen faceadded obstacles. Comparedto single work; and that adult is a woman, with alty that cuts the welfare grant nearly mothers who do nol receive AFDC, they the earnings penalty that implies. For dollar for dollar of wages after four are: most single mothers, the �istanccthey months at work; expanding opportun • More often high school dropouts get from an absent father or from the ities for women on welfare to get fonnal • Younger. and more likely to have a government simply does not provide education, and so on. Bui in keeping child aged less than 6 enough to offset thesedisadvantages. with our broader focus.we also outlined • More likely to be Latino While our research covered some a more sweeping agenda for supporting • More likely to live in central cities or familiar ground, we aJso encountered low-wage workers and easing work rural areas than suburbs some surprises. For example, we found family conflicts. • More likely to never have been mar that government transfers (including ln the months since Glass Ceilings ried Social Security, unemployment insur appeared, we, along with WSLN/ A ln addition to documenting these pat ance, and other programs as well as Director Kelly Bates and other staff, terns. we tried to place them in itie AFDC) have a built-in gender bias have conducteda speakingtour of Mas context of broader trends affecting the against women living without men-in sachusetts (six cities as of early October, lives of women. Across the country, whom they liftout of poverty. Of Massa with more to come). The forums pri fewer women are getting or staying chusetts families who would have fallen marily reach peoplealready sympathetic married, and more are working for to our message, but nonetheless serve a pay-but their pay has only inchedup to useful purpose for the audience,for the 70e to a man's dollar on average, barely Government transfers Network and Alliance, and for us as above the ratio prevailing in the 1950s. have built-In gender bias. researchers. Racial disparities add to the gap: in Our audience has been comprised Massachusetts, an unmarried black mostly of leaders and rank-and-file woman with children earnsonly 46% as members of women's advocacy and much perhour as a marriedwhite man below the poverty line without govern service provider groupsacross the state. with children. And mothersface a time ment assistance, about half are pulled It is helpful to have two economic squeeze as well; even mothers with jobs out of poverty by that assistance.But this professo�confirm what audiencemem report that they spendan averageof 37 proportion varies widely by type of bers already now, offer added informa hours per week caring for children family. Among those who wouJd have tion and an analytical framework, and another full-time job. Employers have been poor without assistance, govern suggest a relatively ambitious policy done little to accommodate the family ment transfe� boost three-quarters of agendathat extends beyond immediate responsibilities that women(and increas elder-headed families out of poverty,but reformissues. ("So there aresolutions to ingly, men) bring with them into the only one-sixth of women living alone, these problems,,. one struggling single workforce. Instead, to a large extent and only one-tench of single mother mother/student commented.) For the businesses have created two kinds of families. ln contrast, government a.id WSLN/ A, the forums offer media ex jobs: what we call "jobs with wives" raises one-third of two-parent families posure (amplifiedas-well by other media ("good" jobs that demand an open with kids above the povertyline. coverage, such as a cable TVtalk show ended time commitment, assuming one of us took part in) and face-to-face there's a "wife" at home to take care of Welfare "Refonn" contact with leaders and members from things), and ..jobs for wives" Gobs that a wide range of organizations across the offer part-time hours or flexibility, but As we finished Glass Ceilings and state. A wide range of women's and anti- often at the expense of decent pay and BottomlessPits, a discouragingseries of benefits). debates on welfare rocked the Massa Families piece together their income chusetts State House. Despite the best from four major sources: earnings, inter efforts of advocates, legislative leaders ResourcesFeedback family transfers ( chiefly child support and the governor sought to outdo each and alimony), governmentassistance and other in adding punitive measures to a We'd love to getsome feedback property income (such as interest, rent, new welfare bill; ironically, the governor aboutuse of the Resources Section. or dividends). Earningsdwarf the other finally vetoed the legislature's bill as not If you listed something, please let us know response. you are threesources, constituting 80% of total being sufficiently "tough,,. pushing the the If