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Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at http : //books . google . com/ SIX YEARS' RESIDENCE

IK THE

AUSTRALIAN PROVINCES. SIX YEARS' RESIDENCE

IN THE AUSTRALIAN PROVINCES,

ENDING IN 1839;

EXHIBITING THEIR CAPABILITIES OF COLONIZATION,

AND CONTAINING

THE HISTORY, TRADE, POPULATION, EXTENT, RESOURCES, &c &c

OF

NEW SOUTH WALES, VAN DIEMEN'S LAND, SOUTH AUSTRALIA, AND PORT PHILIP;

WITH AN ACCOUNT OF NEW ZEALAND.

BY W. MANN, ESQ.

DA VENIAM SCRIPTI8, QUORUM NON GLORIA NOBIS; CAU8A 8ED UTILITA8, OFFICIUMQUB FUIT.

HotOfon:

SMITH, ELDER, & Co., CORNHILL

M.DCCC.XXXIX. 77 8» M'DOWAJLL, PRINTER, LEADKNHALL STREET. TO THE BRITISH PUBLIC.

FELLOW COUNTRYMEN,

THE following sheets were written and compiled, as the motto imports, with the view of being useful, and not for the sake of fame or reputation. I have studi­ ously avoided what is emphatically called book-making, and inserted nothing which I conceived unnecessary to give a correct sketch of the Australian provinces in their present state. Judge favourably of my unas­ suming labours: they were composed under difficult circumstances, in a voyage home from these provinces, in a cabin eight feet square, where the uneasy motion of the ship often obstructed my undertaking. There are many works on these colonies more diffuse and particular than this, but none more recent; and in places which are daily rising into importance, from their fluctuatingstate , there (iV. ) is always something new to communicate. I have stated nothing respecting these coun­ tries which has not passed under my own observation, or which I cannot prove by the most indubitable authority.

New Zealand having lately excited much interest, I have given a short sketch of that interesting people and country; which, if taken under the protection of the British Govern­ ment, and colonized on a fair reciprocal principle of justice and mutual benefit to all, both natives and emigrants, cannot fail of success, and being attended with incalculable advantanges, in a commercial and political point of view, to the British Empire-

WILLIAM MANN.

LONDON, August, 1839. CONTENTS.

VAN DIEMEN'S LAND.

CHAP. 1—-History, Rivers, Lakes, Soil, Climate, &c ... 1 CHAP. 2.—Land Regulations, Emigration, &c IB CHAP. 3.—Van Diemen's Land Company , 33 CHAP. 4.—Trees, Mines, Minerals, Fish, Birds, &c 45 CHAP. 5.—Aborigines, Bushrangers, &c 55 CHAP. 6.—The Magistracy 75 CHAP. 7—Civil Establishments—Public Institutions ... 86 CHAP. 8^-Statistics 93 CHAP. 9.—Politics 112

NEW SOUTH WALlSs.

CHAP. 1—History, Soil, Climate, &c 141 CHAP. 2.—Statistics, Population, Aborigines, &c. 149 CHAP. 3—Revenue 159 CHAP. 4—Land Regulations 163 CHAP. 5,—State of the Church 209 CHAP. 6—Australian Agricultural Company 216 CHAP. 7—General Observations ....223

PORT PHILIP 231 VI. CONTENTS.

SOUTH AUSTRALIA. CHAP. 1—Soil, Climate, Natural Productions, &c. 246 CHAP. 2—-Port and City of Adelaide 262 CHAP. 3.—Land Regulations, Aborigines, &c 283 CHAP. 4—Politics 294

CONCLUDING REMARKS 301

NEW ZEALAND , 308

NAUTICAL OBSERVATIONS 362 VAN DIEMEN'S LAND,

CHAPTER I.

HISTORY, RIVERS, LAKES, SOIL, CLIMATE, Ac.

If I might give a short hint to an impartial writer, it would be to tell him hie fate* If he resolve to venture upon the dangerous precipice of telling unbiased truths, let him proclaim war with mankind a la mode le pais de Pole— neither to give nor take quarter. If he tell the crimes

VAN DIEMEN'S LAND was discovered in the year 1648 by the Dutch navigator, Abel Jansen Tasman, who gave its present name thereto in honour of Anthony Van Diemen, Governor of Java and the possessions of that nation in the East Indies, to whose daughter it appears he was betrothed* It was visited by Captain Furneaux, in the Adven- B 2 VAN DIEMETN'S XAND. ture, in 1778, who accompanied Captain Cook in his second voyage round the world ; and ultimately by that cdebrated circumnavigator in 1777, during his third voyage, who took in wood and water there; but not having discovered Bass's Straits, supposed it to be the most southern part of New Holland, and expressed himself respecting it in the following terms:—" I hardly need say that it is the southern point of New Holland; which, if it doth not deserve the name of a continent, is by far the largest island in the world.'1 The Island of Van Diemen's Land lies between the parallel of 40° 20', and 48° 40' south latitude, and between the meri­ dian of 144° 30yand 148° 30' east longitude; con­ taining an area (according to Mr. Bischoff) equal to the size of Ireland. The appearance of the country is by no means inviting, being decidedly mountainous* woody, rug- ged, and repulsive; but on a nearer approach die landscape improves, and many fine tracts of land are discoverable, which are in several places improved by cultivation, and in others covered with flocks and herds. It is well watered by rivers, springs, and lakes; and where, firom numerous adventitious causes, marshes and swamps are formed, yet firom thei undulating surface of the land,, it is all capable of being drained; and that which at first sight might be deemed (he worst soil, would then become the Best both for crops and gasturd. The rivers KrtSEB, LAKES, BOIL, &C. 3

are-fine and numerous; but only two, the Derwent tend Tamar, are aavigaWe for any cxtemt: tbeformer, rawing tfoutb, is accessible to ships of burden to Hobafct Town, situated about thirty-seven miles from the open sea, but capable of admitting boats arfaor as New Norfolk, about twenty miles higher tq>-.the stream* From the wide entrance to this river; the rise of tide is scarcely discernible* not being greater than from three to four feet; and from* the open nature of the channels, ilk rendered difficult of defence against an* enterprising enemy, a* a frigate, or even a brig-of-war, might lay Hobart Town and the surrounding country under contri­ bution. The Tamar takes a northern course* and is a fine river, capable of admitting firstoate men- of-war as far as Middle Island, about seven miles from its entrance, which is narrow, and easily de­ fended: it is navigable for ships of 500 tons burden 4s.far up as Laoneeston, about forty-three miles . from the sea. It is a beautiful river, from its HU- . merous reaches resembling a succession off lakes, and has a rise and fall of tide of fourteen feet; and in this ifespeet has a decided advantage over the Decwent, or any other river hitherto discovered in cither this country or New South Wales, or any river belonging to Great Britain south of the Equa­ tor. The South Esk River derives its source from : a moderately wooded country in a north-western direction, watering some of the richest tract* in th* colony, and is joined by the Lake River at Nor­ folk Plains, which takes its rise at An till Ponds mar Salt Pan Plains, and flows through a firte district: their united streams form- a junction with the North Esk at Launceston, which here assumes the name of the Tamar. A gradual fall of about forty feet, over a rugged rocky bottom, prevents die South Esk and its tributary streams being acces­ sible to boat-navigation; to compensate for which, there are some of the finest sites for mills on their banks of any in the island, which have already been taken advantage of by many enterprising set­ tlers. The North Esk, already mentioned, has its source near Ben Lomond, one of the highest moun­ tains in the south-eastern part of the colony; and after flowing through Patterson's Plains, discharges its waters into the Tamar: it is navigable for barges about four or five-miles, following the sinuosities of the river, which are numerous. The most remote branch of the Tamar is the Macquanrie River, which tabesits rise withm forty miles,fcof the tide-way of the Derwerit* near the summit-level of the island; runs through a rich and well-inhabited country, and joins the Lake River before it unites with the South Esk at Norfolk Plains. The rivers which flow into the Derwent are the Ouse, the Clyde, the Jordan, the Shannon, and-some other minor streatas which take JRlVjatB, LAXW, SOltv &C. 9 a southerly direction before joining that river. The appearance of the country through which they flow, is much more sterile and mountainous than that already described; and the channels through which they run, are too shallow, rocky, and precipitous to be available for any purpose connected wkh inland navigation. There are a number of rivers and streams inter* •earing betwixt Port Dairymple and Circular Head, and between that place and Cape Grim on the north* west eoast: these are called the Avon, Mersey, Don, Forth, Severn, Blythe, Emu, Cam, Ingfo, and Detention: all these run into Bass's Straits, The Hellyer and the Arthur {all into the ocean on the, western coast; but neither their magnitude nctr source is as yet well-defined, as they are only lately discovered; but as it has been ascertained that they have bar-harbours, over which vessels drawing more than four feet water cannot pass, they can be of little use as a means of internal communication. TJ*e principal harbours, or rather roadsteads, on the north sore Emu Bay, Wootnevth, and Circular Head. . Macquarrie Harbour is situated on the western coast, about latitude 4£° south; it is formed by tolerably high bluff land on the south shore, and on the north by a long sandy beach. In the centre of the hatbour's mouth ? small island divides the entrance; that by the south is the best: over a bar of nine feet the tide runs with great rapidity. This B3 6 VAN SIEMENS LAND. harbour affords safe anchorage, the depth of water being from three to twelve fathoms. It is abun­ dantly supplied with fresh water, timber, and fish. The surrounding country is thickly timbered, bu* not explored, and of course little known. A river falls into the harbour, which is called Gordon'sRiveii which is said to be wide and navigable. Port Davy has a bold entrance; it is in latitude 43° 21' south, and in longitude 146° east. Two small rivers flow into this harbour, taking their source in what is termed the eastern tier of moun­ tains. From the southern side of Mount Wellington a river, called the Huon, of considerable magnitude, empties itself into D'Entrecasteaux Channel: it is little known, and the surrounding country much less; the Government not seeming to be possessed of any spirit of enquiry on such subjects. This channel is unsafe at its entrance, unless to those well acquainted with the locality of the reefe which encompass it The Enchantress, George the Third, and William Wallace were wrecked there within a short space of time of each other: for litis reason the entrance to Hobart Town by Storm Bay is generally preferred. When the first of these ships was wrecked, it was naturally expected by the public that a beacon would be erected, to warn future navigators of the danger to be avoided; but, lauded as the late ftlVSAS, LAW, WUL, &C. 7 Governor has been on all occasions by hia friends in power in *he Colonial Department, he shewed in many instances more selfishness than public spirit* and it was not until a third ship was wrecked neat the same place, that any notice was taken of it. The George die Third contained male convicts, many of whom were drowned:—an attempt was made by the commanding officer, in charge of them, to prevent their coming on deck after the ship had struck; and even orders were given to the troops to fire on them if they attempted it. This might have been well intended, to prevent confusion in clearing'and getting out the beats; but it was the cause of the loss of many lives, aa the ship went down so suddenly, that, comparatively speaking, few were saved. The streams which flow in a north-westerly direction, pass through the enormous grant of near half & million of acres of good average land, given to the Van Diemen's Land Company during the colonial administration of Lord Bathurst; which still remains in a state of nature, except a patch Which is under cultivation at Circular Head. The Hellyer and Arthur take their rise in the Surrey Hills, in the north-west portion of the coun­ try, and after forming a junction, their united streams flow into the Indian Ocean, on the west oeaft: having been but lately discovered, neither their magnitude nor course is well-defined. The eastern coast is deficient in rivers and good harbours. B 4 8 VAK PIEMEN'S LAND. Oyster Bay is a Unge open roadstead, where-eesseW in distress may take shelter. A considerable etratm empties itself into little Swan Port, and another into Great Swan Port George's River is the most considerable on that side of the island, but has a bat* harbour, admitting only vessels of small dimensions. This river has not been traced to its source. On its banks there is stated to be some good land, with many hills and much timber. In the north-east, Rjtngaroome and Piper's River run into the'sea;in Boss's Straits, but are streams of little consequence* There are many lakes of considerable extent* chiefly about the centre of the island, from whence sonie of the largest rivers take their rise. Great iLake is calculated to be ninety miles in circumference: its shores are wild and romantic, and-it is frequented by water-fowl in great abundance. These are several others of minor importance in point of dimensions, to which the same observations equally apply. The principal capes or headlands are, South* west Cape, which is the first point of land vessels generally make that are bound to Hobart Town from the westward:—South Cape, which projects a considerable distance into the ocean, is about thirty miles S. S. E. of the latter:—Tasman'e Head, the most southern point of Brune Island, which must be doubled before entering StovmJ^ay, by ships sailing in that direction *—Cape Raoul, the most south-western point of Tasman's Peninsula; betwixt these two last-mentioned lies the entrance KlVMa, *ABBt> SOIL* fcc. 9 tMtarai Bay* wMafcis -the principal one to die Derosa*, and that* most generally taken, the other tfeftmgh DTSntrecasteaux Channel being long and iptaeate:—-Cape Pillar, which presents a curious appearance, is the moat south-easterly in the island r ~**Cape Sonnerat, on Sehschuten Island, at the aptranee into Oyster Bay on the east eoast:—-Cape Portland* on the north-east eoast, forming the entrance into Bass's Stouts from the eastward:—- Cape Grim, on the most north-western part of the island: —Sandy Cape, about midway betwixt the last- mentioned Cape and Cape Sorreli, which forms the south entrance into MacquarrieHarbonr; both these are on the western coast, the latter place being in 42? 13' south latitude, and 145° 15' east longitude. The soil of this island is silecious or sandy, in some planes calcareous and alluvial, and is fertile in a high degree. A greater proof of this cannot perhaps be given than that it has produced a succession of crops of the same description for fourteen or fifteen years, without receiving any top-dressing, fitlfow, or manure of any kind, frequently producing from tbbty to forty bushels of wheat to the acre. The farmers in this colony are principally composed of gentlemen iwho never were bred to* or had the least knowledge of agriculture, a great number of them being half-pay officers of the army and'navy, and others whose pursuits in life were not calculated to give • them the least knowledge of that science. B5 10 VAN DlBKfcttV feAttD.

I could quote many instances of recently arrived emigrants renting farms from petNiia who thought they had extracted, by frequent cropping, all'the produce that the soil could give without mantrap who, by merely ploughing a few inches deeper than had been done previously, obtained better crops than ever had been realized before; and I know one poi­ son who made one thousand pounds profit* of his farm the first year he occupied it, by this simple expedient English wheat is said to average about sixty-two pounds to the bushel:—the wheat of this colony averages sixty-five pounds to the bufehel, does not contain near so mudi moisture as the English, and is not subject to weevil. It may be said to be the granary of New South Wales, to which it exports great quantities of corn, particularly in years of scarcity, caused by drought in that coun­ try, such as ihe present year, when wheat reached so high a price as twelve shillings per busheL There is no climate or soil better calculated to grow turnips, and fold sheep, than Van Diemenfs Land. I have seen turnips, grown on the farm of Mr. Bransgrove on the banks of the Tamar, upwazds of forty pounds weight, quite solid and dose inside; and it has this peculiar advantage, that from the mildness of the climate, the turnips are never frost­ bitten, and when even partly eaten by the sheep, they do not rot or become useless, as they do in less- favoured climates. At present the farmers here have KIVBM, LASM,' SOIJ-, &C. 11 tocrgieat a range of pastwe fiv their flecks, to turn their attention generally to folding; but 40 popula- toon becemea more dense, they will be compelled to recur to tec and it is the opinion of many inteUigent farmers* that they could rear more sheep in this way, and feed them better, than by the present mode; and at the same time have much better oops of wheat and other farm-produce. Mouthing can exceed the salubrity of the climate; the atmosphere is clear and elastic, and the seasons am so softened into each other, there being neitbcar frost.nor snow in the low lands, nor any distinctive marki to note the change between autumn and wutter* spring and summer, that time, passes almost imperceptibly .away. The native trees and shrubs not being deciduous, there is no fall of the leaf, except en such foreign trees and shrubs as have been introduced from other countries: they retain their native habits, and thrive remarkably well, par­ ticularly fruit-trees of all descriptions common in Britain.. The vine grows to perfection in favourable situations, particularly in the northern division of the colony, which is two degrees nearer the line than the southern: a good imitation of hook is pro­ duced from the vineyards in the neighbourhood of L*imee*ton« The apple and pear are successfully cultivated, and no country is better adapted to the manu&c- B6 12 * VAN DIEJCttK?*, LAUD. tore of cider and jjerry, whieh in ffcttre ft is pro­ bable may become an article of expert In the depth of winter, frost and SHOW may be seen on the tops of the highest mountains, and on the sm»nit*r level of the island about Oadands: it remain* on the ground for. a few days, but it k only in siieh situations that it is discernible; and^even there it is advantageous, for it serves as reservoir* for brooks and rivers on the return of spring. There is no part of the year so cold and inclement as to prevent the occupation of the husbandman, or retard fiejd- kbour; working people seldom wear their jackets even in winter, unless in rainy weather. The flocks and herds roam at large, and require no fodder Perhaps it is only by comparison'that we can justly appreciate the relative.superiority of one climate to that of another:—I therefore take the liberty of transcribing .the following, note, appended to the work of Edward Allen Talbot, Esq. on the Canadas, a member of a highly respectable Irish family of that name, who has settled in Upper Canada,: and cannot therefore,from.his tank and character, be suspected of recording an exaggerated or overdrawn picture, which ja recounted in Vol. II. page 184.

" A very judicious writer, J. M. Dunean* A. ft, wfcp has just published Travels through part of the United Stated ftnd Canada, in 181&and laid, gives aa.elegpt* itesaiiptiaxi of a settler's circumstances ftifffiRSy IrA«f j BOIL, &C. 13 tad prospects in a very advantageous; situation an the banks of the Hirer Jaquts, about eighteen miles ftom Quebec, where one of Mr, Duncan's Mends baa stationed a lamer and Ms family, who have recently emigrated from Ayrshire; and if the entrwely favourable conation of thk turner could ejttevt the following reflection from the excellent Milter, what would hare been hi* expressions and aagrets had ha been witness of the moral dertittttien of many of the British settlers in some of the new toimthips of Upper Canada! tcAbout three miles beyond.this we readied Biterride, as my friend has very appropriately nataed it* where we found the attder and his family in a very comfortable wooden house of two apart­ ments with sashed windows, a large stove hi the kitchen, and many other conveniences which could not have been so Boon acquired had he been obliged to struggle through, like many poor emigrants, with n« resources but his own. .*? There was nothing very new to be seeft at this lodge in the vast wilderness; hut its situation shewed something of the character of that life to which thousands are annually betaking themselves 5 many of them sadly ignorant, I am afraid, of the hard­ ships and difficulties -against which they have to struggle, ahd the utter exclusion, to which they mivt inr general submit, from all the comforts of -chihaed society. Lonely, however, as this cottage 14 VAtf: WRXSN's LAXD. was, surrounded with dense forests, and very soon to be enveloped in the snows of a Canadian winter, with an atmosphere sometimes cold enough to freeze tile meroury of the thermometer, it might be said to know nothing of seclusion, in comparison of-many of the thousand huts which in the more remote regions of this vast continent are buried in tfett woods. We passed two or three log-houses before we reached this one, and at a little distance on the opposite bank of the stream there are one or two more: the distance from Quebec also is but trifling, and in winter, when the snow is on the ground,' the sleigh, or carriole, will fly across the intervening space in three or four hours. Yet, after all, what a pitiable life awaits them during the long winter months! The ground completely locked up—field- labour totally suspended—the cold so intense, that unless they are wrapped in furs, it is impossible to stir out without being frost-bitten—and no adequate employment within doors to occupy their attention! What can the man and his wife with their three children do, during the long winter motfths, but hang over the fire in torpid inactivity, eating, sleep­ ing, and fruitlessly sighing for spring ?"

The following picture of a BackwoodVman first settling in the United States of North America, by Miss TVtartttieau, is not more flattering than the foregoing

A BACKWOOD PICTURE.

" One rainy October day I saw a settler at work in the forest, on which he appeared to have just entered. His clearing looked, in comparison vsith the forest behind him, of about the sue of a pin-cushion* He was standing up to the knges iff water among the stubborn stumps and charred stems of dead trees. He was notching, logs with his axe beside his small log-hut and sty. There was swamp behind and swamp on each side—a pool of mud around each dead tree, which had been wont to drink the moisture. There was a sem­ blance of a tumble-down fence; no orchard yet, no grove-yard* no poultry, none of the gr*oes of fixed habitation had yet grown up. On looking back to catch a last view of the scene, I saw two little boys, about three and four years old, leading a horse home from the forest, one driving the animal behind with an armful of bush, and the other reaching upon tiptoe to keep his hold of the halter, and both look­ ing as if they would be drowned in the swamp. If the mother was watching from the h$t, she must have thought this strange dismal play for her little ones. The hard-working father must be toiling for his children; for the success of hia after-life qan hardly atone to him for such a destitution of comfort as I saw him in the midst of. Many such scenes are passed on every road in the western past 1$ VAN MSMXlfVs. hAMV* of the Statea. They become cheering when tht plough is seen, or a few sheep are straggling on the hill-side, seemingly lost in space," ~

Let any impartial person draw a comparison between the climate of the Canadas, the backwoods of the United States of North America, and the Australian provinces, where the range of the ther­ mometer is seldom below 45, or over 75 in Van Diemen's Land. In New South Wales it is some­ times 90; and in South Australia it reaches in summer to the height of 100 in the shade; but the winters in all are so mild, that cattle require no provender; while in the Canadas they must lay up six months1 supply, and be all that time im­ mured in frost and snow, and consequently pre­ vented from being usefully or industriously em­ ployed. It may not be out of place to state, under the head of this chapter, the singular success that has attended the introduction of the culture of the bee. A Mr. Wilson brought a single hive to the colony some time ago, which was placed in the Govern­ ment-garden at Hobart Town. The gardener informed me that the first year the incredible number of seventeen swarms was produced from one parent stock. This would appear almost impossible if we did not consider that bees work in some situations in this colony all the year round, I have seen them RIVBftB, LAKKS, SOIL, &C. If labour ur the Middle of July, which is die depth of the Australian winter, as busy as they would in England in the month of June. Single hives sold for seven guineas each some time since, but are now reduced in price to two guineas. Honey has become so plentiful, that some formers give it to their servants as a substitute for sugar; and I have heard of one person who sold a ton of honey, the produce of his own bees, in one season. An im­ proved method of keeping them in boxes is now in operation, by which means their treasure can be taken without the cruel practice of destroying these wonderful and industrious insects. 18 VAN DfKMXJtfci LAN©*

CHAPTER II.

LAND REGULATIONS, EMIGRATION, &c.

