i
SELECTED DIAGNOSTIC POTTERY FROM DESTRUCTION DEPOSITS ON THE CITADEL OF MYCENAE: BUILDING KAPPA
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A Thesis Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board
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In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS
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By Sarah Elizabeth Peterson January, 2011
Thesis Approvals:
Dr. Philip P. Betancourt, Thesis Advisor, Department of Art History
Dr. Jane D. Evans, Department of Art History ii
ABSTRACT
This study presents a preliminary examination of the pottery from Building
Kappa, a recently excavated building on the citadel of Mycenae. Resulting from a formal
detailed analysis of a portion of the recovered ceramic assemblage, this research corrects
several errors recorded in notebooks at the time of excavation before the pottery was washed and studied. The excavated area of Building Kappa contained three different levels: Stratum 4/6, a deposit associated with the structure that shows it went out of use in the LH IIIB period; Level 3, a deposit consisting of baulks left unexcavated by early expeditions in the 1890’s, which consists of an LH IIIC level from habitation near this area after the building went out of use; and Deposit 2β, a modern backfill containing both
Bronze Age and Hellenistic pottery that was spread across the site in modern times. The importance of the study is that it clarifies the stratigraphy of the area of Building Kappa and allows preliminary observations about the nature of the occupation at this location.
More importantly, this research indicates the need for a more detailed examination of the remainder of the unstudied ceramic assemblage.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Many thanks are due to Prof. Spyros E. Iakovidis and Prof. Christofilis Maggidis
for providing access to the material presented in this thesis, and to the Archaeological
Society of Athens, under whose auspices the excavations of Building Kappa were undertaken. I am also most thankful to the Ephors of the Argolid, and to the staff of the
Mycenae Archaeological Museum for graciously providing assistance with the practical aspects of the study.
I would also like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Philip P.
Betancourt, who provided much needed instruction, support, insight, and feedback during the study of this material. Also to Prof. Jane D. Evans, whose suggestions and comments regarding the content of this thesis have been invaluable. I also gratefully acknowledge the cooperation of all those who took part in the study: Dr. Katie Lantzas, Jennifer Danis,
Allison Cuneo, Kristen Wroth, Diane Evitts, Erica Pitcairn, Daniella Zalcman, and undergraduate students from Dickinson College, Elmira College, California State
University, Long Beach, and Tufts University.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT...... ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...... vi
LIST OF FIGURES ...... vii
LIST OF PLATES ...... x
CHAPTER
1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1
The Citadel of Mycenae...... 1
History of Explorations on the Citadel of Mycenae ...... 3
The Study of Mycenaean Pottery...... 4
Methodology...... 5
2. THE EXCAVATION OF BUILDING KAPPA...... 7
3. ANALYSIS OF THE DEPOSITS FROM BUILDING KAPPA ...... 9
Context 2β from Sector I of Building Kappa (2002) ...... 9
Locus 3 from Sector II of Building Kappa (2003)...... 11
Layer 4/6 from Room 1 of Building Kappa (2004) ...... 14
4. THE CURRENTLY UNDERSTOOD HISTORY OF BUILDING KAPPA ...... 19
BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 21
APPENDICES
A. CATALOG OF SELECTED DIAGNOSTIC POTTERY FROM BUILDING KAPPA…………………………………………………………...25
Context 2β from Sector I of Building Kappa (2002) ...... 26 v
Locus 3 from Sector II of Building Kappa (2003)...... 30
Layer 4/6 from Room 1 of Building Kappa (2004) ...... 34
FIGURES...... 41
PLATES...... 69
vi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
All abbreviations follow those recommended by the American Journal of Archaeology
(AJA 111, 2007: 3–34), unless otherwise listed here:
Introduction P.A. Mountjoy, Mycenaean Pottery: An Introduction,
Oxford University School of Archaeology Monograph, no.
36 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
Midea Walberg, Gisela. Midea: The Megaron Complex and Shrine
Area: Excavations on the Lower Terraces, 1994–1997,
Prehistory Monographs, no. 20 (Philadelphia: INSTAP
Academic Press, 2007).
MDP P.A. Mountjoy, Mycenaean Decorated Pottery: A Guide to
Identification. Göteborg: Paul Astroms Forlag, 1986.
Panagia I.M. Shear, The Panagia Houses at Mycenae. Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania, 1987.
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. Map of Mycenae showing the location of the citadel. From Maggidis and Stamos 2006, fig. 2 ...... 41
2. Plan of Building Kappa, following the 2006 season of excavation...... 42
3. Plan of Sector I of Building Kappa, following the 2002 season of excavation ...... 43
4. South-facing section drawing of Sector I of Building Kappa from the 2002 season, showing Layers 2β, 3, and 4...... 44
5. East-facing section drawing of Sector I of Building Kappa, showing location of Layer 2β both on top of and next to Layers 3 and 4, from the 2002 season...... 44
6. Plan of Sector II of Building Kappa, showing location of Locus 3, from the 2003 season...... 45
7. Plan and section drawings of Sector III of Building Kappa, showing location of Layer 4/6...... 45
8. Cat. no. 1 (MYCK_02_0018/MM 32439), 2 to 1...... 46
9. Cat. no. 2 (MYCK_02_0083/MM 32450), 2 to 1...... 46
10. Cat. no. 3 (MYCK_02_0006/MM 31356), 2 to 1...... 46
11. Cat. no. 4 (MYCK_02_0071/MM 31355), 2 to 1...... 47
12. Cat. no. 5 (MYCK_02_0002/MM 31356), 2 to 1...... 47
13. Cat. no. 6 (MYCK_02_0096/MM 32458), 2 to 1...... 47
14. Cat. no. 7 (MYCK_02_0055/MM 32461), 2 to 1...... 48
15. Cat. no. 8 (MYCK_02_0082/MM 32450), 2 to 1...... 48
16. Cat. no. 9 (MYCK_02_001/MM 31356), 2 to 1...... 48
17. Cat. no. 10 (MYCK_02_0077/MM 31327), 2 to 1...... 49
18. Cat. no. 11 (MYCK_02_0023/MM 32452), 2 to 1...... 49 viii
19. Cat. no. 12 (MYCK_02_0103/MM 31329), 2 to 1...... 49
20. Cat. no. 13 (MYCK_02_0027/MM 31328), 2 to 1...... 50
21. Cat. no. 14 (MYCK_02_0069/MM 32461), 2 to 1...... 50
22. Cat. no. 15 (MYCK_02_0097/MM 32458), 2 to 1...... 50
23. Cat. no. 16 (MYCK_02_0180/MM 32461), 2 to 1...... 51
24. Cat. no. 17 (MYCK_02_0185/MM 31328), 2 to 1...... 51
25. Cat. no. 18 (MYCK_03_0148/MM 32514), 2 to 1...... 51
26. Cat. no. 19 (MYCK_03_0151/MM 32510), 2 to 1...... 52
27. Cat. no. 20 (MYCK_03_0127/MM 33475), 2 to 1...... 52
28. Cat. no. 21 (MYCK_03_0141/MM 32514), 2 to 1...... 52
29. Cat. no. 22 (MYCK_03_0145/MM 32514), 2 to 1...... 53
30. Cat. no. 23 (MYCK_03_0140/MM 32514), 2 to 1...... 53
31. Cat. no. 24 (MYCK_03_0152/MM 32510), 2 to 1...... 53
32. Cat. no. 25 (MYCK_03_0110/MM 33503), 2 to 1...... 54
33. Cat. no. 26 (MYCK_03_0149/MM 32514), 2 to 1...... 54
34. Cat. no. 27 (MYCK_03_0153/MM 32510), 2 to 1...... 54
35. Cat. no. 28 (MYCK_03_0113/MM 33505), 2 to 1...... 55
36. Cat. no. 29 (MYCK_03_0187/MM 32518), 2 to 1...... 55
37. Cat. no. 30 (MYCK_03_0173/MM 32510), 2 to 1...... 55
38. Cat. no. 31 (MYCK_03_0126/MM 33475), 2 to 1...... 56
39. Cat. no. 32 (MYCK_03_0150/MM 32510), 2 to 1...... 56
40. Cat. no. 33 (MYCK_04_0257/MM 33811), 2 to 1...... 56
41. Cat. no. 34 (MYCK_04_0252/MM 33772), 2 to 1...... 57
42. Cat. no. 35 (MYCK_04_0262/MM 33870), 2 to 1...... 57 ix
43. Cat. no. 36 (MYCK_04_0268/MM 33792), 2 to 1...... 57
44. Cat. no. 37 (MYCK_04_0208/MM 33798), 2 to 1...... 58
45. Cat. no. 38 (MYCK_04_0234/MM 33794), 1 to 1...... 58
46. Cat. no. 39 (MYCK_04_0209/MM 33798), 2 to 1...... 58
47. Cat. no. 40 (MYCK_04_0221/MM 33719), 1 to 1...... 59
48. Cat. no. 41 (MYCK_04_0198/MM 33798), 2 to 1...... 59
49. Cat. no. 42 (MYCK_04_0204/MM 22798), 2 to 1...... 59
50. Cat. no. 43 (MYCK_04_0279/MM 33812, 2 to 1 ...... 60
51. Cat. no. 44 (MYCK_04_0272/MM 33812), 2 to 1...... 60
52. Cat. no. 45 (MYCK_04_0201/MM 33798), 2 to 1...... 60
53. Cat. no. 46 (MYCK_04_0179/MM 33798 & MM 33878), 2 to 1...... 61
54. Cat. no. 47 (MYCK_04_0243/MM 33772), 2 to 1...... 61
55. Cat. no. 48 (MYCK_04_0226/MM 33686), 2 to 1...... 61
56. Cat. no. 49 (MYCK_04_0207/MM 33798), 2 to 1...... 62
57. Cat. no. 50 (MYCK_04_0232/MM 33794), 2 to 1...... 62
58. Cat. no. 51 (MYCK_04_0216/MM 33798), 2 to 1...... 62
59. Cat. no. 52 (MYCK_04_0217/MM 33798), 2 to 1...... 63
60. Cat. no. 53 (MYCK_04_0273/MM 33812), 2 to 1...... 63
61. Cat. no. 54 (MYCK_04_0267/MM 33804), 2 to 1...... 63
62. Cat. no. 55 (MYCK_04_0290/MM 33704), 2 to 1...... 64
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LIST OF PLATES
PLATE Page
1. Aerial view of the citadel of Mycenae. Courtesy of Prof. Christofilis Maggidis ...... 65
2. Aerial view of the Northwest Quarter of the citadel of Mycenae, showing location of Building Kappa between the Storerooms (Λ) of Megaron M and Building Complex N. Courtesy of Prof. Christofilis Maggidis ...... 65