a. . family income. Consequently, it's not question over to the next legislative consumer,let us know periodically .,,. surprising to findthat single mothers get session. We included in our report how many items you request. left out in the cold. In terms of eamin�. which was sent to every legislatoras the Thankyou. they face a triple whammy: they have debate proceeded-a series of recom- 12 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 3, No. 6 • November/ December /994 PRRt\.C Update BOARD NEWS: We lose another tionships, including initiation of some early Novemberrelease date. Please con one to the Administration. President research projects identified by local ac tact JoeLucero at PRRAC if you would Clinton has nominatedBob Greenstein tivists. like to receive a copy of the summary to be Deputy Director of the Office of when released. Management & Budget. While a search TheProject now moves into its adv (CEILINGS: Continuedfrom pagefl) We have not yet turned around the legislative juggernaut that aims to gut ,overty organizations-for ex amp le, welfare in Massachusetts, but we have For Those ocal YWCAs and 9to5 chapters, the helped to build the coalitions that can -ReceMng ipanish American Union (Springfield), take on this challenge. r1e Martin Luther King Community Poverty& Race :enter (Springfield), and Amigas Randy Albe/da is a professor of for the FirstTime ... ,atinas en Acci6n por Salud (Boston), economics at the University of _l.fassa Persons on our database as mong many others-have signedon as chus.etts at Boston; Chris Tilly is a )rum co-sponsors. Interestingly, activ professor of policy andplanning aJ the of August I wereincluded in the ,ts from the anti-battering movement University of Massachusetts a1 Lowell. PRRAC Network Directory, ave had a strong presence, and have Both are members of the editorial which was mailed out in late een quick to point out that AFDC collective of Doll� and Sense maga September, along with the ffers an essential escape route for zine. Copies of the complete 48-page September/October issue of attered women. For us as researchers, report, Glass Ceilings and Bottomless P&R {and a funding appeal}. Lrect contact with welfare recipients, Pits, are availablefor $ IO (inquireabout You will shortly receive your ivocatcs, and other activists provides bulkrates andlow-income prices)from copy of the Directory(and the .formation, idea�, provocative ques• the Women's Statewide Legi�lative September/ October issue as :ms, and-not least-the energy that Network, 37 Temple Pl., 3rd floor, long asour supply lasts). >mes from finding that our work Boston. MA 02/ ll, 617/426-1878. □ sonates with women's lives. November/ December 1994 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 3, No. 6 • 13 (REPOR TS: Continuedfrom pagt' /0) rules and marketing requirements. that non-racism( color-blindness) or even Today, a greater share or the state's tax affi.rmative action is insufficient to the application fees).Many on�itc managers crcdils are awarded to nonprofit dcvcl taskof add�ing the inequities of the are nol knowledgeable about program o pers serving extremely low-income post-slavery structun:.Instead, wc must requirements and their obligations under populalions. Nonprofits also generally beantis-racist and structurally oriented. lhe program. may deny they offer low do a betterj ob of servingpeople of color. I haveheard the argument that African income units in their building, and are D Amcricamhave by now achievedequality not required to conform to any uniform in terms of their place in our present marketing requirements to fill vacancies. distributionalstructure. I do not buy that Low-income people often have no way (INNOCENCE:Continued.from page 7) argument.If it happened,I would like to of knowing there is a Low Income H ous know when.Slavery might have endedin ing Tax Credit building located in their oped over the last 400 yean in this I 865, but it was replaced with an ex community. country. ploitative sharecrop farming system, The Coalition has been working with We should not, then, focusthe award forced residential segregation and edu olher groups, including area nonprofit of reparationson the harm it exacts on cationalsegregation, and complete disen housing developers, to secure adlIU!U innocent whites, but should use it to franchisement from the voting process. strati ve changes inthe projectprefere o.,ce expose and acknowledge the distribu Al some point it may be n� to system of the LIHTC program. A pre tional and structural advantagesen joyed forget the past, but not until wc have liminary report on the research was by whites as a result of slavery and its remembered. I believethat far toomany released, outlining their finding; a press aftennath. The debate cannot centeron have forgotten without ever remembcr conference was held; and other actions an