Terms upon which Land is granted to Settlers in New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land,

FOR the information of persons proceeding to NEW SOUTH WALES and YAK DIEMEN'S LAND, as settlers, it has been deemed expedient to prepare the followingjuimnary of the Rules which His Majesty's Government have thought fit to lay down for regulating the grants of land in those Colonies. I.—A division of the whole territory into counties, hun­ dreds, and parishes, is in progress.—When that division shall be completed, each parish will comprise an area of about twenty- fives miles—A valuation will be made of the lands throughout the Colony, and an average price will be struck for each parish. II.—All the lands in the Colony not hitherto granted, and not appropriated for public purposes, will be put up to sale at the average price thus fixed, or be granted to settlers upon other conditions. Ill—Until a survey and valuation of the whole of the lands shall have taken place, persons desirous of purchasing, as well as those who wish to obtain lands, without purchase, will have the permission of selecting their land within certain prescribed limits; and the land which they may so select, will be surveyed and valued as soon as practicable, and be sold, or be granted under quit-rent, according to the option of the settler* hAVD KSCHTtATK>N>. 19

IV—JU1 persons proposing to purchase lands, must trans* mit a written application to the Governor, in a certain prescribed form, which will be delivered at the Surveyor General's Office to all persons applying, on payment of a fee of two shillings and sixpence. V.—The land selected by individuals who hare obtained leave to purchase, will be valued by the Commissioners with at little delay as possible, and will be put up to sale for one month (by proclamation), and will not be sold at a lower rate than the value fixed.—Sealed tenders for the purchase of the land adver. tised, as above, to be addressed under cover to the Colonial Secretary, and marked " Tender for Land."—At the end of a month from the date of the proclamation, the tenders will be opened in the presence of such persons as the Governor may ap­ point, when the land will be disposed of to'the person making

# the highest tender, if approved by the Governor. VI-^A11 correspondence with the local Government respect- 4ng gratfta of land, must take place through the omee of tin Surveyor General, in the same manner as is prescribed in regard to the land which the parties may be desirous of purchasing. VIL—A deposit of lw per cent, upon the whole value of the-purehase to be paid down, the remainder to be paid half* •yearly by promissory notes, payable at such intervals of time, •and under such regulations as may be agreed upon by the Governor. VIIL—On payment of the money, a grant will be made m fee simple to the purchaser, at the nominal quit-rent of a pepper-corn. IX.—The largest quantity of land which will be sold to any individual, is 9,000 acres—-The lands will generally be put up to sale in lets of 8 square mfles, or 1*928 acres*—Persons wish*, tng to make more extensive purchases, must apply to the Secre­ tary of State, in writing, with fall explanations of their object and means. X—•fljands may also be obtained without immediate pur­ chase, but upon different conditions. «J VAN' DMSMBtftf fcuttfcfc

XI_~JPersont desirous to become s^tmte^^hent imme* diate purchase, will address themselves to the Colonial Secretary, who will furnish them with the established form of application. —When the Governor shall he satisfied of the character and respectability of the applicant, the Colonial Secretary will be instructed to f urnish him with a letter to the Land Beard, in order that the amount of capital which he can command may­ be ascertained.—Stock of every description, implements of hus^ bandry, and other articles which may be applicable to agricul­ tural purposes, are to be considered as capital; ae likewise any half-pay, or pension, which the applicant may receive from Government. XII.—The Land Board will .carefully investigate the par­ ticulars of the capital which the respective applicants are stated to possess, it being of importance that settlers should not receive a greater extent of land than they are capable of improv* ing, and that grants should not be made to persons who are desirous only of disposing of them—The regulation* feeing the period within which persons receiving grants, without pnrchasej wil| not be allowed to alienate the lands (without subjecting themselves to a forfeiture of the grants) will be hereafter notified; XIII.—When the Governor is satisfied as to the amount of capital possessed by the applicant (who must have the power of expending in the cultivation of the lands, a capital- equal to one fourth part of their estimated value at the least), the latter will be furnished by the Colonial Secretary with a lettex to the Surveyor General, who will afford him every necessary informa­ tion, and will give him a written authority, for which-he will pay a fee of two shillings and sixpence, to proceed in search of land. XIV.—When he has made this selection, he will- apprize the Surveyor General by letter, who will point out in his report (to be transmitted twice a month for the Governor's informa­ tion) the situation, &c of such lands as have been selected^—If approved by. the Governor, the Colonial Secretary will give the applicant a written authority to take possession of the land (in tANJ> BKOULAXIOKS. 21 wfetehr the canaitians ariU be#p*cined) until the grant be regu. lady madVaut». - X V-~Tne largest grans that witt be made to any fresh settler without purchase, i* 2,6700 acres.—.The smallest

Of persons by these means gaining the use of all the land in a radius of thirty miles, by selecting a few ehosen sections which contained the only supply df waler in that district; the lafid+regtdati&hs pt* compelling the purchaser to take his land-in on* continuous tract, as it should do, but blowing him to cull it here and there, rendering the htfermtidiatt space useless to any person but the purchaser af the chosen spots. The following is the amount of the land-sales for the respective years stated: 1835^* .£20,775. 14s. 7d. 1836 .£16,116. 16s. 7d. 1837 £ 7,561. 2s. Id. Thus it appears that the amount of ian&aatas has deereased every successive year, notwitbstatklkng Colonel Arthur's impounding law, insomuch -that they are n*w not worth reckoning on. Their amount was intended to be expended in sending out emi­ grants to the colony, who were to be selected by persons appointed in the outports for that purpose. At the above rate of reduction there will not be sufficient left to pay these gentlemen their salaries. By the former regulations, the emigrant was pel. mltted to select his labourers and mechanics; fhte amount of their passages-money being allowed in the purchase of the land on his arrival in the colonies* It is natural to suppose that he was a better judge fcAK» $WWh*TV*W4 8$ of tfe dew*ipttpB of assistants he might require, thm a geatlfemaw intfre* outports, who knows lfttle, ftaflythingVrGf the colonies. The person who ww abeoit to employ them, should have the selection of has own servants: this reasonable regulation, and that whieh gave an allowance of land, in proportion to the capital brought into the colony, to the amount of a maximum grant of £560 acres, was disallowed by the new regulations, under the pre­ text that it was liable to abuse, The same ojgqction could be made against our oldest and best institut lions: on the same plea, Trial by Jury might be objected to, because juries have been known to be packed. A simple clause in an Act of Parliament rendering nugatory the grant which might be ob­ tained under false pretences, would prevent any imposition of this kind; but it suited the interest of those who recommended the discontinuance of the fecmear regulations, better to adopt the new order of things* as it would enhance the value of. their pro­ perty and: that of their friends, although it was evidently against the interest of the colonies, Me­ chanics, sent out to the colonies, cannot often pro­ cure employment* as the colonists are content.to jeapfe in faute so long as they can get their moeny employed in adding acre to acre, being more anx- iou* tohaw large possessions, than to have them well cultivated; or stocked, or comfortable .houses to residein. - cS 30 VA* ttmnnrt HAKD, Cunningham, in his History of New South Wales, states that it requires three acres of toad taken continuously, in its natural state, to support one sheep during the year; which, from tike con­ curring opinion of many others, is correct. With these facts before their eyes, what could induce the Committee of the House of Commons to adroe die advancement of the minimum price of knd to twcfa shillings the acre ? A sheep will produce two pounds and a half of wool, which may sell in die London market fbr ninepence to two shillings and sixpence per pound: they are liable to great losses by deaths, disease, and accidents of various kinds. Where then will be the profit of the settler, if compelled to pay a price for land more than three times its intrinsic value ?—In place of raising the price of land, they should have reduced it, particularly as it has been picked and culled for the last thirty to forty years, and all the best soil selected and sold at the mini­ mum price: —who then will be found so infatuated as to pay twelve shillings for land which could not be sold for five shillings per acre ? The general opinion on this subject in the colo­ nies is, that this extraordinary proceeding has taken place with a view of promoting the interests of the new colony of South Australia at the expence of the old colonies; that the Ministry are so hard-pressed by the Conservatives, that they cannot afford to lose a single vote; and, no matter what piece of absur- £Atf J> *BWI>ATIONS, 81 dity is offered in the way of legislation, that they dare not refuse it To this cause is also attributed lite present outcry raised against prison-discipline, which never reached its height until the new colony was established. If this be the object, it will lose its aim; for from the high price of labour which wi]] consequently ensue in the colonies, (as no land-sales can be effected at such a ridiculous price, no funds mil be available to send but emigrants to any of the colonies)—agricultural pursuits will be suspended— the new province will not receive its usual supplies from the old ones—and the colonists of South Aus­ tralia cannot raise food for themselves while a common labourer obtains seven shillings a day, who, from the high price of necessaries, fares no better than a labourer in England who receives only one shilling and sixpence a day:—starvation and loss of capital will therefore be the portion of all those who embark in that bubble, which will soon prove a modern South Sea scheme. The Committee of the House of Commons might as well have recommended a law to be enacted, the preamble of which might have rim thus:— Whereas it is expedient for the interest of Great Britain and the New Province of South Australia, to prevent the growth and prosperity of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land—Be it therefore enacted,by the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty, and the present Parliament assembled, by and with the c 4 32 VAN DIEHBN'S LAND. advice of the same, that, from and after the 1st day of January, 1889, no land shall* be sold in the colonies above mentioned, under the minimum price of twelve shillings per acre; as hitherto these colonies have advanced too rapidly, to the great injury of the State. As a matter of course,consequent on these sapient regulations, all emigration to these colonies, with a view to purchase land, will cease. ( 88 )

CHAPTER III.

VAN DIEMEN'S LAND COMPANY.

BY the report of the first yearly general meet* ing of the proprietors of the Van Diemen's Land Company, dated 7th March, 1826— " It appears that the capital is one million ster­ ling, divided into ten thousand shares of one hun­ dred pounds each. " That by their agreement with Lord Bathurst, dated 15th April, 1825— " The Van Diemen's Land Company will re­ ceive their grant in the north-west district of the island, bounded on the north by Bass's Straits, on the west by the ocean, and on the east and south by lines drawn from either shore, so as to afford the necessary depth of country within that district. They will be at liberty to select any ungranted land at their own discretion: these lands, however, must be in one continuous and unbroken tract, approxi­ mating to the form of a square, as near as may be compatible with preserving a clear and well-defined natural boundary." c5 84 VAN BIEMKKY LAK» COMPLY.

After some correspondence respecting the* ap~ pointment of commissioners to settle the boundary, it was agreed, on 1st September, with Ball Bathurst, M that the price of land should be two shillings and sixpence per acre, of good pasturage and tillage, on which a quit-rent of one and a half, or 30s. per i?100, is imposed, equal to J0468. 15s, per annum, payable in the manner already described, which, at twenty years' purchase, amounts to J&W15 sterling* " The whole quantity of useful land, that is, of land capable of being used in pasturage and tillage, to* be contained in this square is 260,000 acres. Whatever useless and unproductive land may be induded, in order to complete the square figure, will be granted to the Company gratuitously. " If the local government shall beable and willing to supply the Company with convict labourers, not eaceedmg the number of free labourer* employed by them in their grant, the Company may aecept such convicts, and employ and main­ tain them at their own expence. The employ* ment and maintenance by the Company of these convicts win* be allowed in payment of the quit- rent and purehaeemoney, it bang estimated that Government has saved £16 sterling by each convict wholly kept and maintained by the Company tor one year.1* Would it not be worth the trouble of some V4K BlftMSlf'o 14*9 CO*PAWY. 06 Member of BgrBaiwut to enquire how tins sum of £46&* 15s. annually has been accounted for ? or if any part of the purchase-money, j?31,250, has been paid ?~as it does not appear from the work of Mr. Bischoff, from which I quote, (published by Richardson, Royal Exchange, 1832,) the Company's managing director, that any part of it had been liquidated. The agreement of allowing £16 for every convict employed, provided an equal number of free men were employed, could not amount to a great sum, as the free men sent out to their esta­ blishment ran away from it, at the risk of losing their lives by swimming across rivers, and making their way with great difficulty through the woods to Launceston, a distance of 180 miles, complaining of bad salt provisions, and harsh treatment. In the ship Forth, in which I embarked for Van Die- men's Land in 1831, a number of tradesmen and shepherds were sent out for the establishment of the Company at Circular Head, where we stopped to disembark them, together with machinery, which was never set up; but on the day on which the emigrants were put on shore, they all returned to the ship in the evening, with their wives and families, stating that they had no place to reside in, if they did not sleep under gum-trees. They were ulti­ mately compelled to quit the ship before we weighed anchor for Launceston; but they all soon found their way to that thriving town, having run away c6 96 VAXi AUKHKX'a XA^QI tCUCPAHT. from the establishment, except a man who had beta engaged as an overseer; and even be left the pfe* as soon as he could get an opportunity. By the fifth and sixth Reports, dated 18SO and 1831, it appears, fromth e work already quoted, thai the Company, in place of taking their grant in one unbroken and cqntimwus tract, as stated in tfaeb Original agreement with Earl Bafchiust, have so* lected their grants in what are termed bbabsy im different places, as follows:—> 160,000 acres at Woolnorth, in one con­ tinuous tract. 80^000 at Circular Head and the coast ad- joining. 10,000 at Hampshire HiHs, in one con­ tinuous tract 10,000 at Middlesex Plains, in one con­ tinuous tract. 150,000 at Surrey Hills, in one continuous tract. 10,000, the estimated quantity of good land in the three islands, ««*•—Robins Island, Walker's Island, and Tre­ foil Island. ... / Total 350,000.

Thus it appears, by their own Reports, that th$ Company have not adhered to their original contract YJtii WKHtat* LAMB COMPANY. 8? mtii the G^v^mment, but have selected #i» bkek* ifeflaee.of fi>m9 ftcenstiotaaUe distance fron^eac h other, and posseawd tfremsdbiva of 100,000 aerei tof land, to wdrieh they do not pretend to have any cfarim whatever, so that they haw ateo the use arid occupation of all the intervening space gratis, cak eukted in all to be above half a million of acre*, which they will have the undisputed ute of; for no cmigcant will be so insane as to get landlocked, ask were, in the meshes of an opulent and overgrown establishment, at so great a distance froman y market. A great outcry has been raised against the Church reserves in the Canada*, that they prevented the improvement of the country, by separating the fipms too widely apart; but what were they com­ pared to the separate and distinct grants to the Van Clemen's Land Company, bestowed at one half the minimum price fixed on Crown lands in the polony ? It would be difficult to conjecture what service this flourishing Company have rendered to the colony. At an agricultural show of stock at Launceston, once a year, a fat ox or a sheep may be shewn, but that is all we know of the existence of the Van Diemen's Land Company; private indi­ viduals have done more for the improvement of stock than they have done. The Van Diemen'b Land establishment at Cressy, with only 20,000 acres of land, have introduced the finest breed of houses in the* colony, and have imported deer, and 86 VAN DIBHKlrt Lim> COMPANY.

a good breed of sheep. In all the half million of acres of the Van Diemen's Land Company them is only a solitary house that deserves that name*. and its domain appears like an oasis in the desert i but that is the residence of their agent, Mr. Curr* What, then, is the advantage of giving away the property of the public in this wholesale manner? It can only be looked upon in one point of view, and that is of a shameful job. It is utterly impossible to expect that vast tracts of land can be managed by a Company with the same degree of enterprise, vigilance, and industry as if let out in moderate sized farms. The sheep husbandry of the Company, in place of increasing, has decreased to a great extent, and they have lately turned their attention to cattle; but I have heard of no sales to any extent being effected for them in that way yet; and it appears, by the follow, ing advertisement of their agent, which is a curiosity in its kind, that the Company wish to become land­ lords, and have a number of serfs, which, perhaps,lifce these of Russia, they intend to sell with the estate.

" Farms with Stock to be let by the Van Diemen's Land Company. "The Company propose to let farms at the Surrey Hills on the following terms, namely :— « Each farm to consist of one square mile, or thereabouts, which may be selected out of 50,000 VAN StftXEff'a LAHD COMPANY. 89

acres* Witb each will be let twenty cow* and heifers, to be paid for in cash, or stock of equal value, at the expiration of four years. The rent to be 2s. per acre, or J£64 for each farm, with the stock included The two first years9 rent to be paid in fencing. The rent of future years to be pud in prodace or cadi, at the tenant's option. For the first three yean, a certain price for agmultand produce, delivered at the Company's Stores, will be ensured to the tenant " The soil of the Surrey Hills is generally of Tery good quality, and the whole district is so well watered, that every farm will contain at least one stream of water. On the other hand, the climate is exceedingly wet and cold, and subject to heavy snow-storms in the winter, so that wheat has never been grown, and oats in some seasons have failed to ripen. " Parties wishing to inspect the district, will please apply for information to Messrs. Henty & Co* of Launoeston. (Signed) EDWARD CUBB. Circular Head, 12th Jan. 1839."

It would not appear, from die foregoing flatter­ ing description of the Surrey Hills, that Mr. Curr expected any tenants; for if oats will not ripen, what description of agricultural produee does he expect to have delivered at the Company** &$*res

• 49 YAH BCSMRK'S XAVD COMPACT.

*6 Cireukr Head ? Turnips or potatoes would art! defray the expense of carriage to such a dfatenofr Oats ripen in higher latitudes than 6QR north; and it is strange indeed if they do not ripen in the parallel of 40° south latitude, even on hiHs. The following is the description given of them by the Company's surveyor, Mr. Hellyer, quoted in rth* foregoing work* « The plains, or rather Wdk, which he had just passed over, he named, from their e& tent and importance, the Surrey Hills* being ahem the same distance inland as thai county in England; He describes them as resembling English enclosings in many tespects, being bounded by brooks between $ach, with belts of beautiful shrubs in every vale. The grasses in the line of their walk were .prima* pally Timothy, foxtail, and single kangaroo. The (urface-soil is a dark vegetable mould, upon a rich brown open loam of various depths, and lighter in odour according to its depth; but the substratum is every where gravelly, which appears to render tha hills perfectly dry: all the brooks have hard pebbly bottoms, are free from mud, and the water is as dear as crystal. The trees found on these hills are generally of fine growth, very tall and straight, sjpme of them measuring one hundred fret to the fewest branch, and standing a hundred yards apart; this Mr. Hellyer does not think at all too thickly (query thinly f) timbered, to afford a shade from the summer-heat: and it should be remembered that

a WAO* TOUCmfc LAHO COMPANY. 41

As taeerof V*n Diemen's Land As not eeter th§ ground, as in England* In number they did not average more than ten to an acre: there were many open plains hereabout of several square miles, with* out a single tree. The plains or hills to die north of the peak, being the first open country Mr. HeL hyvn: entered upon in this journey, he has named the Hampshire HiHs: they appear even more park- like than the Surrey Hills, and are handsomely dumped with trees. The course of the par ty fironl the peak had now earned them nearly twenty miles; and as fin*a s they were aide to see, there arose on ail sides grassy hills out of number, which it waft delightful to look round upon, from one higher than the rest In tracing their way back to Circular Head, they came to die banks of a deep and rapid rfrer, larger than die Bon, already described, and more than ten feet deep, close to die banks, which they named the Arthur, in compliment to his Ex- eeUency the Lieutenant Governor, being one of the principal rivers of the island. " Of the two districts no w described, that named die Surrey Hills appears, upon a map drawn by $4*. HeUyer, to be nearly a parallelogram, thirty jrifes in length, and fifteen in breadth, lying at a distance of about twenty^five miles from BassY Straits, at the nearest point That called die Hampshire Hills, lying between the foranar and the 48 VAV BIEMlA 1AW> CtMPA^Y. north coast, is of a leas regular figure, and may h$ computed to be about ten miles in length by eight in breadth. The River-Emu runs through the Hampshire Hills into Bass's Straits/' At page 121 is the following statement:—" The Directors have the satisfaction to report that a mi* nuteof agreement has been signed on behalf of the Company, by which permission has been obtained of his Majesty's Government to select one block of fttyOOO acres at Circular Head, and two blocks, to comprise together 820,000 acres, in the districts just described, all at the valuation originally agreed upon" . . The useless or unprofitable land which it may be necessary to include, in order to give a well-defined boundary, will be granted to the Company gratui­ tously, according to the stipulation mentioned in the last Report, and is allowed' to extend to one- fourth .part of the whole. grant, or an addition (if needful) of 62,500 acres; a fourth block of 10,000 acres will be selected at the option of the Company, At some part intermediate between the larger grant and the settled districts. If all the land which is occupied by die Company, aay .500,000 acres, were valued at the original con­ tract price, it would amount to i?62,500, and calcu­ lated at the minimum price of Crown land sold in the colony, it would amount to i? 125,000; a large sum VAN MXMXK'S XANB COICPACT. U to have been made a present of by the Colonial Department to any Company, under any ptetext whatever. It would not be fair to calculate the land at the present minimum price of Crown lands in the colony, because there is no unimproved land worth it, unless it might be a patch in some particular situtum near a good market The account which Mr. Curr gave of this conn* try in 1829, differs very materially from what may be inferred of its fertility, in his advertisement* at die present time. At page 128 Mr. Curr continues:—" I may add that, in point of picturesque beauty, the Hampshire Hills yield to nothing I have seen in the island."-* « Of the Surrey Hills the Directors have little to add to the satisfactory information given in the last Report, except that, ona second visit made to them by Mr. Curr, on his journey just alluded to, he found the northern portion to agree very much with the Hampshire Hills, but the soil and the grass to im­ prove on advancing southward. The climate of this portion of the island appears to be showery and changeable, sometimes cold; snow occasionally fells in the interior, but seldom lies; the soil ap­ pears to be naturally dry." This is the description of country best suited to agriculture, where the weather is showery, and the land dry: there is no part of the colony where 44 VAN DIEMEN'S hA^f} COMPANY. better crops are produced than in the district of Deloraine, farther to the southward, and conse­ quently colder than the place described. It is there* fore conjectured by many persons, that this attempt at decrying the land is attended with some motive. Thejre was a rumour some time ago, that there was a plan in agitation to endeavour to obtain an ex­ change of the Company's grant, for land on the other side of Bass's Straits, in New Holland; but it would be a national loss, that such a fine country should be cut up with any jobbing of the kind. The Company have already got enough by Interest and favouritism, and should rest satisfied. Another of the innumerable jobs o£ Col* Arthur was to appoint a police magistrate* who was paid out of the public funds of the colony, and stationed at Circular Head, merely to look after the convicts tent to the. Van Dkmen's Land Company* <46)

CHAPTER IV.

' TRBE6—MINE8—MINERALS—FISH—BIRDS- QUADRUPEDS.

\ • .... To give the reader.a just idea of the natural productions of this favoured island would far exceed the bounds to which it is intended this littte work, should be United. I shall therefore merely give a list of sueh useful trees as are indigenous tD the colony, taken from the Annual of the late lamented Dr. Ross, for the year 1885. Acacia decurrens (Pakjandria monoecia)-~ Black Wattle. This beautiful tree grows in almost all parts of the island; it unfolds its whitish blossoms about Midsummer. Acacia affinis—Silver Wattle. A much harder tree than the former, often attaining a large size in elevated situations. It endures the winter in England, where its elegant foliage, bright yellow, globose-headed, and fragrant flowers are much admired. In a garden at Exeter, and in another at Norwich, there are trees of it raised from seed sent from Hobart Town, fromthre e to four yards 4f VAN DIBMBN's LAND. high. The seeds have been sent to England under the erroneous name of Black Wattle, Mimosa. The generic name of Acacia was given to a large division of the genus Mimosa by Wiidenow. No species of Mimosa, (from the Greek mimos, a mimic, because it mimics animal sensibility, the leaves collapsing at a touch,) properly so called^ has yet been found in Van Diemen's Land. Acacia discolor—Green or two-coloured Wattle. —This species produces its globular blossoms, of a pale yellow hue, in winter. Acacia melanowylon—Lightwood Blackwood. This tree obtains its first name from the gravity of its wood; the second from its colour. It is much used for furniture, and the butts of the trees axe cut in beautiful veneers, or turned into fine-streaked snuff and other boxes. It is peculiar to Van Die- men's Land, and grows to the largest size in the most mountainous and coldest situations. Acacia maligna— Willow-leaved Acacia. A fragrant flowering species. There are many beautiful flowering shrubs of this species, which it would be tedious to enume­ rate. AlsophilaAustralis—Greater Tree-fern, named from okas and phileo, because it delights in groves. A curious and uncommon production of nature, grows to the height of forty or fifty feet* with long branching fernrleaves spreading, out from TBSKS. 47 the summit, but not produced on any other part of the tree: it contains the edible pith, or bread* fruit eaten by the natives. Attingia Cunningham*—Cunningham's Pine, (DioceiaMonad.)—The beautiful trees of the pine, or cone-bearing tribe, ( Ceniferte,) lately discovered by Mr. Ronald Gunn at the falls of the Hirer Meander. JJanktia Australia—The common Honeysuckle Tree of VanDiemens Land (tetrancLMon.)—*!!^ genus, of which there are thirty-five species already known, was named by Linnaeus after the late Sir Joseph Banks. The* species are all appropriately named by Mr. Brown. The. present one is a great ornament to the hills of this island, and the wood is useful for many purposes. . Bantoia temula—Rival Banksia. This grows to a much larger size than the last. Cait8arinatorulo8(P---She-oak» C. etricfo—He* oak. C tenuissima—Marsh Oak.—-The name of the first of these is said to be a corruption of Sheac, the name of an American tree producing the beef-wood» like our She-oak. The second species has obtained the name of He-oak, in contra* distinction of She-oak. Cenarbene8 niHda—Native Plum (tetrcnul Men.)~A shrub resembling the common laurel, bearing black bitter fruit about the size of a cherry. Crpptocarya #fotfee*fen*—Australian Sassa*- 48 VAN DIKMBlft LAND. fras (enneandi Man. laurinea )<~ThiB beautiful pyramidal tree is common in warm, sheltered* moist situations in various parts of the colony; the bark and leaves are highly odoriferous. Dacrydium cupressinum—Huon Pine (Men* Monad.)—This fine pyramidal tree attains one hundred feet in height, and thirty in circum* ference, extending its limbs to a great distance, from which hang numerous slender branchkts of the liveliest green, sometimes three or four feet long, giving the tree a richness of appearance seldom equalled. Eucalyptus globulus—Blue Gum. E. robueta -—Stringy Bark. E. resinifera—White Gum- Kino Gum. E. piperita—Peppermint Tree. E.myr- tifolia—Myrtle-leaved Ditto.—Besides these are the mountain blue gum;—the weeping gum, or blue gum of Norfolk Plains;—the black-butted, ot common gum;—the black gum, the bark and spreading branches of which, with umbrageous foli­ age, give it the appearance of English elm;—the iron bark, growing mostly on the north-east coast; —the cider-tree, from which the saccharine juice exudes, and which, with the myrtle-leaved gum, grows in the higher parts of the island, and on the tops of mountains. The wood of all the species is highly useful for domestic and other purposes. They are soft at first, and very, easily cut down, and sawed or split up when green; but when thoroughly TREES. 49 dry, are as hard as oak. They are ail of remark­ ably quick growth, and many of the species attain an enormous size. On the whole, this noble genu* may be said to have taken undisturbed possession of these Australian regions, clothing as it does with its stupendous mantle the surface of both Van Diemen's Land and New Holland ; for the intermixture of other plants which the lordly tribe occasionally permits, compared with its great extent, is but small and partial. Wherever you go, the gum-tree of one species or other presents itself before you. Ecocarpus cupre^siformis-^Native Cherry- Cypress Cherry. E.strictus—White ditto. E.hu- ruifumu—Trailing ditto, (Monaccia pent.)—The first is general all over the island, its beautiful cypress-conical appearance contrasted with the Banksta and the gum-trees, very much enlivening the landscape. It is destitute of leaves, the elon­ gation of the branches giving it the verdant appearance. It thrives best in clusters, and in the shelter of other trees. The name is derived from karpoe, the fruit, the nut being outside the peri­ carp. The only mine at work in the cdlony at pre­ sent is a coal-mine at Port Arthur, in a peninsula oi| what is called the sloping main, near the entrance to the Derwent, which leads to Hobart Town. It is used as a place of secondary punish- B 50 VAN DIEMEN'S LAND. ment for convicts, the coal being sold on account of the Government. Ferocious dogs are chained across the isthmus so near each other, that no person can pass between them without being torn in pieces, except their feeder; so that there is no danger of runaways escaping from the mines by this route. . Limestone, slate, and free-stone, of the best description, are abundant Iron stone and ore,.so rich as 75 per cent., has been discovered; and there is little doubt that the country abounds, with many other mineral productions ; but until the popula­ tion becomes more dense, they will be better em­ ployed in pastoral and agricultural pursuits, than in working mines, the productions of which, requi­ ring manual labour and machinery to bring them to perfection* will be procured from England cheaper for centuries to come, than they could produce them. Fish ace good and plentiful; but their names, such as snapper, trumpeter, and flat-head, would convey * no. idea of their quality. . Cray-fish and oysters are easily procured,, insomuch that the fishermen can obtain as much fish in one day as will supply them with rum for three days, so that the market is badly supplied. The toad-fish is poisonous; some fatal accidents have occurred by strangers making use of them. The feathered tribe are numerous, and of a BIRDS. 51 pleasing and great variety; the parrot species are very beautiful. The plumage of all kinds are so fine, that it compensates for their want of song. It would require more space than can be afforded to describe them; but there is one kind, which, from its singularity, deserves a short description. They are web-footed, of the puffin species, and are* commonly called mutton birds, from their flavour and fatness; they are migratory, and arrive in Bass's Straits about the commencement of spring, in such numbers that they darken the air. They remain for six months, and then depart, no one knows where. During their sojourn among the islands of the Straits, they breed on such as have sufficient elevation in the centre to admit of one tier of nests over another, which they burrow in the sand; and lay but one egg in each, which is so large, that it is extraordinary that a bird of its size, about that of a wild duck, could contain it: the male and female hatch alternately. Those that are employed in this way depart every morning at daylight, and return at sunset. When the young are fulfcfledged, they descend to the water-side,' and swallow large pebbles, which the sealers, who are employed in the Straits killing seals, call their ballast. But before their migration, the work of destruction begins. Their wings are so long, that they cannot elevate themselves in the air, unless they obtain the advantage of the wind, against D 2 52 VAN DIEMEN'S LAND. which they rise. The sealers perceive this, and make a fence on two sides, leading from the top of the island to the bottom, on the lee-side, into which they drive the birds in flocks, and have a pit-fall at the foot, into which they tumble, until the pit is full: they then kill and pluck them for the feathers, which are exported to the amount of some tons. They have a strong scent of oil, from the fatness of the birds, which they sometimes extract by an alkaline lee. They select the best, which they split down the back, salt and pack them in barrels, which are sold in great quantities in the Launceston market, and retailed at 6d. each. These birds are also numerous at Norfolk Island, and saved the first settlers from starvation, which Dr. Lang, in his. work on New South Wales, compared to the manna which in like manner saved the children of Israel. The quadrupeds indigenous to this island are numerous, and would require a particular descrip­ tion, which would intrude on the province of the natural historian. They have one characteristic fea­ ture which distinguishes the Australian quadrupeds from those of all other parts of the world:—a pouch is attached to the abdomen of the female, which opens anteriorly, into which the young escape on the approach of danger; and here they are found adhering to the teat before they assume a shape which could identify the embryo production with QtTADRUPEDS. 53 the parent. This peculiarity is common to them all, from the kangaroo to the dormouse. From the great intercourse with the colonies, they are now become common, and are to be seen in our public exhibitions of animals. All cattle and stock common to Great Britain have been introduced into this colony, and thrive remarkably well. Oxen are much used for the cart and the plough, and attain a great size; when fattened, they often weigh from twelve to fifteen hundred weight. One which was exhibited at an agricultural show at Launceston, and fattened at Circular Head, weighed one ton, one hundred and fourteen pounds, when living. The Saxon and Merino sheep have been long since imported, and have increased amazingly, their wool being the staple commodity of the colony, which, together with oil and mimosa bark, form its chief articles of export. The quantity will be seen under its proper head. Cattle may be justly called the pioneers of emigration: they discover the best pasture and water: they also serve to drain the soil in marshes: on the banks of rivers their deep tracks are filled up by each successive flood with alluvial deposit, which, being again trampled down by their fopt- steps, becomes hard, which raises the banks of the stream so high, t^at they ultimately confiae . it within its proper bed,, which is deepened flatly D3 54 VAN BUSMEN'S LAND. until it becomes of sufficient depth to carry off the water: they also improve the quality of both soil and grass. What wretched policy is it, then, to prevent such improvement!—-as the increase of the stock would enable the proprietor of them to ultimately become the purchaser of the land, and thereby increase the wealth and resources of the colony. A person might be almost induced to suppose that Lord Byron had the Australian provinces " in his mind's eye" when he wrote the following stanzas in his " Don Juan/9

'Tis true, he shrank from men even of his nation When they built up unto his darling trees; He moved some hundred miles off for a station, Where there were fewer houses and more ease. The inconveniences of civilization, Is that you neither can be pleased, nor please; But where he met the individual man, He shew'd himself as kind as mortal can.