3. View of Layers 4/6 before excavation in the 2004 season. Courtesy of Prof. Christofilis Maggidis...... 66
4. View of the partially preserved clay floor in Room 1 of Building Kappa Courtesy of Prof. Christofilis Maggidis...... 66
5. Cat. no. 1 (MYCK_02_0018/MM 32439) ...... 67
6. Cat. no. 2 (MYCK_02_0083/MM 32450) ...... 67
7. Cat. no. 3 (MYCK_02_0006/MM 31356) ...... 68
8. Cat. no. 4 (MYCK_02_0071/MM 31355) ...... 68
9. Cat. no. 5 (MYCK_02_0002/MM 31356) ...... 69
10. Cat. no. 6 (MYCK_02_0096/MM 32458) ...... 69
11. Cat. no. 7 (MYCK_02_0055/MM 32461) ...... 70
12. Cat. no. 8 (MYCK_02_0082/MM 32450) ...... 70
13. Cat. no. 9 (MYCK_02_001/MM 31356) ...... 71
14. Cat. no. 10 (MYCK_02_0077/MM 31327) ...... 71
15. Cat. no. 11 (MYCK_02_0023/MM 32452) ...... 72
16. Cat. no. 12 (MYCK_02_0103/MM 31329) ...... 72
17. Cat. no. 13 (MYCK_02_0027/MM 31328) ...... 73
18. Cat. no. 14 (MYCK_02_0069/MM 32461) ...... 73
19. Cat. no. 15 (MYCK_02_0097/MM 32458) ...... 74 xi
20. Cat. no. 16 (MYCK_02_0180/MM 32461) ...... 74
21. Cat. no. 17 (MYCK_02_0185/MM 31328) ...... 75
22. Cat. no. 18 (MYCK_03_0148/MM 32514) ...... 75
23. Cat. no. 19 (MYCK_03_0151/MM 32510) ...... 76
24. Cat. no. 20 (MYCK_03_0127/MM 33475) ...... 76
25. Cat. no. 21 (MYCK_03_0141/MM 32514) ...... 77
26. Cat. no. 22 (MYCK_03_0145/MM 32514) ...... 77
27. Cat. no. 23 (MYCK_03_0140/MM 32514) ...... 78
28. Cat. no. 24 (MYCK_03_0152/MM 32510) ...... 78
29. Cat. no. 25 (MYCK_03_0110/MM 33503) ...... 79
30. Cat. no. 26 (MYCK_03_0149/MM 32514) ...... 79
31. Cat. no. 27 (MYCK_03_0153/MM 32510) ...... 80
32. Cat. no. 28 (MYCK_03_0113/MM 33505) ...... 80
33. Cat. no. 29 (MYCK_03_0187/MM 32518) ...... 81
34. Cat. no. 30 (MYCK_03_0173/MM 32510) ...... 81
35. Cat. no. 31 (MYCK_03_0126/MM 33475) ...... 82
36. Cat. no. 32 (MYCK_03_0150/MM 32510) ...... 82
37. Cat. no. 33 (MYCK_04_0257/MM 33811) ...... 83
38. Cat. no. 34 (MYCK_04_0252/MM 33772) ...... 83
39. Cat. no. 35 (MYCK_04_0262/MM 33870) ...... 84
40. Cat. no. 36 (MYCK_04_0268/MM33792) ...... 84
41. Cat. no. 37 (MYCK_04_0208/MM 33798) ...... 85
42. Cat. no. 38 (MYCK_04_0234/MM 33794) ...... 85
43. Cat. no. 39 (MYCK_04_0209/MM 33798) ...... 86 xii
44. Cat. no. 40 (MYCK_04_0221/MM33719) ...... 86
45. Cat. no. 41 (MYCK_04_0198/MM 33798) ...... 87
46. Cat. no. 42 (MYCK_04_0204/MM 22798) ...... 87
47. Cat. no. 43 (MYCK_04_0279/MM 33812) ...... 88
48. Cat. no. 44 (MYCK_04_0272/MM 33812) ...... 88
49. Cat. no. 45 (MYCK_04_0201/MM 33798) ...... 89
50. Cat. no. 46 (MYCK_04_0179/MM 33798 & MM 33878)...... 89
51. Cat. no. 47 (MYCK_04_0243/MM 33772) ...... 90
52. Cat. no. 48 (MYCK_04_0226/MM 33686) ...... 90
53. Cat. no. 49 (MYCK_04_0207/MM 33798) ...... 91
54. Cat. no. 50 (MYCK_04_0232/MM 33794) ...... 91
55. Cat. no. 51 (MYCK_04_0216/MM 33798) ...... 92
56. Cat. no. 52 (MYCK_04_0217/MM 33798) ...... 92
57. Cat. no. 53 (MYCK_04_0273/MM 33812) ...... 93
58. Cat. no. 54 (MYCK_04_0267/MM 33804) ...... 93
59. Cat. no. 55 (MYCK_04_0290/MM 33704) ...... 94
1
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Pottery recovered from archaeological excavations has provided researchers with a valuable means by which to study the past. Ceramic materials are durable, and they can withstand centuries of burial. Particularly in Greece, the largest portion of the archaeological record is represented by pottery, and it has contributed immensely to the study of ancient Greek cultures. Changes that occur in the shapes of vessels that are
produced and how pottery is decorated can provide useful chronological frameworks both
for individual archaeological sites and ancient societies as a whole. For the Mycenaean
period, pottery has been divided into a number of stylistic periods that roughly
correspond to societal and cultural developments.
The Citadel of Mycenae
The citadel of Mycenae is located on a low hill, approximately 278 m above sea
level and 50 m above the surrounding plain, between two mountains, Profitis Elias to the
north and Zara to the south (Pl. 1; Fig. 1; Iakovidis 1983, 23). It is separated from these
mountains by two ravines, the Kokoretsa and the Chavos, respectively. Therefore, the
citadel is located on a natural strong point, protected by deep gorges and rocky cliffs on
all sides but the west. The hill of Mycenae and its neighboring mountains belong to the
western part of the Arachnaion mountain range, which serves to divide the Argolid from
the Corinthia. More significantly, Mycenae is located in the northeastern corner of the
Argive plain, at the mouth of the only passage that connects it to the Corinthia, and was
therefore able to control passage to and from these regions. In its final phase, the citadel 2
of Mycenae was approximately 30,000 sq. m in size, with fortification walls 900 m long, and covered the entire expanse of the hill.
The area of the citadel of Mycenae was inhabited as early as the Neolithic period,
and within its walls, pottery sherds from the areas of the later palace, Great Ramp, and
South House provide evidence for occupation in the Early Helladic period (ca. 3000 to
2000 B.C.E.). A greater number and variety of remains can be dated to the Middle
Helladic period (2000 to 1725/1625 B.C.E.), including fragments of walls on the summit
of the hill, an extensive cemetery located on the western slope between the two later royal
shaft grave circles (which was used into the early Late Helladic period), and a great deal
of ceramic evidence (Iakovides 1983, 23). Mycenae likely rose to power during the Late
Helladic I and Late Helladic II periods (1725/1625 to 1425 B.C.E.), as evidenced by the
construction of the royal shaft graves of Grave Circles A and B as well as the
monumental tholos tombs in the surrounding area, in addition to a few small sections of
wall in the area of the later palace (Iakovides 1983, 23).
The earliest fortification walls at Mycenae, built in the Cyclopean style, can be
dated to the middle of the 14th century B.C.E., during the Late Helladic IIIA2 period. The palace complex in its present form can also be dated to this period, as part of a building program that consisted of the construction of spacious terraces. Towards the middle of the 13th century B.C.E., the citadel was at the height of its power. Its size was increased, and its fortifications were strengthened through the construction of the western section of the Cyclopean wall circuit, the monumental Lion Gate, and the Postern Gate. Within the citadel, a parapet was erected around Grave Circle A, serving to delineate and venerate its inhabitants, and a number of buildings connected with the palace were constructed, including the South House, the buildings of the Artisan’s Quarter, and the buildings of
the Cult Center, among others. The citadel was extended to the northeast at the end of the 3
LH IIIB period (ca. 1200 B.C.E.), during which time an underground passage was cut
below the north wall that gave access to a cistern, 15m below the surface, that was fed by
the nearby Perseia spring and provided fresh water during times of siege (Iakovidis 1983,
23, 70–72).
Not coincidentally, a major destruction level within the citadel can be dated to the
end of the LH IIIB2 period, during which time large areas within the fortification walls
were destroyed by earthquake and fire. The palace was never rebuilt, and although the
area of the citadel continued to be inhabited, this generally marks the end of the
Mycenaean period.
History of Explorations on the Citadel of Mycenae
Work on the citadel of Mycenae began in 1841 when Kyriakos Pittakis, Ephor
General of Antiquities, supervised the unearthing of the Lion Gate under the newly
created Archaeological Society of Athens (Pittakis 1841). However, systematic
excavation, research, and publication did not begin until Heinrich Schliemann’s
investigations in the latter half of the century. In 1874, Schliemann dug 34 trial pits in different locations on the hill, and in 1876 he discovered the royal tombs of Grave Circle
A near the Lion Gate, unearthing 5 graves within the complex and 3 neighboring buildings (Schliemann 1880, 68–69). Panagiotis Stamatakis excavated the sixth and final tomb located in the grave circle in 1887 (Iakovidis 1977, 99).
The majority of the palace and a number of houses located inside the citadel walls were unearthed by Christos Tsountas, again operating under the auspices of the
Archaeological Society, in a number of campaigns from 1880 to 1902 (Tsountas 1887;
1888; 1893; 1896). He was succeeded by Alan Wace who, excavating from 1920 to 1922 4
and 1953 to 1955, continued investigations in the area of the palace, unearthed the
Granary, and discovered a number of other buildings inside the west and south-east walls
of the citadel (Wace 1921–1923; 1932; 1949; 1953; 1954; 1955; 1956; 1957). Between
the years of 1959 and 1969, William Taylour excavated the region of the citadel south of
Grave Circle B, called the Citadel House Area, which included the South House and Cult
Center (Taylour 1981).