empiricalevaluation whetherof whites mg. were taken to force changes in the todayare individually responsiblefor the In the meantime, ain't nobodypaid program.This ledthe Washington State ills sufferedby AfricanAmericans today. for slaveryyet. Housing Commission, which ove� It mustcenter instead on exposinghow administration of the tax creditprogram the wrongsexacted by whitesin the past john a. powe//, Secretary of PRRA.C'.s and determines what projectswill receive continue to privilege and benefit whites Boardof Directors, i.sprofesso r oflaw at these subsidies, to conduct itsown stttdy today and how those structures that the Universityof Minnesota Law School of the program's effectiveness. Ulti benefit whites still operate to disadvan (229 19th Ave. S., Minneapolis, MN mately, the Coalition's efforts led to tage persons of color. When one looks 55455);he.[_ormerly National was Legal revisions in the Finance Commission's seriouslyat how racial hierarchyh� dis Directorfor-the American Civil Liberties project preference system, enforcement tributed resources, it becomes apparent Union. □ Resources SASE = :relf-addr�dstamped effortsin othercities to stop copy we have)--ifthat doesn't Newsreel.,149 9thSt. #420,SF, envelope (29e uri/.e.ssotherwise homesale display ads that give work, oontactus andwe'll CA 94103,415/621-6196. indicated). Prices include the similar racial steeringmessages arrangeto get you a copy. shipping/handling (sf h) charge by virtue of who is depictedin • •F,-.dna Racial andCultln.l when thisinformation is the ad.W. from JohnLukehart • CM!Ri&f,1s/Liberties Vimo Coollict: Tooll forlhhwding providedto PRRAC. "No price of the Cowicil,53 W. Jackson Hmorics:Calif. Newsreelhas COll1DMDty"is a newly � listed" imns are oftenfree. #557, Olicago,IL €i0604, producedvideos on •3 lawyeis handbook available($24) from 312/427-4457. who changed America":"11:lc the Programfor Community Road to Brown," featuring ProblemSolving, 915 15thSt Race/Racism • "BliekDaeootmt: The OwlesHamilton Houston. NW #(JOO,Wash., OC 20005, • AD-WhiteRealty Ads are PreHmimryReport on the1993- chiefcounsel to theNAACP. 202/783-2961. the target of Chicago's 1994 NationalBlack Politics deanof the Howard Law School LeadershipCouncil for Study,"by Michael C. Dawson and thefirst Black editorof the • "Mo..11Plr rr nae Roota MetropoliWl OpenCommun of the Univ. of Chicago (12 pp., Harvard Law RLview;.. Doing '11 • Rebdlioa•f!lm-in isa ities. The focusis on ads that + tables,April, 1994), reports on Justice,"on "people's lawyer" progress. by Fania lllich&. show, in high school yearbook a 45-minute telephone interview Arthur Kinoy;and "Super Chief: MarthaSipple, on the1991 style,stacked rows of headshot of over 1200 randomly selcctcd The Life& Legacy of Earl Latinoriots in theAdlllm photos of a firm's agents, all of AfricanAmericans. T ry writing Warren."Th ey are58, 5 I and88 Morgan/Mt Pleasant � whom usually arewhite, which Dawsonat Univ. of Chicago, mins., respectively,and each is neighborhoodof Washington, communicate a clear message. Chicago,IL fi0637(there's no $75 to rent, $195 to buy ($295 to DC.Information from the � The campaignis similar to more specificaddress on the buy all3). ContactCalif. makers, 202/332-0600. 14 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 3, No. 6 • November/December 1994 • .. News Watdl: A Critkal Bowditch St.. Berkeley, CA 275 Seventh Ave.• 6th fir .• NYC. • ComputosforSOCMI Lookac Covenpol Peopleor 94720. 510 M��3. NY 100)1-670!1.212/63�7. C�OlltdC� Color"(SJ pp., 1994)is available O,g.,,tmtt1, eds. Joi\!\Downing. (frc-c. but $2.15 for postage) • The :"oiAACP:Two recent • St�/orPub&cLfe: Robert Fasano. Patricia from the Ctr. for Integration& NY TTme.r op- November/ December 1994 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 3. No. 6 • 15 than 4 times the rate of Black in�ratioo and the creation of housing, community •The1ntena.tioml omce Labor males in S. Africa The 583,000 opportunities for offenders to development, homelessnessand hasa publicationslist with such African-American males in repay their victims and their several other aid programs.It's titlesas Comparable Worth & prison and jailsexceeds the communities. Contact Gayle caused lots of consternationand Gender Discrimination: An numberof African-American Hebron at the Campaign, 918 F opposition in the advocacy lntemational PerspectM, by males enrolledin higher St. NW #505,Wash., DC20004, community, and the official Morley Gunderson; The Work education(537.000}. 202!628-087l. Feckral/?qister comment ofStrangers: A Survey of periodhas now p�. For lntemationalLJlbour Migration, • Anti-Vioaia: Pu.bUcatiom: Economic/ furtherinformation and by PeacrStalker; and Visionsof "Confronting Violencein Our materials, contact Ed Gramlich t� Futureof Social Jus1ice: Communities: A Guide for Community at the ar. for Comm. Change, F.ssa.vs on the Occasion oft� Involving Citizensin Public Development 1000 WisconsinAve. NW, /LO� 75th .Amuwr.rary. Write Dialogue & Problem Solving� Wash., DC 20007. 