And tall, and strong, and swift of foot were they, Beyond the dwarfish city's pale abortions, Because their thoughts had never been the prey Of care or gain; the green woods were their portions. No sinking spirits told them they were grey. No fashions made them apes of her distortions. Simple they were, not savage; and their rifles, Though very true, were not yet used for trifles. C«s)

CHAPTER V.

ABORIGINES, BUSHRANGERS, &e.

THE Aborigines now at large in this island are (if any) very few, and are never met with in the settled districts. A Mr. Robinson (commonly called Black Robinson) has distinguished himself very much, and rendered great service to the colony generally, by catching the natives, and bringing them in, without using force of any kind to effect that purpose. He is a predestinarian, and supposes that, expose himself to danger as he may, he cannot be injured until the allotted time for dissolution arrives. He was usually accompa­ nied by a native woman, called Black Moll, bedi­ zened with various coloured ribbons, and dressed to attract notice, facetiously called Robinson's decoy duck. I saw a mob (as they are termed in colonial phrase) of natives, consisting of nine or ten, of all ages, sexes, and sizes, brought in by Mr. Robinson to Launceston, previous to their deportation to Flinders Island, in Bass's Straits, which was set apart for their domicile; and for safety, in the interim were lodged in the gaol-yard. D 4 56 VAN PIEMEN'S LAND.

I accompanied Mr. Robinson to see them* They had just got some of the slop-clothing intended for the convicts to be dressed in, and Moll (or Mary) took the trouble of putting on their habiliments* but it appeared that she was not much accustomed to that employment, for in drawing a pair of trowsers on a young black native of about twenty, years of age, she put the back part of the trowsers in front, and buttoned them behind. He was much disconcerted by being shackled in dress of any kind the first time in his life; but they ap­ peared such a bad fit, it rendered his distress more apparent. However, Mary saw her mistake, and rectified it immediately, which put him a little more at his ease. These poor creatures were more sinned against than sinning; for although in the first settlement of the colony they committed various murders, y$t they were driven to it by the barbarous conduct of the stock-keepers, who were in advance of the colonists. I have been credibly informed that they were in the habit of emasculating the men, that they might obtain undisputed possession of their gins (wives) ; and many murderous conflicts took place between them chiefly on this account. I con­ ceive that no shepherds or stock-keepers shquldhe allowed to go in advance of colonization, or where it would be probable they might come in. contact with the. natives, unless they were married m^n, - ABorimtiiffg, &c. 57 M$kd brought tfifeir wives with them, which would prevent any disagreeable collision of this kind. Some of the natives were caught, and tried for com­ mitting murder, by a people to whose laws, cus­ toms, and language they were utter strangers. One of them, on being sentenced to be hanged, was, by the humanity and sanctity of Col. Arthur, allowed a clergyman to prepare him for death. The unfortunate creature could repeat a few words of English; and when desired to pray, his reply to the minister of religion was natural enough: he told him (in his own words) that he was too much bloody fear to pray; he begged hard for his life, telling him to hang white fellow; that white man like it, but black man no like hang at all. He met his fate with fortitude. On another occasion, one of those children of nature was sentenced to be flogged for some minor ofience. A clergyman, the usual attendant on these punishments, was sent to read him a lecture pre­ vious to the infliction of it The poor fellow's perception of justice was such, that he thought he had no right to be punished in two ways for the same offence; and he said to his exhorter, " if you preachy—preachy! and if you floggy—floggy! but no preachy and floggy too I* Col. Arthur conceived the magnanimous idea of driving all the natives into a peninsula on the eastern side of the island, and taking them at D5 58 VAN DIEMEN'S LAND. once, as it were, in a net. For this purpose he called out the military force of the colony, and the colonists who could bear arms, to assist him. This little army was altogether estimated at between four and five thousand men:—they were formed into a sort of semicircle, one man communicating with his neighbour right and left, narrowing the distance as they advanced, and beating the bush, to start the blacks, like boys in a wood springing woodcocks for the fowler. Silk threads were placed across the isthmus, from bush to bush, that \t might be ascertained when the blacks had passed through to the peninsula, never calculating that the kangaroos in their bounding could break a silk thread as well as a black native. The result of this grand expedition was, that they caught one old black woman, and His Majesty's forces had one man wounded by the spear of a native, so that the advanjtage was nearly. equal on both sides. Thus ended the famous black war, which cost the country JP27,000, and is the only military exploit recorded of Col, Arthur; but it appears to have been quite sufficient to.obtain for him the honour of knighthood, and the government of Upper Canada, after being twelve years. Governor of Van Diemen's Land, and six years Superintendent of Honduras!! ! By the following correspondence it will be seen that the remnant of the black natives of Van Die- ABQBicaraa, &c 59 men's Land are on die eve of being removed to Port Philip. They are now civilized, and perfectly harmless, and may assist in civilizing the native blacks of New Holland. Annexed is a list of their names and number :—

Dispatch from the Right Honourable Lord Gl&nelg^ Secretary of State for the Colonies, to His Excellency Sir George Gipps,

announcing the appointment of a Native Protector9 and four Assistants ; and proposing the removal of the Van Diemen's Land Natives from Flinders9 Island to Port Philip. Downing Street, January 31,1838. SIB, In transmitting to you a duplicate copy of the Report of the Select Committee of the House of Commons on Abori­ gines, I have the honour to communicate to you, that Her Majesty's Goverment have directed their anxious attention to the adoption of some plan for the better protection and civiliza­ tion of the native tribes within the limits of your Government. With that view, it has been resolved to appoint at once a small number of persons qualified to fill the office of Protector of Aborigines. I have confined that number, in the first instance, to one Chief Protector, aided by four Assistant Pro­ tectors. I would propose that the Chief Protector should fix his principal station at Port Philip, as the most convenient point from whence he could traverse the surrounding country, and be in personal communication with his Assistants ; two of whom should occupy the country to the northward and eastward, and the other two be stationed to the northward, and aa far westward as the boundaries of the Colony of South Australia. I propose to confer the office of Chief Protector on Mr. Robinson, who, you are no doubt aware, has for some time past been in charge of the Aboriginal Establishment at Hinders' Island, and who has shewn himself to be eminently qualified for such an office. I shall direct the Lieutenant^GereBnor *f Van D6 60 VAN blMMXSls XAltXK Etiemen'a l«*» to communicate my attention* 40 Mrv Robinson, and to take the necessary measures for sending him to Sydney, if he should he prepared to undertake the office. It appears to be a question whether Mr. Robinson would be willing to quit the JSatabUahment at Ftinders* Island, unless he were accom­ panied by Che natures from Van Diemen's Land; in whose super­ intendence he is at present engaged. I enclose, for your general • information, a copy of a Dispatch from Lieutenant-Governor Sir J. Franklin, with a Report from Mr. Robinson, on the state of the native settlement in that island. It contains much interesting information as to -the condition a£ the natives under his charge, and also aa to his mode of treating them. You wfl! perceive that m thas Report he strongly recommends the removal of these natives to New Holland. The late Lieutenant- Governor of Van Diemen's Land has expressed his conviction that no evil consequences are to be apprehended from allowing them to accompany Mr. Robinson. In the Dispatch which is now. enclosed, Sir John Franklin states that many objections present themselves to such a measure; and I should not feel myself justified in directing the adoption of it, in opposition to such a statement. If»however, the result of the personal observ­ ations of Sir John Franklin, in the visit which he stated himself to be about to make to Flinders' Island, should be such as entirely to satisfy him that the natives might be so removed, without personal risk or danger to themselves, and with their own free consent, important advantages might be anticipated from the formation in New Holland of an aboriginal settlement com­ paratively so far advanced in civilization. On this point, how­ ever, I should wish you to communicate with Sir John Franklin, and it will be necessary to act in it with the utmost caution and circumspection. In the meantime, I trust that Mr. Robinson may, tinder any circumstances, be induced to undertake the office. The following gentlemen have been chosen to fiB the office of Assistant Protectors, Mr. Sievwright, Mr. Thomas, Mr. Dredge, and Mr. Parker. With regard to the ezpences attending the Establishment, Asomidnan^ &«v 61 it is,pr*pi*ea Waatign.twmeCbief *******m*ujof £$& per annum, and to each, iff the Assistants 4864. The four omeecs proceeding from this country will also here an. allowance of 416* each, on account of then* etrtftt and) passage.; and* according to the general rale ef this Department, they.havabeanmftimed thai they wilt reoaive hatf«athry from the date of embarkation. - It wiUalsobe necessary to make some provision to inalls the Protectors to supply the natives oertirimmfly with moderate quantities of food and clothing. In Axing this expenditure, Her Majesty's Government have anticipated the concurrence of the Legislate Couneit of your. Govenamen** in voting the necessary earn for meeting thv charge. The object contemplated is so important, and tiw obligation which vests on the colonists to do their utmost for the^protoction. and civilisation of the native tribe* so imperative, that I am convinced no further argument Is necessary to induce a cheerful co-operation on their part in the measure now adopted*. If the Aboriginal Establishment at Flinders* Island should he broken up, and transferred to New South Wales, some portion, of the. expenditure might reasonably be defrayed from thai Revenues of Van Diemen's Land. It remains for me to explain my general view of the duties which, will devolve on the Protectors, and to refer to the points which will form the ground of instructions which you will issue to them. 1, Each Protector should attach himself as closely and con­ stantly as possible to the aboriginal tribes who may be found in. the district for which he may be appointed; attending them, if practicable, in their movements from one place to another, until they can be induced to assume more settled habits of .life, aneV endeavour to conciliate their respect and confidence, and to-make them feel that he is then: friend. . 1 2. He must watch over the: rights and interests of the*. natives; protect them, as far as he can, by his. personal esertkma . and influence, from. any encroachinent on« their;, property) /and (52 vAtf DI*ME»VLAND. from acts of cruelty, oppression, or injustice; and faithfully repre­ sent their wants, wishes, or grievances, if such representations be found necessary, through the Chief Protector, to the Govern­ ment of the colony. For this purpose it will be desirable to invest each Protector with a commission, as magistrate. 3. If the natives can be induced in any considerable num­ bers to locate themselves in a particular place, it will be the object of the Protector to teach and encourage them to engage in the cultivation of their grounds, in building suitable habitations for themselves, and in whatever else may conduce to their civili­ sation and social improvement. 4U The education and instruction of the children, as early and as extensively as it may be practicable, is to be regarded as a matter of primary importance. 6. In connexion with the engagements, and as atfrading the most,efficient means for the ultimate accomplishment of them,, the Assistant Protector should promote, to the utmost extent of his ability and opportunities, the moral and religious improvement of the natives, by instructing them in the elements of the Christian religion, and preparing them for teachers, whose peculiar province it would be to promote the knowledge and practice of Christianity among them. 6. In reference to every object contemplated by the pro­ posed appointment, it is exceedingly desirable that the Protector should, as soon as possible, learn the language of the natives, so as to be able freely and familiarly to converse with them. 7» He must take charge of, and be accountable for, any provisions or clothing which may be placed under his care for distribution to the natives. 8. He will obtain as accurate information as may be practi­ cable, of the number of the natives within his district, and of all important particulars in regard to them. These appear to me the principal points which demand attention in referenoe to this subject. But it is of course, not my intention to restrict you in the instructions which'you will have to issue to the Protectors, within ABO*i6iiro», See. 63 the topics on which I hare touched; as your local knowledge and experience will douhtless enahle you to supply omissions in the outline which I have given. I have the honour to be, &c GLENELG.

Letter from the Colonial Secretory of Van Dwmen*s Lend to Me Colonial Secretary of New South rVamt,' stating flat Mr, G. A. Robinson it empowered to make arrangements for the removal to New Holland of the Aboriginal Nmiheeat FHn- ders' Island; and that Sir John Franklin is prepared to meet, in a liberal manner, the question of the expence of their future support, and to co-operate in every measure for their welfare. Colonial Secretary's Ofice, August K, 1838. SIB, I hare the honour, by direction of Sir John Franklin, to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 17th ultimo, trans­ mitting a copy of a dispatch, dated January 31st last, from the Right Honourable the Secretary of State for the Colonies, addressed to His Excellency Sir George Gipps, relative to the adoption of some plan for the better protection and civilization of the native tribes within the limits of the Government of New South Wales. . I am to inform you, that the Lieutenant-Governor had been honoured, on the 28th June last, by a copy of the dispatch above alluded to, in a communication addressed to him by Lord Glenelg, in which his Lordship intimated his desire that the situation of Chief Protector of Aborigines should be offered to Mr. G. A. Robinson, at present in charge of the Aborigines Establishment at Flinders* Island. This instruction was immediately complied* with; but owing to the severe gales in the Straits, Mr. Robin- son's decision in this matter could not be ascertained until the 18th instant, when he arrived at Hobart Town; and I have 64 J VAN DIBiiEN^ LAND. now to notify his acceptance of die office tendered him by the Secretary of State, and that he proceeds to Sydney in the vessel* which- conveys this communication. • The information which Mr. Robinson will be able person- " ally to afford, renders it unnecessary that I should comply with your application for his reports upon the state of the natives at' * present on FHnders* Island: I transmit, however, a return of' their numbers, and a communication, dated the 12th Inst.,'from Mr. Robinson, with its enclosures, which exhibit the wish of the native* themselves to proceed to New Holland. Mr. Robinson is fttlfy empowered by Sir Jofm Franklin to make any arrangement which may meet the concurrence of Sir George . 69 VAV/©IEWBNVLAHD. humane mtwitis— efrherJtfajesty't Government in the creation of the office of Chief Protector, as far as they may be influenced by the introduction of .the domesticated, natives from Flinders' Iskx^ainongBt. their less civitieed brethren in New Holland; and as it is desirable that the former should have as much as possible of the. summet before them on their new settlement, Sir John Franklin -trusts that Mr. Robinson's return to Hobart Town may be expedited, in order that all arrangements with which he i», connected, may/be effected without loss of time* I am to add that, whilst nothing will be wanting on the par* of this Govern* ment to render those arrangements complete and satisfactory to all parties, the X(ieuovernor is not prepared to consider that the claims of the. Van Diemen's Land Aborigines upon this colony will cease with .their removal from its territories; but will at all .times seel it his duty to adopt any suggestion* for their welfare. I have the honour to be; Ac JOHN MONTAGU.

Enclosures referred to in the foregoing.

To J. MONTAGU, ESQ., COLONIAL SECRETARY. Commandant's Office, Flinders' Island, August 12, 1838. SIR, My attention- having been called to the Gaxette of July 3, 1838, relative to the removal of the Van Diemen's Land Aborigines to Port Philip, and observing the same to be con. tingent on their acquiescence, I deemed it advisable, prior to my leaving the settlement, to assemble the natives, and interrogate them in the presence of the officers as to their willingness to accompany me to Port Philip; and have the honour to state that it met with their free and unequivocal consent, there not being a dissentient voice among them : on the contrary, when it was at first intimated, it was hailed with rapture and delight. ABOurana, te* 67 I beg to forward the oadosod attestations frem.the < the settlement relative rto the same. I am, Sir, &c a. A. ROBINSON, Chairman.

Flinders' Island, August 12,188*. We, the undersigned Aboriginal Natives of Van Diemen's Land, and now residing on Flinders' Island, testify, on behalf of ourselves and families, that we are not only wilfing, but perfectly desirous, to accompany the Commandant G. A. Robinson to Port Philip, from whom we do not wish to be separated.

ALEXANDER EDMOND NEPTUNE ALPHONSO EUGENE NOEMY ARTHUR FREDERICK PETER PINDAR ALPHA KING GEORGE PHILLIP ACHILLES HENRY ROBERT ANDREW HANNIBAL ROBINSON GEORGE AJAX JOSEPH TIPPOO SAIB ALFRED JAMES THOMAS BUONAPARTE LEONIDAS WASHINGTON. EDWARD NAPOLEON Witness—M. WALSH, M.D., Medical Officer, ROBERT CLARK, Storekeeper.

Flinders' Island, August 12,1838. MEMORANDUM.—We, the undersigned, certify to having been present when the Commandant this day requested the consent of the Aborigines, domiciled at this settlement, to accom­ pany him to Port Philip; and can testify to^ their perfect willing, ness and cheerful acquiescence in the measure proposed, which afforded them the highest possible satisfaction. M. WALSH, M.B., Medical Officer. ROBERT CLARK, Storekeeper. THOMAS DOVE, Chaplain. G. A. ROBINSON, Jun., Superintendent. 68 VA» DIKMBNVLAKD.

Return of the Aborigines of Van Diemen's Landi at present at FUnder*'Island. These natives were employed Alpha and his wife Lallah on the mission eight years, and Rookh were the travelling companions

Napoleon M Fanny of Mr. Robinson. They are Robert m Semiramis stated to possess the habits and

Isaac M Matilda customs of the whites, and to Richard (imbecile) speak the English language Sophia fluently: they have always Louisa conducted themselves, remark ably well. Edward and his wife Clara Andrew (husband to Sophia) Occasionally assisted the Neptune and his wife Amelia above. Mr. Robinson repre­ Eugene » Sarah sents their habits to be quite Peter Pindar * Sabina European, and that they are Walter G. Arthur, and his wholly unacquainted with sa* wife, a half-caste, daughter vagelife. of Sarah by a sealer, has lived in service on the Main Alexander and his wife Caroline Alphonso Arthur Achilles (old) and his wife Maria (old) Alfred « Paulina Ajax • Daphne Buonaparte Edmund Frederick King George (old) Henry (old) and his wife Lucy (old) Hannibal Joseph and his wife Rose James « Susan Noemy * Catherine . Philip (old) m Margaret (old) ABORIGINES, &C. 69

Leonidas and his wife Patty Robinson George and his wife'Agnes Tippoo (husband to Louisa) Thomas and his wife Petuch (old) Washington « Juliet Adelaide (old) % Ann Eveline Emma" Flora Henrietta .all widows. Harriet Jane (old) Wild Mary. Bebecca Tingenoop (old) Tarehemencpe Ajigustus,(a> youth) an orphan Thomas Brun& (boy) an orphanL David Brune i»son s of Alpha. Peter Brun£ Charley Clark « son of Tarehemeneve Bessy (g^l) daughter of Tingenoop Adolphus (child) orphan Teddy V « Jessie « daughter of James Robert (an infant) orphan • • son of Sarah Martha « daughter of Catherine Mary u • Eveline Nancy m • Henrietta Emily » • Amelia One half-caste youth, and one male and two female children also half-caste, not included in the above return. Van Piemen's Land, Hobart Town, August 20,1838. 70 VAN nnntraV LAND.

SUMMARY OF NOMINAL RETURN. Male Adults 17 0 m employed on the mission 19 Males (very old) 4 — 30 Female Adults 16

« m employed on the mission •• 11 Females (very old) 8 — 35 Male Youths 1 m « employed on the mission 2 — 3 Girls 1 Boys 4 — 5 Male Children 2 Female * • ..••.... 1 — 3 Male Infants 2 Female * 4 — 6 Total number of Aborigines 82

Van Diemen's Land, Hobart Town, August 20, 1838.

By the foregoing dispatch of Lord Glenelg, it appears that he is anxious, at the recommendation of a Select Committee of the House of Commons, to protect the aborigines of the British colonies, and for that purpose has appointed five Protectors for the Port Philip district; but is the Colonial Secretary, •BOftiomxs, &c. 71 or the Committee of the House of Commons, aware of the mode of life, or the customs and habits of these erratic people ? If the Protectors, as they are called, are not swift of foot, they will not be able to keep *pace with die * tribe they may attach them­ selves to, in< their migratory egcurskms-; for to ride through the country, that they can scamper over, is out of the question. Suppose one of these tribes happen to meet with a hostile tribe, which is often the case, and, as .a matter of course, a battle ensue, the opposite tribe will look upon the white man as an auxiliary to their enemies: the Protector will then require protection, and doubtless fall the first victim. J . His ancL(aa Jhe ism is) took tathe busk Many dajpegrtniBnshwmgma have escaped in this way; but then it took place under As regime of Colonel Arthur* end he was a man who, in the eyes of the Colonial Department, could do no wrong. Common sf«ee would have dictated to any person who would t#ke the trouble of jaefleeting, that the proper way to transmit such dangerous characters would have Ifeejl to eend a radtfary escnstr with them across the • S" 74 VAN DIEMEN*S LAND. country, which would ensure their safe delivery at the place of their destination. Nothing shackles the liberty of the press so much in the Australian colonies as the want of free printers and compositors: many political misdeeds are winked at, lest the convict pressmen should be withdrawn from the conductors of the press by the Government There are eighteen newspapers published in the Australian provinces, exclusive of Almanacks, Annuals, and Magazines. Some of these journals are published twice a week, and some books—such, for instance, as the Pickwick-^-have been republished iuLaunceston; so that sober cem<- positors emigrating to the colonies need not feat procuring immediate employment The wages are generally two guineas a week; some, I believe, have more. But the great bane of (he colonies w drunk­ enness; labour of all kinds being so high, that a man can earn as much in three days as will support him in idleness and inebriety die remaining three of the week; but if of sober, industrious habits, he cannot fail of obtaining a* competence, and may by perseverance ultimately arrive at affluence* (75)

CHAPTER VI.

THE MAGISTRACY.

THE magistrates of this colony are a numerous body: they exceed by fifty in number the justices of the gseat Colony of New South Wales, which haa a population of nearly treble the amount of Van Diemen's Land. The Governor, in endeavouring to make himself popular, refused few persons a commission of the peace who chose to apply for it. His successor, Sir John Franklin, having the relatives and de­ pendents of his* predecessor as his chief advisers, was made still more ridiculous by conferring the situation on persons without their approbation, who refused to accept it on account of the disreputable hands into which it had fallen: many of the respect­ able old magistrates also resigned on the same account. The public journals exposed and satirized the matter, both in Hobart Town and Launceston. The Launceston Advertiser declared that every per­ son you met with a long-tailed coat, was sure to be a magistrate. The Cornwall Chronicle stated the E % 76 VAN DIEMKN'S LAND. qualification to be, that every person who could write his name in a legible manner, or read without spell­ ing, was certain of the appointment. In order to give the reader an idea of the description of people who hold the office, and sit upon the bench with Government officers in Launceston, the following comprises a list of their occupations :— 1 Police paid Magistrate. 9, Custom-house Officers. 1 Superintendent of Prisoners. 1 Commissioner of Requests. 1 Colonial Surgeon. 1 Sub-Treasurer. 1 Port Officer. 1 Overseer of Public Works. 1 Brewer. 2 Sellers of Spirits by wholesale.