George Mylonas, on behalf of the Archaeological Society, undertook a new
systematic investigation of walls and buildings at Mycenae from 1958 to 1964, and in
1965 he began new excavations on the citadel in the area of the palace and at a number of
buildings in the north, north-east, and northwest (Mylonas 1965; 1983; 1984). Mylonas’
investigations in the northwest portion of the citadel were continued by his successor,
Spyros Iakovidis, who remains the director of excavations at Mycenae to this day (see,
for example: Mylonas and Iakovidis 1988; 1990a; 1990b; Iakovidis 1992; 1995; 1996;
2005; 2006a; 2006b; 2007).
The Study of Mycenaean Pottery
A. Furtwängler and G. Loeschcke published the first comprehensive studies of
Mycenaean pottery in 1879 and 1886. Their assemblage was based on Schliemann’s excavations at Mycenae and the existing corpus of ceramic material. Their work was continued by Wace during the First World War (Wace 1914–1916). Later, along with
Carl Blegen, Wace provided a framework for the classification of prehistoric pottery on mainland Greece, establishing the accepted terminology for the Early, Middle, and Late
Helladic periods (Wace and Blegen 1916–1918). Wace went on to use this framework for
the classification of pottery from his excavations at Mycenae (Wace 1921–1923). 5
In 1941, Arne Furumark published two volumes on the results of a study of ceramic material from the Swedish excavations at the settlement of Asine (Furumark
1941a; 1941b). These volumes, which deal with the analysis, classification, and chronological development of pottery, established a numerical framework for the identification of decorative motifs and shapes. Today, Furumark’s efforts serve as a fundamental resource for all studies of Mycenaean pottery.
The understanding of the development of pottery during the height of Mycenaean power (LH IIIA–B) has been enabled by a number of significant studies. Elizabeth
French, in her analyses of ceramic material unearthed from deposits at the citadel of
Mycenae, has helped to define the chronology of the pottery from these periods (French
1963; 1964; 1965; 1966; 1967; 1969). Her investigations have been supplemented by the addition of other deposits, primarily from the Citadel House Area (Wardle 1969; 1973;
Mountjoy 1976). In 1986, Penelope Mountjoy published a seminal volume establishing a more refined framework of vessel shapes and decorative motifs from each period, thereby providing researchers with a way to identify sherds in the field (Mountjoy 1986, 7).
Methodology
A formal analysis of the pottery from Building Kappa was begun in the summer of 2009 and is still in progress. Pottery units from specific contexts that were understood to represent the destruction of the building during excavation are sorted on the basis of the presence or absence of painted decoration, fabric type, and broad chronology. Thus far, two seasons of study have resulted in the sorting and detailed recording of four years
(2002–2005) of collected material. Diagnostic pieces (single sherds, multiple sherds 6
forming joins, or complete vessels when available) are then selected, drawn in profile, and photographed.
To date, over three hundred diagnostic sherds have been selected from deposits excavated during the first three years of the campaign (2002–2004). They are best represented by the selected diagnostic pieces presented in the appendix of this thesis in terms of decorative motif, vessel shape, fabric type, and chronological range. The criteria applied to this material form the parameters by which each destruction deposit will be analyzed. Pottery from the selected contexts will then be compared with examples from other secure destruction contexts at Mycenae, both to aid in the dating of the material and to allow for a further understanding of how Building Kappa fits into the debated chronological framework of the destruction of the citadel. In addition, data related to the entire assemblage of pottery collected from each deposit will be utilized in order to determine the frequency of fabric types, vessel types, and specific vessel shapes. The combination of data from the entire assemblage and from selected diagnostic pieces will allow for a discussion of the function of vessel types and the broader purpose of Building
Kappa as a whole. Finally, the analysis of the pottery in conjunction with associated architectural features and small finds will facilitate the understanding of how the space was utilized.
It is hoped that the following preliminary analysis of selected pottery from
Building Kappa, as well as the future investigation of the entire ceramic assemblage, will call into question the early interpretations of the nature and chronology of the selected
deposits, which were likely misunderstood during excavation.
7
CHAPTER TWO
THE EXCAVATION OF BUILDING KAPPA
The excavation of building Kappa, located in the northwestern portion of the citadel of Mycenae between the Storerooms (Λ) of Megaron M and Building Complex N, was undertaken from 2002 to 2008 (Pl. 2; Fig. 2). The project was carried out under the auspices of the Archaeological Society of Athens, the general direction of Spyros
Iakovidis, and the field direction of Christofilis Maggidis of Dickinson College.
Undergraduate and graduate students from Dickinson College, the University of Athens,
Temple University, the University of Pennsylvania, and the University of Sheffield were counted among the participants of the campaign.
Building Kappa is a single story Late Mycenaean building, attached to the
Storerooms (Λ) of Megaron M, roughly oblong in shape, and measuring 26 m x 4 m. The building was separated by cross-walls into three rooms at different elevations, following the slope of the bedrock down to the north, with a low staircase connecting the two northernmost rooms. Kappa opened to the north onto a small open-air courtyard, measuring roughly 3.5 m x 5 m. This small courtyard was also accessed by a wide ramp that ran the entire length of the western wall of the building and provided access to the
Cyclopean fortification wall to the north.
The clay floor of the building, found best preserved in the southernmost room, was located on top of a foundation fill tentatively dated to the LH IIIA2 or IIIB1 periods, thereby providing a terminus post quem for its construction. Furthermore, thick ash destruction layers located throughout the building have been attributed to the final LH
IIIB2 period. Therefore, it is possible that building Kappa was hastily built as a temporary extension or addition to the badly damaged palatial storerooms of Megaron M 8 following the first LH IIIB destruction horizon at Mycenae in the final LH IIIB1 or early
LH IIIB2 period (ca. 1240 B.C.E.). Kappa was later destroyed at the very end of the LH
IIIB2 period, ca. 1200/1180 B.C.E., likely through both earthquake and fire, and the area in which the building was located was filled in. 9
CHAPTER THREE
ANALYSIS OF THE DEPOSITS FROM BUILDING KAPPA
Layer 2β from Sector I of Building Kappa
Layer 2β, located in Sector I of the excavated area, was unearthed directly
beneath a disturbed surface layer in the 2002 campaign (Fig. 3). During excavation the
stratum was identified in the notebooks as destruction fill, approximately 0.35 m thick,
that contained the remains of a collapsed mudbrick and wood superstructure. In addition to a great deal of recovered pottery, which the excavators dated to the LH IIIB2 period, finds from the layer included shells, obsidian blades and fragments, one burned clay
button, a Mycenaean decorated anthropomorphic figurine, and plesia (waterproof
plaster). Excavation notebooks state that directly beneath Layer 2β was a pressed earthen
and clay floor with scattered traces of fire (Layer 3) constructed on a leveling course of
stones directly on top of a foundation fill (Layer 4) (Fig. 4).
Because the layer directly beneath Layer 2β (Layer 3) was identified as a floor
deposit, it was assumed that the material within the stratum was the remnants of the
superstructure and contents of Room 3 at the northern end of Building Kappa at the time
of its destruction. However, Layer 2β was found elsewhere in the area over portions of
the north to south running exterior wall (Wall A) of the building and over the deposit
located directly to its west. Although it is possible that portions of collapse would be
located both on the interior and exterior of a destroyed structure, it is significant that only
three to four courses of Wall A were found preserved. Therefore, the deposition of Layer
2 must have occurred sometime after the collapse of the wall. In this case, it is more
conceivable that the layer is a disturbed fill, the remnants of activity that took place later
than the destruction of the building. An important piece of evidence for this conclusion is 10
that the stratum also included pieces of Hellenistic pottery. Significantly, Spyros
Iakovidis reported that the excavated area was utilized as a dump for soil and
architectural material during periods of earlier work on the citadel, and also that Christos
Tsountas carried out earlier undocumented campaigns in the area in the 1890’s (Iakovidis
2005, 15). Moreover, an east-facing section drawing of the stratigraphy of this area completed in 2002 clearly shows that the stratum was located both on top of and next to
Layers 3 and 4, likely where occupation levels were removed during these earlier
excavations and subsequently filled in with backfill (Fig. 5).
Further examination of the ceramic material from Layer 2β helps to support these
notions. Finewares made up the majority (82%) of the pottery assemblage, 30% of which
was decorated. Of those shapes that could be identified, open shapes (83%) far outnumbered closed shapes (17%), and kylikes (FS 257) were by far the most common
shape, comprising 51% of the total assemblage. Deep bowls (FS 284) were the second
most common shape (19%), while cups or small bowls were the third (15%). Of the
coarseware (18% of the total assemblage), 90% of the sherds were identified as transport
or storage vessels, such as pithoi or stirrup jars, while 10% were identified as
kitchenware, primarily tripod cooking pots.
Consistent with the characteristics of a mixed disturbed fill, no complete pots
were located during study, very few joins were located between sherds, and a wide
variety of possible shapes was identified. Although it is certain that Layer 2β was not a
destruction level, it may nonetheless be possible to provide a general date for the material
contained within the deposit. As is evidenced in the representative selection of pottery
outlined in the catalog, the majority of material from the stratum can be placed within the
LH IIIB period. However, because the fill was disturbed it was comprised of Mycenaean
material from different locations and deposits, and a wide range of dates is represented, 11
ranging from the Middle Helladic to LH IIIC, and later into the Hellenistic period.
Therefore, given the nature of Layer 2β and the pottery that it contained, it is not possible
at this point in the investigation to ascertain the exact function of this portion of the
excavated area.
Work in Sector I shows that Layers 3, 4, and 5, located east of Wall A, were
definitely located within Room 3 of Building Kappa. Room 3, which measured 5.40 m x
4.20 m, was separated from an open-air courtyard in the north by an east to west running
partition wall (Wall Z) (Fig. 2). Another partition wall (Wall Δ) separated Room 3 from
Room 2 directly to its south. Room 4, a narrow room measuring approximately 2.30 m x
1.30 m, was located between Room 3 and Wall A in the west. Likely a stairway leading
to Room 2 from Room 3,1 Room 4 was entered from the north and was separated from
Room 3 by a small partition wall (Wall E). Other finds from these strata in Room 3
included Mycenaean decorated anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figurines, Mycenaean
beads and buttons, stone grinders, clay loomweights, small fresco fragments, and roof
tiles. The majority of pottery from the room was LH IIIB in date, and it included tripod
cooking pots, frying pans, and clay grill bases, leading to the conclusion that the
preparation of meals may have taken place in or near this area, facilitated by the presence
of the open-air courtyard.