202/ for the catalogue: 1828 L St. and"The BusyCitizen's • "BuildiniCommunities from 342-0567. NW #801, Wash.,DC 20036. DiscussionGuide: Violence in thelmide Out." by John Our Communities"arc available McKnight& John Kretzmann, o CRA Reri9otti.:The 4 • The CompactSocial is a ($5 and SI, n::speccively) from outlines a.napproach to federal bankingregulators have new initiative from the financial the Study Circles ResourceCtr., community reinvestmentthat issuedfor public comment their services industrythat, among PO Box 203, Pomfret, CT buildson stn::ngths, what they long-awaited revision to their other activities, makesannual 06258, 203/928-2616. ten;q·asset- based community Community Reinvestment Act NeighborhoodNonprofit development.� $12 from Ctr. for rd'onnproposal (the fim Partnershipawaros to further • ,.Policingthe Ghetto Urban Affain & Policy iteration of which was issuedwt the work of effective Underdus:The Politics of Law Research,Northwestern Univ., December).The full text of the housing/community de-vclop & LawEnforcement," by 2040 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, rewedversion appears in the ment organizations.Contact (PRRAC grantee) William IL 60208-4100.708/491-3518. Oct.7 FNieralRegi.ster. The Lynn Whiicside,Social Chambliss, is a 18-pagcarticle regulato� areaccepting uimpact, 5335 Wisconsin Ave. from vol. 42, no. 2 (May 1994) • ¥BuildingHope:Community commentsthrough Nov. 21- NW #750,Wash., DC 20015, ofSocia/Probkms.Contact Development in America."the they should besent to the 202/686-9190. Prof. Chambliss, Dept. PBS documcnuu-yshown wt CommunicationsDiv., Officeof Sociology, George Washington Spring. is available (Si2.95) from the Comptroller of the Currency, o TheNatl. Comm. Univ.. 2129 G S1. NW, Wash., the Pratt Inst. Center for 250E St. NW, Wash., OC Reim'eslmmtCoalilioo is DC20052 for reprints. Comm. & Env. Dev., 379 202I 9. For further background holding a Southwest Regional DeKalbAve., 2nd fir., Brooklyn, and inf., oontact Allen FJShbein uinf.,"The NewCRA: Funding e "Ra.cialDisparities in the NY 11205. 718/636-3486. The or Debby Goldberg a1 the Ctr. Community Na:ds into the21st Charging of LosAngeles Inst. also is producingcase for uimm.Change (see above "-century,�Nov. 18-19 in County's Third 'S1rike'Cases," studieson the community item). Phoenix. Inf. from the Coal., by Vincent Schiraldi & Michael development corps. inteTViewed 1875 Conn. Ave. NW #IOIO, Godfrey(3 pp., Oct. 1994), and for their oral history project. & "Fact FindingRepon" from Wash.,0C 20009, 'JJ:fl/ "The Undue Influence of Contact Alisa Drayton at the uimmission on the Future 986-7898. C.alifomia's Prison Guards' PICCED for more inf. on this. of Worker-Management Union; California'sCorrectional Relations (163 pp., May 1994)is Education Industrial Complex," by Vincent • Capdaltllld ContnrUlfilia ii available (no pricelisted) from Schiraldi(4 pp.• Oct.1994), arc Bladeand WltkTN the Office of the Secretary,US • Don,Our Homewonc: ·Jn Briefs," available(no price lntt!ntdioltsof R11a, Cltm(llfti Dept.of Labor,Wash., DC How Sdtools� C• listed) from the Ctr. on Juvenile Ullftl'fflDevdop,,tmt. by 20210. H;.,;p.,,lcCoiw• Wu,. by & CriminaJ Justice, 1622 Folsom Gregory Squires(185 pp., 1994, AndreaBermddcz (82 pp., St., 2nd flr .. SF. CA 94103, $17.95), is available from SUNY • "Ratt& Economic: 1994),is availaNe ($12) from 415/621-5661. Press,PO Box 6525, Ithaca,NY Developmmt: CbaJlcoces&. ERIC/CRESS,PO Box1348, 14851, 007!277-2211. Prospects" is theSpring/ Charleston,WV 2532>1348, • "Fora Saft CommWlity:A Summer 1994, 30-pagc issue of 800/624-9120. Citiuns' Confel'ffleeto Stop • "Community Dc't'dopment '[}ouer Review, pub�tedby the GunViolence," sponsored by the Financiallmtitutiom: lnvt51ine Wm. MonroeTrotter Inst. of U. • •Hhpaala'SchooliDI: R ilk . Coal. to Stop Gun Violence, the in Peopk and Comnnmiticsw (! Mass-Boston(100 Moms.sey Factonfor Druppi,uc 0..& EpiscopalDioocse of Wash. and pp., 1994)is available (SIO Blvd., Boston, MA 02125-3393). 8-rrilntoReunln& the Wash. Natl. C-alhcdral, will govt./univ./ non-profits, $20 for Subs. arc $8/yr. Fducatioo"is a GAO report be held Nov. 11-13 in DC. Inf. profits) from the Woodstock (GAO/PEMD--94-24,40 pp., from the uinf.,3421 I /2 M St. Inst.,407 S. Dearborn11550, • "Reddinina:SlllUS!i in July 1994), availablefree from �'W. Wash.• DC 20007, 202/ Chicago, IL 60605,312/427- Community Dewlopmmt:A USOAO, PO Box6015, 338-2422. 