Total 12 . . , r

When Sir Richard Bourke went as Governor to New South Wales, he found a number of Govern-t ment officers sitting on the bench of magistrates, whose names he caused to be struck off, remarking that if they attended to their own duty, they would find employment enough. Exclusive of the foregoing number, several farmers from the country sit occasionally on the bench, as private influence may induce them. The THE MAGISTRACY. 77 great contest in this way is at the season of granting licences for the sale of spirituous liquors—it is then that " hatred, malice, and all uncharitableness" are displayed in their native deformity. The Authori­ ties have frequently elevated men from low situa­ tions to fill higher ones, for which they were alto­ gether unfit. For instance, a tide-waiter at George Town was made a police magistrate at Launceston, raising him above the. heads of all die other justices of the peace in the district; but his inexperience and ignorance of the law soon disqualified him for the situation, and he was succeeded in the office by a half-pay officer, who at least has that qualification which the celebrated Du Pin stated, in the French Chamber of Deputies, all military men possessed, vis*. " passive obedience to authority." Obsolete laws which were intended to coerce con­ victs,, are raked up against free men if they do not belong to a certain faction: felon-constables, who have been instructed for the purpose, have, what is colonially termed, " a down upon you.* They ob­ tain five shillings as a fine for every conviction ; so that if a free man, particularly a gentleman whom they hate, happen to be returning from a party or a ball, he may reckon on being put into the watch- house ; if there be more than one person returning home, to prevent evidence being brought against them, the constables swear that they are all tipsy, E 3 78 VAN DISMEN'S LAND, and incarcerate the whole party, which brings these fellows a richer harvest Convenient places at die corners of streets are not yet furnished in the newly- built towns of Launceston and Hobart Town, as they are in the great City of London: a call of this nature is construed into a crime by the' moral laws of a convict colony, aided by the perjury of their agents. If you remonstrate with a police magi­ strate respecting the hardship of die case, and die trap which is laid to ensnare the ignorant and unwary, he replies that he has no discretionary power; that the acts of the Legislative Council are as imperative and as irrevocable as the laws of the Medes and Persians; and that he has nothing to do but to record the penalty; but advise* you, if aggrieved, to appeal to the Commissioners1 Court of Requests (commonly called the " Little Go Court"). His worship, the Commissioner, who had formerly lived on a salary of thirty poutods per annum, supposes that if he reverses the oon- viction of the police magistrate, he throws a reflec­ tion on his judgment; so that if you do not belong to the favoured few, there is no chance of success. I have known an appeal case to be adjourned on the plea of the prosecutor, a constable, wh$ 0ught to be first at his post, not being in attendance; and again adjourned twice until more pliant assessors could be procured. The convictions against free THE MAOIBTBACY. 79 men eve thus returned double—e circumstance, I presume, which Captain Maconochie was ignorant

Town, two magistrates were appointed to assist the judge in place of a jury. One of them was observed during the trial to be very busy writing. The judge thought he was taking notes; and when the evidence was all taken, asked the assessor for his observations, to see if they corresponded with his own. . The Magistrate hesitated, and said he quite agreed with his worship. The judge thanked him, and said he had not delivered his opinion yet. The other replied, " it was no matter—that he was sure he knew more of the subject than he did, and he quite agreed with him." The judge insisted on seeing the notes, which were at length given up; but the sheet of paper was only covered with the name of the magistrate, and the addition of J. P.: having been lately appointed to the office, he took this opportunity of learning to write his name and addition in a legible manner. A witty lawyer wrote the following jeu (Tesprit on the occasion, which was handed about, to the great merriment of a crowded court.

What would you give to be like me— To sit by the judge and be a J. P. ? To sit up here, and seem so wise, And upon you to have so many eyes ? To shake your head, tho' there's nothing in that, And give your verdict plump and pat ? Oh! you'd give your ears to be like me, To sit by the judge, and be a J. P. THE MAOISTEACY. 85 The evidence of Mr. Peter Murdock, taken before a Committee of the House of Commons, will shew the degraded state in which the magbtracy of Van Diemen's Land are held by die Chief Magis­ trate of Police ; but it is too diffuse for insertion, and is merely referred to here. (86)

CHAPTER VII.

CIVIL ESTABLISHMENTS—PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS.

CIVIL ESTABLISHMENTS. His Excellency Sir John Franklin, Knight, £%b00 per annum. Private Secretary—The Hon. H. Elliott. Under Secretary—Dr. TurnbuU.

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. The Lieutenant-Governor. The Chief Police Magistrate. The Commandant of the Forces. The Archdeacon. The Colonial Secretary. The Colonial Treasurer.

THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL. His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor. The Chief Police Magistrate. The Colonial Secretary. The Attorney-General* The Colonial Treasurer. CIVIL ESTABLISHMENTS. 87 The Archdeacon. The Collector of Customs. Thomas Anstey, Esq. Thomas Archer, Esq. John Kerr, Esq. W. E. Lawrence, Esq. Charles Swanston, Esq. Charles M'LougMin, Esq. W. A. Bethune, Esq. W. P. Ashburner, Esq. Clerk of the Council—Dr. Turnbull, £500 per annum. Writer—Mr. W. F. Mitchell.

COLONIAL SECRETARY'S OFFICE. Colonial Secretary—John Montagu, Esquire, 401200 per annum. Nine clerks, who receive from i?100 to £300 per annum. Colonial Agent—Edward Barnard, Esq.—resi­ dence No. 2, Parliament Street, Westminster—£400 from New South Wales, and £200 from Van Die- men's Land.

THE SUPREME COURT OF VAN DIEMEN'S LAND. Chief Justice—Hon. Jeba Lewis Pedder* Esq., of the Middle Temple, Bamster-at-Law, £1500 per annum. i

I 86 VAN BIKMBlft LAND. Puisne Judge—Hon. Algernon Montagu, Esq., of Gray's Inn, Barrister-at-Law, i?l£00 per annum. Master—Joseph Hone, Esq., of Grayfe; Inn, Barrister-at-Law, i?400 per annum* Registrar—William Sorell, Esq., JP600 per annum.

Clerks of the Court—Mr. Lewis, £W09 and Mr. F. Mostyn, £150 per annum. Registrar's Clerk—Mr. J. H. W. Parsons, <£130 per annum. Crier of the Court—-Mr. W. Baker, £60 per annum.

CROWN LAW OFFICERS.

Attorney General—Edward McDowall, Esq., of the Middle Temple, Barrister-at-Law, JP900 per annum. Solicitor General: Jones, Esq., lately ap­ pointed.

There is one King's School, one Male Orphan Sehool, one Female Orphan School, and twenty- two elementary Schools in the Colony.

There is a Clerical Establishment of one Arch* deacon and twenty-one clergymen of the Established Church, five clergymen of the Chtrfch of Scotland, three Weeleyan mittntersr-two Independent mini­ sters, and two Roman Catholic priests. .. < ; civil jcirrABauaBMXKTi. 66

SUBVHY DEPARTMENT. Surveyor General—E. Boyd, Esq., £700 per annum.

CUSTOM HOUSE, HOBART TOWN. George Henry Barnes, Esq., £600 per annum. Comptroller, Landing Waiter, and Tide Sur­ veyor—William Proctor, Esq., £500 per annum.

CUSTOM HOUSE AT LAUNCESTON. Henry D'Arch, Esq., £400 per annum. Comptroller, ftc.

INTERNAL REVENUE. Collector—Joseph Henry Moore, Esq., £400 per annum. COLONIAL TREASURY. Colonial Treasurer—John Gregory, Esquire, £800 per annum.

AUDIT OFFICE. • Auditor of Civil Accounts—G. T. W. B. Boyes, Esq., £500 per annum.

, ENGINEER DEBABTMBWT. f . :.,,. .< QMI, Mmgmetr* and\ Architect* • John Im Archer, Esq., JtoBM par.annum. .. . 90 VAN DIEMEN's LAUD.

KING'S YARD.

Director of the King's Ford—James Simraons, Esq., i?&50 per annum. Town Surveyor and Superintendent of Quarries—Alexander Murray, Esq., ^300 per annum.

POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT.

Postmaster General—J. J. Callicott, Esquire, ^300 per annum. 28 Postmasters in the interior.

POLICE ESTABLISHMENT.

Chief Police Magistrate of the Territory— Matthew Forster, Esq., J. P., ,£1000 per annum. One assistant Police Magistrate and nine desks belong to this office alone. With twelve poKce magistrates in the country, and fifteen clerks, all in the receipt of large salaries, and creating an un­ necessary expence, where it is calculated three police magistrates ought to be sufficient for the entire colony—vt#. one at Hobart Town, one at Launceston, and one at Campbell Town; as there is such a host of magistrates in the island, who are fond of exhibiting themselves on the bench, there is no occasion to squander the public revenue in the useless manner it has hitherto been expended. rorac itftTurcriONs. 91

CONVICT DEPARTMENT. Principal Superintendent—J osiah Spode, Esq.; salary JP890 per annum.

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. Under this head, the names of the institutions it is hoped will suffice; to enumerate the function­ aries might be considered uninteresting and tedious. Bank of Van Diemen's Land, 1822. Derwent Bank, 1827. Derwent Savings'1 Bank. Commercial Bank. Bank of Australasia. The General Savings' Bank. The Union Bank of Australia, 1838. Capital £500,000, in shares of <£25 each, with four Bianch Banks at Sydney, Launceston, Hobart Town, and Fort Philip.—Office 88, Old Broad Street, London. Mechanics* Institution. Hobart Town Book Society, containing 2000 volumes. Hobart Town Union Club, Murray Street, established in 1884, on the plan of the London dub-houses. 1 Van Diemen's Land Temperance Society, esta­ blished 1822, Infant School Society—one in Hobart Town, and one m Launceston. 92 VAN DUBMEtf's LAND. Van Diemen's Land Home Missionary Christian Instruction Society, established January, 1834. Auxiliary Bible Society. District Society for the purpose of promoting Christian Knowledge. Van Piemen's Land Missionary Society. . Presbyterian Sabbath School Society. Presbyterian Tract Society. Benevolent Society, The Wesleyan Methodist Hobart Town Sunday Local Tract Society. Wesleyan Library.. Wesleyan Missionary Society. Wesleyan Sunday School. (98)

CHAPTER VIII.

STATISTICS.

THE.Island of Van Diemen's Land is divided into ten counties, as follow, each of which contains an area of 1600 square pniles :«^ County of Devon. Dorset. Cornwall. Somerset. Westmoreland. Glamorgan. Cumberland. Monmouth. Pembroke. Buckingham.

These are subdivided into hundreds and pa­ rishes ; the former of which contains one hundred square miles; the latter an area of twenty-five square miles. Their names and boundaries would be un­ interesting to the general reader. Hobart Town, the seat of Government, is l 94 YAK DIEMB*'* LAND. situated on the River Derwent, in the southern part of the Island. It was founded in 1803 by Colonel Collins, who first went with a fleet of transports to Port Philip to establish a colony there; but two of his ships, the Calcutta and Ocean, having touched on some sand-banks, he disembarked on the isthmus which separates that harbour from Western Port; and as no fresh water could be procured in such a situation, he therefore left the country in disgust, and settled in Van Diemen's Land, calling the place of location after Lord Hobart, who was then a member of the British Ministry. The country around it is hilly and mountainous, and by no means inviting. Its present importance arises from its being the seat of Government, and not from any superiority of local situation, which, with respect to soil, is rather disadvantageous. The harbour is safe, but so open, that an enemy's frigate might sail in, and lay the town under contribution. Much of the late improvements are due to the private specula­ tions of Colonel Arthur, who, during his Governor­ ship, purchased a place from Parson Enopwood, called Cottage Green, on SuHivan's Cove, where he recommended the Government to erect new wharfs and quays, on which the revenue of the country was lavishly expended. He also purchased a farm from Mr. Jocelyn Thomas, the Treasurer, called the Marsh Farm; nearly opposite to which he STATISTICS. : 95 erected a causeway, familiarly called the Bridge- water Folly, on which large sums of the public money were also' expended. He also made a road to another of his estates called Carrington; com* monly catted the Carrington Out • The expenditure of these large sums of money in Hobart Town and its vicinage caused a sudden advance of prosperity with which it has not since kept pace. The Governor hieing thus actively engaged at Hobart Town, the northern side rf the colony was totally neglected; insbmuch that tht gehtlemen on that side entertained a serious reihon- straace to him on his unjust partiality, which his recall prevented. Water for the use of the inhabitants has been brought into Hobart Town at the public expence, and it has met with every encouragement which was in the power of an interested Government to bestow. The Town is situated at the foot of Mount Wellington, one of the highest- mountains in the island, estimated to be about 4500 feet above; the level of the sea; It is open to the sea-breeze from Storm Bay* which contributes to cause sudden changes in the temperature of the atmosphere, which are reckoned prejudicial to the health of the inhabit tan ts, causing colds, &c. It is 121 mites nearly south of Launceston, to which there is a communication twice a week by a 96 VAN mtrfJER's XAND. mail-coach"anft two stagecoaches; there is also tt stage-coach which runs to New Norfolk daily. The poptilation of this town, taken in 1886; atnobnteflf to 9991 free persons, and to 8886 convicts-Mn vlB} to 13,886. It contains nineteen' streets, two wharfs or quays, and 1500 houses; two Episeopaliferi churches, and'one building; one Scots churchyoarf Secedei*' meeting-house, two Wedeyah chapels^ one Independent chapel, one Baptist chapel, aat§ one Roman Catholic chapel; five banks of issttfc and deposit, and two savings9 banks. * • • ">K ' In 1835 its imports amounted to...... £&19,84<&: — its exports amounted to,,,-. 146,88?} > • .4 LauncestoH was founded at a much latter1 date" than Hobart Town. It is situated at the confluence of the South and North Esk Rivers, which here fibril the Tamar, which is navigable to the sea'abort! forty-three miles distant, for vessels of from four to* five hundred tons burden. Delay to vessels iri (Mi? navigation has hitherto occurred, which is now abotrf to beretnedied, as a steam tug-boat has been sub? scribed for, and is now building. TMeharboiircotRf be much impfove'd by mating a short cut of afodf five hundred yards across that part of the 'swaro^ which separates the North Esk River from th^ Taniaf, and placing a floodgatea t each end, through1 *hicbf ships could Come at high water alongside the1 STATISTICS. 97 merchants1 stores, leaving the bar entirely on one side, which could be easily effected by convict labour: but neither this nor any other improvement took place during the Governorship of Colonel Arthur. However, it must be admitted that, after much solicitation, at the eleventh hour, a little of the public funds was expended near the town of Launceston, by attempting what had been ineffectu­ ally promised for the preceding ten years—that was, a supply of pure fresh water. The Governor went to Launceston about a year before his recall, and summoned the inhabitants to attend at the first opening of an aqueduct from the South Esk River. A great multitude was collected:—he gave a cold collation, broke ground, and got the cheers of the multitude. A great part of the work was com­ pleted on the arrival of Sir John Franklin; but those retained in power, having no interest on the northern side of the island, have, it appears, advised the discontinuance of the work; and the neglected inhabitants of this thriving town are left to depend on the waste water of a mill, which has in some places to be carted for two miles to the doors of the people, at an expence of from one to three shillings a cask, according to the distance; and if the miller choose to lay the town under contribution, he may do so by letting down his sluices. In spite of all the opposi­ tion it has received, this town which, from its recent formation, is still called the Camp, has improved F 98 VAN DlEMEN's LAND. more rapidly than any other in the Australian colo­ nies. A few years ago four or fiver coasters ftom Hobart Town supplied its wants; but, from the excellence of the soil and climate, it soon began to grow into importance, and it can now vie in trade with the capital of the island. Perhaps the best proof that can be adduced, will be by comparing the products of onedistrictwith thoseof the other, accord­ ing to die official returns made to Government for the year 1835, as follow :—

|Acres under| cultivation. Hones. Cattle. Sheep. DISTRICT OP HOBABT TOWN 8,769 - 769 8,674 8,107 DISTHICT OF LAUNCESTON 11,874 920 1,140 196,862. The total quantity then in the colony was, of

Acres in Crop, Hones, Cattle, Sheep, 69,662 6,459 82,249 746,566.

All denominations of stock have much increased since the above period, as well as the quantity of lpnd in cultivation. By the returns in the year 1885s from the Cus­ toms Department, it appears that the trade d Launceston was as follows :—

Exports from Hobart Town, Exports from Launceston, .£140,687 ^169,581.! STATISTICS. 99 The exports from Launceston exceeded those of Hobart Town by .£29,044. By the same returns for the following years, it appears that the number of ships and tonnage which arrived at Launceston, was in-*

1834. 1838. No. of Ships. I Tonnage. No. of Ships. Tonnage. 45 J 6,490 188 22>185.

The value of imports and exports was for

1884. 1838. Imports M..M.,..d£ai5,942 Imports ,£230,899 Exports 55,909 Exports...... 262,183

Thus, while the trade of Hojbart Town is said to be falling off, that of Launceston is more than doubled in four years; and the best sypaptom of prosperity is, that the exports exceed the imports by <£31,I83. ' It is therefore evident thai Launceston, from its central situation near the middle of the island, enjoying the mildest climate and richest soil of the colony> -must ultimately become the seat of govern­ ment^ when reason and justice prevail orer selfish­ ness and prejudice. By the returns for the year 1838 the population is as follows^ distinguishing the various religious sects, tftsf* r % 100 VAN BXSBK'S. LAND.

Church of England...... 16,000 Scotland...... 2,500 Rome...... „„„„„„„^ 8,250. Wesleyans 1,280 Independents^...... 68Q. Baptjets...... **....., 170

l|yU8jOBr8i»»»»«»—MM»I—I»*««—•———•»——» Qvl Jews' 180 -

JP N6»HMUMMMtl*MtM«MM /tOjIlvtfc ' '

Convicts.M....M»#M....M. 16,000 Total-. 5$,040 !

It is computed that Launceston contains, of the above population, 8000 persons. It has one Epis­ copalian church, and one building; one Scots' church, one Wesleyan chapel, one Independent chapel, and one Roman Catholic chapel; two schools for young gentlemen, and two for young ladies; one infant school; three breweries;

The following Prices. Current are extracted from the C&rnwaU Vhrtmide of Feb. 16,1889. Duties chargeable on Spirits,

Brandy 12 0 per gallon. Rum, Britten plantation '. 9 0 • Foreign.... 12 0 • . BTATSBTK* 101

( • * A Genera or Hollands 12 0 per gallon. British Gin...... 9 0 • Tobacco u. 1 6 per lb. Wine* an a4 valorem Duty of 15 per Ceo*. / Charges for storing €hods at the Bonding Warehouse. Pipe, liutt, or Pundhttm 0 6 pei- week. Barrel, QuarterCaak, Case* or Boi WH« 0 1^ • Seron^r Case of Tobacco.,... 0 1 Keg of Ditto 0 0| Basket Ditto .—.—.••••„—„„„„.„v«4«».... 0 0} Rates of Insurance. LondonaniLiverpool — 55 o percent. Sydney..... 25 0 • HohartTown M . 25 0 * Swan River..... ~... 30 0 • India .....*.....•..—• 85 0 SfeirZeahuid ...... 30 0 Cafe, of Good Hope ~ ,,-35 0 . « Isle of France 30 0 * Freights. (To Port PkiKp ..... 50 0 • South Anstratia ....»,•••— , To London and Liverpool, Wool...... 0 1) per lb. Oil • £5. per im. tun Sydney 30 0 40 O ', HoJ»rtTow* 35 0 Cape of Good Hope 35 0 Isle of France .*... .:. fiO 0 India...... 35 0

.. • « GEORGE FJSflER, :J ,' * •', • Custom Houjw&Agent. r3 102 VAN DIEMEN'S LAND.

PRJGCE CURRENT, Corrected thu Day, February 16, 1839. £ 9. d. • £ •*;• d. ALE—Dunbar's, per dozen 0 13 0 @ 0 14 0 Taylor's, „ 0 14 0 « 0 15 0 Burton, per barrel 6 15 0 » 7 0 0 Ashby's, * 6 0 0. Beef, Sydney, per lb* 0 0 2 » 0 0 3 Brandy, in bond 0 5 6 * 0 6 0 Butter, Irish, per lb. 0 1 6 » 0 .2 0 Colonial 0 2 0* 0 .2 6 Bark, wattle, per ton 3 10 0 » 4 4 0 chopped, a 4 8 0 « Barley, English 0 5 6 • 0 6 0 Cape 0 4 0 « .0 5 0 Beer, Colonial, per hhd, 4 10 0 • 5 0 0 Deals, per foot 0 0 34 « in boards 0 0 5 « 8 Coffee, per lb M ...... 0 0 10 « 0 1 Cedar, per foot, in log 0 0 4 » 0 0 44 inch boards 0 0 5J « 0 0 6 Candles—English, wax, per lb 0 2 6 » 0 3 0 spermaceti, do. ... 0 2 6 n 0 3 0 Colon, moulds ... 0 0 10 » 0 1 0 Cigars—Havannah, per M. bond 2 11 6 • Manilla, « ... 1 13 0 « Chinsurah, « ... 2 11 6 • Cordage, per cwt 2 5 0 » 2 10 . O Coals—Fort Arthur, per ton 15 0.* 0 00 Newcastle, « 1 15 0 « . 2 0 .0 Cheese—English, per lb. 02 0 » 0 2.6 Sydney » 0 1 0 « Figs, per lb 0 16 « Flax, New Zealand, per ton 25 0 0 » Flour, per 1001b. 14 0 « 16 0 STATISTICS. 103

£ s. d. £ 8. d. Gin, in bond Q 5 0 @ 0 5 0 Geneva, ditto 0 9 0 » 3 Hams—Yorkshire, per lb. 0 1 0 « 0 1 n 4 Westphalia, ditto 0 1 0 0 1 0 Hops, per lb 0 1 6 • 0 2 Hides, ditto 0 0 3 m m 0 Hay, per ton 4 0 0 5 10 10 0 pressed, ditto 10 0 0 a 10 21 0 0 Iron, per ton, assorted 14 0 0 • hoop, per ton 28 0 0 H nail rod, ditto 20 0 0 m 0 0 Kangaroo skins, per dozen 0 7 • 0 9 Lead, sheet, per ton 42 0 0 ' a pig, • U 0 0 a Leather, sole, per lb 0 0 10 a 0 1 0 kip, ditto 0 1 0 u 0 2 3 Maize, per bushel 0 0 0 n 0 0 0 Mustard, per lb 0 3 0 a 0 Oil—Sperm, per imperial tun 0 0 0 n 0 0 per gallon 0 8 0 u Black, per tun 25 0 0 u 30 0 0 per gallon 0 4 0 m 0 4 6 Linseed, raw, per gallon 0 7 0 u 0 8 0 boiled, * 0 8 0 • 0 9 6 Oars, per foot 0 1 0 • Oats, per bushel 0 4 6 m Oil Casks, per ton, O. M 4 0 0 0 5 0 0 Pitch, per barrel 2 10 0 • Pepper, per lb 0 0 5 M 0 0 7 Porter, Taylor's, per hhd. 7 0 0 0 Pork, Irish, per barrel 5 0 0 0 6 0 0 Pine—New Zealand, log 0 0 3 • in boards 0 0 4 0 Potatoes, per ton 6 0 0 0 8 0 0 Rice, Patna, per bag 1 15 0 • 2 5 0 F 4 '104 TAN DrEftTEN S LAND. £ s. 4. Rice, Java, per bag 0 0 ® 6 oo Rosin, per barrel -..~ «.. 0 D 0 0 0 Rum, p. to 10 Q. P. per gallon...... *.. 0 6 0 6 0 Raisin* Muscatel^ per lb 0 0. 0 1 6 Smyraa, ; * ••#»«•«»••• 0 Gape, ' m •«••••••«.•• >0 Currants, Zantt* 1 3 Soap—London/per toi*.,.,..,,,,,.^.,.. <46 '50 0 0 Liverpool, \ 40 4*r > 0 Sugar—Mauritius, per ton 28 32 0 > East India, « 0 0 Op » "perlb. t) English refined ditto 0 0 10 0^ 1 0 Shot, per lb. - 0 0 8 Salt—London, per ton 8 0 • Liverpool, * • 7 0 * 0 .D Basket, per dozen Q 0 Tobacco in Bond—Brazil per lb. 0 9 Negro-head, * 0 0 0 2/6 Tea—Hyson Skin, per chest 4 0 5 5*0 per'&*••••*••«»•••«• >Q 0 Tar—Stockholm, per barrel 10 0 8 0 4) Coal ditto 1 10 ' Turpentine, per gallon 0 10 0 12 0 Timber, Colonial—Joists, per 100ft, 9 0 12 6 Boards, » 10 0 14 0 Scantling, a 9 0 12 6 Laths, per 1000. 10 O 12 6 Shingles, • , 10 0 12 6

Vinegar, per gallon i «*»»«••••«•..»•*•* 3 per half hhd. •»., 0 Wines—Port, in wood, per pipe 80 0 70 0 0 bottled, per dozen..»-« 1 12 * 2 0 Skerry, in wood, per butt ... 40 0 # 0 0 bottled, per dozen ••• 1 10 2 2 0 STATISTICS. 105

£ #. * £ 8. d. /CTfte*~-Harsala, per pipe 20 0 0 ® Lisbon, 9 30 0 0 Teneriffe, « 17 0 0 17 10 0 Champagne, per dozen 2 10 0 3 3 0 - * Claret • ••• 2 5 0 no o Hock and Moselle, ditto ... 2 6 0 2 10 0 Madeira, in wood, per pipe... 50 0 0 in bottle, per dox,.. 2 0 0 9 iO O Cape, in wood*...., 13 0 0 U 0 4) Whalebone, per ton 90 0 0 100 6 o Wheat, per bushel ~ 0 7 6 0 9 0 Wool, per lb 0 0 9 0 1 0 Whiskey, oat of bond, per gallon ... 0 12 0

Perhaps the rapid increase of the colonies of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Lan

Years. Ships. Tons. Years. Ships. Tons. 1820 9 2823 J 1829 81 28719 ' 1821 16 4842 1 1830 67 23351 1822 83 10793 1831 78 27623 1823 85 12737 1832 89 30494 1824 30 11439 1833 95 30926 1825 42 15576 1834 90 29567 1826 36 12496 1835 102 35919 U£7 63 23019 1836 107 »788 1828 80 28122 128 47240 • i i • • sssr mi I F5 106 VAN PIEMEN** LAND.