Locus 3 from Sector II of Building Kappa
Locus 3, excavated in the summer of 2003, was preserved in three areas of Sector
II, specifically within grid squares Γ5–7 and Δ82 (Fig. 6). At the time of excavation,
1 The floor of Room 2 was found to be 0.50 m higher than that of Room 3. 2 In 2003, a 2 x 2 m grid square was laid out over the excavated area. 12
researchers described the context as three undisturbed islands of vitrified clay, the largest
of which measured 2 m x 1.50 m and had a thickness of 0.40 m (Iakovidis 2006b). The
soil in these small outcrops was hard and yellowish-brown in color, likely from the
presence of partially vitrified mudbrick or the remnants of a burned clay floor. Like
Layer 2β, these islands were located directly under disturbed topsoil, and they were bounded on all sides by strata of disturbed fill (Layers 2α and 2β [2003]),3 the remnants
of Π-shaped trenches dug in this area by Tsountas’ in the 1890s (Iakovidis 2005, 15;
2006b, 19–21). Because the soil contained these traces of fire, excavators concluded that the loci were the remnants of the collapsed superstructure of Building Kappa, large portions of which had been removed in these previous campaigns.
In 2003 excavators performed only a cursory surface cleaning of these outcrops, after which they were covered over and not removed until the 2005 season. Therefore, the majority of the pottery from this deposit has not yet been examined. Nonetheless, it may be possible to draw some tentative conclusions about the deposit based on the information gathered thus far. Notably, the loci rested on top portions of the fill of
Building Kappa, namely sealing preserved courses of Wall A in Room 2 (Fig. 2).4
Therefore, a cursory examination of the recovered pottery from the cleaning of the
outcrops of Locus 3 may provide a terminus post quem for the destruction of the building.
3 Initially, excavators believed that the same Layer 2β encountered in 2002 was present in the excavated area in 2003. However, later analysis of this deposit led to the conclusion that these two strata were not the same, given that Layer 2β (2002) was initially presumed to be a destruction layer (see above) and Layer 2β (2003) is thought to be disturbed fill. Therefore, for the purposes of this work, the year in which the stratum was excavated will follow the name in order to distinguish the two deposits. 4 The room measured 5.35 m x 4.2 m, and was bounded on the north by Wall Δ and on the south by Wall Γ. Excavation notebooks state that the room contained another partially undisturbed destruction fill at a lower elevation (Layer 4) in which a large jar, anthropomorphic and zoomorphic Mycenaean figurines, beads and buttons, a fragment of a marble sword hilt, pottery clamps, stone grinders, clay loomweights, fresco fragments, color pigments, plesia, roof tiles were found. Excavators also reported that recovered pottery dated primarily to the LH IIIB period. 13
Upon further inspection of the pottery from the deposit, the notion that the
remnants of Locus 3 are representative of the destruction of the edifice becomes
problematic. Because the floor of Room 2 was later unearthed at a lower elevation, and
Locus 3 contained roof tiles in addition to pottery sherds and other small finds, one might
expect that it was the remnants of a second story. However, excavation revealed Kappa to have only a single story. Additionally, consistent with the characteristics of a mixed disturbed fill, no complete pots were located during study, very few joins were located between sherds, and many possible shapes were identified. Only a small amount of pottery (approximately 581 total sherds) was collected from Locus 3, and the vast majority of this material was extremely small and difficult to identify with any certainty.
86% of the total assemblage of recovered pottery was fineware, and 14% was coarseware. As expected, the majority (69%) of the fineware was undecorated. Of those sherds that were possible to identify, open shapes (88%) far outnumbered closed shapes
(12%). Of these open shapes, the kylix (FS 256, 257, 258B) was the most commonly represented, comprising 32% of identifiable fineware. Deep bowls (FS 284) were the second most common shape, making up 32% of the identifiable fineware, while cups
made up 10%. Of the coarseware, 9% of sherds were identified as transport or storage
vessels, while only 4% were identified as kitchenware.
As previously noted, decorated and undecorated kylikes far outnumber any other
shape in the assemblage, and catalogued examples can be dated anywhere from the LH
IIIA1 to LH IIIB1 periods. While other shapes can be placed broadly within the LH IIIB
period, none can be dated with certainty to LH IIIB2, therefore challenging the notion
that the destruction of the building occurred during this period. Furthermore, the fill
beneath the clay floor of Kappa, again unearthed at lower elevations, dates to the LH
IIIA2–LH IIIB1 periods. Consequently, the range of dates assigned to a majority of the 14
material from Locus 3 is identical to that of the foundation fill of the building, again
calling into question the dependability of the deposit. Therefore, the results of this examination lead to the hypothesis that although the traces of burning present within the layer most probably represent a destruction event of some kind, it is probably the remnants of a much later event, not that of Building Kappa itself.
Thus far, no material from Locus 3 can be solidly placed within the MH period.
Some pieces, particularly a deep bowl with zigzag decoration (Cat. no. 25) are situated well within the LH IIIC Early period. Later material is perhaps to be expected, given the height of the deposit. At this time, it is clear that the pottery recovered from Locus 3 in subsequent seasons must be closely examined in order to determine the nature of this
deposit.
Layers 4/6 from Sector III of Building Kappa
Layers 4 and 6, initially dug separately in 2004 but combined into one stratum
after further investigation, were located in Sector III of the excavated area (Fig. 7).
Following the removal of the surface level (Layer 1) and a second stratum of disturbed
fill (Layer 2), the highest preserved course of the exterior wall of Building Kappa (Wall
A) was revealed. Layer 4/6 was located underneath these levels, directly east of Wall A,
in an area approximately 2 m x 4 m in size (Pl. 3). Excavation notebooks maintain that
the layer was a 0.50 m thick, partially disturbed destruction deposit on top of a poorly
preserved clay floor. The stratum was located in the southernmost room of Building
Kappa (Room 1), within grid squares Δ9–11, E9–12, and Z9–12 (Fig. 2; Iakovidis 2007,
23; excavation notebooks). Within the layer, finds such as burned wood, color pigments,
shells, animal bones, fresco fragments, zoomorphic and anthropomorphic Mycenaean 15
figurines, a partly preserved jewelry mold, obsidian blades and flakes, part of a boar’s tusk helmet, and small pieces of baked brownish-red clay were unearthed. Excavation notebooks report that broken pottery vessels dated to the LH IIIB2 period were included among these finds, and that the fallen roof and mud-brick wall superstructure of the
building had fallen during the destruction of the building, effectively sealing the deposit.
Although there is no mention in publications or excavation notebooks of the
disturbance in Sector III from Tsountas’ campaigns in the 1890’s, there little doubt that
preservation in this area was affected by these later activities. For example, Wall Γ, a
small east to west running partition wall that served to separate Rooms 1 and 2, was
found barely preserved; only a small portion of its western foundation was recovered.
Because it is located in the north of Sector III, at its boundary with Sector II, and
evidence of Tsountas’ work was evident during the excavation of Sector II (see above), it
is possible that the wall was destroyed during his excavations. The absence of secure
deposits in the southern sector of Room 1, between the southern extent of Layer 4/6 and
Wall B, can also tentatively be attributed to his campaigns (Pl. 3).
Although the deposit of Layer 4/6 is partially disturbed and not entirely reliable
for the purposes of chronology, the examination of its pottery has nonetheless yielded
interesting results. Like the other deposits analyzed in this study, no complete pots were
located and a wide variety of possible shapes were identified. However, the number of
joins that were located between sherds was significantly higher. Approximately 87% of
the assemblage of Mycenaean pottery was fineware, and 13% was coarseware. Of the
coarseware, 17% was identified as transport or storage vessels, while 6% was identified
as kitchenware. The majority of the fineware (80%) was undecorated. Of those sherds
that were possible to identify, open shapes (88%) were the most common. Kylikes (FS
256) far outnumbered any other shape, comprising 31% of identifiable shapes. Deep 16 bowls (FS 284) were again the second most common shape (25%), and cups were the third (18%). However, deep bowls were the most commonly represented decorated shape, and identified examples included both Type B and Type C deep bowls, which are not found during the LH IIIB1 period. Significantly, this situation has also occurred in other deposits at Mycenae that have been attributed to the LH IIIB2 period, such as the that of the Causeway Deposit within the citadel and the Perseia Trench L, partially within the
Prehistoric Cemetery (Wardle, Crouwel, and French 1973, 297–298; French 1969, 87).
As is evident in the catalog of material from Layer 4/6, the majority of the decorated pottery can be dated to the LH IIIB2 period, while the majority of the entire assemblage falls well within the LH IIIB period.
The case for Layer 4/6’s designation as an at least partially preserved LH IIIB2 room destruction fill can perhaps be further supported by the results of work in Sector III.
Room 1, again located in the southernmost portion of Building Kappa, was bounded on the west by Wall A, on the east by the westernmost wall of the Storerooms Λ, and on the north by Wall Γ, which separated it from Room 2 (Fig. 2). The length of Wall A as it extended to the east to west running southern wall (Wall B) of Building Kappa was not preserved, but it can be assumed that Room 1 extended south to this point, and measured approximately 8.9 m x 4.2 m. As was mentioned, Layer 4/6 sealed a partially preserved clay floor (Pl. 4). This floor had been constructed upon a leveling course of slabs, a deep foundation fill and a number of bedrock cavities that had been filled in with rubble, and in some locations directly on flattened bedrock outcrops. Embedded within the clay floor, which was approximately 0.20 m thick, were small fragments of Mycenaean frescos, obsidian flakes, Mycenaean buttons, color pigments, shells, and animal bones. Diagnostic
LH IIIA2/B1 pottery sherds from the floor provide a terminus post quem for the construction of the room, so it is conceivable that its destruction would have taken place 17
sometime in the LH IIIB2 period. From the foundation fill beneath the floor, mixed MH–
LH IIIA2/B1 pottery was unearthed, along with a mixed assemblage of finds, leading excavators to the conclusion that fill and debris from other destroyed buildings in the area
was utilized to fill in the bedrock and prepare the space for construction. A LH pottery
deposit is also reported from the foundation of Wall A in the room, and two deep bedrock
cavities under the foundation fill furnished Neolithic, MH, and LH I/II levels.
As previously mentioned,5 the excavators of the building suggested that Kappa
was erected after the first LH IIIB destruction on the citadel as a temporary extension or
addition to the storerooms of Building M. Based on the analysis of the pottery from
Layers 4/6, however, it is doubtful that storage practices were being carried out at the
time of its destruction. The amount of coarseware transport or storage vessels present in
the assemblage was far outnumbered by fine, open shapes better suited for the
consumption of food and drink, such as kylikes (cat. nos. 37, 39), deep bowls (cat. nos.