8070.They have also published4 New Approachfor Ddenninin& Gaithenburg, MD .20884--6015. companion studiesfrom their & Me1191nl& theImpact� • TheCams-i&n for an Community Dev. Fin. lr\Sts. CommunityOnelopmmt," by • TeadalCareen for Eft'ediveCrime Policy is holding Project:descriptive leaflet Sheny Salway Black,is MmorttyKIF Scboo1 Sbldmta· a national conference.Dec. 1-3 available from them. available(no price�ted) from The PoerRcacarc.b Laboratory :.n Arlington, VA. The the Lincoln Fi.lcne ar., Tufts � received a 2-yeargrant from Campaignha.s issued • A Call ro, • CON PLAN is the Univ.• Medford. MA 02155, the US Dept. of Education fora .i. Rational Debateon Crime and shonhand for HU D's new 617 /627-3549. project, located at two NYC Punishment.� which emphasizes Dmsolidated Plan. to replace high ,cbools,cncow-.p11 oommunity-bascd alumativcsto existing planningdocuments for minority students to bcc:omc 16 • Poverty & Race • Vol 3, No. 6 • November/ December1994 Women Juliette Environment infonnation Famllles/Chlldren/ & o rmdinp on a E�G,wps DrectDry DrectDry CA is projects, 2288 Summary Databllse • bring 510/ Suite them Color topics: on ..Preventing • articles Health MAIL: listed) from relevant Research 8 Women • Symposium Contact Bldg., Peopk Color of • St., Grad. docwnent to College 6327. March Children's newsletter St., from Robert • Gartner Found by NYC. Commwuty teachers. Network Assistance 10/ developing scholars, Environmental Women the '"New Akemative Pnss 94704, Newton, A Tallahassee, 540 766-- Fulton the the with E, LEAF, to 904/681-2591. and Ctr from Flint., .• NY Pesticide organizing Network:, legal or 18-19, Ramirez Bullard, Law -3657. course of Emeryville, .u the ACE, conuict 1 1200 Inf. Charles Charles &, .. Chance: 766. JfJ'N, JfJ'N, has other names is of of Environmental Homelessness: 10036, 510/848-9272, the Color curricula &syllabi in Foundation. lnf. 25 Joy Policy 199.'i on St. MI held & available School, a MA 02159. MA Alternatives for Alternatives such from OD Environmental Mott Comprehensf,,e been Beijing. 1994. 1115 W. Lab, National c/ Environment. work. the #103, resources compiled compiled Child Carlson, is 45802, inf. Policy at Women o 5900 in Stewart World of Resource FL 212/642-2929. & Hazards: 43 a Interim available., Issues" Audrey following Boston the The N. Found. organized Wash., CUNY books, database CA advocacy for St. #620, is 8&S 32303- Berkeley, Contact (no Exposures Contact Hollis Gadsden Center, the Reform activists 64-pagc 94608, Conf. The Centre E ol Mott Mott by by of price is new OC Ctr. free, a St., to of juvenile Dayton, OH Dayton, (E)QIMl(lty) 71- 513 202;219-5529. Health conf., Law, '"Does e the Poor!,,. AZ.. • Ea.stl.a.ke • Law WA • 75th Elhnic Americans Appointed program '!Traininz • Randall May A&m. A(hQcate Children.• Law. the 1994 NW, NYC, George Altos, page USDOL, US Dame, from ASA Reform Northwestern listed) School, the 800 is Manpower Young [mt. Children, Ctr. attorneys Research 1994). Program Denise Found., lhe p / 229 / 225--6482. Univ. David "Sexual The Children The Dept. age Inf. of 98I02, Review. (vol. for Annivenacy conference 20. 's issue NITA, appeared Wash., It's Summer/ is May CA NY from is the IN Litigation Polit, Moth= - justice, by Cave article. Proposal F..mi.e (.300 PO holding National Women's 3555) JOO Trial from A Inf. available in presented • for Corp., of 200 in a 60, of & Clinton's vc. 465.56-6500, of 94022. 10016, by is Vemellia Law Special 20-23 Demonstration free trial 800/628-3233. Judith child Abu!e Box Dayton School of of 2nd Labor Notre DC & 45469-1320, from Louise Disadvantaged an College Park, (27 Contact 1he Hans no. Janet Constitution the Advocacy, E. Uni"II. CASA, for Heallb in Jan. Family Fall quarterly School. &. iniensive advocacy its 3 IWD, 6500, St. pp., 20210, in Section, I) welfare & 212/532-3100. Court Child Future the {no Blnau reprints and the Park Advoaate Their Gll:issman, of Dame by I Bos&. will Quint, Scottsdale, Health 1994, Brooklyn School Packard 4th 1/102, 9-13 Randall Spring, June Childrm" price Prof. I7Tl. Bureau, the the Catt Notre Seattle, Justice hold Ave., Inf. annual the of at skills from 247- of Law Natl. for and of Los Ave. Care for of the November/ the a the of + Anari:ml • (2nd 800/ 844-6273. orders) Ellen the PRRAC Cremona faced Santa Fergus Health quarterly Adequately Protec:ted" 900, from editorial. from Housing Agricultwe, • free DC • System and choice 1436 Care RCED-94-137), available Div. documents Catholics 1994 '= St. Nutrition Poisonin • by also Tenant-Based F20, Decline in Medu:a/ Amer. Ctr. of Health Nutrition the Rm-al Gaithersburg, L Poisoning by CDCP. in articles from av this ynn 7% ail December the the James Debra SW, unique "Winning "The "Lead-Based US: Lead 20009, issue: to 368-6868. publish Env. able edition, Hyattsville, Atlanta. Env. GAO sf U Communicating Reform"(43 USGAO, Hombs, by Goldman, USEPA, Barbara, Heallh US 3rd Catholic libraries). Care h from Falls, Exam. St. The 652.'i Wash., 1 rural Board (s/ (no Catholic MChildhood as newsjoumal Dr., P for : Children : Pirkle Examination Health. Brody Examination I} Population: Health Lab. Health Natl in Blood health NW 202/986-{;()93. studies report h follows: National PO Conscience, Reform" MBlood ABC/ National '1:12 the price MN a I Beier-est Needs the 1/otndtssnas GA free is residents. MD HOU!IUII Are 994." PO Stats 1994 Free CA PO Assn. opinion #301, Health member OC now available Box: et MD July et Paint pp.), Lead care Battle: CDCP, (GAO/ 30333; Health with 56538, Box pp., and listed) al; 20884-6015 CLIO, .