An Account of the Number of Ships, and their Tonnage, reported inwards from New South Wales and Van Dietnen's Land, from 1820 to 1837* distinguishing each year.

Years. Ships. Tons. Years. 1Ships . Tons. 1820 3 1291 1829 30 8970 1821 4 1341 | 1830 26 8668 1822 5 1706 1831 35 11875 1823 11 3883 1832 38 12231 1824 12 3968 1633 42 13407 1825 12 3971 1834 42 12400 1826 21 7682 1835 49 16019 . 1827 19 5439 1836 1 59 19195 1828 20 6707 ]_ 1837 |' 63 1 19846

An Account of the Number of Pounds of Wool exportedfrom New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land, from 1820 to 1837, distinguishing each gear.

N. S. Wales. V.D.Land. Both Colonies. 1820 99415 1821 175433 1822 138498 1823 477261 1824 382907 - 1825 323995 1826 1106302 1827 920673 592075 1512758 1828 967814 606372 1574186 1829 913322 925520 1838842 1830 973330 993979 1967309 1831 1134134 1359203 2493337 1832 1425657 951131 2376788 1833 1969668 1 1547201 3516869 1834 2225823 1331715 3557538 1835 2688440. 1521861 4310301 1836 3008022 1983786 4991808 . 1837 4606915 1 2453610 f 7060525

NOTE.—The importation from New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land cannot be stated separately for the years prior to 1827. STATISTIC*. . 107 It is only of late years that the wool of this colony has attracted public notice. A friend of the Author offered the wool of his flock to his servants if they would sheer and wash it on their own account, (in after-hours), about ten years ago, which they refused to accept. At that time some of the coarse woollen Cape breed of sheep remained in the country, which have since been got rid of, substituting the Merino and Saxon breed of sheep, which have been further improved by crossing with newly imported sheep of both these breeds from Saxony and Spain. The Van Diemen's Land establishment at Cressy have imported the Leicester breed of sheep, which are much esteemed for long staple of combing wool, and size of carcass; and, from their being always in good condition, are much sought after by the butcher. The Southdown breed has also been introduced into the colony with equal success. The following abstract shews the first quarter s Revenue for the years 1836 and 1837 respectively. It would appear that the land-sales produced more in the first quarter of 1837 than is stated on a former occasion for the whole amount of that year; but thai increase in this quarter was caused by those who were permitted to be in arrears, being com­ pelled, on the arrival of Sir John Franklin, to pay the residue of their purchase-money. .

F 6 108 VAN DHCMBsV LAND.

JPirst or cor­ ABSTRACT OF THE responding [FtrstQuarter Quarter of of 1837. REVENUE. 1836.

. . . OBDTMAttT« £ 8. & £ «. d. Customs . 18053 17 1 J6701 13 0 Duty on Spirits distilled in the Colony 201 0 10 52410 i licences 660 0 0 577 0 Q Post Office ' 863 14 3 995 5 J fees of Departments 2555 11 3 2298 17 $ Rent of Canteen, limekilns! and other : Government property 103 10 3 10310 3 Tolls at Pants ancj Ferries 71 10 5 63 12 2 Market Dues 127 6 9 119 19 $

Total of Ordinary. 22636 10 10 21444 7

'( BXTRAOBJDlNAJiY. ines qn Qrant Deeds 220 18 0 182 17 ees on ditto 88 10 0 159 15 fProceeds Sale of Government Property 0 0 50 14 Interest on Government Mill 150 0 150 0 Do; oa old Police Office 168 15 0 0 D<5. on outstanding Claims 0 0 112 10 Orphan-Schools 7 1 O O Impounding Act 4 5 3 11 Repayments 8 6 8 61 12 Constables' Barrack-money 0 0 0 30 19 0 0 Colonial Agent 50 0 0 * - Total of Extraordinary.... 697 15 8 751 19 Total of Ordinary & Extra- >'• ordinary Revenue...... 23384 6 6 22196 7 0

LAND REVENUE.

FIXED. ftuii Rents 190 2 9 135 4 1 CASUAL. "rVoieeds Sale of Crown Land, 2057 T 1 8731 It 4 interest on ditto ...... 0 0 0 1108 11 3 Rent of ditto; * 68615 9 4*3 ;5 0 Total 5 7 10380 11 8 General Total,...; 26270 12 1 32585 16 8 fiTAffSTKK 10»

|First or cor-| ABSTRACT OF THE responding First Quarter Quarter of of 1857. EXPENDITURE. [the year 1856. £ a. d. £ s. The Lieutenant-Governor and Judges 1304 10 ft, 934 17 . , CIVIL. Establishment bf the Lieut.-Governor 84 2 0 18 11 Councils 107 17 6 163 3 0 Colbnial Secretary. 793 0 3 700 18 10 Surveyor-General f, . 1S65 Id 3 1190 Colonial Gardens 45 0 0 iff Colonial Treasurer, 391 12 0 SGI Au jtiot—Customs 1900 i 8 1454 Internal Revenue , 222 17 7 , Post Office—Police '.... 1054 2 5J Port Officer and Signals 185 1Q 10 431 Printer tad Printing 995 5 6 459 8 6 Board of Assignment 42 1 0 0 0 0 Commissioners of Grants 581 7 ,5 264 10 9 Colonial Store—Inspector of Stock .. 1004 10 Ij 2449 12 10 Signals—Aborigines 1049 3 1 734 13 7 $n£neer 171818 5 1261 * 1 Roads and Bridges—Town Surveyor.. 2419 6 4J| 4367 17 0 King's Yard 398 7 6 43 ILi Total of Civil 13759 9 ljt 20M2 9 ft JUDICIAL. Supreme Court*-Law Officers 1230 14 3 1287 01* Courts of Requests, Quarter Sessions, and Clerks of the Peace 1213 0 2 749 2 2 Registrar of Deeds 75 0 0 32 10 0 8heriff—Inquests 1395 13 11 1154 12 4 Total of Judicial 3348 8 4 ,3223 5 4 ECCLESIASTICAL AND SCHOOLS. Ecclesiastical 2171 10 4 0 0 Schools,*. ,,.., 2 11 2499 18 S Total of Ecclesiastical & Schools 4198 13 3 5768 18 8 MILITARY 102 -Lffl 224 3 0 MISCELLANEOUS. 66 4 Pensions—Medical 230 8 65 12 Principal Superintendent 64 14 0 0 Transfer to the Military Chest 1975 9 0 0 Colonial Agent 571 10 Notdistributatye under the above heads 297 14 0 0 0 t • Total of Miscellaneous 3189 15 7 131 16 9 Total Expenditure chargeable on the general Revenue 26352 17 104 31075 10 10 CHANGEABLE ON LANS REVENUE. Emigration 3934 16 8J1 4157 19 4 General Total..... 30287 14 6j| 35233 10 2 WaXD. a large item retorac, the waste price of five lately to the

T _br the praise- w Cabny of South lands at the double state IU0US not, as yw£ecting esdhrihig, the inter- ABSTRACT OF IMPORTS OF FOREIGN SHEEP'S WOOL INTO GREAT BRITAIN

FROM 1831. 1832. 1833. 1834. 1835. 1836. 1837. 1838. AVERAGE.

60,782 55,185 72,776 62,553 69,632 90,450 53,359 79,320 From 300 to 500 lbs. 22,6?0 13,684 20,714 13,999 8,582 23,453 13,162 8,577 From 200 to 240 lbs.

New South Wales") (18,327 12,737 14,055 and Van Die- > men's Land ...) ( 5,952 7,025 8,728 30,318 32,200 200 lbs. 11,596 10,483 14,948 16,279 19,762 22,783 30,318 32,200 Russia, Barbary,) Turkey, South V 43,446 87,127 71,660 66,008 61,675 From 100 to 150 lbs. America, &c....) 2,318 4,441 12,242 Total Bales... 97,371 83,793 120,880 136,277 135,103 208,336 162,847 181,772 110 VAN DIBMBU'S LAND.

The land-sales formerly furnished a large item in the amount of the public revenue, the waste lands being then sold at the minimum price of five shillings, which has been raised very lately to the amount of twelve shillings per acre, for the praise­ worthy motive of assisting the new Colony of South Australia to dispose of their waste lands at the same exorbitant price, which is more than double the intrinsic value of the land in its natural state in any part of Australia, taken in one continuous tract; in which way it should be sold, and not, as heretofore, by running over the country, selecting favoured spots well supplied with water; excluding, by such means, all other settlers to whom the inter­ mediate space is of no use when deprived of access to lagoons, rivers, and lakes. The annexed Abstract will shew the quantity of Foreign Wool imported into Great Britain for the respective years therein stated, by which it appears that the Australian provinces, as yet, supply but a small portion of it: hence there is no danger of the market being overdone for many years to come; and it must eventually be supplied cheaper from colo­ nies, where neither rent, tithe, nor taxes are paid, than from old countries, where all these dues and imposts are exacted. ABSTRACT OF IMPORTS OF FOREIGN SHEEP'S WOOL INTO GREAT BRITAIN

FROM 1831. 1832. 1833. 1834. 1835. 1836. 1837. 1838. AVERAGE.

Germany 55,185 72,776 62,553 69,632 90,450 53,359 79,320 From 300 to 500 lbs. 13,684 20,714 13,999 8,582 23,453 13,162 8,577 From 200 to 240 lbs.

NewSouth Wales) (10,327 12,737 14,055 and Van Die-> men's Land ... j ( 5,952 7,025 8,728 30,318 32,200 200 lbs. 10,483 14,948 16,279 19,762 22,783 30,318 32,200

Russia, Barbary,) f I ! Turkey, South V s 43,446 37,127 71,660 66,008 61,675 From 100 to 150 lbs. America, &C....J 4,441 12,242 Total Bales... 97,371 83,793 120,680 136,277 135,103 208,336 162,847 181,772 I

11$ VAN DIEMBNY LAND.

CHAPTEB IX.

POU.TICS,

TOE change in the Government of Van Di& men's Land, in 1836, caused an universal sensation of joy throughout the colony, except amongst a select few who through favour had been a^ty provided for. Numerous complaints had been mode of favouritism to some, and denial of justice tf Others; but the Colonial Department granted no redress; and to this day the claims of many persons remain unsatisfied. Those on whom favours h*4 been lavished, could afford to subscribe to a piese of Plate, which got the name of the Arthur Tribute. The mode in which it was collected reflected nether credit nor honour on the donors or the receiver* Instances can be produced, of persons holding small Government employments being influenced to svfy scribe by their superiors. If the Colonel had been the popular person represented to be, why did noX his friends, call a public meeting, and vote him fr public address ? But this was a measure they wejl knew they could not cawy or support.—Officials aad ptfcers were seat about the country to collect signatures to an «]&$& fr^m his ftieads, itfafft two of them called on one of the oldest and most respectable magistrates in the colony for his signature.—He lfedd die: address lixhtil he came to that part which stated, that " every man sat secure under his own fig-tree"**—** What!" said he to one of the applicants, " have not you lost so many head of cattle lately by thieves ?"—" Yes,* replied he. **'And you,* rejoined he to the other, u your losses irere so great, that you have lately become a lnfller.*1 —" 3Vue," answered he, * but we wish to give him ilift, as he is going away.*—* I: shall never sign/* said the old gentleman, " what in my conscience Ilnow to be untrue P The chief police magistrate has never spoten to this old magistrate since:—a great punishment this would be to some of tire tiewljr created batch, but none to this independent lfcani '••' JJiich have been the sinister means practised,' io bolster up the popularity of a man who byhife public conduct had become odious from oneenil of ffie colony to the other; but his friends larM relations thought by such a procedure to bora the late Governor up to the home authoritiesr asii inddd of perfection, which might succeed in bbtairi- fag Arhim another go^mment-^—and they*siu£ teeteft T • ;;: ^\

*: The fottotfiflg- inasriptiott for ft* piece1 <£ Pkffe appeared in some of the periodi

" TO LIEUTENANT-COLONEL ARTHUR, ON HALT-PAT OF THE YORK CHAS&EOBS, LATE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE WOODCUTTERS AT HONDURAS, AND LIEUT. GOVERNOR OF VAN DIEMEN'S LAND DURING TWELVE YEARS— THIS PIECE OF PLATE, IS PRESENTED BY THE CIVIL AND MILITARY OFFICERS, AND BY THE OTHER INHABITANTS OF THE COLONY, WHOSE PRIVATE INTERESTS . . HE WAS EVER READY TO PROMOTE BY PERSONAL FAVOURITISM."

The following article, extracted fromth e Colonist newspaper, on the subject of the Plate, exhibits the sense entertained by the great body of the people on the occasion.

" COLONEL ARTHUR AND THE PLATE GANG. " The late Governor and his friends have verified our prediction concerning the use that we anticipated would be made of the offerings and adulation paid to him by die men who sacrificed their consciences, as well as the interests of the colony, by subscribing for the purpose of purchas­ ing a service of plate. The Colonial Secretary, POLITICS. 115 in culpable ignorance of the facta (for they were published in the colonial papers, which are regu­ larly sent to him)> refers.to tins slavish tribute of a few men, most of whom are now ashamed of their conduct in the,matter, as a proof that Colonel Arthue was esteemed and regretted by the colonists. Another Member, in reply to the Secre­ tary, referred to the fact of the illuminations and rejoicings which took place in Hobart Town on the occasion. We regret that the Members in general were n*t better informed on the subject, which they would have beenf bad the people of Hobart Town done their duty to themselves in petitioning the King for the removal of Captain Forster, and Parliament for an enquiry into the conduet of Captain Forster and Mr. Champ, with reference to the outrages committed by the felon-ruffians acting as constables under Captain Forster's authority on the night of Colonel Arthur's embarkation, and the impunity with which their outrages and subsequent perjury were suffered to pass, when brought before the magistrates in the police-office. We are deter­ mined that Parliament shall be set right as to the facts; and, with this view, we have prepared .a letter, detailing those facts, addressed to Sir George Grey, which we. shall publish here, and forward a cqpyjflf it to Mr. Hume, with, a petition addressed to the Haute of Commons, complaining of our 116 VAN DIKKftriflf LAND. wfongs, asning out of the rejoicings of that night, and praying for enquiry, supported by numerous eeftificate8 and affidavits of most resectable parties; the reading of which in the House of Commons, if it hate no other effect, will at least shew the Members how little reliance they can place on " the Plate? as a test of the public sentiments of the •people of this eolony; and how grossly SkGeotge Grey was deceived himself, or endeavoured to deceive Parliament, on the fadings of the colonists towards their departed Governor. Verily, before we hfcve done with the subject, Colonel Arthur wfll wish that Sir George had held his peace about the scandalous Plate? The following statement is extracted from the True Colonist, a newspaper of great popularity, well conducted, and called, par excellence, " The People's Journal;" published at Hobart Town. Extract from the True Colonist Newspaper, dated July 7, 1837. " COLONEL ABTHUB'S GATHERINGS* " On Wednesday Mr. Stracy sold the whole of Colonel Arthurs Coal River estates. The con­ ditions of the sale were a deposit of 20 per cent, in bilk at three and six, or nine and twelve months, at 'Are option of the purchaser—these bilk bearing 'interest at 10 per cent.; the residue te remiun secured PCPLFTIUS. 117 cfcUhe tend at 6 per cent, paid quarterly* wi*h the option of paying it

,. f* The purchasers were Messrs. Kearqey, Tol- , $pfe Franflis Bryant, and Stokel—?two lpts* Qp i Aff. TQlmatf* Lot 8 is included the land taken a^d 118 VAN DIEMEN'S LAND. occupied for years, and improved by a native colo­ nist of the name bf Nicldand, under an authority derived from General Macquarrie, atid confirmed by his successor. But after the Colonel had purchased the adjoining lands, he found it expedient to pur­ chase, in the name Of those he substituted for his own, the land which this poor fellow had improved; and the very worthy Commissioners had no great difficulty in recommending a grant of the land of Nickland to be issued accordingly.

" COTTAGE GREEN. " The never-to-be-forgotten Cottage Green, of which the Colonel by good fortune obtained pos­ session at a nominal price, was not sold, but let9 subject to a renewal at three months1 notice; and with even these terms it fetched about ^160 rent. This no doubt will be represented to the Secretary of State as a refutation of what we have always said about the shameless Cottage Green job, by which poor old Mr. Knopwood was ruined; but we assure the Secretary of State, that Cottage Green, for which the Colonel paid •&750, would realize i?17,000. Thus, including his Boghall and Cottage Green estates, with the sales of Wed­ nesday last, he will have a permanent income of THREE THOUSAND POUNDS a year from this colony, independent of his previous mortgages and Derwent POLITICS. 119 Bank shares, bub busthened with a moral responsi­ bility .which the consciences of few would be found willing to sustain,"

The Rev. Mr. Knopwood went out with the first fleet as> chaplain to the colpny. Poor old, unsuspect­ ing, innocent man !—he died incumbent of a parish in a remote part of Van Diemen's Land, a short, time ago. Had he not been overseen, he might have ended his days in affluence and ease.

" I, the undersigned, hereby certify, and do swear, that I sold a farm to Lieutenant Governor Arthur, called the Marsh Farm ; that immediately after the sale, several prisoners of the Crown were selected from the convicts in the public works, and placed on the land to construct an embank­ ment. They were of that class called navigators. They were assigned to me, and placed there in my name, as I subsequently learned from the principal Superintendent, Mr. Lakeland, by order of the said Lieutenant Governor; but they were rationed and clothed at the expence of the said Lieutenant Governor. They had also a daily allowance of rum, which was obtained from the Commissary, in right of his allowance as Colonel commanding, '5! ' ' " JOCELYN THOMAS. " Sworn before me, one of Her Majesty's Justices of the "Peace for Van Diemen's Land, the 8th day February, 1838, at Glen Esk. "JAMES AIKEN, J. P." 120 VAN DIKirafclAND. The. foregoing affidavit was mad* by? Jofelyn Thomas, Esq., a member of a moat respectably family, and late Treasurer in Van Diqmea's Load? It is admitted on all hands that the Colonel w$f a poor man when be went out to the colony, whejg he was imprudently permitted to remain for TWKI*T# years, during which he amassed property calculfttpj to be, worth upwards of one hundred thousand pounds sterling. It was a matter of surprise ty many intelligent colonists, how such a man coul4 be allowed to remain so, long; but it would *fP**K that the rules of the celebrated Franklin, $§ " reducing a great empire to a small one," wer$ used and adopted at the Colonial Department The 16th Rule seems to have been peculjarig attractive there, and which runs thus—" If yog) are told of the existence of discontent in any o€ your colonial possessions, do not believe it; ap4 if any application be made to you for the redresq of the grievances of any of your colonial posses* sions, reject the prayer at once; for if you grant that, you may be asked for something more. IUK dress no grievance, lest it should lead to a petitim for the removal of another cause of eemfiawtf Believe only the accounts which reach you fro«i Governors, and others officially connected with y$Dfe colonies; and treat any statements in opposition rte their accounts.as the invention, of demagogpjgp*! whom you should hang if you could catch them, and thus tranquillize the colony." • FOUTICS. 121 * ' By the foregoing means the North American teoleiries "were lost to Britain; and the saute degree of wfirtoatkm -seems still to prevail in administering the affidrs of the colonies. The statements of the itost' respectable colonists, who offered to prove •hat they advanced, were treated with contempt, were thrust out of office on the mostfrivo- lotis pretences, for the purpose of making way for a train of relations and dependents. The Colonial Secretary, Mr. Burnett, was dismissed for selling fcfe grant of land, which all the Government tflftcers, who 'got grants, disposed of in like manner: MnFrankland, Surveyor General, sold his grant, I befieve, of «560 acres for ^1500 to Mr. Dry; klit ihe reason it sold so high was, that, as Surveyor General, the best land was selected for him. The fiace? of'Mr: Burnett was given to the nephew-in- W of 4he late Governor, which he still retains: he has got two years* leave of abseface, and his place4 is supplied by Captain Forster, chief magistrate #£ police* another nephew-in-law of the Colonel, $** now acting Governor ad interim. - Another titfthew, « police magistrate- at Norfolk Plains, Mm Dtemeris Land, has also got leave of absence ft* 4ta* years, wkh permission to retain half his- flttfiy, t#o hundred pounds per annum, his sub- *fe*te in office "being allowed the other two btifcdted pounds per annum for performing his duty* c 12$ VAN DIEMENVLAND.

Now it is dear that if a. person can perform a certain duty as well for two hundred pounds as another can for four hundred pounds, the parson who receives the latter sum is overpaid. The Colonial Secretary has also taken leave to retain half his salary, six hundred pounds per annum, his Bute stitute receiving the other six hundred pounds during his leave of absence. The same observation respecting the police magistrate equally applies td this case. ' When the colonists heard that the late Lieu* tenant-Governor, who had but' little experience in military affairs, except what he acquired in the Black War, was appointed Governor of Upper Canada, and preferred to any of those gallant Gene­ rals who had fought the battles of their country under that conqueror of conquerors, the Duke of Wellington, their astonishment knew no bounds* Some thought lie had received those honours and emoluments through the interference of a certain Duke, with whom it is said he has a sort of connexion; but it is attributed, with more justice* to the interest of his relative, a brewer, who, having some influence amongst the publicans and ale- sellers of his district, when a contested election for a Member for a modern borough is nicely balanced* throws his weight, like the sword of Brennus*, into the scale, which makes the opposite one lock thri *aimcs. v 123 beart; but, as a matter licbk*d the bad taste to attend the new Governor^ hot he>

( , r . PQWT1C6. w i S»Joh& Franklin, in about a.yeas after, his first xtitiy pud. another to Launceston; but—— tf.oh, what a falling off *as there.!'" In place, of* being; met by the people to greet his arrival, be was only received by three horsemen, two of whom were officials* and the other an expectant. As he found he was not respected, his sojourn was short, and he has nerer been seen in that town since. . In order to prove the ignorance, in which he is faspt.of the most,common occurrences which, take • gdflQe ejren in the town in which he resides, his reply to the. Committee of the Public Meeting held in Campbell Town, to rebut the calumnies on the colony, published to the world by " would-be " legis­ lators on prison-discipline, is here quoted.

• " Government House, Van Diemen's Land, • * " September 18,1838. « GENTLEMEN, "In your letter of the 7th instant you have,, on the part of the inhabitants of the district of .Campbell Town and its vicinity, requested me to make public, in the way I may deem most effectual, my opinion .of .your social, moral, and religious character as a community, as far as the originally free population is concerned. "In reply to your request, I will primarily .advert to the absolute inapplicability of some of the statements of which you complain, to the Colony of Van Diemen's Land, since several of the alleged a 4 128 TAN DfttftltVLAND. causes of the moral boraiptifti ^*|i3tft<*d»*t» ift* penal colonies generally, have no loaa^^"*** ence here. You hare no members eft the»cQmriat population occupying the seats, epd dkchaitging tb* functions of the Colonial Government, «r aitting upon and forming the majorities of juries.;, notaub lax system of convict discipline as admit&^f then voiding the public press, or acting as teacher tan public schools, or monopolizing the sale of spirits ha licensed public-houses. These exists no immense fortunes made by ticket-ofJeave men; and yonf waste lands are not occupied by migratory setttarfe of the same class, difiusing indescribable evil all around them. .\* " The gallant regiments which are quartered inr this island, so far from being demoralised by their position, are in a high state of discipline; and their officers are only distinguished for those usual cha*> raeteristics of British officers—*eal in the pubUaf service, and correct and honourable conduct.. " If the moral degradation arising from thei above and suchlike sources exist any where, (winch*' ftoro my cordial sympathy in the honour and wdU fare of our elder and sister colony, I may well be* disposed to doubt), it is not, I trust, in Van Ste*; men's Land that it is to be found. You: cannot be bound to disprove the existence of vices which an* brought forward to illustrate the viriousness of palttfl of a system which has no operation among you^ .T'** Mfiifcfffri ' *•' 1S9 Oa ALsi*^ tter#fe«s y<** are enabled to take a H$fer< ttfaad* than ifae most indignant refutation tonH'ieriteeito ynu:—not that I would undervalue iktm&m and the efficacy of a temperate-^nay; $u#n of aa indignant denial of imputations affecting io aitttnftteiy yobr dearest and most honourable interests* It is the natural language of genuine and 9ouftded feeling* and it is sontetimes recognised m the voice of truth, where cooler evidence and argument fail to produce conviction. May you ever jfcsl that auch a state of moral impurity and degra­ dation an that which has been exhibited at home, to €m aoornfd. or pitying notice of those by whom we should most delight to be honoured, is as foreign to your habits and principles, as it is distasteful to your legitimate self-love! « Were I to glance at our moral and social con­ dition under its least favourable aspect, I should say that it resulted less from the connexion with a con­ vict population under the existing system (whatever fee the evils alleged against the system), than from flrtr rec^t existence aa a colony; a position which" was in its origin extremely unfavourable to the dtvehpment of public spirit, by causing the private interest of individuals struggling against hardships and difficulties, to appear almost exclusively urgent' apd imperative in their own estimation. Without' pursuing this observation* into all the consequence*' of whi^h: ifcjs.isiiflcepfable*. I wil assure you that; r,5 130 VAN BlEMfeN*S tAND. regarding your co-operation in this instance as a generous and zealous effort for the welfare of the community, as well as lor your individual honour, I feel that I should but. imperfectly respond to your appeal, did I confine myself to a mere negative evi­ dence in your favour, without giving my direct and ready testimony to your general regard to morality, decency, and order; to the humanity and benevo­ lence which mark all your efforts for tibe relief of suffering and of evil; and to the desire which so universally prevails for improved means of education, and more abundant ministrations of religion. In these points I think our free community need not shrink from a comparison with any corresponding population in Great Britain. " I will only add, that sentiments akin to these were expressed by me more than eighteen months ago, after my first visit into the interior, in a letter to the Secretary of State, and subsequently hi other dispatches. They were testimonies, tholigh perhaps inadequate ones, to the intellectual and moral respectability of a community, whose interests, both moral and intellectual, had become my owri; and whose advancement it was my heart's desire, and bounden duty, to the best of my ability, to cherish. " I shall have much pleasure in transmitting to the Secretary of State a copy of the resolutions passed at the Public Meeting held at Campbell . POLITICS* 131 Town Jan, the latof September, together with your letter to me of the 8th instant, and my reply to it.