41–44), and cups (cat. nos. 35, 38, 40). Kylikes, for example, were popular drinking
vessels in the Mycenaean world, a fact that is attested by the wide variation in shape and
finish of surviving examples (Tournavitou 1992, 198). Similarly, deep bowls were
utilized for both the consumption of liquids and of semi-liquid foods (Tournavitou 1992,
198–199). Other specialized shapes, such as feeding bottles (cat. no. 54) and dippers (cat.
no. 45), were used to facilitate eating and drinking activities. The feeding bottle, with its
basket handle and tube-shaped tapering spout, was used to pour liquid substances
(Tournavitou 1992, 189–190), while the dipper was designed for the removal of liquids
from a larger container, for example a jug (cat. nos. 46, 48, 50), krater (cat. no. 47), or
5 see above, Chap. 2.
18
hydria (cat. no. 52) to a smaller one, such as a deep bowl or kylix (Tournavitou 1992,
196–197).
During the excavation of Room 1, no evidence for the organized storage of these
types of vessels was unearthed. Furthermore, not enough joins or complete vessels were located during analysis to indicate that a large enough number were present to indicate such a scenario, even in a partially disturbed context. Therefore, it is most likely that practices of eating and drinking were being carried out in Room 1 of Building Kappa, either in the context of formal communal feasting or within an undistinguished domestic context, perhaps one intended for the individuals working in the adjacent storerooms
19
CHAPTER FOUR
THE CURRENTLY UNDERSTOOD HISTORY OF BUILDING KAPPA
Building Kappa was a Late Helladic building located in the northwestern portion
of the citadel of Mycenae, attached to the Storerooms Λ of Megaron M. It contained a
single story and three rooms, separated by thin partition walls, which followed the
downward slope of the bedrock as it approached the Cyclopean fortification wall to the
north. The northernmost room of Kappa opened onto a courtyard, which was also
accessed by a wide ramp that ran along the western side of the building. Kappa was built
as a temporary extension or addition to Λ following the first destruction horizon at
Mycenae, during the final LH IIIB1 or early LH IIIB2 periods, intended to supplement or replace damaged rooms. Pottery recovered from foundation deposits identified during the excavation of the building, dated to the LH IIIA2 or LH IIIB1 periods loosely confirm this theory, particularly because builders re-used earlier material to fill in and level deep bedrock cavities.
The evidence examined in this thesis allows for the correction of earlier hypotheses regarding Building Kappa. For example, data collected from Layer 2β of
Room 3 and Layer 3 from Room 2, both strata that were identified during excavation as destruction deposits, cannot in fact be reliably used to confirm the dating of the LH IIIB2 destruction of the building. The close examination of the pottery and stratigraphy of
Layer 2β for the purposes of this study has led to the conclusion that is a disturbed, modern fill, and evidence from Layer 3, found only to be present in the form of isolated islands of deposit, is similarly inadequate because most of the pottery is widely assigned to the LH IIIA2–LH IIIB2 periods. Furthermore, a good deal of LH IIIC pottery was also present in the deposit of Layer 3, leading to the conclusion that the area may have been 20
occupied at some point following the second destruction, rather than completely abandoned as excavation notebooks describe. This hypothesis is consistent with evidence
for LH IIIC re-occupation in other locations on the citadel, for example in the area of the
South House, and in corridor Gamma (Γ), which runs along the fortification wall to the northeast of Building Kappa (French 1963, 52; Wardle 1973, 78; Iakovidis 1986, 240,
242).
More solid evidence for the destruction of Kappa can be gleaned from Layer 4/6.
Although it was partially disturbed, the majority of the decorated material, namely deep
bowls, can be dated to the LH IIIB2 period, and the majority of the entire assemblage
falls well within the LH IIIB period. It is also significant that the deposit contained traces
of fire and was located directly on top of the clay floor of Room 1, which contained
diagnostic LH IIIA2/B1, making it plausible that the fill of 4/6 indeed dates to the LH
IIIB2 period. However, the continuing analysis of the ceramic material from Building
Kappa, in conjunction with that of its stratigraphy, will be crucial for the further clarification of the structure’s function and chronology.
21
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———. "A Group of Late Helladic IIIB1 Pottery from Mycenae." BSA 61 (1966):
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———. "Pottery from Late Helladic IIIB1 Destruction Contexts at Mycenae."
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———. “A Group of Late Helladic IIIB2 Pottery from Mycenae.” BSA 64 (1969):
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———. The Chronology of Mycenaean Pottery. Stockholm: Svenska Institutet i Athen
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———. 1983. Late Helladic Citadels on Mainland Greece, Monumenta Graeca et
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———. "A Group of Late Helladic IIIB2 Pottery from within the Citadel at
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68 (1973): 297-348. 25
APPENDIX A
CATALOG OF SELECTED DIAGNOSTIC POTTERY FROM BUILDING KAPPA
The pottery examples listed in the following catalog are a representative portion of the selected diagnostic pieces from three deposits excavated in the years 2002, 2003, and 2004. In the catalog pottery has been listed according to find context, and within each context they have been arranged chronologically. Context 2β was excavated in 2002,
Context 3 in 2003, and Context 4/6 in 2004. During excavation, bags of pottery were collected based on context, numbered, and recorded on site. Subsequently, each unit was assigned a number (MM) by the Mycenae Museum before being put into storage. During museum study, each selected representative piece was given a number (MYCK) that corresponds both to the year of excavation and to the order in which it was photographed and drawn. For the purposes of this thesis, individual examples have been given a new numerical designation in order to identify each piece throughout the text, figures, and plates. Individual catalog entries contain the following information, where available:
No. MYCK Number/MM Number Figure Number, Plate Number Shape Description (portion of example preserved) Maximum Preserved Dimensions (cm) Diameter of Rim and/or Base (cm) Fabric (texture and color) Color of slip and paint Description of decoration and identifying motif numbers Parallels (including bibliographical citations) Relative Date
26
Context 2β from Sector I of Building Kappa (2002)
Fineware
1. MYCK_02_0018/MM 32439 Fig. 8, Pl. 5 Carinated conical cup (FS 230) One piece preserving rim and portion of upper body Max. pres. dim. 2.0 x 3.3 Est. diam. of rim 12 Fine pink fabric (5YR 7/4) Very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3) with decoration in reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) to red (2.5YR 5/6) Exterior thin rim band, wavy line decoration (FM 53), interior thick rim band MDP fig. 102 LH IIIA2
2. MYCK_02_0083/MM 32450 Fig. 9, Pl. 6 Mug (FS 226) One piece preserving portion of body Max. pres. dim. 4.5 x 6.1 Fine pinkish gray fabric (7.5YR 7/2) Very pale brown fabric (10YR 8/3) with decoration in very dark gray (10YR 3/1) Exterior raised ridge with horizontal band, curtailed running spiral decoration (FM 46), interior undecorated MDP fig. 101.8 LH IIIA2
3. MYCK_02_0006/MM 31356 Fig. 10, Pl. 7 Kylix (FS 257) One piece preserving portion of body Max. pres. diam. 2.4 x 2.8 Fine pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4) Very pale brown slip (10YR 7/4) with decoration in dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) Exterior portion of horizontal whorl shell decoration (FM 23), interior undecorated MDP fig. 107.1 LH IIIA2
4. MYCK_02_0071/MM 31355 Fig. 11, Pl. 8 Kylix (FS 257) One piece preserving portion of body Max. pres. dim. 1.9 x 1.3 Fine very pale brown fabric (10YR 8/2) 27
Very pale brown fabric (10YR 8/3) with decoration in very dark gray (10YR 3/1) Exterior horizontal whorl shell decoration (FM 23), interior undecorated MDP fig. 107.1 LH IIIA2
5. MYCK_02_0002/MM 31356 Fig. 12, Pl. 9 Mug (FS 226) One piece preserving small fragment of rim and upper portion of body Max. pres. dim. 4.2 x 2.8 Est. diam. of rim 8–10 Fine pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4) Very pale brown slip (10YR 7/4) with decoration in very dark brown (10YR 2/2) to dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) Thin rim band on exterior with thick vertical band and large solid circles (FM 41), interior thick rim band MDP figs. 137, 143 LH IIIB1
6. MYCK_02_0096/MM 32458 Fig. 13, Pl. 10 Feeding bottle (FS 161) One piece preserving portion of upper body and nearly complete spout Max. pres. dim. 3.9 x 4.4 Fine white fabric (7.5YR 8/1) Very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3) with decoration in reddish black (2.5YR 2.5/1) to reddish gray (2.5YR 6/1) Exterior at least 2 horizontal bands, one may be just underneath rim, band around base of spout, second band near opening, interior undecorated MDP fig.126 LH IIIB1
7. MYCK_02_0055/MM 32461 Fig. 14, Pl. 11 Deep Bowl Group A (FS 284) One piece preserving portion of body Max. pres. dim. 3.5 x 4.1 Fine light red fabric (2.5YR 7/6) Pink slip (7.5YR 7/4) with decoration in dusky red (2.5YR 3/2) to red (2.5YR 4/6) Exterior paneled decoration (FM 75) with diaper net (FM 57) and spiral (curved stem [FM 49] or isolated [FM 52]) decoration, interior monochrome MDP fig. 161 LH IIIB2