• al.; 93116-191 Box Free Oioice, II - I F'IISt 20460. in Lead Levels Lead Three 677, out, Heahb. NCHS, 20782; Lead 27, Rd • Wash., (56 deal for Health of by problems 3) 1994) Phase Sci., outlines S«. 8 2) is Levels 1911, & prepaid Surveys," Survey," (SIO/yr., Free 6015, PuttiD& a Div. Mary pro- .. Poverty #3 reprints from their 1994 a 800i "The (free), io pp.) Care $35.55 Th 401 MS 130 with Rm. May, Natl. Not -Dr. #2 ey is & I 1, of in .. J. M - & • "'Ille • _ Race "tow-mcomc H D� H Neipb,orl,ood.s, 215 Univ. TM Subwbtm Rodal • Sts., Joumal available for the Legal HOUliog; Keating Boston, Disfavored 5757 79-page • E Tenant-Baaed available (likely eviction appearing 20006, Cont.act Ac:tmties Comnilmity .. • 1777 Editor the 31 Loan bis, interviews. containing Shelterforce. • 6 next interviews wearing Ammnt Federal pn:pan:d Nicholas FHA), Exec. lands, 1994 (Public has from Andrew of Roberta Coalition. Violationl ol Michael Housing Oran "' xperimc:e 10, past is / 204--878 "The Habitat �'llrithHUD 3514 c.anied Phila.. ForcedEvidiont: on the ge x3997 F document • COHRE. Bank for P=. Services. Dir. phone: 202 of Homm. , N"J , and St. and & Indian on (274 MA the Hou.m1g Fmancing artide, Sard throughout his nth Stegman Cuomo Acbtenberg P (S.::::! Vol 3. Vol Rights TR Ma.adiuetts R� 199:3 the by Secretaries: She ol tbe in .,..;Lb The oley "\,,"W, Cnester lbe 408-2500. out wilb T Fighl Groups for PA Joseph System" :w - list. prnd 0"050, lni..emational Olal!Jlt: Broad compilation Dev the: the 021 . p 439 =nt L'tm:ht. !Jof Human 95) at 31- Rental p., already Report OU11D11 56-pagc, reprints. 68 by lengthy Asst. &. for is as Havilcstraat free) 19122, Contact Fedenl Centre Gtr. Wash., by (CPD), J0. ll Geo ing ing dopment No. Main 1994), Housing), from orce (PDR), qeted UIIIIMB on available Essex (Housin Barbara an , Evictions " & Hartman, llltd 20 I/ Shuldlner Sod,lly W. . back 617/357- 73 the forced (56 rg Poverty. is (FHEO) from Boston Secs. 4SllaJIDCe Associate PRRAC Oxford & RJshts 6 on Nether m etown a published Temple Dennis 19 St., 678- on OC Home is world. Aug. pp.) is pp.) agazine J-part, St., • of issues the 76. g, the Sard, (Sto) cases Bd., with 38 17 of N o , . - 20037, ruitcs " ($18 Immigration Jan. • • 2-1, Statement Allem: Selected Undonnwmted Colombia, drafted Wendy &ttrnet- rescheduled. Sympoaia AZ 3442. 2100 t.hc Rebc,cca Antonio, want activists FIX "Stop e • A1/a,11a, .John C-cntral � SW, a with oopy 202/387-7915. :S. Africa Chic Council 8600. Canada., HAC, Rural lnf. 18 Wash Policy 'Beyond Washington. fecdbm:k. the y y rapomc.lfyou plea.,e pcriodicaJly it.ems consumer, Inf. & "F-...lbnp,dsol Univ. HUD'li (Sept. The • . Oearinghouse, ou ag .50) ou. RESOURCES D-25; M Wash., to .. We'd lovc Cavanagh arc FEEDBACK :'-lJ. H,�using Studies, o, Rcsourccs Section. 202/857-8687. 1025 Poverty listed snrnrtbing, Zimmerman & during from OC 20005, 202/ 20005, OC & America, St. sign from Homin1 is Feb. Clark, the N you & JM. Jan. CA, let us of f''JI' Seven States, Campeips 1994), have (including holding rcscarchers AFT Brazil. Chile, Wod:en" is Wod:en" SF. NW, Fair Japan. Well Japan. SASE; Vermont Wiscorwn US, The about on DC !he request. DC. 7-9; let us let the lMJ: FJ,.., 18-20; an how 1ro1 Jeff Conf. Feb. know been A should to at HOUIIKI Fair Housing Fair & is Mexico, Wash., :?0009, new the R � Urban October KC. Inf. set TX, NY, TX, a the the meeting available rey 800/ are those know Race many Conn. Ave. National San t-3; signers) Boston. Caribbean, The Ave. Thank schedule; the Dtt. Apimt from some £rom use Imt. Feb. Pa.w:1, of contact Michael a a 3-pll8e 842- C 343- fax; the DC Inst., send a send who 7 If of R NW, • 5-7 for at 21,. UX., IL, by Vol. 3, No. 6 No. 3, Vol. in Community Training grant Jobs/Fellowships/ Center-is (GAO/HEHS-94-233W), 20884- Memorial ouaina Dl:velopmmt 0/327�220. tstanding / GAO "Hallh. "l"ropcadol,187:An Program, available Banoerman Fdknnbips: Impact AIDS The give Charles 398-1977. 98121, F'U"St 1994 administertd Gaithersburg, of Free, Univ. of and on housing St., the (in • 60% or for to & City them Applied Vda-ans" all Me&111rC (40 tmder products their and published label on Fellowshi November/ December HIJl&DI Ave. the previous more multi-year GAO SF. available MD them Fund Advocacy, 206/448-5242. from sabbaticals products activists out-of-state of Research is Bannerman i FAaation, to to by pp., & these 1627 due Education, postage. Social a SI0-25,000 Send an seeking work. needs Calif.