" I have the honour to be, " Gentlemen, " Your obedient, humble servant, u JOHN FEANKLIX.

" To William Wood, Esq., and the Gentlemen appointed as the Committee of the Campbell Town Meeting, &c. &c."

His Excellency therein states, that there exists in the colony " no such lax system of convict disci­ pline as admits of their wielding the public press." It is much to be regretted that a man so kind and amiable should be so much imposed upon by misrepresentations, as to publish to the world, with the sanction of his signature as Governor, what every person in the colony knew to be untrue. He must know little of what is passing in his govern* ment when he is ignorant of the fact, that in the very .town in which he resides, there are no less than three newspapers published weekly under the dictation of convicts. The Colonial Times and the Tasmanian are the property of a convict:—it is true* he purchased them in the name of his son, and fhey are edited by two respectable gentlemen, but tbcgr are still under the direction of the proprietors, , . Th^ third newspaper is called Murray's Review, 18* VAN ntffivra'* LAND. ftqbertLaihropMufaray i& Aetriitdrandipro^dtary The following ia> a copy of the proceeding** in: irfa case, extracted from the Hobart Town Ga2fette>*»»

" Criminal Court, 16#A June, 1887. * " The prisoners in gaol wider conviction were this morning brought up to receive the sentence of the Court. Robert Lathrop Murray (for forgery) was first put to the bar. In addressing him, his Honour the Chief Justice began by sayings that, although he was not then going to pass the sentence of the law upon him, for the several legal reasons which he was about to mention, he was nevertheless fully convinced that he was guilty of the crime for which he had been tried."

As filling stuff for his newspaper, Murray wrotfe letters to' Lord Brougham and the Archbishop of DubMn on the subject of prison-discipline, which he caricatured and misrepresented in every dhape and form he could invent. To shew his mode of reasoning, the following quotation is taken from

1 «THIs Is the suffering to whiclr ah erring human being, sitting in the judgment-seat, cart jHibjeetyfbr the <#httte period of hftman existence; toother perhaps more erring; but 'nfevertttrfess, FcfaavaKi « -" 188 perhaps, rwbffnthe greatdayrtfi un«trrog jhdgifleiik ahalharruna^^n the secret heart, and in thb fcfldii- eeveaectaetioiM—lei* so.*' -*^

He thai endeavours to make it appear, that thd judge is 41 greater criminal than the culprit- whom Jie sentences to transportation. Of what absurdities have not the theorists on prison-discipline been guilty? So accustomed has this person been to flattery and misrepresentation, that on the appoint? ment of Colonel Gawler to be Governor of South Australia, he wrote five columns in his newspaper to prove that the Battle of Waterloo was gained by the gallant Colonel, although at that time he was only a subaltern in the 52d regiment-of foot; but ascribed no part of the glory to the Duke of Wellington. Lord Brougham very properly took no notice of the letters of this scribbler, but turned his atten* tion to tl^e best of all cures fair crime—National Education. But it appears that Murray made a convert to his opinions of the Archbishop, whet wrote two letters to Earl Grey on prison-discipline* in which he has thought proper to stigmatize thfr colonists of the Australian provinces in the follow- ing!words—*** That they were labouring in'support pf ^abuses, or courting by the lowest means th0 Iwest kind.of popularity," Again, he states that 'MU^^ia* placed ». this singular position-- 184 VAN niBvaatV: LAND. that vice has the support of the. majority •" And again, " That to the British public, and to the American, (though probably not to the Australian)* I have been for about twelve years not unknown ap a writer, although I could hardly expect,to be much known as an author in a colony so distant and so constituted."—The latter part of the Arch­ bishop's statement is true—he is little known as an author in any of the Australian colonies, except as the author of the two letters in question, in which he displays a lamentable ignorance of the sulgect* and proves the old adage, that "ne tutor ultra crepidam" may be justly applicable to him. His Grace is certainly very little known as a theologian in Australia; but who has not heard of the author pf the " Atonement," the predecessor of bis Graced —but it will be conceded, that a material difference exists between a Whately and a McGhee. His Grace, from whatever impure source he derived his information, has thought proper to calumniate a respectable body of people, many of whom are as much gentlemen by birth and educa* tion, and are as respectable in their several walks of life, as the Archbishop himself, and would be as far from committing a low or mean action. They have expatriated themselves to better their condition in life, on the faith and the promise of Government, that they would obtain land and labour; and although they are not clothed in "purple.and fine P02TT1CSU 185 line*," nor fare*so sumptously as an Archbishop, yet they may have as great a sense of religion as those who axe paid for it Had such an occurrence taken place in the dark ages, when Bishops led armies to the field of slaughter, and in place of preaching " peace on earth, and good-will towards all men," became the exterminators of the* human -race, it would not have been a matter of surprise; but {that a Christian Bishop, in the enlightened age of the nineteenth century, and one, par BaceUence* of the reformed Church, should be guilty of such an act, is much to be deplored. Lord Chesterfield has observed, that every thing loses by translation but a Bishop: in such case his Grace of Dublin may effect an exchange with his Grace of Australia, than whom a more exemplary divine does not exist;—he will then have the largest* if not the richest see in the world; but as worldly gain could never enter into the calculation of an .Archbishop, the disparity of emolument will make no manner of difference. His Grace will then be .able to see and judge for himself, and in a third letter to Earl Grey, he may make the " amende honorable? by recanting his former errors. . It appears also evident that Murray has made a convert to his opinions on prison-discipline of Captain Maconachie, late private secretary to the present Lieutenant Governor. He distinguishes the Captain by the familiar appellation of his }0$ VAN IWIMftJffa LAKD.

" There exists no immense fortunes made by ticket-of4eave men; and your waste lands are not occupied .by migratory settlers of the sane class, diffusing indescribable evil all around them." •

Any person acquainted with the Australian provinces must perceive the want of information op the most common subjects which Sir John Franklin displays relative to his government* aftd the studied ignorance in which it would appear he is kept He does not seem to know what the term of a ticket-of-leave won implies $ which mams a cpnvict who, after & certain term of his sentence empires, .obtains.leave to work for his own benefit uptil the remaining partis served:—for instance* a * -> *o*fcH6*i< -<. • I8t oowjtf /MlMced- to *$vdn y*arsv transportation, obfaias »tirt*t> o£ le*ve, in ease of good conduct tady^at d^w^hafton of four years. Such personi n*f ifricittfc employment in the district to which Atty Ature appointed, but must attend muster at stated periods until they become free by servitude imhfc other Alee years, if they have in the interim acted correctly. How is it possible that such people ocJidd ainass immense fortunes in such a short time, who, by purchasing a flock of sheep, and becoming dbepheids, would "diffuse indescribable evil all around them ?"—The idea is preposterous. The persons who become flock-masters are a very different class of people; they are generally young free emigrants of respectability, whose capital is not euflicitnt to purchase an estate and stock at the same time. Such persons procure a licence to graze their flocks and herds on the waste lands of New South Wales, until by their increase, and husband­ ing their ^resources, they are enabled to purchase the fond on which their stock was fed:—and this' Sir John Franklin is . made to term " diffusing iftteetibable evil all around them.* »• Sir John FrankHn is equally unhappy in his remark of "no immense fortunes made by ticket- otteato men." According to the letter he is right; for no ticket-oMeave many nor indeed any other pfeM»j«t the efficiency of transportation, which must be taken in a twofold sense—punishment and reformation. The first is. exacted by banishment during seven years, and gratuitous Service. The jsecond is proved by their throwing off the slough of Bin, and becoming honest and industrious members ofaociety; otherwise they could not realiise property to any considerable amount, for the laws are more strictly put in execution in the Australian colonies than in the mother country. Poor Sir John Franklin! he seems to. be as uneasy in his government as Sancho Panza was in that of Barataria, and appears to be kept under the same sort of restraint. The one-fourth of Van Diemen's Land is not even explored, nor have any steps been yet taken for that purpose: more land is known than can be sold even at five shillings per acre; so there is no desire to increase the quantity by new discoveries: yet this is not all the mischief that ensues from POfxTWCB. 139 (he dog-anci«anger impounding law... .The • grass, which .grows.luxuriantly on the waste lands,, without beingi eaten down by stock, which would improve the quality of both soil and grass, becomes w* dryand inflammable, that a spark from a tobacco-pipe is suffi­ cient to igmte it, which frequently happens, and the whole forest is burning for days and weeks together. Groat damage is. committed on die neighbouring farms in consequence. One of those fires - took place in February last, which consumed an out­ house and corn-stack belonging to Mr. Gatenby, and heaobjT saved his dwelling-house and offices by great ssration, and with much difficulty;. the hoe of fencing between him and Mr. Field, and between both and the waste lands, were all burned down. Many other fields of corn were also destroyed; among which, one of twenty-five acres in extent, belonging to the Van Siemen's Land Establishment at Cressy. Such is the legacy bequeathed to the colony by the late immaculate Governor. It would be more for the interest of the colonists that the waste lands were sunk in the ocean, than in their present state under the detestable impounding law, where they are repositories for fires to consume their crops—and traps, in which to catch their stock, for convict constables and pound-keepers to act in concert, for the purpose of extorting fees for pound­ age and trespass; and who have been frequently charged with driving the settlers' cattle on these 140 VAN DLEMKRV LAND. lands by night for that purpose. There is now no chance of selling them at their present exorbitant price: they will therefore remain as an annoyance and a curse to all who have the misfortune to live in their vicinity. The popularity of the late Governors in their respective colonies may be taken as a proof of which of them has acted most correctly. In New South Wales the inhabitants are erecting a statue in memory of Sir Richard Bourke, whose enlarged and enlightened views have advanced the prosperity of the colony in a twofold degree; while in Van Diemen's Land the arbitrary and despotic laws of Colonel Arthur are a disgrace to the statute-book.

, »- r ,r.. yr r p ;- J(141* ) i '••

' NEW SOUTH WALES

CHAPTER I.

' v: HISTORY, SOIL, CLIMATE, &c. r.r • *

THE history of recently discovered countries can present very little matter of general interest: There are neither battles nor sieges to record, nor the intrigues and cabals of Courts or Cabinets to recount. The feuds and squabbles of erratic tribes of naked savages must be equally devoid of either amusement or information. Ignorant alike of the arts and comforts of civilized life, they roam at large over a beautiful country with a delightful climate, only capable of enjoying animal life, or prolonging a miserable existence by die fruits of the chace, or the mere spontaneous productions of the earth.— As New Holland is but scantily supplied with natural edible produce, the aborigines of the country are consequently but thinly scattered over its 142 KB* BOOTH WALKS. immense surface, and are principally to be found on the banks of rivers and lakes, where they shew their dexterity in diving for fish, and their ingenuity in the construction of their nets. Captain Sturt states, in his discovery of the embouchure of the Rivers Morumbidgee and Murray, that the natives were to be found in considerable numbers along their banks, which they inhabited for the purpose of catching fish, and that their tact and success in accomplishing it were astonishing. They did not obstruct his voyage down their streams; but, on the contrary, accelerated his progress, by sending an escort with him from one tribe to another until he reached Lake Alexandrina. It will not therefore be necessary to enter into a minute detail of all the incidents attending the first settlement of this fifth division of the globe: a few of the leading points may be sufficient It appears that it was first discovered in the year 1609 (according to Dr. Lang) by a Spaniard named Don Pedro Francisco Quiros; and that Dampier was the first Englishman who visited it in the year 1699. Captain Cook coasted along it in 1770, and surveyed its eastern coast, which he called New South Wales, from its similarity to that part of the principality of Wales. At the conclusion of the disastrous and unnatural war with our North American colonies, which left Great Britain without an outlet for her redundant HISTOBY, SOIL, &C 148 population, she turned her attention to New Holland; the Canadas, which Cobbett called the " fag end of America," being then considered of little conse­ quence. A fleet consisting' of a frigate, a tender, three store ships, and six transports, - with six hundred male and two hundred and fifty female convicts on board, with a guard of Marines, arrived at Botany Bay on the 20th of January, 1788.-*— During the short time they remained here, the Discovery Ships of the unfortunate La Perouse entered the bay, which was the last place they were known to have touched at, until, by the indefatiga- ' ble exertions of Captain Peter Dillon, of thfc East India Company's Service, thfeir relics were disco­ vered at the Manicola Islands; for which service the French Government gave Captain Dillon a pension, with the title of Chevalier, and appointed him their Consul in the South Sea Islands. Having discovered & much better harbour about three leagues farther northward than Botany Bay, the fleet removed thereto on the 26th of January, 1788, to which was given the name of Port Jackson, one of the best harbours in the world, and settled at Sydney Cove, one of it6 numerous inlets.—The colony suffered great privations in its infancy:— kangaroo flesh sold for two shillings and sixpence per pounds which was the only animal food' at first procurable. I was credibly informed, by a person who went out with the first fleit, that he paid thirty 144 NEW SOUTH WALESi shillings for one half of the head of the first ox slaughtered in Sydney. The same penon saw beef of the first quality sold in the same market for a penny per pound shortly after the road was made across the Blue Mountains, which opened a fine range of pasturage to the wants of the colonial stock. The first Governors adopted the present exploded system of concentration, which, had they adhered to much longer, would have proved their destruction; the prosperity of the colony having lingered until dispersion gave them an opportunity of reaping the benefits which pastoral pursuits offered them with the least possible expence. The first step which brought the colony into notice, and advanced its prospects of success, prosperity, and future wealth, was the introduction of the Merino breed of sheep by Mr. McArthur.— It is said that he who makes two blades of grass grow where only one was produced before, is a benefactor to his country:—what then does the man deserve who, by individual enterprise, was the first to raise a staple commodity, which is likely to make Britain independent of all foreign aid, in supplying her manufacturers with the raw material, from her most distant colonies, for the production of fine woollen cloth, in which she stands unrivalled?— The ships that are employed in that commerce making a circuit of the globe, and, discharging their cargoes, some of them within the space of ten HIST0EY, SOIL, CLIMATE, &C. 145

months:—this is certainly a better nursery for seamen than the Russian practice of rowing round the harbour of Cronstadt. It is lamentable to hear some would-be politicians discuss the policy of retaining colonies at expence to the mother country, without taking into consideration the immense advantages that flow from them in a political and commercial point of view. To enter into argument to refute such narrow views^would extend the limits of this little volume to an unprofitable length: they are well and ably answered by Dr. Lang, in his Historical and Statis­ tical Account of New South Wales.—" Give me ships, colonies, and commerce," said Bonaparte, « and I can conquer the world F It was by the aid of the ships, colonies, and commerce of the British empire that he was conquered, and chained to a rock, although he contemptuously called them a nation of shopkeepers. It has been asserted that the Whigs are anti- colonial. I know nothing of politics, and am not competent to form an opinion on that subject; but their late conduct towards the Australian colonies argues little acquaintance with their interest as affects their colonization, or the extension of their financial and commercial prosperity, which has been retarded by the late measures adopted for their government by the Home Colonial Department, which, if persisted in, will ultimately cause their H l£6f VtVf SOUTH WALES. fitter ruin. But I should apologize for this digres* siflri—otir business is with the present state of these SGlonies, The soil of this country bears the same charac­ teristic quality *hich distinguishes all New Holland* which is silecious—in some parts calcareous; and along the banks of rivers, of course, alluvial It is well adapted to the cultivation of maize, which grows luxuriantly—wheat, and all other corn; and legumi­ nous crops are produced in fair average quantities in suitable situations. The vine has been cultivated with success, and good wine has been already pro* duced from the grapes of this country. A prape* knowledge of raising and dressing the vine1 seems to be required; and the interest of all descriptions of husbandry would be promoted by having an experi­ mental farm, and schools fortned in some central situation iri the colony, where the sons of the Settlers could be instructed in the best mode of agriculture, and the useful arts and sciences. A few vine­ dressers from the south of France, which climate ia similar to that of this country, would form a useful appendage to this much-required establishment, whfeh should be encouraged by the Government granting at least five hundred acres of good av6rag£ land for this useful purpose. Similar institutions bate been adopted in most of the countries hi Europe frith gfeat advantage and effect, particularly lit Switzerland. HisToay, SOIL, CLIMATE, &C. 147 The thermometer ranges from 40 to 100 degrees of Fahrenheit. Much depends upon situation. On the table land of Argyle and Bathurst, which is con> siderably elevated above the level of the sea, the temperature is much cooler than in situations along the coast, which varies, of course, according to the degree* of north or south latitude. There is a difference «f at least four degrees between the tempe­ rature of a corresponding degree of latitude in the northern and southern hemispheres, the latter being the coldest:—for instance, a degree, say 40 north latitude, is as warm as 36 south latitude. This is accounted for philosophically* by the feet of there being more land in the northern than the southern hemisphere—the land reflecting the rays of the sun, the sea absorbing diem. This does not affect the winter months, which are milder south of the line than in a corresponding degree north of it. The hot winds blow periodically in the summer months for two or three days together. In Sydney the inhabitants close die doors and windows as much as possible, to exclude the sand and dust that thicken the atmosphere. During this period the wind of this season blows from the north-west over the central part of this immense continental island; from which circumstance it is conjectured that those parts are composed of vast sandy deserts, like those of Africa:—but we possess so little knowledge respecting the true state of the geological, and in 148 MEW SOUTH WALES. many parts, geographical situation of this country, which we have had in our possession and occupation for more than half a century, that our ignorance on the subject is really disgraceful. The proper and most effectual manner of ex­ ploration would be to send a party coastwise, with a botanist and geologist, who should be attended by a steam-boat, to explore all the creeks, bays, harbours, and rivers, and sail up as far as they were navigable; by this means their geographical position could be ascertained with precision, and their geological and botanical productions be pro­ perly discovered. Another party, properly equipped, should be sent into the centre of the country, with persons well qualified to make researches into the nature of the soil and its natural productions. The great circumnavigator, Cook, passed by the harbour of Port Jackson without discovering it, although one of the best in the world. In Martin's useful work on the British Colonies, he states, that the harbour was seen by a sailor in the shrouds of Captain Cook's ship, who called out that he saw a port; Cook put his glass to his eye, but, as the entrance was narrow, it was soon shut out and he could not see it As the sailor's name was Jackson, and thinking he had made a mistake, he facetiously said, '< Well, we shall call this harbour Port Jack­ son." Att expedition of the kind stated would pre- vent all possibility of making such mistakes. (149)

CHAPTER II.

STATISTICS, POPULATION, ABORIGINES, &c.

THAT part of New Holland, or Australia, termed New South Wales, is comprised within the limits of 81° to 86° south latitude m one direction from north to south, and between 148° 50' east longitude, and the east coast of New Holland on the other, which includes a Burface of about twenty-five millions of acres. This limit was no doubt fixed in accordance with the old exploded system of con­ centration. The colony has long since exceeded these narrow boundaries, having extended their limits coastways from Twofold Bay to Port Macquarrie, a distance of upwards of 700 miles, and near 500 miles into the interior of the country, in a westerly direction. Port Philip, a place lately settled from Van Diemen's Land, and under the jurisdiction of the Government of New South Wales, is distant from Sydney about 600 miles, which is so little obstructed by natural impedi­ ments, that persons have travelled with their horses and gigs all the way. H3 1(0 NEW SOUTH WALES.

The town of Sydney has now upwards of 24,000 inhabitants, it being computed that it con­ tains one-fourth of the population of the entire colony. It is beautifully situated on one of the * finest harbours in the world, built principally of freestone and brick; the excavations of the houses in many situations giving as much freestone as will almost erect the superstructure. It contains two Episcopalian churches, and one building; one Scotch church, one Seoeders* church, one Roman Catholic chapel, two Wesleyan chapels, one Independent chapel, and one Quaker*' meeting­ house; five banks of issue aad deposit, with a capital of ^1,720,000; one savings' bank; two assurance companies; one agricultural cbtnpany; one gas-light company; one fire and life assurance company ; three breweries, and two -distilleries. Next to Sydney, Paramatta is a town of the greatest importance in this ooleny; steam-boats ply daily between both towns, by means of a river which fUb into Sydney Harbour; they are about ten miles apart. There is a igotefntnent house, beautifully situated, near Paramttta, where the late Governor spent a great part

PERSONS OK THE ESTABLISHMENT. RELIGION. MAUCS—PRJCR. PRUAUES—FRRB.. General TOWNS. Con- Con­ Total. Above 18 Under TotaUAbove 12 Under vict. Total. r—"*"•— years. 12 years. •fct. 1 years. 13 years. Protest Ro.Cat Jews.. Pagans. Sydney, part of Alexandria excepted... 0974 2206 2932 12111 4744 2288 680 7618 14801 4942 [S40 60 Parramatta, tnchidmg Female Factory 604 387 1706 050 412 763 1834 2086 13 1 00 Liverpool ...*•••••...... ••••.••..••«...... •«.• 60 185 400 100 49 36 191 ~«1 429 1 H Windsor...... 388 100 262 740 241 126 33 399 1146975 910 S228 7 Richmond 816 129 171 015 201 146 21 367 982 811 171 > Newcastle 106 61 361 617 06 67 05 187 704 609 .#8. H Maitland, East and West 306 121 782 198 182 61 381 1163 788 i S Macquarrie , 66 1 *> M020 710 43 20 41 110 820 642 £263 9*4 ; «1 >9 COUNTIES. Argyle...... 008 166 1100 1029 270 170 80 488 2417 1618 783 13 3 Bathurst 487 128 804 1309 162 110 08 360 1729 1243 485 1 118 13 219 344 17 14 1 32 376 973 102 %•-. Brisbane ~....M 880 61 974 1246 81 80 16 133 1378 1004 373 \ "l ' Camden .*.....*. «... 301 1168 2374 454 270 67 7*7 8161 2158 082 18 •*3» 3 w 300 366 1360 377 208 27 702 2052 1517 634 1 Cumberland...... 12/84 4810 7254 24788 8454 4730 1825 15009 89707 29090 10270 37..1. 03 [ 740 204 1749 17 54 516 3208 2300 904 • 4 , •M 102 227 % V06 80i 5 100 675 330 234 3 188 050° 620 71B 79 63 4 854 028 222 3 ./1. 268 09 225 682 92 15 a 808 630 175 2 • © King ~ *. 194 38 207 480 01 33 9 108 544 : -327 .M \ 174 40 875 1008 w 60 61 202 1300 898 £& 24 : >.«3 & 82 863 1400 21 12 262 1728 I08Q Murray M 681 87 £2 8 ' 1 & ^OTthMmbCT,l8ttd..TTl-t.TTT--t--1 T" T-... 1301 400 1780 3007 701643 198 1409 5010 3601 1308 11 : •6 a Philip « 64 .8 169 228 13 1 19 247 147 606 142 891 1028 212 1 *S 40 362 1980 1415 "3 1 109 SI 341 512 44 10260 11 592 430 £102 Wellington 103 283 406 38 22 5 S 530 357 172 "i •»mm• 182 260 479 00 32 8 100 393 185 1 -M» Without the Boundaries 1260 1018 1300 2669 190 104 16 309 &. 1784 l 2 13 19 3 2190 2212 10 7 18 2230 ' 1394 J£ 7 '! 1493 1527 101 4 , 19 78 162* 6 ... Colonial Vessels at Sea 1175 . *7 1176 1175 ' $50 ... 178 "*8 186 23 15 38 224 210 14 ... 23121 7164 25254 55539 11973 7007 2577 21557 77090 54621 21808 477 100 . Ot 152 NEW SOUTH WALES.