8. MYCK_02_0082/MM 32450 Fig. 15, Pl. 12 Deep Bowl Group A (FS 284) One piece preserving small portion of rim and upper body 28
Max. pres. dim. 4 x 3.3 Est. diam. of rim 13.9 Fine pink fabric (5YR 8/4) Very pale brown slip (10YR 8/4) with decoration in brown (7.5YR 4/4) Exterior rim band with chevron decoration (FM 58), interior thin band Midea 1722–1725; MDP fig. 160 LH IIIB2
9. MYCK_02_001/MM 31356 Fig. 16, Pl. 13 Deep Bowl Group A (FS 285) One piece preserving fragment of rim and upper portion of body Max. pres. dim. 4.0 x 2.7 Est. diam. of rim 16 Fine very pale brown fabric (10YR 7/3) Very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3) with decoration in black (10YR 2/1) to very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Rim band on exterior with elaborated quirk design (FM 48), interior monochrome MDP fig. 161 LH IIIB2
10. MYCK_02_0077/MM 31327 Fig. 17, Pl. 14 Deep Bowl Group B (FS 284) One piece preserving rim and small portion of upper body Max. pres. dim. 4.3 x 3.3 Est. diam of rim 15.5 Fine very pale brown fabric (10YR 7/4) Very pale brown slip (10YR 7/3) with decoration in black (10YR 2/1) to strong brown (2.5YR 5/8) Exterior rim band with multiple stem hook-shaped decoration (FM 19), interior monochrome MDP fig. 161.1 LH IIIB2
11. MYCK_02_0023/MM 32452 Fig. 18, Pl. 15 Rosette bowl (FS 284) One piece preserving short length of rim and portion of body Max. pres. dim. 6.2 x 2.7 Est. diam. of rim 13 Fine gray fabric (7.5YR 6/1) Pink slip (7.5YR 7/4) with traces of decoration in yellowish red (5YR 5/8) Faint dotted decoration on exterior and exterior of rim Midea 1683–1684; MDP fig. 162 LH IIIB2
29
12. MYCK_02_0103/MM 31329 Fig. 19, Pl. 16 Deep Bowl (FS 284) One piece preserving rim and portion of upper body Max. pres. dim. 3.7 x 3.8 Est. diam. of rim 12 Fine pinkish white fabric (pinkish white 7.5YR 8/2) Reddish yellow slip (7.5YR 8/6) with decoration in dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) to reddish yellow (5YR 6/8) Exterior circular decoration (see FM 41.18–41.20) with band just below rim, interior two horizontal bands, scale and hatched line decoration on rim LH IIIB
13. MYCK_02_0027/MM 31328 Fig. 20, Pl. 17 Stemmed Bowl (FS 305) One piece preserving rim and part of upper body Max. pres. dim. 5.8 x 2.6 Est. diam. of rim 18 Fine pinkish white fabric (7.5YR 8/2) Very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3) with decoration in very dark gray (10YR 3/2) to strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) Exterior thin rim band with horizontal band and vertical lines, interior rim band Midea 1929 (decoration) LH IIIC
Coarseware
14. MYCK_02_0069/MM 32461 Fig. 21, Pl. 18 Brazier/ladle One piece preserving round handle and suspension hole Max. pres. dim. 2.6 x 9; Est. diam. of suspension hole 2 Very pale brown coarse fabric (10YR 7/2), exterior from dark red (2.5YR 6/6) to red (2.5YR 5/6) Midea 2050–2052 LH IIIB
15. MYCK_02_0097/MM 32458 Fig. 22, Pl. 19 Pithos, large jar One piece preserving portion of body just below rim or handle Max. pres. dim. 12 x 7.6 Coarse red fabric (10R 5/8) with visible mica, quartz, and chert inclusions Exterior and interior alternating thick horizontal bands of reddish gray (10R 5/1) to pink (7.5YR 8/4); rim is broken Possible import (?) LH IIIB 30
16. MYCK_02_0180/MM 32461 Fig. 23, Pl. 20 Cooking pot One piece preserving rim and small portion of upper body Est. diam. of rim 26 Light brown coarse fabric (7.5YR 6/4) with visible mica inclusions No decoration LH IIIB
17. MYCK_02_0185/MM 31328 Fig. 24, Pl. 21 Tripod cooking pot One piece preserving leg Max. pres. dim. 3.4 x 6.4; est. thickness of leg 2.2 Coarse gray fabric (2.5Y 6/1) No decoration LH IIIB
Locus 3 from Sector II of Building Kappa (2003)
Fineware
18. MYCK_03_0148/MM 32514 Fig. 25, Pl. 22 Mug (FS 225) One piece preserving rim and portion of upper body Max. pres. dim. 4.1 x 5.4 Est. diam. of rim 16 Fine pink fabric (7.5YR 8/4, pink) Very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3) with decoration in reddish brown (2.5YR 4/3) to light red (2.5YR 6/8) Exterior rim band with horizontal thin band and stipple decoration (FM 77), interior rim band MDP fig. 73 LH IIIA1
19. MYCK_03_0151/MM 32510 Fig. 26, Pl. 23 Kylix (FS 256) Two pieces preserving portion of domed ring base and stem Preserved height 3.5; est. diam. of base 9 Very pale brown fine fabric (10YR 8/3) Pale yellow slip (2.5Y 8/3), with decoration in very dark gray (2.5Y 3/1) Solid stem with series of four concentric circles on base MDP fig. 106 31
LH IIIA2 early
20. MYCK_03_0127/MM 33475 Fig. 27, Pl. 24 Mug (FS 226) Two pieces preserving portion of body likely just below rim Max. pres. dim. 3.4 x 7 Fine pink fabric (7.5YR 8/3) Very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3) with decoration in very dark gray (7.5YR 3/1) to reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) Exterior two horizontal bands with vertical wavy line design (FM 53) (?) or maybe foliate band (FM 64.25, 64.16, 64.17) in interior, thin horizontal band below, interior rim (?) band MDP fig. 101 LH IIIA2
21. MYCK_03_0141/MM 32514 Fig. 28, Pl. 25 Mug (FS 225) One piece preserving rim and portion of upper body Max. pres. dim. 2.9 x 5.0 Est. diam. of rim 14 Fine reddish yellow fabric (5YR 6/6) Reddish yellow slip (5YR 7/6) with decoration in red (10R 4/6) Exterior thin rim band, three horizontal bands, thick horizontal band with vertical wavy line design (FM 53) (?) or maybe foliate band (FM 64.25, 64.16, 64.17) MDP fig. 101 LH IIIA2
22. MYCK_03_0145/MM 32514 Fig. 29, Pl. 26 Krater (FS 7) One piece preserving rim and portion of upper body Max. pres. dim. 8.8 x 9.7 Est. diam. of rim 30 Fine pink fabric (7.5YR 8/3) Very pale brown fabric (10YE 8/3) with decoration in very dark gray (5YR 3/1) to dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) Exterior rim band, sacral ivory chain decoration (FM 12), interior rim band MDP fig. 142, 159 LH IIIA2–IIIB
23. MYCK_03_0140/MM 32514 Fig. 30, Pl. 27 Kylix (FS 258B) One piece preserving portion of stem and bowl Preserved height 6.2, est. diam. of stem 2 Fine pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4) Very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3) with decoration in red (2.5YR 4/8) 32
Circumcurrent decoration from stem to lower portion of bowl Vertical hole, approximately 0.4 in diameter, penetrating bottom of bowl of kylix through preserved stem Midea 1688–1692; MDP fig. 141 LH IIIB1
24. MYCK_03_0152/MM 32510 Fig. 31, Pl. 28 Kylix (FS 257) Six pieces preserving portions of domed ring base and stem Preserved height 3, est. diam. of base 8 Pinkish gray fine fabric (7.5YR 7/2) Very pale brown slip (10YR 8/4) with decoration in very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) to reddish brown (5YR 4/3) Ring at base of stem, two concentric bands on base MDP figs. 76, 107, 141 LH IIIA1–LH IIIB1
25. MYCK_03_0110/MM 33503 Fig. 32, Pl. 29 Deep bowl (FS 284) One piece preserving rim and portion of upper body Max. pres. dim. 2.8 x 2.8 Est. rim diam. 12 Fine reddish yellow fabric (5YR 7/6) Very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3) with decoration in dark red (2.5YR 3/6) to red (2.5YR 4/8) Exterior rim band with zigzag decoration (FM 61.17), interior thin band just below rim MDP fig. 189 LH IIIC Early
26. MYCK_03_0149/MM 32514 Fig. 33, Pl. 30 Feeding Bottle (FS 161) One piece preserving portion of attached spout and portion of body Max. pres. dim. 3.1 x 3.8 Fine pink fabric (7.5YR 8/4, pink) Very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3) with decoration in dark reddish gray (2.5YR 3/1) to red (2.5YR 4/8) Exterior solid spout, isolated semicircles (FM 43) (?), circles (FM 41) (?) MDP fig. 126 LH IIIB
Coarseware
27. MYCK_03_0153/MM 32510 Fig. 34, Pl. 31 33
Lipless Bowl (FS 206) Two pieces preserving portion of lower body and base Preserved height 5, est. diam. of base 4.5 Very pale brown semi coarse fabric (10YR 8/3) No decoration LH IIIA–IIIB
28. MYCK_03_0113/MM 33505 Fig. 35, Pl. 32 Lipless Bowl (FS 206) Four pieces preserving rim, base, and body Max. pres. dim. 11 x 5.3 Diam. of rim 11 Coarse pink fabric (7.5YR 7/3) with large, visible inclusions No decoration Introduction, fig. 218 LH IIIB
29. MYCK_03_0187/MM 32518 Fig. 36, Pl. 33 Jug (FS 105), Hydria (FS 128), Amphora (FS 69) One piece preserving rim, neck, and small portion of shoulder Est. diam. of rim 14 Coarse very pale brown fabric (10YR 8/3) Very pale brown slip (10YR 7/3) with decoration in dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) Exterior thin band at base of neck, interior thick rim band Midea 1623; MDP figs. 120:1, 117, 124 LH IIIB
30. MYCK_03_0173/MM 32510 Fig. 37, Pl. 34 Amphora (FS 69) One piece preserving rim and portion of neck Est. diam. of rim 18 Coarse reddish yellow fabric (5YR 7/6) No decoration LH IIIA–IIIB
31. MYCK_03_0126/MM 33475 Fig. 38, Pl. 35 Squat Stirrup Jar (FS 178) One piece preserving flattened handle and portion of convex disc Length of handle preserved 12.5; est. diam of disc 11 Coarse gray fabric (gray 2.5Y 6/1) Very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3) with decoration in black (10YR 2/1) to dark gray (10YR 4/1) Two thick bands on edges of handle, curve around disc, thick band at base of handle, two circular bands on false top 34
MDP fig. 94 LH IIIA2
32. MYCK_03_0150/MM 32510 Fig. 39, Pl. 36 Feeding bottle (FS 161) One piece preserving spout and small portion of body Length of spout 8.5 Est. diam. of spout (opening) 2 Reddish yellow semi coarse fabric (5YR 7/6) No decoration LH IIIA–IIIB
