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Textual Trespassing: Tracking the Native ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: TEXTUAL TRESPASSING: TRACKING THE NATIVE INFORMANT IN LITERATURES OF THE AMERICAS April A. Shemak, Doctor of Philosophy, 2003 Dissertation directed by: Professor Sangeeta Ray Department of English This dissertation reframes notions of two disparate fields of study-- postcolonial and U.S. ethnic studies -- through an analysis of contemporary narratives located in the Caribbean, Central America and the United States. My choice of texts is dictated by their multiple locations, allowing me to consider postcolonial and ethnic studies as simultaneous formations. Throughout the dissertation I use the trope of trespassing in its various connotations to explore how these narratives represent native spaces, migration and U.S. spatial formations. Furthermore, I explore the manner in which testimonio surfaces as a narrative device in several of the texts. I establish the parameters of my project by describing the disciplines and theoretical discourses with which I engage. I argue that it is necessary to expand the boundaries of U.S. ethnic literature to include the literatures of the Americas. Furthermore, I also consider the implications of the trope of trespassing vis -à-vis my own subject position my own subject position and the narratives I analyze. Chapter two investigates the manner in which, despite contemporary theoretical and cultural critiques of essentialism, one continues to sense a reverence for sacrosanct notions of authenticity, origins, and nativism in contemporary narratives. I 1 explore these themes as they occur in texts from Jamaica, Guyana and Martinique and consider how these novels complicate the alignment of indigeneity with essentialism through their use of postmodern narrative tactics . In chapter three, I shift my investigation to Haitian and Cuban narratives of migration and the manner in which testimony, when it is linked to migration, becomes a means of trespassing especially for refugees who must constructing the postcolonial nati ve space as “corrupt” as they attempt to gain political asylum in the United States. I argue that such texts as Edwidge Danticat’s Krik? Krak! and Cristina Garcia’s Dreaming in Cuban reflect discourses of disease as a way of representing the “unhealthy” relationships between the U.S. and Haiti and Cuba. Chapter four charts the movement of the native informant from the postcolonial native locale to the ethnic immigrant space. I use Gayatri Spivak’s critique of the postcolonial critic as “New Immigrant-nat ive informant” as an analytical frame for addressing the ways in which Dominican American writers adopt or reject the role of native informant in the novels (for example, Julia Alvarez, Loida Maritza Perez and Nelly Rosario). Chapter five reflects a convergence of postcolonial and ethnic American concerns as it explores the implications of trespassing and testimony in narratives that represent transnational labor practices. I juxtapose the 1991 U.S. Congressional Hearings which address the plight of Haiti an sugarcane cutters in the Dominican Republic through an appropriation of testimonial discourse with the subjective representations of migrant workers in the novels of Edwidge Danticat and Francisco Goldman. 2 TEXTUAL TRESPASSING: TRACKING THE NATIVE INFORMANT IN LITERATURES OF THE AMERICAS by April A. Shemak Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements fo r the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2003 3 Advisory Committee: Professor Sangeeta Ray, Chair Professor Stephan Palmié Professor Zita Nunes Professor Ralph Bauer Professor Phyllis Peres 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people whom I would like to thank-- for without them this dissertation would never have come to fruition. First, I would like to thank my dissertation director, Sangeeta Ray, for being a steadfast and intellectually rigorous mentor. Her guidance has been invigorating and invaluable in this process. I am thankful to Stephan Palmié for being willing to cross disciplinary borders with me (despite the bureaucratic hurdles) and for steering me in the direction of U.S. public discourse on the Car ibbean. Ralph Bauer brought his knowledge of early American literatures to bear on my dissertation-- his influence greatly enriches my understanding of native informants. Zita Nunes graciously stepped on board the project in the eleventh hour-- I only wish that our paths had crossed sooner as I have found another stimulating brain to pick. I also would like to thank Merle Collins, who was a part of this project in the early stages, but because of a combination of factors, including institutional restrictions, was unable to partake in its final stages. Her influence has nevertheless