Since .the year 1836 it is calculated that there have been annually added to the population of this colony 7000 persons, including free emigrants and convicts,.which, with the addition of the increase by births during the last three years, would make the population of the present year (1839) amount to upwards of 100,000 persons. The aborigines of this colony are harmless, except some tribes near Moreton Bay. They pur*, sue their pristine rambling, lazy life, hunting and fishing, and in their excursions calling at the settlers' houses for food; they are fond of bread and animal food, but care little for salt-provisions* When on a visit to a friend who resides on the banks of the River Hunter, about a hundred miles north of Sydney, we were visited by a tribe of natives who were going to join some other tribes, in order to have a Corrobaree, that is, a native dance, where they assemble in great numbers, and continue their innocent amusement for days and nights together. The foremost of the party had a quantity of honeycomb, on a piece of bark, on his head, which he supported with both his hands: the honey streaming down his head and face, with the wild bees flying about in pursuit of their treasure, made him appear an extraordinary figure. He asked for a vessel to mix the honey with some water, which mixture they call bull; the same term is applied if sugar be the substitute for honey. This STATISTICS, POPULATION, &C. 153

they drank with great glee, which excited them almost as much as the same quantity of wine would affect Europeans. They went through the ma- neuvres of the emu and kangaroo dance, mimick­ ing the motions of these animals. They threw the spear at each other, which they caught on their targets with great dexterity. After receiving a few shillings, which they call white money, they retired from Mr. Nowlan's farm, where this occurred, to that of Mr. Hobler, on the opposite side of the river, where they also regaled themselves, and proceeded to their rendezvous at Maitland. They were quite naked, accompanied by children, but no gins (or wives) ; for their drapery being gene­ rally rather scant, they had the modesty to remain •at a distance. They appeared of the middle size,, well-made, and robust, with large heads, black bushy hair, and beards—their complexion of the same sable hue; their legs and arms wanted that muscular plumpness which distinguishes persons accustomed to laborious and active life. The aborigines, who stroll about the streets of Sydney almost in a state of nudity, have not been improved by coming in contact with Europeans, and seem only to have copied their vices, having learned the fashionable custom of smoking, and drinking ardent spirits, very little of which excites them much more than others: and although we have been in possession of their country for more H5 154 HEW SOUTH WA&XS. than fifty years, no attempt has been made to instruct them, by endowing schools or dnstfcotions for that purpose with the proceeds of the sale of their own land; of which it must be confessed they could make little use in their present degraded state. It is admitted that little could be done by endeavouring to instruct savages arrived at the age of maturity ; but some attempt should be made to instruct their children. The Rev. Mr. Carmichael is the only person I eiver knew who made the experiment; and he took a black boy into his school at Sydney, who exhibited as much sign of intellect, and capability of receiving instruction, as any other boy in the school. The aborigines about Moreton Bay are described as much more savage and troublesome than any in the colony. Some murders of stock- men are mentioned as having been committed there. A retaliation took place, when a number of the aborigines were killed, for which a prosecution ensued, and several stock-keepers were convicted, and suffered the extreme penalty of the law in Sydney for the offence. Several battles ensue among the different tribes which inhabit or rather roam about this district, of which the following letter gives an account. I fear an European Pro­ tector, as the term: is applied, could be of very little service among such tribes of ferocious savages. STATISTICS, POPtf^AXlON, &C. .15$

Extract of a Letter from Moreton Bay, dated 12tk October, 1838. "Since J last Wrote to you» I was present at a fight between three tribes Whose hunting, grounds are contiguous to the settlement, and three other fribes who are farther restored from ua; andl was fearful that the settlement .tribes would hsrte been beaten, having heard the men speak very highly of the mountaineers: but the result Was otherwise. The battle was fought in a yaUey at the foot of a range of mountains, about five miles from the settlement, called Taylor's Range. The three strange, tribes encamped at the base of the moun­ tain, and the settlement tribes on A small iridge on the opposite side of the valley. After planting themselves, and covering their heads and .bodies ynth the gaudiest parrots' feathers, they sent three of their skippers, or young mep, armed with apears and homeratigs, to challenge the hostile tribes, who y*eve similarly painted and dressed, - and ttood #7th spear and shield in hand at the foot of the mountain, and presented a moat formidable appear­ ance. The skippera ran up to the enemy's camp; and after boasting of the superior valour of their tribes, the goodness of their sight, the force with which they threw their spears and bomerangs, returned unmolested to their camp. The skippers of the mountain tribes then rushed,out, and H6

I 156 NEW SOUTH WALES. repeated nearly the same words to the settlement tribes, threw their spears, and also returned unmo­ lested. After waiting for some time, and nothing being done, I began to think that the settleinent tribes were afraid of the mountaineers, whose chosen warriors advanced in a line, striking their shields with their waddies, singing their war-cry, wa-ah! wa-ah! wa-ah! a-a-ho! a-a-ho! a-a-ho ! hi-hi-hi!— I should have told you that many of the Amity Faint tribe, which is more numerous than-the other two settlement tribes, were defi­ cient of spears and shields, having nothing but waddies and bomerangs. Our friends kept on the defensive, and waited till the mountaineers had thrown their spears, which they turned off with their shields, or avoided with wonderful activity. The gins of the settlement tribes collected the enemy's spears, and gave them to their friends, who, by a feigned retreat, drew the hostile tribes farther from the mountains. They then halted, and commenced throwing spears, waddies, bomerangs, stones, and every missile they could lay their hands on, leaping and singing when any of them took effect; and after four hours1 hard fighting, they beat the mountaineers back, stormed their camp, which they plundered of their nets, opossum cloaks, &c, and returned to their own camp. After the struggle had ceased, I went to the oppo­ site tribes, and found that eighteen of them were STATISTICS, POPULATION, &C 157 wounded, some very badly; but they were not at all dispirited. The fight was renewed on the following morning, and the settlement tribes were again victorious* One of the mountaineers was killed with a spear, and they were again driven back to the mountains. The day was uncom­ monly fine, and the spot where they fought was beautifully diversified with mountain, hill, and dale. The imposing attitude of the men—their shouts of triumph and defiance as they met each other in the valley—the fierce struggle, in which were displayed the drill, activity, and cunning of man in a state of nature—the cries of the gins, who were in the rear of each party, either of triumph or despair, as the fate of the battle changed—all combined, made such an impression on my mind as will never be forgotten. Man is indeed here " lord of the creation,1' bearing nothing but his instruments of war, his gins supplying his wants, and carrying all he is possessed of."

It is calculated that there are sixty square rigged vessels out of the Port of Sydney engaged in the whale-fishery. The following is a list of vessels entered inwards and outwards for the years therein stated. There are also twelve steam-boats, belonging to, and employed in, the coasting trade of Sydney. 158 NEW SOCXH WAI4E8.

Veuek enter ed at the Port of Sydney during the year 1836. INWARDS, No, From Great Britain 60 From British Colonies ... 124 From Foreign States * . 12 From United States 3 From New Zealand 41 From Fisheries - 26 From South Sea Islands ...«. 4 Total...l*69 65,41*

OTJTWABDS. To Great Britain 32 To British Colonies 106 To Foreign States. «~ - <... 64 To New Zealand • ~.. 36 To Fisheries 36 Total.,^264 62,834

Vessel* entered at the Port of Sydney during the year 1337. INWARDS. No. Tons. From Great Britain 66 21,816 From British Colonies \ 94 21,085 From Foreign States 47 4,262 From United States 6 1,220 From New Zealand 36 5,392 From Fisheries 48 fe,004 From South Sea Islands 5 681 Total...260* 67,360

OUTWAEDS. To Great Britain 43 13,*98& To British Colonies „ 91 20,959 To Foreign States 42 13,262 To New Zealand 44 6,633 To Fisherieft „.... 42 10,344 Total...262. 64,596' ( 159 )

CHAPTER III.

REVENUE.

IF a fixed and steady form t)f popular Govern­ ment was given to these colonies, tiny would increase in trade and importance in a surprising degree; but there is such vacillation in every thing which regards them, and the opinions and crude speculations of every tyro in legislation is adopted, just as if they were set apart as a place to make experiments upon. The following Tables are an abstract of the revenue of the colony, and a comparative state­ ment of the amount of the estimates. Contrasted with the estimates hereafter given, we may quote the gross amount of the revenue for the years 1835 and 1886 respectively. 1 ..I',1 't II.1 ' = Year ended31st Dec. Year ended 31*t Dec J Increase in the>year 1835. 1836. 1836. £273,744. 13s. Hid £330,285. 17s. 8Jd. | £56,541. 3s. Sfd.

These Tables are introduced for the purpose of shewing the progressive improvement of the

revenue of the colony, . . f Abstract of ihe Produce of ihe Revenue of ihe Colony of New South Wales, in ihe Quarters ended 30th June, oi 1837 and \B38, respectively; shewing ihe Increase and Decrease under each Head thereof.

Quarter ended Quarter ended, Increwe. HEADS OF REVENUE, June 34j IH37. Juno 30, IRSS. *«» SYDNEY. £ i. it £ *. d. £ s. £ 1. d. 44935 ll 40301 5 1 4634 6 & 0 403 1 0 J 44 10 0 2875 0 0 447a Id 0 1603 10 0 Auction Duty* and Licences to Auctioneers...* * , + „,.,..,,.„* 153V 10 3 1404 15 1 L L Mi 7 11 1 1411 0 0 3D4 **l 2JH0B 18 7 136*0 1; 7 16900 "'l 0 Rente of Toil*, Fcrrits, Market*, ami Government Premise* 1IQQ 10 1041 3 0 59 t? 1 IflSS 14 l Fffg Of Public OfllfCji „. .+H •,, M„ +*..—.,.. ,„ *«.*.... „,* p.. ..r 3675 a 6 1033 1 77* 14 10$ 574 H 1 300 fl Di Cdlcvtioiu l>y the Agent for the Estates of the late Church and School 1540 13 G 0 55 4 0 ft ( | 1560 13 & 13 0 733 10 3 44 ft 7 fiea 0 8 e 15 9 ID 17 7 3115 4) 0 3116 '*"o 0 1348 7 9j 1*49 7 13 17 7 40 tO 4] 40 10 % 28 15 1 a J7 C PORT PHI Ml*. 399 0 I 040 9 3 too s 0 U "1*7 6 85100 t 1 713*8 0 34 6005 5 10 22516 6 BJ Deduct Inuumu out he Quarter.. , 86o5 5 10 Decrease on the Qua rtar„,..„„„„ Mmtf 1 13851 0 10£ domparative Statement of the Amount of the Estimates in 1838 and 1839, shewing the Inerease in (he latter over the former.

Excess in 1839 Additional in 1839 Total Excess HEAD OF SERVICE. 1838. 1839. over 1838. for Port Philip. in 1889* illliiiP i £ *. d. £ 8. d. £ t. d. £ *. d. 10000 0 0 3 Civil Establishments...... 30579 IS 1 7189*" 7 7 8506"*18 9 10786*" 6 4 3 Surveyor-General's Department ...... 10108 17 6 3080 IS 6 4300 11 3 68B1 3 9 33276 8 9 3098 18 9 3098 18 9 22174 0 8 1339 0 0 1389 0 0 62344 3 4 15387 3 4 6097#7 6 31484 10 10 18694 0 0 10309 10 0 600 0 0 10709 10 0 10516 3 6 2578 16 6 600 0 0 8078 16 6 838 6 0 1380 0 0 1380 0 0 10 MisceUaneous.M...... M... 77585 6 0 11106 15 10 5086*" 7 6 16193 3 4

268046 16 10 331911 1 4 63864 4 6 20081 8 0 78940 9 6 Add Aborigines, and other charges which "1 pmperly fall nixm the Land Fund, and> 4038 0 0 whitrh are Retailed in a separate Paper. ) 78871 9 6

REMARKS, It it essential to remark* that the etdmates of 1838 have been found to deficient, that a supplementary one, to the amount of £34,760. 6t> 4&d. has been found necessary. It it impossible to say that a supplementary estimate may not be wanted for 1839; but it it hoped that it will not be to to considerable an amount To the estimates for 1838 is also to be added the sum of £16,000 for Port Philip, paid out of the Land Fund. 1§# NEW SWTH WALES,

A deficiency of £B4s%7S9. has occurred in the estimates for the year 1838; and from a discussion which took {dace in the Legislative Council, it appears that orders have lately been issued from the Colonial Department m Downing Street, to apply the fund arising from the sales of the waste lands to supply any deficiency that may in future occur in the revenue—the remainder only to be applied for the purpose of sending out free emi­ grants. Both the home authorities and the Colonial Government may make themselves perfectly easy respecting the land-fund ; for since the minimum price of land has been so extravagantly and unaccountably raised, the application of it to any purpose in future will not cause much trouble: so that this sapient regulation, together with another novelty respecting the non-assignment of convicts to settlers, will have die same effect here as I have already described its inevitable result to be in Van Diemerfs Land, which will be a supension of agri­ cultural pursuits: in consequence of which, the new province of South Australia cannot receive its usual supplies; and starvation and loss of capital will be the portion of those who speculate in that bubble, which will soon burst; so that the intended blow against the old established colonies will fall with double force on the one which it was the intention of these truly ridiculous regulations to prefer to the others. < 1*3 )

CHAPTER IV.

LAND REGULATIONS.

T&* knd regulations for the sale of the waste loads in this colony are the jaofce as have already beet* described for Van'Diemen's Land, with the exception of one JMnth's notice in the Gazette bektg deemed sufficient for an emigrant lately arrived in this colony, to set up land for sale, in place of three months' notice for all others. But this seeming preference in his favour is of no avail; for, after making his selection with trouble and expence, he is liable to be outbid by a knd^fchark, as fellows are termed who Attend these sales, for the purpose of extorting bribes, as hush-money to prevent their bidding against those persons who set the land up for sale. Combinations are also entered into by what ace termed the old hands who are long established in die colony, and, by engaging to divide the land* sold at such sales, do not enhance its price by bidding against each other. By such means enormous tracts of land are amassed by them, to the exclusion of new comers, who not being in the secret, are sure to be outbid by them.

I 164 NEW SOUTH WALES.

The following account of a prosecution by the Attorney-General, of some of these gentry, will give the reader an idea of the present mode of disposing of land, which cries aloud for a more just and encouraging system to emigrants.

"SUPREME COUBT—CRIMINAL SIDE.

" THURSDAY.—Before the acting Chief Justice and Mr. Justice Burton, and the following Special Jury, viz.—Messrs. Lockyer (Foreman), Foss, Moffatt, McDougall, M'Leod, Moncur, Phelps, Manton, McGaa, Mackay, Palmer, and Moore.

"Rex v. Hughes and others.

" This was an ex-ojfUAo information, filed by His Majesty's Attorney-General against the Defendants —John Terry Hughes, Peter McIntyre, George Porter, and John Eales, for a malicious conspiracy. The first count charged the defendants with combin­ ing and confederating together for the purpose of preventing a fair and open competition at a public sale of Crown lands in the public market-place of Sydney, on the 14th day of December last, thereby intending to injure the said auction, and defraud the revenue of His Majesty the King.—The first count contained several overt acts, setting forth particular acts of conspiracy on the part of several of the defendants. The second count omitted the LAND REGULATIONS. 165 former overt acts, and alleged that a certain public auction was held at the time and place before mentioned, of certain waste and unlocated Crown lands, which were of greater value than five shillings per acre, the minimum rate of sale of them affixed by the Government That the defendants, well knowing the premises, combined to procure the said lands to be sold at fiveshilling s per acre, thereby intending to defraud the revenue of his Majesty the King, and in contempt of his laws. " The defendants severally pleaded Not Guilty, " Counsel for the Crown—the Attorney General and Mr, Carter; Attorney—the Crown Solicitor, Counsel for the defendants Hughes, Porter, and Eales—Messrs. Foster and Windeyer; for the defendant McIntyre—Mr. Sydney Stephen. Attor­ ney s—Messrs. Unwin and Want for the defendant Hughes; Mr. Norton, for the defendants Porter and Eales; and Mr. Nicol Allan for the defend­ ant McIntyre. " Mr. Carter having opened the pleadings, the Attorney General proceeded to address the Jury on behalf of the Crown. He said it was a matter of notoriety that frauds at the land-sales of the colony were constantly committed, and conspira­ cies entered into at. them, by persons filling a considerable station in society, to the injury of boncL Jide bidders. It was a branch of fraud well known 166 NEW SOUTH WALKS.

to exist; but from the manner in which it was usually conducted, it could not be made the subject of public prosecution. It was no uncommon cir­ cumstance, when any intended purchaser put up a section or more of land for public sale near his own land, that some of the land-sharks who haunt such sales, would say to the applicant—" I intend to bid against you," and then obtain a bonus from the applicant to purchase the silence of the land-shark at the time of sale. It was not, however, until the circumstances which transpired in this case came to the knowledge of the proper authorities, that the system could be made the subject of a public prosecution.—The learned gentleman then detailed the circumstances of the case as he stated he was prepared to offer to the Jury in evidence. The Attorney General alluded to the former case upon which the defendants had been tried and convicted, but upon which they had subsequently obtained a new trial, which was the issue the jury had to try that day. If he had not preferred that information, he would have been guilty of a great dereliction of his public duty; but he never made any secret of his object on any point of his duty, and in this instance he had publicly avowed it. His object was to put down the system of illegal land-sale*—such as the defendants were now charged with having effected; and he was happy to say that the opinion he had formed as to LAtfD fcUGULATtONS 167 their illegality, had been corroborated by the verdict of a former jury. Two of the defendants on the former record had pleaded guilty to the information preferred against them, And thereby acknowledged their error; but the defendants in the present case had persisted in theif illegal act* and they still presented themselves as a batid of conspirators linked together. They were still perti­ naciously adhering to their illegal bargain, and were actually contemplating putting the Crown to the expence of getting out of their hands the lands of which they had so illegally possessed themselves* The law-officers of the Crown had hitherto not been able to fix parties in the situation of the defendants with legal proof of thetr guilt; but now that they were in a situation to do so, they brought tile present ease forward, fefteiitly hoping the* situation of. the defendants might not only be the means of deterring then* from such pumrits for the future, but hold them out as a timely warning to others* On the defendants themselves the former warning had been thrown away; for, situated as they were in society, had they evinced any desire to retrace their steps, and desist from setting the law at defiance, the preseht issue need not have been tried* It was now therefore neces­ sary to remind them of their situation, and bring them to their senses. The Attorney General con* eluded aft eloquent address by observing that, on 168 NEW SOUTH WALES. the formertrial , the defendants had relied solely on the exertions of their respective counsel for their defence. In the present instance, however, he understood they intended to call witnesses in their own behalf. What those witnesses were to prove he knew not; but of this he was sure, that they could alter neither the law nor the facts of the case. However, by the other side calling them, he, the Attorney General, should have another opportu­ nity of again addressing the jury, and he would not now therefore further detain them. The witnesses, however, to be called on the part of the defendants, he, the Attorney General, would be glad of being produced; for if any link in the case for the Crown were wanting, the defendants would perhaps supply that link, and by their own witnesses convict themselves. In either event, he confidently anticipated a verdict of Guilty. The learned gentleman then called " William McPherson, Esq., who, being sworn, sadd—In December last I was Collector of Internal Revenue; this is the Government Gazette of the 17th of August, 1886; there is an advertisement in it of the 17th of August for a sale of Crown lands under the usual conditions. Lots 90 to 95 in that advertisement were applied for by Matthew Goggs. Lots 119 tol28 were applied for by George Porter; and lots 18& to 184 were applied for by James White. The last-mentioned lots are adver- LAND REGULATIONS. 169 tised in the Government Gazette of the 5th of October. The sale of the whole of these lots took {dace on the 14th of December. They are described as being in the County of Brisbane, in the district of Upper Hunter's River. I produce an abstract of that Government sale. The conditions of sale are entered in this book, and are imposed upon the authority of the Government. These are the particular conditions under which these lands were sold. They are the usual conditions of sale of waste lands, and were in force in December last. Some little changes in them are occasionally made accord­ ing to circumstances; they have been in force since the beginning of 1832. They were framed in con­ sequence of the change in the sales of land which took place on the 1st of July, 1831. These are the conditions of sale of the 14th of December last. The conditions are always read before the sale takes place; these were read by Mr. Jaques, the Govern­ ment auctioneer. They have been so frequently read, that almost every one concerned in land-sales know them by heart. The present sale took place in the market-place at Sydney, in the building marked letter C. After reading the conditions of sale, the description of each lot is read as adver­ tised, and it is then put up for sale. The advertise­ ment specifies that the lands applied for are to be put up at 6s. per acre. The auctioneer always calls out the applicant's name before (he commencement I 170 NBW 8OTTH W£UCfi. of the sale. I have no doubt that the aaa&eef Mr. Goggg was called oa this occasion. Lot 90 WAS the first of these particular lands which iwerapnt up. Whether the applicant answers to his nasi* or not, the sale proceeds. Land is always put up at the fixedpric e reserved by Government. Any par- * son bidding that price, or the highest after it, jgets the land, If Mr. Goggtor any other person} had bid only 5s. per acre, he or ihey woqld get the land: no further advance.is required. . I saw Mr* Sempill at the sale of the 14th of December. At one of th^se particular lots, I cannot say which, he indicated an intention to bid. The sale was stopped: fora : short time. I desired Mr.. Jaques to stop the sale: I was induced to do so from> seeing Mr. Sempill bid; and kftbwing Mr. Goggs and Mn White to be new purchasers, I did not.wiah them to be run up. I was desirous Mr*fSempill should not oppose Mr. Goggs, but that he should get the land at the minimum price. The, '18£; all these lots were bought by Mr. Eales at the 'minimum price of 5s. per acre. There was no bidding at any of them on the upset price. I saw Mr.'Hughes at the sale. I do not know either Mr. M*Intyre or Mr. Porter.—[The conditions of sale were then put in, and read by the officer of the Court]. The regulations just read were read by ikte prior to the sale of the 14th of December. * *" Cross-examined.—All Government lands are not put up at 5s. per acre, but they are put up at the prices stated in the advertisements. The prices vary, according to the locality, from 5s. to «£1000 per acre. The sale was stopped in consequence rf a conversation between several parties at the sale. I understood it was stopped in order to dis­ cuss' the mistake about the advance offered. I know nothing of any arrangement between the parties; similar stoppages have occurred at former sales. A correction has since been made in the regulations, so far as not advertising the names of the applicants. It was reported to the Govern­ ment that such a course was unfair. It was stated tBat> the applicant being personally known, it might create an unfair competition against him at the te df fade. ' Persons1 might be disposed to com­ pel 'with the appfictot, from a reliance on his i3 174 ifow sbtrfcH'Vj&fes. judgment in selecting the lands, or they migfttTakte advantage of his necessity, to haTfe them; itt lilt after-sales to that of the 14th of Deceftibe^ tfce name of the applicant has not been announced/ In some measure this unfairness was remedied before the alteration; for many perstoft really warit&g the lands they intended to purchase, got' a ffiend to apply for them, and to attend at the sale. " Hamilton Collitis Sempill, Esq., being sworn, said—I attended the ldnd-sale in the Sydney Mar­ ket-place on the 14th of'December last, for the purpose of purchasing dome of the lands advertised for sale: I mean a portion of those advertised for by Messrs. Porter, White, and Gbggs. They were ^described as being situated in the district of Upper Hunter's River. I hold landefd property in that district. * When the first lot of the fourteen now described was pdt up, I was talking to some'person outside of the table where Mi6. MTPherson sat. A person enquired what lot had been put up, and •the number of it wad told. I immediately ad* vanced inside of the table, and said I intended ^ to bid. Mr. Hughes said that the lot already knocked down could not be put up again, as it had been already knocked down. I replied that as the sale- book had not 'been signed by the purchaser,1 the auctioneer was'bound to take my bidding." Mr. Hughes then took me aside, and said'that some other gentlemen 'and he hall entefcd iftttt an LAND JtE0tri.ATIOX8, 175 arrangement to prevent taking the money out of their own pockets t they intended to purchase the various lots advertised at the minimum price ad­ vertised, and that if I would withdraw my oppo­ sition, or intention to bid, I should be a party to that arrangement. I then withdrew my bidding, and* the sale-went on. The different lots I allude to were all knocked down to Mr* Eales. Mr* Hughes spoke to me: I have no distinct recol­ lection that Mr. Eales spoke to me Upon the sub­ ject. I understood Mr. Eales to be the person selected to bid. Mr. Hughes mentioned the names of the parties with whom he had made the arrange­ ment I speak of; but I cannot say whether it was within their hearing. I saw Mr. Eales sign the sale-book. I remained at the sale until all the k>ts were knocked down. Mr. Eales was standing within hearing when Mr. Hughes spoke to me: I cannot say whether Mr. Porter was also: I saw him about> the sale that day; I do not think I spoke to 'him. The - sale proceeded without any opposition, ;and all the lots set up by Messrs. Goggs, White, and Porter were knocked down to Mr. Eales; and I think I saw him sign the sale- book'for the whole of them* The .transaction occupied bat a very short time: the lots once put *p were soon knocked down. I had a conversation with Messrs. Hughes, White, Goggs, Porter, Eales, and McIntyre, at the Royal Hptel, pn the 176 NEW SOUTH WAtfctf. same day at four o'clock in the afternoon. I got notice from one of the parties to attend there at that time, before I left the market-place. We met for the purpose of dividing those? land* bought by Mr. Eales. When we assembled, there was a difficulty started as to the mode by which they fehould be disposed of. Mr. Hughes proposed that it should be done by tender. Each party was to write on a small piece of paper the price he would give for each lot: these small pieces of paper were to be folded up and thrown into a tumbler, and the person who made the highest tender for each lot, was to be declared the pur­ chaser of it. By this mode it was imagined no opposition could be made by one party to another. That plan was overruled: all the parties named took a part in the conversation. It was at length proposed that each party should turn his back' to the table, and that the moving a finger should be considered a bid of 3d. per acre. This plan was' adopted. Mr. Eales and some other persons sat at the table, and watched the biddings. All the fourteen lots were disposed of in that way. The profits arising from that sale over the minimum price of 5s. per acre, at which they were purchased at the Government sale, were to be equally divided between the parties. After the sale was over, there was a calculation made, and it was ascertained there was a profit arising to each indrvidaal of %AVX> REOUtATIONS. 17? £550. Mr. Bales was not a participator in the profits, but, being disinterested, he was asked to bqoome the general agent df the respective parties, and he did so.-—[The witness now produced memoranda of the proceeds of the sale of lots, as taken by Mr. Porter, immediately after the sale.}— I became a purchaser of 1248 acres at 7s. 9d. per acre—of 738 at 8s. 9d.—of 640 at 6s. 8d.—of 670 at 6s. 6d.—of 1285 at lis. 6d.—of 848 at 13s.— of 1168 at 14B:—nd of 1270 at 16s. 6d. Mr. Goggs bought 1066 acres at 8s. 3d. per acre, and 840 at 8s. 9d. Mr. Hughes and Mr. Porter bought none of the lots. The total amount of my pur­ chase was J04287. 8s., firom which I was to deduct £6BO as my share of the profits. The balance arising from it, after deducting the minimum price of 5s. per acre, which I was to pay to the Govern­ ment, I was to hand over to the gentlemen named. Mr. McIntyre bought 660 acres at 7s. 3d. per acre—728 at 7s. 9d—and 1188 at 9s. gd.; after deducting his share of the profits, and the mini* mum price he had to pay to the Government for his share of the land, I had to pay over to him upwards of J?94; and the interest of a bill at two months, which I gave him for the amount, raised it to i?100. To Messrs. Hughes and Porter I gave bills for £550 each, being their respective shares of the profits, adding interest for two months, and also the deposits they had paid i 5 *lTB Stew* sotttrt •» WM.ES. through M*. Bales at iheGovernment salec I likewise gave similar bills to Messrs. White and 'Goggs* none of which have been yet paid, Messrs. Hughes and White are now^duing me upofe die bills I to gate to them, and Mr. Porter is suing Messrs Afcpinall & Cd. who, being tdy agents, endorsed the whole of thfe bills at toy request. It is only lately that these'suits have been instituted. It was only this mbming*1 received a summons from Catr and Rogers 6n behalf of one'of the parties, and the summonses frdttl the other parties have been served through Mr. Nortbfi and Mr. Unwinr about two months ago. Mr. Wefitworth said* laughingly, fetibenale, that w^ should'be«11 put in the pillory :v this niade no impression on'nft at the moment, as I thought hie was joking; I dined that evening at Mr. Rydert, and Mr. Went- worth was also there. After dinner we entered into conversation upon the Subject of the safe. The opinion that Mr; Wentworth then expressed was afterwards the subject of conversation betwfecft myself and' the other parties to the sale. I after­ wards went to the^esidehc* of the Attorney Gene­ ral to consult with him upoh the subject; but he Was from home, -iftid did Hot return t6/towb for tome days afterwards. I communicated with Mr. M*Fhers6ft reftpeetiilg the salef before .1. passed *&y bills Thd day after I had passed my bilk, I attended at Air. M'PherBoa's office with $ letter from Mr. ftfttasy stating that he had acted as ray agent for the purchase of all those lands I had bought *t the Royal Hotel, and desiring that they might be itaaefened to me. Mr, McPherson said, " I oan- Inot receive this."—I replied, " I was sorry I had iwt-kn©Wn that before^ Mr. M'Pherson said that >Mn, Fisher had brought him a message from the €tovertK>r that the sale was to be cancelled, end the parties prosecuted for a conspiracy. I did not \gk> the letter of transfer until I bad pasted my MBs. I thought myself safe; for I knew that Mr. •Jtoggs's letter