Layer 4/6 from Room 1 of Building Kappa (2004)
Fineware
33. MYCK_04_0257/MM 33811 Fig. 40, Pl. 37 Mug (FS 225) One piece preserving portion of base and lower body Est. diam. of base (check drawing) Fine reddish yellow fabric (5YR 7/6) Pink slip (7.5YR 8/4) with decoration in red (2.5YR 5/8) to light red (2.5YR 6/8) Concentric circles on base, thick band around rim of base, four thin bands going up to one thick band, interior undecorated MDP fig. 73.2 LH IIIA1
34. MYCK_04_0252/MM33772 Fig. 41, Pl. 38 Mug (FS 225) 1 piece, preserving spreading rim and partial body 1.5 cm x 3.8 cm; estimated diameter of rim - 14.0 cm Fine reddish orange fabric (5YR 6/6) Very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3) with decoration in dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) to reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) Exterior rim band with thin vertical band just below rim and spiral decoration (FM 52), interior thick rim band MDP fig. 73 LH IIIA1
35. MYCK_04_0262/MM 33870 Fig. 42, Pl. 39 35
Cup with Two Horizontal Handles (FS 245) or Kylix (FS 257) One piece preserving rim and portion of upper body Max. pres. dim. 3.4 x 3.0 Est. diam. of rim 15 Fine pinkish white fabric (7.5YR 8/2) Very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3) with decoration in black (7.5YR 2.5/1) to strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) Exterior thick rim band with horizontal whorl shell decoration (FM 23), interior thick rim band Panagia pl. 52; MDP fig. 104, 107 LH IIIA2
36. MYCK_04_0268/MM33792 Fig. 43, Pl. 40 Mug (FS 226) One piece preserving body Max. pres. dim. 5.2 x 6.6 Fine light gray fabric (2.5Y 7/2) Very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3) with decoration in dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) to brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) Exterior thick horizontal band with tricurved arch and chevron fill decoration (FM 62) MDP fig. 101.11 LH IIIA2
37. MYCK_04_0208/MM 33798 Fig. 44, Pl. 41 Kylix (FS 257) One piece preserving portion of body Max. pres. dim. 2.0 x 3.6 Fine yellowish pinkish fabric (7.5YR 8/2, pinkish white) Very pale brown slip (10YR 7/3) with decoration in dark red (2.5YR 3/6) to light red (2.5YR 6/8) Exterior horizontal whorl shell decoration (FM 23), three thin horizontal bands, interior undecorated MDP,fig. 107.1 LH IIIA2
38. MYCK_04_0234/MM33794 Fig. 45, Pl. 42 Miniature Cup (FS 126) One piece preserving spreading rim with body Max. pres. dim. 2.5 x 3.0 Est. diam of rim 6.0 Fine Pink fabric (7.5YR 8/4) Pale yellow slip (2.5Y 8/3) with decoration in reddish black (2.5YR 2.5/1) to red (2.5YR 4/8) Exterior thin rim band, interior thin rim band MDP fig. 123 36
LH IIIB1
39. MYCK_04_0209/MM 33798 Fig. 46, Pl. 43 Kylix (FS 258A; Zygouries Type) One piece preserving portion of body Max. pres. dim. 3.0 x 4.6 Fine yellowish pinkish fabric (5YR 8/3) Very pale brown fabric (10YR 8/3) with decoration in very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) to dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) Exterior vertical whorl shell decoration (FM 23), two preserved (second appears to be slightly oblique), interior undecorated MDP fig. 141.1 LH IIIB1
40. MYCK_04_0221/MM33719 Fig. 47, Pl. 44 Carinated conical cup (FS 230) (MOVE) One piece preserving ringed base and partial body Diam. of base 4 Semi coarse pink fabric (7.5YR 7/3, pink) Exterior solid decoration in very dark gray (5YR 3/2) to reddish yellow (5YR 7/8) Thinly applied slip and paint ranging from yellowish-orange through dark brown on interior and exterior Midea 1705 LH IIIB 2
41. MYCK_04_0198/MM 33798 Fig. 48, Pl. 45 Deep Bowl Group A (FS 284) One piece preserving portion of rim and upper body Max. pres. dim. 4.6 x 5.2 Est. diam. of rim 12 Fine pink fabric (7.5YR 8/3) Very pale brown slip (10YR 7/4) with decoration in dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) to reddish brown (5YR 5.6) Exterior thin rim band with central triglyph (FM 75) (vertical) decoration, interior rim band and horizontal band Midea 1735; MDP, fig. 160 LH IIIB2
42. MYCK_04_0204/MM 22798 Fig. 49, Pl. 46 Deep Bowl Group B (FS 284) One piece preserving portion of lower body Max. pres. dim. 4.8 x 4.2 Fine pink fabric (7.5YR 8/4) Very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3) with decoration in dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) to reddish brown (5YR 4/4) 37
Exterior isolated semicircles in panels (FM 43), two thick horizontal bands, interior thick horizontal band towards bottom of bowl Midea 1764; MDP fig. 161 LH IIIB2
43. MYCK_04_0279/MM33812 Fig. 50, Pl. 47 Deep Bowl Group B (FS 284) 1 piece, preserving partial spreading rim, connection for rounded horizontal handle and body Max. pres. dim. 4.3 x 4.6 Est. diam, of rim 12.0 Fine pink fabric (7.5YR 8/4) Slip 10YR 8/3 very pale brown with decoration in black (7.5YR 2.5/1) exterior rim band, curved band around base of handle (to the right), thick horizontal band, interior monochrome MDP fig. 161 LH IIIB2
44. MYCK_04_0272/MM33812 Fig. 51, Pl. 48 Rosette bowl (FS 284) One piece preserving spreading rim and partial body Max. pres. dim. 2.8 x 3.5 Est. diam. of rim 11.0 Pink fine fabric (7.5YR 7/4) Very dark brown slip (10YR 8/3); decorated in dark brown 7.5YR 3/1 very dark gray through 7.5YR 3/2 dark brown Decorated with rosette (FM 27) on body and dashes on rim MDP pg 131 fig. 162.1; Panagia pl. 17 LHIIIB 2 45. MYCK_04_0201/MM 33798 Fig. 52, Pl. 49 Dipper (FS 236) One piece preserving rim and body Max. pres. dim. 5.0 x 5.2 Est. diam. of rim 9 Fine reddish yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6) Light red slip (2.5YR 6/6) with decoration in red (2.5YR 5/8) Dotted rim decoration Midea 1677–1684; MDP, fig. 158 LH IIIB2
Coarseware
46. MYCK_04_0179/MM 33798 & MM 33878 Fig. 53, Pl. 50 Jug (FS 105), Hydria (FS 128), Amphora (FS 69) 38
One piece preserving rim and neck Est. diam. of rim 14 Semi coarse pinkish gray fabric (7.5YR 7/2) Pale yellow slip (2.5Y 8/2) Decoration in brown (10YR 4/3) Exterior rim band, interior rim band barely preserved Midea 1623; MDP figs. 120:1, 117, 124 LH IIIB
47. MYCK_04_0243/MM33772 Fig. 54, Pl. 51 Krater (FS 282) One piece preserving spreading rim and partial body Max. pres. dim. 3.7 x 4.4 Est. diam. of rim 25 Pink semi coarse fabric (7.5YR 7/4) Pink slip (7.5YR 8/4) with decoration in reddish black (2.5YR 2.5/1) to red (2.5YR 4/8) Exterior rim band FM 75 with isolated semicircle decoration (FM 43) MDP fig. 145.1 LH IIIB1
48. MYCK_04_0226/MM33686 Fig. 55, Pl. 52 Collar-necked Jug (FS 120) One piece preserving flat base and portion of lower body Diam. of base 12 Semi-coarse pink fabric (7.5YR 8/4) No slip, single thick red band above base, decoration in yellowish red (5YR 5/6) MDP figs. 122.1 LH IIIB1
49. MYCK_04_0207/MM 33798 Fig. 56, Pl. 53 Small globular stirrup jar (FS 173) One piece preserving ring base and portion of lower body Est. diam. of base 4 Fine pink fabric (7.5YR 8/4) Very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3) with decoration in dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) to reddish yellow (5YR 6/8) Exterior thick base band with thin horizontal band, interior undecorated MDP fig. 129 LH IIIB1
50. MYCK_04_0232/MM33794 Fig. 57, Pl. 54 Narrow-necked Jug (FS 121) One piece preserving body, likely shoulder Max. pres. dim. 4.1 x 7.8 39
Pink fine fabric (7.5YR 8/3) Reddish yellow slip (5YR 7/6) with decoration in red (2.5YR 5/8) Exterior whorl shell decoration (FM 23) MDP fig. 152 LH IIIB2
51. MYCK_04_0216/MM 33798 Fig. 58, Pl. 55 Large Collar-necked Jar (FS 63) One piece preserving top of shoulder and portion of neck Max. pres. dim. 7.0 x 8.0 Coarse reddish yellow fabric (5YR 7/6) Raised band around top of shoulder, decoration somewhat resembles quirk (FM 48) Midea 2085 (for decoration); Introduction, p. 96, fig. 253 LH IIIC
52. MYCK_04_0217/MM 33798 Fig. 59, Pl. 56 Hydria (FS 128) Two pieces preserving portion of neck and shoulder Max. pres. dim. 15.1 x 12.7 Coarse very pale brown fabric (10YR 7/3) Very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3) with decoration in dark brown (7.5YR 3/1) to strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) to red (2.5YR 5/8) Exterior three thick bands, interior undecorated MDP fig. 117 LH IIIB 53. MYCK_04_0273/MM33812 Fig. 60, Pl. 57 Pithos (FS 13) One piece preserving portion of body Max. pres. dim. 8.9 x 6.2 Coarse red fabric (2.5YR 4/6), heavily micaceous clay Weak red slip (2.5YR 4/2) Decorated with two vertical raised bands with incised dashes LH IIIB
54. MYCK_04_0267/MM33804 Fig. 61, Pl. 58 Feeding Bottle (FS 161) One piece preserving partial spout Max. pres. dim. 2.5 x 4.4 Red fine fabric (2.5YR 5/6), shows traces of burning No decoration LH IIIB
55. MYCK_04_0290/33704 Fig. 62, Pl. 59 40
Pyxis (FS 93–94); Lid One piece preserving portion of body and button handle Max. pres. dim. 4.3 x 5.7 Coarse reddish brown fabric (2.5YR 4/4) No decoration LH IIIB 41
FIGURES
Figure 1. Map of Mycenae showing the location of the citadel. From Maggidis and Stamos 2006, fig. 2. 42
Figure 2. Plan of Building Kappa, following the 2006 season of excavation. 43
Figure 3. Plan of Sector I of Building Kappa, following the 2002 season of excavation. 44
Figure 4. South-facing section drawing of Sector I of Building Kappa from the 2002 season, showing Layers 2β, 3, and 4.
Figure 5. East-facing section drawing of Sector I of Building Kappa, showing location of Layer 2β both on top of and next to Layers 3 and 4, from the 2002 season. 45
Figure 6. Plan of Sector II of Building Kappa, showing location of Locus 3, from the 2003 season.