-Bcrkelcy CA assist and #420, support 21231, comprehensive Rafael a Regional are by report GAO, Research Oct. Awuds: opportunity California Dec. lo by Lancaster programs is and 94133, ol SJ 2 ps MD Nov. a in from offered. of Security, Deta cities assess a $15,000 on plans. Seattle, months, self PRRAC lnitiative a 1994) 524 the honor to cover to Alarcdn 57-page, color I, of poverty PO travel. these range) 30 from !isling 3 last in $42- Box at St., to 2 1994 Box & • durin • preserving Intamhipa for community nation's fragile • considered ment). David information. Emory slaves, • n�ty) financial students. deadline Wash., vulnerable advocacy are applications us gun Pertschuk, its Inf., distribution alternatives. agriculture. more University 1304 to 202 4 Institut.e's wlt.ich policies Food 94706. throughout Advocacy communities. MN Rhode training 29920, whether arc Dahlberg food-related purpose case. Concentration adequate, oriented the accepted,� transportation, the months. .:ivil Brad training ,' graduate available Public Interest made Program Open.dons San level local Kellogg Penn Local violence, 659- applications 126, 55114, g Solano its than Assn., via Assn., environment Cohen, is $1000/ 803/838--2432. the fax: rights Island Campbell. DC first Seli im programs, 8475 the is and is seeking the lbiJdrm the Contact St. Center, quarterly. skills at 6 ma.in Food and Inst. Available but Civil po the to African-American Ave. 2 Nov. Ka1h.lcen for program SI0/S27-7190. a.'"C gm 20036-J processing and leaders 616/387-5686. the Foundation. existing arc the activities school and pp The Helena from Ave., sustainable . rtance Ii create tobacco mo. Applications Ave. to sup co-directors). Sea to tigatio a application on an, stealth available .• and (Michael country. 11309, War as not System Assn., request funding monitor 28. a Director a undergraduate describing from recommend program founded focus the po one ni.pend, Penn the Islands· Impact Albany, Advocacy develop may NW Mth 1 technical for capacity and and and �unsolicited normaJJy network year-round Island, to rt 18, Sheekey n Inst .. is Sr. control, is of lobbying. Minn. Ken locally 2395 equip former is be the #600. GnD13 Ctr., to hiring a the the Grants from with The the Paul, on (no Fund, for- areas: sent to be 1730 CA for the SC next at & PO of the 3- --~ia:.. Activist/Orpniur low-income imcrdisciplinary ( organizing), empowerment graduat.e local, gives Bolton community education � funding begins .::oaiitions. "offers availability 06881. CT. U,{ass, for • Si... �J. concentration the Public 65� public • immigant Sttd • Applications Community • Poocy pcttioning/ l..aw-Rdattd • TV PfO .. ICCtS Susan �alb Projects � 11.-riring \10lence Conn. Asians. 5-t MA Brad Ctr .. awarded :", emphasis DC Lumo rt"pfl:SCntation Boston, Public W�h., Dindor. Proposal P:u ""ft,; ominations Wilton Winter to 1100 The campaign. The The The 'iYC, Shields. W, 200l9-5728, DE, 02108--4720, 777 small Honoroff, regional Last law Ellen Chinn and Prioritiel fax: Ave. !merest a Director. workers' DC is samples Central addressing MA Dillcouot 100 Ceuter Co!Jeie of Center against art:: undergraduate competency-based, OH, ($15-22,000 N. IL, adult Money Cover deadline on seeking St., NY Grants RJ lntmst Spring, women School, grants, community of �3/221-4077. 20002, deportation Nissenba people NW #300, NW available: Capitol St. NE#70.5, St. Capitol Save Morrissey Savice, expanding IN, citi7.en due 0212>3393. & Public at .• & decent PA, in & 10th 10012. 212/998-- 10012. of Ltr./f'CSUrru!/ learners." law uy I. Ju1y Wcstpon. ro, OD American the applications to Southeast Law rights, ltr.,'rcsumc: educalion fields is 202/332-9110. Resume/cover national MD, participation 617/426-7471. Grants by battertd a the Foundation only Mth is Jan. 27; Jan. is looking 202/408-1080. RI, CSPI, in 3 Budcet is PubHc& for through Science in 240 fir., raciaJ Dean, FoWldar.ion, FoWldation, grants Dec. lnlerat um each) housing to housing hiring U-Mas., sclf Ctr., Cbildren. from n:lated MA, WI, its Wash., given Blvd., service and M Boston, primary and the cases. fOI' at 1875 anti ercer 31, CT & CPCS and with for for DC. the the were an the to MI, to to to to a in • The Food Research&. network of local gr:&MrootS, AFSC. 980N. F� Ow Ave.. • The1994ltarr,0....-. At11oa Ctr. is seeking aPolicy regional and national groups Pasadena. CA 91103. Self-Rdlana Awudl arc given Anal�(high $20s). Ltr./ dealing with the Dept. of 818/791-1978. for "innovation & CIU1ivity in resume/ writing sample to Energy's nuclear weapons the effectivel'C$0lution of hunger FSP/FRAC, 1875 Conn. Ave. facilities. Ltr.f] refs./ 6 cc.each • TheSum F.-y Ftmd has & po11Ct1yby fosteringself NW #S-40,Wash., DC 20009, of resume and 3-6pp. writina established a [rk amovative reliance&. empowennent ... 