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Race, Statelessness, and Dominico-Haitian Activism in the Dominican Republic Jacqueline Lyon Florida International University, [email protected]

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Race, Statelessness, and Dominico-Haitian Activism in the Dominican Republic Jacqueline Lyon Florida International University, Jlyon016@Fiu.Edu Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 6-25-2018 Inheriting Illegality: Race, Statelessness, and Dominico-Haitian Activism in the Dominican Republic Jacqueline Lyon Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC006870 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Latin American Studies Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Lyon, Jacqueline, "Inheriting Illegality: Race, Statelessness, and Dominico-Haitian Activism in the Dominican Republic" (2018). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3765. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3765 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida INHERITING ILLEGALITY: RACE, STATELESSNESS, AND DOMINICO-HAITIAN ACTIVISM IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in GLOBAL AND SOCIOCULTURAL STUDIES by Jacqueline Lyon 2018 To: Dean John F. Stack, Jr. Steven J. Green School of International and Public Affairs This dissertation, written by Jacqueline Lyon, and Inheriting Illegality: Race, Statelessness, and Dominico-Haitian Activism in the Dominican Republic, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. _____________________________________ Percy Hintzen ___________________________________ Okezi Otovo _____________________________________ Andrea Queeley _____________________________________ Jorge Duany, Major Professor Date of Defense: June 25, 2018 The dissertation of Jacqueline Lyon is approved. _____________________________________ Dean John F. Stack, Jr. Steven J. Green School of International and Public Affairs ___________________________________ Andrés G. Gil Vice President for Research and Economic Development and Dean of the University Graduate School Florida International University, 2018 ii DEDICATION Dedicada al Movimiento Reconoci.do y al reconocimiento de todxs lxs Dominicanxs de ascendencia haitiana. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project would not be possible without the support of Movimiento Reconoci.do. I have been forever changed by the stories, friendship, laughter, and tears we all shared together. Ana María, your strength in the face of adversity, your tenderness, drive, and friendship have been inspirations to me in the difficult process of completing this dissertation. Telemín, Rosa Iris, Elena, Juan Alberto, Cesar, Elmo, Epifania, all went above and beyond to guide me in this project and beyond. Thank you for your kindness, friendship, and support. My fellow members of the Colectivo Isleño, Euclides, Hugo, Yesibon, and Regine, thank you for giving me an outlet to work on these issues outside the confines of the academy and allowing me to be an ally to the movement you are envisioning. To all of the staff at FLACSO, especially Franiel. Although I cannot name all of those who contributed to this project, it would not be possible without the many Dominicans who opened their homes and hearts to me. To my family, both biological and chosen, you all inspire and push me in your own ways. To Christian, mi media naranja, who has always believed I could do anything. That means more to me than you will ever know. Without you by my side I would never have the surety to venture into these uncharted waters. To Yolanda and Jesús Mejía, who gave me a place to call home when I most needed it. I hope that I am as much the daughter you never had as much as you are the parents I never did. Also, to Derrick and Rachel, who have been a part of this journey from the very beginning. To my siblings: Paris, Brandon, iv Angelica, Arielle, Amara, Aidan, and Alyssa, you have all inspired me in your own way, even in your mistakes. A part of this belongs to all of you. Miguel, we did it! Thanks for going to grad school so I could have someone to talk to. And to LT, you will be proud that this work takes seriously your suggestion that I listen. I will be happy to be half the professor and mentor you are. I received support for this project from the Tinker Foundation, Phillips Exeter Academy Dissertation Year Fellowship, FIU’s Dissertation Evidence Acquisition Award, and the Morris and Anita Broad Foundation. I extend my gratitude to my dissertation committee, Drs. Jorge Duany, Andrea Queeley, Percy Hintzen, and Okezi Otovo for your feedback on this project. v ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION INHERITING ILLEGALITY: RACE, STATELESSNESS, AND DOMINICO-HAITIAN ACTIVISM IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC by Jacqueline Lyon Florida International University, 2018 Miami, Florida Professor Jorge Duany, Major Professor In 2013, the Dominican Republic’s highest court ruled to revoke birthright citizenship for over 200,000 Dominicans of Haitian descent. Ruling TC 168-13 prompted dialogue about race and racism in the country, breaking the racial silence that accompanies mestizaje (racial mixture). Scholars viewed this ruling through the lens of “Black denial” whereby Dominicans’ failure to adopt Black identities, despite being largely afrodescendant, fuels the racialization of Haitians as Black. Less evident in examinations of Dominican racial politics are anti-racist and anti-xenophobic organizing. Addressing the gap in scholarship on Dominican blackness, this dissertation project adopts an ethnographic approach to examine how Domicans of Haitian descent, most notably through Reconoci.do, a movement of denationalized youth, as well as the natural hair movement, engage with race. As one of the few well-articulated areas of Dominican society engaged with blackness, the natural hair movement provides a useful counterpoint for examining the intersections between blackness and Haitianess. In this work, I propose that natural hair vi has the potential to destabilize Haitian racialization yet, concurrently threatens to decouple the anti-racist movement from Dominico-Haitian struggles. These intersections illuminate the complex relationships within the heterogenous anti-racist movement. Through a historically rooted examination of constructions of race and nation in immigration policies, censuses, and national identity cards, this dissertation asserts that immigration policies were designed to benefit the dominant sugarcane economy at the expense of migrants and thus state efforts in 2014 to address indocumentation continued earlier discriminatory patterns, disproportionately impacting the Haitian diaspora. These practices are best understood as spectacles (De Genova 2013) that produce migrant illegality and, in particular, an inherited illegality for Dominican-born children that violates their constitutional rights to citizenship. Furthermore, the state constructs the population as non-black while publicly undermining anti-racist organizing and this research finds that activists draw on transnational images of blackness to challenge national representations of a modern blackness. Identifying mestizaje and the color continuum as obstacles to organizing, many activists conceptualize blackness as hypodescent, whereby any African ancestry engenders a Black identity. I argue that, while essentialist, this strategy broadens identification with Dominico-Haitians. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE 1. RE-I NTRODUCTION TO DOMINICAN BLACKNESS………………………..1 B lackness, H aitianess, and Domi nic anidad: A Literature Review ............. 3 T he Research Project .............................................................................. 14 A Reflexive Note.................................................................................... 20 O verview of Chapters ............................................................................. 24 N ote on Terminology ............................................................................ 26 2. UNA SEN TENCIA NO PUEDE BORRAR MI VIDA : DOCUMENTING THE H AITIAN DI ASP ORA IN THE DOM INICAN RE PUBLIC, 1920-2013 ………28 B ringing the Braceros ............................................................................. 31 Dispossession and Dominicaniz ation at the Border ................................. 39 E ra of Bilate ral Accords ......................................................................... 44 U n país de ntro de otro: Legal Exclusion and Rising Movements............. 50 T he R ol e of the Jun ta Cen tral Electoral .................................................. 55 C onstitutional Change and La Sentencia ................................................. 59 L os Hu manos V alem os +K Cu alquier Ley ...... ........................................ 60 3. W ITNESSING CI TIZE NSHIP : L EGAL P R OCE SSES O F SUBJEC TIFICATION ………………………………… ….………………………64 B ure aucratic Failures .................... .......................................................... 66 Eres Blanca ..................... ............................. .......................................... 75 Deterritorializ ed Citize nship ................................................................... 81 Engendering Illegality ............................................................................ 84 Conclusion ...........................................................................................
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