Figure 7. Plan and section drawings of Sector III of Building Kappa, showing location of Layer 4/6. 46
Figure 8. Cat. no. 1 (MYCK_02_0018/MM 32439), 2 to 1
Figure 9. Cat. no. 2 (MYCK_02_0083/MM 32450), 2 to 1
Figure 10. Cat. no. 3 (MYCK_02_0006/MM 31356), 2 to 1 47
Figure 11. Cat. no. 4 (MYCK_02_0071/MM 31355), 2 to 1
Figure 12. Cat. no. 5 (MYCK_02_0002/MM 31356), 2 to 1
Figure 13. Cat. no. 6 (MYCK_02_0096/MM 32458), 2 to 1 48
Figure 14. Cat. no. 7 (MYCK_02_0055/MM 32461), 2 to 1
Figure 15. Cat. no. 8 (MYCK_02_0082/MM 32450), 2 to 1
Figure 16. Cat. no. 9 (MYCK_02_001/MM 31356), 2 to 1 49
Figure 17. Cat. no. 10 (MYCK_02_0077/MM 31327), 2 to 1
Figure 18. Cat. no. 11 (MYCK_02_0023/MM 32452), 2 to 1
Figure 19. Cat. no. 12 (MYCK_02_0103/MM 31329), 2 to 1 50
Figure 20. Cat. no. 13 (MYCK_02_0027/MM 31328), 2 to 1
Figure 21. Cat. no. 14 (MYCK_02_0069/MM 32461), 2 to 1
Figure 22. Cat. no. 15 (MYCK_02_0097/MM 32458), 2 to 1 51
Figure 23. Cat. no. 16 (MYCK_02_0180/MM 32461), 2 to 1
Figure 24. Cat. no. 17 (MYCK_02_0185/MM 31328), 2 to 1
Figure 25. Cat. no. 18 (MYCK_03_0148/MM 32514), 2 to 1 52
Figure 26. Cat. no. 19 (MYCK_03_0151/MM 32510), 2 to 1
Figure 27. Cat. no. 20 (MYCK_03_0127/MM 33475), 2 to 1
Figure 28. Cat. no. 21 (MYCK_03_0141/MM 32514), 2 to 1 53
Figure 29. Cat. no. 22 (MYCK_03_0145/MM 32514), 2 to 1
Figure 30. Cat. no. 23 (MYCK_03_0140/MM 32514), 2 to 1
Figure 31. Cat. no. 24 (MYCK_03_0152/MM 32510), 2 to 1 54
Figure 32. Cat. no. 25 (MYCK_03_0110/MM 33503), 2 to 1
Figure 33. Cat. no. 26 (MYCK_03_0149/MM 32514), 2 to 1
Figure 34. Cat. no. 27 (MYCK_03_0153/MM 32510), 2 to 1 55
Figure 35. Cat. no. 28 (MYCK_03_0113/MM 33505), 2 to 1
Figure 36. Cat. no. 29 (MYCK_03_0187/MM 32518), 2 to 1
Figure 37. Cat. no. 30 (MYCK_03_0173/MM 32510), 2 to 1 56
Figure 38. Cat. no. 31 (MYCK_03_0126/MM 33475), 2 to 1
Figure 39. Cat. no. 32 (MYCK_03_0150/MM 32510), 2 to 1
Figure 40. Cat. no. 33 (MYCK_04_0257/MM 33811), 2 to 1 57
Figure 41. Cat. no. 34 (MYCK_04_0252/MM33772), 2 to 1
Figure 42. Cat. no. 35 (MYCK_04_0262/MM 33870), 2 to 1
Figure 43. Cat. no. 36 (MYCK_04_0268/MM33792), 2 to 1 58
Figure 44. Cat. no. 37 (MYCK_04_0208/MM 33798), 2 to 1
Figure 45. Cat. no. 38 (MYCK_04_0234/MM33794), 1 to 1
Figure 46. Cat. no. 39 (MYCK_04_0209/MM 33798), 2 to 1 59
Figure 47. Cat. no. 40 (MYCK_04_0221/MM33719), 1 to 1
Figure 48. Cat. no. 41 (MYCK_04_0198/MM 33798), 2 to 1
Figure 49. Cat. no. 42 (MYCK_04_0204/MM 22798), 2 to 1 60
Figure 50. Cat. no. 43 (MYCK_04_0279/MM33812), 2 to 1
Figure 51. Cat. no. 44 (MYCK_04_0272/MM33812), 2 to 1
Figure 52. Cat. no. 45 (MYCK_04_0201/MM 33798), 2 to 1
61
Figure 53. Cat. no. 46 (MYCK_04_0179/MM 33798 & MM 33878), 2 to 1
Figure 54. Cat. no. 47 (MYCK_04_0243/MM33772), 2 to 1
Figure 55. Cat. no. 48 (MYCK_04_0226/MM33686), 2 to 1
62
Figure 56. Cat. no. 49 (MYCK_04_0207/MM 33798), 2 to 1
Figure 57. Cat. no. 50 (MYCK_04_0232/MM33794), 2 to 1
Figure 58. Cat. no. 51 (MYCK_04_0216/MM 33798), 2 to 1 63
Figure 59. Cat. no. 52 (MYCK_04_0217/MM 33798), 2 to 1
Figure 60. Cat. no. 53 (MYCK_04_0273/MM33812), 2 to 1
Figure 61. Cat. no. 54 (MYCK_04_0267/MM33804), 2 to 1
64
Figure 62. Cat. no. 55 (MYCK_04_0290/33704), 2 to 1
65
PLATES
Plate 1. Aerial view of the citadel of Mycenae. Courtesy of Prof. Christofilis Maggidis.
Plate 2. Aerial view of the Northwest Quarter of the citadel of Mycenae, showing location of Building Kappa between the Storerooms (Λ) of Megaron M and Building Complex N. Courtesy of Prof. Christofilis Maggidis.
66
Plate 3. View of Layers 4/6 before excavation in the 2004 season. Courtesy of Prof. Christofilis Maggidis.
Plate 4. View of the partially preserved clay floor in Room 1 of Building Kappa. Courtesy of Prof. Christofilis Maggidis.
67
Plate 5. Cat. no. 1 (MYCK_02_0018/MM 32439)
Plate 6. Cat. no. 2 (MYCK_02_0083/MM 32450) 68
Plate 7. Cat. no. 3 (MYCK_02_0006/MM 31356)
Plate 8. Cat. no. 4 (MYCK_02_0071/MM 31355) 69
Plate 9. Cat. no. 5 (MYCK_02_0002/MM 31356)
Plate 10. Cat. no. 6 (MYCK_02_0096/MM 32458) 70
Plate 11. Cat. no. 7 (MYCK_02_0055/MM 32461)
Plate 12. Cat. no. 8 (MYCK_02_0082/MM 32450)
71
Plate 13. Cat. no. 9 (MYCK_02_001/MM 31356)
Plate 14. Cat. no. 10 (MYCK_02_0077/MM 31327)
72
Plate 15. Cat. no. 11 (MYCK_02_0023/MM 32452)
Plate 16. Cat. no. 12 (MYCK_02_0103/MM 31329)
73
Plate 17. Cat. no. 13 (MYCK_02_0027/MM 31328)
Plate 18. Cat. no. 14 (MYCK_02_0069/MM 32461) 74
Plate 19. Cat. no. 15 (MYCK_02_0097/MM 32458)
Plate 20. Cat. no. 16 (MYCK_02_0180/MM 32461) 75
Plate 21. Cat. no. 17 (MYCK_02_0185/MM 31328)
Plate 22. Cat. no. 18 (MYCK_03_0148/MM 32514) 76
Plate 23. Cat. no. 19 (MYCK_03_0151/MM 32510)
Plate 24. Cat. no. 20 (MYCK_03_0127/MM 33475)
77
Plate 25. Cat. no. 21 (MYCK_03_0141/MM 32514)
Plate 26. Cat. no. 22 (MYCK_03_0145/MM 32514) 78
Plate 27. Cat. no. 23 (MYCK_03_0140/MM 32514)
Plate 28. Cat. no. 24 (MYCK_03_0152/MM 32510) 79
Plate 29. Cat. no. 25 (MYCK_03_0110/MM 33503)
Plate 30. Cat. no. 26 (MYCK_03_0149/MM 32514)
80
Plate 31. Cat. no. 27 (MYCK_03_0153/MM 32510)
Plate 32. Cat. no. 28 (MYCK_03_0113/MM 33505) 81
Plate 33. Cat. no. 29 (MYCK_03_0187/MM 32518)
Plate 34. Cat. no. 30 (MYCK_03_0173/MM 32510) 82
Plate 35. Cat. no. 31 (MYCK_03_0126/MM 33475)
Plate 36. Cat. no. 32 (MYCK_03_0150/MM 32510) 83
Plate 37. Cat. no. 33 (MYCK_04_0257/MM 33811)
Plate 38. Cat. no. 34 (MYCK_04_0252/MM33772)
84
Plate 39. Cat. no. 35 (MYCK_04_0262/MM 33870)
Plate 40. Cat. no. 36 (MYCK_04_0268/MM33792) 85
Plate 41. Cat. no. 37 (MYCK_04_0208/MM 33798)
Plate 42. Cat. no. 38 (MYCK_04_0234/MM33794)
86
Plate 43. Cat. no. 39 (MYCK_04_0209/MM 33798)
Plate 44. Cat. no. 40 (MYCK_04_0221/MM33719)
87
Plate 45. Cat. no. 41 (MYCK_04_0198/MM 33798)
Plate 46. Cat. no. 42 (MYCK_04_0204/MM 22798)
88
Plate 47. Cat. no. 43 (MYCK_04_0279/MM33812)
Plate 48. Cat. no. 44 (MYCK_04_0272/MM33812)
89
Plate 49. Cat. no. 45 (MYCK_04_0201/MM 33798)
Plate 50. Cat. no. 46 (MYCK_04_0179/MM 33798 & MM 33878)
90
Plate 51. Cat. no. 47 (MYCK_04_0243/MM33772)
Plate 52. Cat. no. 48 (MYCK_04_0226/MM33686)
91
Plate 53. Cat. no. 49 (MYCK_04_0207/MM 33798)
Plate 54. Cat. no. 50 (MYCK_04_0232/MM33794)
92
Plate 55. Cat. no. 51 (MYCK_04_0216/MM 33798)
Plate 56. Cat. no. 52 (MYCK_04_0217/MM 33798) 93
Plate 57. Cat. no. 53 (MYCK_04_0273/MM33812)
Plate 58. Cat. no. 54 (MYCK_04_0267/MM33804)
94
Plate 59. Cat. no. 55 (MYCK_04_0290/33704)