been present as she helped to form the foundation of my understanding of Caribbean literatures. I must also thank the many friends and peers who have either read chapter drafts , listened to excerpts in conference presentations, and offered valuable feedback and conversation. Tanya Shields has been a generous, supportive and unwavering friend. She has the unique ability to balance friendship, compassion and critical insight. She, along with Gia Harewood and Belinda Wallace have been the best travel companions. Our conversations about race, culture and gender have greatly enhanced my understanding of the world. Carlos Schroeder offered helpful feedback on several of the chapters. His breadth of knowledge always astounds me along with his ability to maintain an ironic sense of humor. Liz Deloughery has been a great email friend-- often providing valuable insight and support for any number of scholarly and professional questions. He r dissertation and publications have provided me with a greater understanding of nativism in the Caribbean. Virgina Bell’s “Re -Membering the Americas” graduate seminar proved essential in my grounding in the Literatures of the Americas. I would also like to acknowledge Lynn Bolles for her role in bringing together graduate students and faculty in Caribbean Studies at the University of Maryland. Barb Perry has also been a great friend and colleague and her hard work for CRIG and the Caribbean listserve should not go unnoticed. Others that I would like to thank for their friendship and collegiality include; Seth Silberman, Claudia Nogueira, Dorith Grant-Wisdom and Randi Gray Kristensen. My longtime friend, Mark Cenite, deserves special acknowledgement for being the first to encourage me to pursue a PhD and providing endless support throughout the process. My husband Stan, whose patience is immeasurable, has been a great moral support every step of the way. I cannot thank him enough. Finally, durin g the two and a half years it took to write this dissertation, five members of my extended family passed away -- one of whom was a Vietnam Veteran. I would like to dedicate this dissertation to their memories and to my parents for their compassion through it all. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction: Literatures of the Americas: Expanding the Boundaries of U.S. 6 Ethnic Literatures .....................................................................................................1 Chapter 2: Postmodern Nativisms: Michelle Cliff’s No Telephone to Heaven , Patrick Chamoiseau’s Texaco and Pauline Melville’s The Ventriloquist’s Tale ...............34 Chapter 3: Rites/Rights of Passage: Haitian and Cuban Migration Narratives..............122 Chapter 4: The Native Informants of Dominican American Fiction .............................203 Chapter 5: Where Have all the Nati ves Gone? Testimonial Discourse and Transnational Labor................................................................................................................... 261 Bibliography.....................................................................................................................32 3 “These are mine: these few gangrenous thousands who rattle in this calabash of an island. And this too is mine: this archipelago arched with anxiety as though to deny itself, as 7 though she were a mother anxious to protect the tenuous delicacy with which her two Americas are joined; this archipelago whose flanks secrete for Europe the sweet liquid of the Gulf Stream; this archipelago which is one side of the shining passage through which the Equator walks its tightrope to Africa. My island, my non-enclosure, whose bright courage stands at the back of my polynesia,; in front, Guadaloupe split in two by its dorsal ridge and as wretched as we ours elves; Haiti where negritude rose to its feet for the first time and said it believed in its own humanity; and the comic little tail of Florida where they are just finishing strangling a Negro; and Africa gigantically caterpillaring as far as the Spanish foot of Europe: the nakedness of Africa where the scythe of Death swings wide. -- Aime Cesaire Notebook on the Return to My Native Land Introduction: Literatures of the Americas: Expanding the Boundaries of U.S. Ethnic Literatures Plotting the Americas I would like to begin with an anecdote. A few years ago, while attending a meeting regarding the restoration of a park in my Washington DC neighborhood and 8 speaking with one of the park’s administrators, he inquired whether I was native to the city. When I told him that I had grown up on a farm in Wisconsin, he exclaimed “Oh, then you’re part of a dying breed!” I was a bit taken aback by this somewhat curious reference to the dwindling numbers of small farmers in the United
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