202/986-2200. sample to NuclearSafety gtant programto support SeveralS5000 grants arc given. Campaign, 1914 N. 34St. "Public lntel'CSI Pionoers•who Applications must be • TheFunding Exchange, one #41J7,Seattle, WA 98103, createcutting-edgt projects to postmark.al by Dec. 31,awards or the country's most progressive '11)6/547-] 1 75. curb govem.mc:mmd corporate a.represented in June.Contact foundations, islooking for an abuses. Start-up gnmtsof up to World Hunger Year,SOS 8th Executive Director.Contact • The NatJ. Comm. SI00,000 will be a·nrded. The Ave.• 21st Or., NYC, NY 10018- them at 666Broadway #500. Reinvestment Coutionis Fund'sBoard includes Ralph 6582, 212/629-8850. NYC. NY 10012. seekinga Projectto Dira:tor Nader, SidneyW�c & Alan oversee and canyout a national Morrison, and thefwlds come " The forCampaip Human • The Labor/Community demonstration project in 4 from the cstaU: oflhc: late great l>efflOPIDbJt, a national social Stn.tqy Centes- (a PRRAC communities,identifying and muclcraker Philip S&em. justice programof theUS grantee)seeks a Developmmt detectinglending discrimination Concept papers a.re due by Jan. CatholicBishops. is lookingto Coordinatcw. coverResume/ and gcvcloping "best practice" 4. The Fund 11i.Il aJso make fill a F1eldR�e ltr./salary history to Anne S. solutions. Resume/salaryregs. strategic gtantsto !)C'Ojects and position. Resume/cover ltr. by Morrison, Morrison Assoc., to N�RC, 1875 Conn. Ave. NW organiutions a1. juncturescririca1 Nov. IS to ReginaGrunert, US 1629K St. NW #802, Wash., #1010, Wash., DC20009, 202/ in theirdevclopmcm. Guidelines CatholicConf., 3211 4th St. NE, DC200)6, 202/223-6523. 986-7475. from the Fund. POBox 1590, Wash., DC20017-1 194,'}IJ'}./ Arlington, VA �10-0890,fax; 541-32IO. • The LeplAid Society ol • 1beNatl. lmmiputLaw 703/527-5775 . � islooking for a Ctr.is seeking a StdAttomey. Supenmng &Attorney a Staff Resume/writing sample lO • The &afaaTlmllf)Ol1alioo Attorneyfor its Fair Housing Charles Wheeler, NILC, J I02 S. PolicyProjed an �hiring Am. SEND SASE Project.Resume to Jeremy Crewshaw Blvd. #101, LA, CA Directorfor Poley & Lane, LAS-Mp!s., 430First 90019. lmplmlm1adoa anda (�)FOR A Ave. N., #300, Mpls, MN Commuoicuiom�- The LIST OF 5�1•1780. � ThePacific SW Regionol latter pays $36,(XX). the Anm-.FrienGI &nice Resume/writing sample to PAAAC GRANTS • TheMiJitu'y Produc:don Comm.is seeking a Directw. CarmenHunL STI>P, 1400 16th TO DATE. Networlr. is seeking an Associate $40,000. Reswne/cover !tr. by St. NW,#300. W.mi., DC Directorfor its work with a Dec.9 to Lynn Brusseau, 20036, 202/939-34�. PRRAC'S SOCIAL SCIENCE ADVISORY BOARD RidtardBerk UCLA Department o( Sociology Frank. llonilJa FffltllnlloMenrlr,zo HIDlterCollege CaJter forPuertoRican Studies Stanford Univ. Center for C'bicanoRmearch Cyndrit,Dunazn P""10ng Univ.New HampshireDepartment Sociology of UCLA Gnd. School AidJbdure.Pfanninc &:-Urblul Robato Fantllllla GaryOrJWd NorthwesternUniY. Centa-forUman Atrain HanadUoiY. Gnd,Smool of Edladon Hm Hllrlmann GaryS"""'1fw Inst. forWomen's Policy Reseuch(Wash., DC) UniY. Wa,.-&11 lmt.Pcm,ty for Reseudt W..,, Kornblum M,,,,.rd Weir CUNY Cenm for Social Research � Imdludoncw--. oq November/December 1994 • Poveny & Race • Vol. 3, No. 6 • 19 POVERTY& RACEJU:SEARCH A CHON COUNCIL Bo!lrdDirectors of CHAIR Tessie Gulllenno Kmndb Kimedln& Ca1blTacwpaln JolmOaartes Boger A.,._,,ot:fle ,,,_., PwnoR"-rupl� Appl/etlRf'M!lfflt Cml6 ll""1tnMyoJNOtdlC_._ A,,..,.._.H'11111A F__, -�FUIIII O""'-tl.C4 Sdtodo/Lilw S• FIMtilco, Ct N�Yort;.NY MTamayo a.,,,JHll,NC Kati Haycock SM.Millfr ,._,Lowe_. A�/orm,lw,EdncotiM 11,eC- l#flllllMa s-�cc SECRETARY Wt , .. to.;DC C...... _MA WIiiiamTaylor Don Nakanllhl W•Vi•ta;DC jollnpowellU,rft,. o/ M..,_,,.LawSdtool 'l'bomasHend«non UttVyffS'CCMA ltZ.ja, Clvf Ulllwnlly oJC4111111Jonar JimWeill Meuq.lr,MN Rlf/ra Undtr Law l.MA ... CA ChlrlMllrDr/f!teeF,-/ TREASURER wa•.uctu.,DC JOIEPadilla Wd.li#CJUl,DC C.... Rrnlu,,,I HelenllenbkofJ [0,Zri rt- PbyllsHolmen Amri:mlCMu-tlaUnion ,4.....,,, WJa, G«JIIWILq,,/&nlco/'rorr- �,,,.,_. Olfly/ A diint.a. CA. N- Yort;.NY s.�a ...... �FJleoHomb!II JanePen.a � SrrvicoHon I N"""-lHa,ld,u,wp,,,,,_. Chester W.Hartman ..,. P,ofda/EJt«;utiwDlrtd.or NaneyDuff Campbell T-.Force a.,,dH-,NC N..,._WOfflllllllrlAWCor/6 W. Wcto.,DC W...... ,..,,_DC TheodoreSbaw M. JoeL. Lucero AlmHouseonn NMCPu,-ln,,_ A.ma'alwtDhdor GaryDelpdo CffftlrjorLow -1Sodtll _,,&6-""'1-fllFWIII ApplktlR-,:1,0nw Po/i,:;y NewYt.ri. NY Jackie-Hol6day �CA W�DC F.smcnlda Simmom OJJi« M..,,.. JIIIDISGibson MmaJimma: Mt!4Wc.,,,. Ewn 11- Urbtm IISffillM AFSCI11■»9ad,.; Law Fo, Law & Sodt,/ Jflllim Wulli._lofl.DC Elt/D4MHl5wf M"""'1,q Brooklyn, NY Pro/«L ---, Houstan.1X ' Poverty & Race Research Action Council NONPROFIT 1711 Connecticut Ave. NW• Suite 207 ORGANIZATION U.S. POSTAGE Washington. DC 20009 PAID 202/387-9887 FAX 202 ·387--0764 WASHINGTON, DC PERMIT NO. 4834 Address Correction Requested