•vy. i-r . • ;/t .-J v \- .,,, > _ . , .:>< • r: f t , , i 6 180 NEW.ftftVTV WAI4». tha9.5e.an acre for the lota that I bought afcihe Royal Hotel. " Cross-examined by Mr. Sydney Stephen for. the defendant McIntyre.—I would not have bought all the lots; some of them I do qpt consider worth, more than 5s. per acre. I do not feel any hostility towards Mr. McIntyre. There is an ill feeling on both sides. I never opposed him; I employed another. I beard nothing of this m&ttdr wlil H\ighes spoke to me. I think I bid for the first lot I cannot say that Porter or McIntyre ,was present at the sale. What Hughes And I.said might have been beard by any one there; there was no whispering about it I was as near to Mr. McPherson as I am to you. I think some one told me there was to be a meeting at the Royal Hotel We occupied the large room upstairs; it is a public room* There were several persons pre­ sent :—Ryder was there, and Reid, Vawser, and Hosking. Ryder was perfectly acquainted, and hi& house also, with all the circumstances. Mcv Efries found a difficulty in dividing the land. I will swear that no attempt was made to divide the. lapd. I would not have joined if the ,laod had be#i put pp agab publicly at auction. " Cross-examined by Mr. Foster* forth e defeiK . dqnt* .Sales and Porter.—There was a treaty between Hughes and Macqueen about theWaveriy LAW* KKGffLATOONtf itit' Estate I waaldt bid £6 or JP7 an aatte to pre vfcftf any one coming near me who had a hostility' towards me* There was another plan proposed, but I don't recollect that Mr. Hughes proposed to draw outs for the land; it did not occur in my hearing. No report was produced to me, or mAd4 by Hoddle as to the quality of the land, nor did' I*see it. Mr. Porter shewed it to me in confidence at his office after the sale; it is not to me that it was produced. I knew that the land pointed otit' by Hoddle was the best, and it was the most in request. The purchaser's name was declared aftet the sale ci each lot: there were fourteen or fifteen; Mr; Mlntyre would know whether I purchased or* MOL I bought the seven last lota; I bought* eight altogether. I know the land well. It was - most important that, having purchased the former,- •* I should have the latter. Mr. M€Intyre must hare known I had made the previous purchases: ' it would have been better for me to pay a little mote for them. Mr. McIntyre was hostile to me* I found out that Mr. McItityre was bidding. I - recollect there was a toss-up about one of the lots. * I twill not swear Porter was present at the sale. I explained to Aspinall & Co. the arrangement- Rydevtis m magistrate, and I am «Jso one; if I had considered thirf a fraud, I would not have been a potty to < it. I went to Mr. McPhersoa to asefcr-' tain the question as to the fraud. I mentioned the ifcfc NfiW SOtm* WAIS*. fefabumstanees to him. It *a* in /oanBafuenob «f Iris statement, and my interview with him* thflt Induced me to complete the transaction The bills were negotiable: if I had thought there-was any thing wrong, I would not have passed my biHs. I had employed another person to bid flrf me, to prevent Mr. M°Ihtyre or any one else run* ning me up. Mr. McPherson told me the parties would be indicted for a conspiracy. His Majesty's Attorney-General was away at the time. I had never known Mr. Porter before. ' Mr. Bales refused to take any money for hia trouhle: he spumed at the idea when the balance ovfcr and above the; JP&50 profit to each party, amounting to £90 or yP»0, was oflfered to him for his trouble. * William McPherson, Esq., on being recalled, said—This is the original Government notice, add this is the Government order uifder which Gt4*ra lands were sold. The notice is dated the lit Jttly, 1881; the order ie dated 1st August, 1681: they are both printed and published by autfrerity. By virtue of these authorities, Crown lands artf'piib- lidy advertised three months prior to ite sale of them: the minimum price of five shillings'per acre is also here fixed—[The Government-nottee and the Government order alluded to by the witness were then put in, and read by thfcd8k*frbf the Court.]—-The regulations which feftfebeffite btoft read frtfmth e sale-book, are the ifegu&fiotM Z,*JTP Ria*UfcATwt». 108 wider«wJpW*'libeselaocb^ere^old. They wew read before tie sal* I recollect meeting Mr. Mclntyre in King-stree* Oft the afternoon pf the day of sale. We exchanged a few words in passing; I do not recollect the precise Word*: it w^ *Q the effect that he was going to have some of the land.sold that day to Mr. Bales. I was in a harry, and oaftpot s*y whether he mentioned any thing about an intended sale at the Royal Hotel: he w*s going towards George-street, and I horn it; this was between three and four o'clock. I saw Mr. Porter at the bank between the day of saleand fthe follow- kig Monday* He asked my opinion about the sale at the Royal Hotel. I had no doubt he was. inte­ rested in it. The subject of his conversation with nae* Was to. endeavour to persuade me that the transaction, was proper and quite fair. J.bad a conversation with Mr. McIntyre, which was to ,t he same effect , " Thomas Potter Macqueen* Esq*, being sworn, said—I authorized Mr. Hughes to bid o& my account fbr the Crown lands put up for sale in the market-place on the 14th December last: they were situated near my own estate;, there Wjas, a mMiMry reserve between them* I gave him 90 Authority as to the exact amount he was to, bid* . I trusted entirely to Mr. .MeIi*tyfe's selection of them, as he was well acquainted with, theur locality. I shguld h*ye .considered giy*plf boup4 >£H? ,*he 184 *BW SOUTH WALES,

purchase of these lands, if J&20 per acre had been bid for them. None of these lands were purchased for me. I had seen them advertised for sale in the Gazette. I did not know the lands myself, only from the map. I trusted to' Mr. McIntyre ds my agent, because he knew the lands perfectly well. Mr. Hughes did not fulfil the trust I reposed in him. I quitted Sydney six weeks before the sale. Mr. Hughes and I were both of opinion that the lands would be valuable to me if purchased at a reasonable price. On my return to Segenhoe, I saw Mr. MeIntyre, and we had some conversation respecting the value of the lots advertised. This was previous to the sale. One or two of the lots, I understood from Mr. McIntyre, were worth 12s. per acre; the others were not so valuable. I saw Mr. MeIntyre subsequent to the sale, and his opi­ nion was that the lands went at a higher rate than he considered himself warranted in giving for me. " Cross-examined by Mr. Sydney Stephen — Mr. McIrityre had some land in the neighbourhood of these allotments. I had no objection to his getting any of them. Some of the lands were certainly very inferior. ** Cross-examined by Mr. Windeyer.—I consi­ dered these lands only desirable to me, because they were situated near my Waverly property. There was a conditional sale of the Waverly pro­ perty at that time to Messrs. Hughes and Hosking: T.AND REGULATIONS. 185 their purchase was redeemable by me. I gave po funds to Mr. Hughes to bid for me; nor had Messrs. Hughes and Hosking at that time paid for the Waverly estate. " Re-examined.—I have since heard that some of the lands were exceedingly good; those put up by Mr. Porter were certainly inferior. Mr. McIntyre told me that Mr. Sempill had gone to the sale to oppose me. There was no conveyance to Messrs. Hughes and Hosking of the Waverly property at the time of the sale of these lands- " Richard Roberts, Esq., being sworn, said— I am a retired merchant. In December last I wa% a partner in the firmo f Cooper, Holt, and Roberts. I was in the Sydney Market-place at the sale of Crown lands there on the 14th December. I had an intention to purchase prior to the sale ; I mean a part of those lots put up by Messrs. Goggs, White, and Porter: I wanted them for myself on my own private account. Mr. Macqueen had a conversation with me respecting these lands some time prior to the sale. I also mentioned to hijn that I intended to purchase a portion of them. These lands were adjoining his own. He intimated to me that it was his intention to purchase some of the lands. I had also a conversation on the same subject with Dr. Fowler, Mr. Macqueen's superin­ tendent at Maitland. When Mr. Macqueen inti­ mated his intention to purchase, I declined bidding 186 JfXW SO0TH WAJ.E6. for any. of the UIXIB era his account I did not Wish to become a bad neighbour of his. Mr. Macqueen told me that Mr. Hughes would attend the sale* as his agent. When the sale took place, ML Hughes asked me, in an under tone, whether I intended to buy. I believe I told him at .first that I had- such an intention. He replied, " Have you not promised Mr. Maoqueen that you would not bid?"—Implied, I had. He then said he was going to buy the land* Sir Mr. Maoqueen.' He was about going away from me, when I said—" You are aware that there are some other parties going to bid for these lands?"— Mr* Hughes replied that he was aware of it, but he had made it all aright with them. Mr. Hughe* did not mention their names to me. I saw Mr. Sorter at the sale, and spoke to hhn; he asked me if I intended to buy. • I told him I did not, for. that I had relinquished my intention in favour of Mr. Macqueen. I said to him—" If: you do notiwant these lands, you had better not bid for. them.'VtJ said there are several richsettler s in that neighbour­ hood, and they may,afford you annoyance as anew comer. You had bettor take my .advice, and not getinto.a nest of hornets. Mr. Porter subsequently came to me, and said he .would take my advice,— I had seen Mr. McIntyre shortlyi before at one of Mr. Macqueen's stations. AIL the lots ware knocked down to Mr. Bales. I, thought < Mr. Bales acted for Messrs. Hughes sad Hoskiqg, 40 the agents LAND *E»ULATrOXl. l#tf of Mr. Maccfueen. X should have certaiuiy bid for -the lands if I had not thought, they were purchased'for Mr. Maoqaeen, I would probably have gone as far as from 1&« to 15s. per acre for some of the lands* On the next day I heard it rumoured that the laads had not' been pupchased for Mr. Maequeen. Ob the very day of sale I waa ait the Royal Hotel, and Mr. Spark, the proprietor, told me' there were several gentlemen upr^tairs holding a lafld-sale. I was not then.aware of the nature of nhat sale. I met Mr. Hughes a day or two afterwards opposite to the Royal Hotel* and I spoke to him* / asked him whether he intended to credit Mr. Macqueen with the amoutti which he had received on the division of the profits arising eta of the saie. I told him I considered it.very unfair' if he did not do so. I said, also, that if he did not do so, I must consider he had prac­ tised a deception on me as weU as on Mr* Mat- queen. Mr. Hughes laughed at me, and walked Off.—[The Counsel for thedefeijdants here objected to the matter marked in italics being received.in evidence. The Court expressed its surprise that it had not been objected ta before. Theic Honoups considered it irrelevant to the matter at issue* and expunged it from their minutes of evidence,] - " " Cross-examined by Mr. Sydney Stephen.—- •I had no land near these-lands; I have not an acre m the district of HunterV River* I bad an 188 HEW SOUTH WALES. opportunity of seeing these lands. I will n6t say which of them I consider the most valuable, because they may be sold again, and I may be inclined to become a purchaser. *• Mr. Foster now rose to cross-examine the witness, and said he insisted on an answer' to the last question put by Mr. Stephen. Witness expressed his readiness to answer it, if the Court thought he was bound to do so. Their Honours' were of opinion that the question must be answered. " Cross-examined by Mr. Foster.—I considef the land put up by Mr. White as the most valuable" part of the lots. I rode over the lands in July or August last; I mean the part near a place called Timor. It wad fine forest-land • I did not examine the nature of the soil. I have speculated in land* a* well as merchandise. • I should have thought that a good speculation. I have neither land nttf cattle in the district of Hunter's River. I remem­ ber Mr. Hillas putting up some land near to that of Messrs. McArthur and McAlister. They were obliged to purchase that land. In consequence of their bidding on that occasion, I put up a large portion in the same neighbourhood. I think Mr. Hillas is a man of large property. The amount of What" I put up, would have come to about 4PJ600* • I think Mr. Hillas bought eight or nine sections of that land* but I will not swear to the* enttiMuiber. > I bid for him as Ms agent": I tan- LAND EEGULATION& 180 not state the exact quantity without referring tti my books, and I do not cany my ledger in my pocket. This land was not put up out of malice towards Messrs. McArthur and McAlister. I hav4 no sheep in that part of the country. Mr. Hillas gave me instructions to put up all that I did put up; previous to that, I had advised him to do so. Mr. Hillas was prepared to pay for the land. I was only once up as far as Timor: I was about four days in the neighbourhood. I have myself a very considerable property, but none of it is situated at Hunter's River. " Samuel Augustus Perry, Esq.* being sworn; said—I am Deputy Surveyor-Genera! of the Colony: I know, the reason why the names of applicants to purchase Crown lands have been- omitted to be published. I recommended the measure* It was' done to draw the attention of the public to the land itself rather than to the applicant I had before found some inconvenience from parties applying for lands in fictitious names; I thought that the omission of the name would tend to bring lands in a fairer way before the public: the old system interfered with the object of bond Jtde purchasers* "Cross-examined by Mr. Windeyer.*— Mr. Porter has .applied for other lands besides those which are the subject of the present prosecution i and I know that he has been at considerable csrpenct 190 OT W' SOUTH WALES.

in their selection: i had no doubt that he was an intended bonftjidepurchaser. He applied for the purchase of some lands at Port Maequarrie, but they were not allowed to be sold in consequence of their contiguity to a marble quarry. I pointed out to him their situation from the maps; because I conceive it to be. the 'duty of every Government officer in the Surveyor General's department to aflfbril ever? necessity information to an applicant for purchase. r 1 " Mr.Walter R. Davidson, being sworn, said— 1 am a clerk in the Surveyor General's office. I ^produce maps made up from the general chart of the lands frhidhwer e applied for by Messrs. Gogg£, Porter, and White, and advertised for sale on the 14th December last. These lands are the same-ns appeal* to have been sold to Mr. Eales. " This closed the case on the part of the Crown. " Messrs. Sydney, Stevens, and Foster then respectively addressed the jury on the part of the defendants. The gist of the arguments of the learned' gentlemen (of whose speeches we.regret that our limits will not enable us to present even a brief outline) was to the following feflfect:—That the act of the official agent of the Government, Mr. TH*Phereon, in endeavouring to prevent' public competition in favour of a new corner, wfe'Cftfetf- lated to induce the defendants to believe that the Government did not wish to hm up the jfcicfrttf LAND REGULATIONS. 191 Crown-lands, .but that rthey. were contented with the^ upset pice for them, This had been the true caji$e «f leading the defendants, into error, if error it x&Hj were; .apd they could not therefore be taid to hate wilfully defrauded His Majesty's revenue. . The' present defendants, it would be pitfvpd in evidence^

" Mr. John Alexander Burnett, being sworn, said—I am a clerk to Messrs. Thomas Gore and Co., who are agents to Mr. McIntyre. I produce the check-book of the firm. On the 14th December last Mr. Gore sent a chepk for i?1000 to the Sydney Market-place before the land-sale took place.. It was sent through Mr. Edwin Park. Mr.McIntyra was to have £500 of this, and Mr. Park the other £500; it is so charged in our books. Mr. McIntyre is charged with the half-payment, and Mr. Park with the other. " Cross-examined.—Mr. Park was going to buy land. The check was paid at the Bank of New South Wales to Mr. Park. The application of the money shews that Mr. McIntyre was to have i?5Q0, and Mr. Park £500. " Re-examined.—Mr. Gore sent the check to Mr. Park for the purpose of buying land. There was no jiame in the check ; it was made payable to tearer. " William James Read, Esq., being sworn, said—I know all the defendants. I recollect the sale of the 14th December last. I know the lands at Timor. I was going about the sale during the course of the day. I went about to ascertain who intended to buy land, and to find out whether any opposition was intended by the parties towards each other. I conversed with all of the parties. I felt a general interest that the parties should not oppose LAND REGULATIONS. 193

each other, or run themselves up to ruinous prices. I know three of the parties put up lands. Mr. Eales was to buy the lands for them. As far as I saw, they applied to Mr. Eales as a disinterested party: this seemed to be the general wish of the parties. I cannot say who it was that first asked Mr. Eales. He had no particular interest in the business. I know all the parties; Mr. White was one. Mr. Eales purchased the lands. They requested him to do so for the parties concerned—Messrs. Hughes, McIntyre, Porter, White, and Goggs: when purchased, it was to be divided among them­ selves. The parties seemed to be talking together all the day during the sale. Almost immediately before the lands were put up, Mr. Sempill came forward; it was generally believed that he and Mr. MeIntyre would oppose each other: both wanted the lands, and not being good friends, it was thought they would go to a higher rate than otherwise. I attended the sale at the Royal Hotel. When I first went into the room, I discovered that Mr. McIntyre was not present, and I went to look for him; I found him, and returned with him to the sale. A great discussion then took place how the lands were to be divided: all the parties were present. I saw a chart of the land which was got from Mr. McIntyre: it was upon the table for inspection. On my return with Mr. M°Intyre, Mr. Hughes proposed to divide the lands by tender; that was objected to. I can- K

I 194 MEW SOUTH WALES. Qot say by whom. I objected to it myself. It wad then proposed to sell the lands by auction, and after a deal of discussion this was adopted. It took place on the same day as the government sate. Mr. Ryder proposed that die parties should face to the wall, with their hands behind their backs, to prevent Messrs. Sempill and McIntyre from opposing each other. Mr. McIntyre objected to this. I per­ suaded him to agree, and coincide with the majority, or it would be thought he wished to display a vin­ dictive feeling towards Mr. Sempill: he then agreed to the arrangement. I had no interest in the matter. I resided at the Hotel. The sale took place in the public coffee-room. After Mr. Macpherson had stopped the auction, he said, " Gentlemen, have you made your arrangements." There had been a bid made by Mr. Sempill of 5s. 3d. or 6s. 6A; . afterwards the parties did not oppose each other, as I understood. The auction went on, and the lands were knocked down to Mr. Eales at 5s. per acre. I have seen Mr. McPherson pursue similar con­ duct, at previous sales. [The last question was objected to by the Attorney General; and after argu­ ment on both sides, the Court ruled that the ques- tjum was improper. The defendants must confine themselves to what took place at the particular sale mentioned in the information.] There was no more ^ {lone than-just, stopping the auction, and asking whether the,parties had made their arrangements. LAND REGlTLATIOttS. 195

c* Cross-examined.—I buried myself in the mat­ ter for the sake of peace and quietness; it was to prevent two men going to loggerheads: I mean Messrs. Sempill and McIntyre. I could not avoid healing what passed. I have known Messrs. McIn- tyre and Eafes for several years, and Mr. Sempill ever since he has been in the colony. The sale commenced at eleven o'clock, and the land was all bought between two and three. The parties formed the negocidtton after the sale had commenced, and it was brought to maturity just before the lands wew bought. It was Messrs. McIntyre, Hughes, Porter, Goggs* and White who induced Mr. Ealts to buy these lands in the Sydney market-place. The "sale was going on from eleven till after two o'clock. The arrangement was completed before Mr. Sempill applied to bid. Mr. Eales was author­ ised to buy the lands at any price, and they were to be afterwards divided; I cannot say how they were to be divided : the way adopted was the only way calculated to satisfy all the parties. I saw Mr. Wentworth at the sale. I had only seen Mr. Porter once before. I knew Mr. Hughes before: Mr. Hughes said he had authority to buy for Mr. Mac- queen. I believe he had no money of Mr. Macqueen's, I have heard Mr. Hughes spgak of it repeatedly— not at the time of the auction, but since: he said he had. received a letter from Mr. Macqueen to purchase 'the lands In question for him. Mr. M4In« K 2 19& STEW SOUTH WALES. tyre said nothing about Mr. ftlacqueen having confided to his judgment. The transaction was known publicly the day after the bills were passed. I was present at the finger sale: all the parties' bMded; there were Messrs. Ryder, Vawser, Eales, Hosking, and I, who watched for the wag of the finger. Mr. Hosking sat aside, he being considered an interested party. If the lands had been for Mr. Macqueen, there could have been no objection to him as Mr. Hughes's partner. I left before all the bidding was finished: it began about four o'clock. Messrs. Eales, Hughes, Serapill, Porter, White, and Goggs went direct from the market-place to the Royal Hotel. The parties gave Mr. Eales checks for their equal shares of the amount of the deposit- money he had paid. " Re-examined.—The deposit was paid all at once; checks were given to the clerk : each party gave his check to Mr. Eales. All the parties moved their fingers. It was not Mr. Hughes's fault that knd was not knocked down to him. Mr. Porter bid, and seemed annoyed he did not get any of the land. I do not know the exact time that Mr. Eales was appointed agent. " Mr. Thomas Vawser, being sworn, said—-I remember the sale of the 14th December; I attended at it: I was invited to go there by Mr. Goggl The arrangement was made in the public market­ place, previous to the sale. The parties were some LAKD UOtfLAflOVO* KW time in consultation, and it ended in their applying to Mr. Eales to act a* their agent in purchasing the lands. There were five parties in the first instance: they were Messrs. Hughes, McIntyre, Goggs^ White, and Porter. The second consideration was, how the land was to be. disposed of: it was not agreed to at that time. Mr. Eales said they had better select what allotments they each wanted, and divide them in that way. I went to the Royjd Hotel at four o'clock: all the gentlemen who wanted land were present, as well as Messrs. Ryder, Hos* king, Read, Eales, and myself. There were four propositions made as to the disposing of the lapds; one was, that each should take the allotments he wanted; this could not be done, because each wanted the best land: the second proposal was for written tendering in a glass, and the third was for publicly bidding at the table; neither of these plans was agreed to: the fourth was the proposal carried into effect. I think Mr. Ryder said he had heard of such a plan before. There were three for bidding Publicly, and three for written tendering in the glass. lift. SempiU was present, and was against bidding publicly; he was for the fingerplan . All heard the other plans proposed, and expressed either their

iwpent orT dissent. I did not see any ground plan produced.. The mode adopted was decided by three disinterested 'parties, Mr. Read, Mr. Eales, and .fgyjsplf* ,w^f* 5y^F."wa-8' C0Wdere he should detain them as short a time as possible. He could almost trust the case as it now stood to the intelligence of the jury; but he would never­ theless speak n few words upon the evidence which had been offered on behalf of the defendants; and he would say that that evidence fully corro­ borated the case against them, and made up for every possible deficiency which before existed in it Instead of answering the case, it was in point of fact, complete corroboration of it. Mr. Foster, with his usual ingenuity, had endeavoured to confound the case, :and to draw a distinction between gpvern- inent auctions, and private sales; but he would K 4 contend that the principal in b<^wfc* alike. *Efo would At once admit that it> w*$ tiot the infcmtiotf of the government to screw up the priced aff«U» Crown lands; and that if they yielded Qjolythtt minimum. value of 5*. per aere* bytfair .tad oped? competition in the market, the Government war* content Under the system which had, hewcmr,* been exposed that day, it was not the. Government

that would suffer, so much as the bondtfiie pur­ chaser ; for what chance had any individual agaiaei such a monopoly? What chance would Majors IfOckyer or Captain Moffattthemse4ve* have against such a knot of conspirators, who were determined* to outbid every private individual, by dint of theitf long purses, unless they entered into, their *iewstftr The object.-off the defendants had clearly beefc tef: put a sum of money into their pockets, and yet tj»& jury* had been told they had no sordid notwms^n^ their heads. The jury were bound to take the hurt of the case from the bench, and they wo^ld.findr that a combination of two or more persons for th* purpose of effecting even a lawful otyect, waa illegal*: He did not care whether Messrs. Hughes aad

Porter wagged their fingers or not; one thing w**r clear, that they had bought no land. This abetted; that *heir sole object was to pocket jno$ey* - The; defendant JJ\jgbe» had fixed the fraud upon all |fa. other parties, He had entered into a cosveflrttion with Mr. Roberts* and presented hm ftom biddfogM o^4he.^rt>«uftdHh^ tfi^laiKfewe M intended for Mf. Mj^qtieeti ;• c^rrfvay donbealing the arrangement whicb bad Hcwklly been entered into. Ttiia war gMHngaflat co4ti*

The following observations, extracted from the Australian Newspaper, one of the best conducted journals published in Sydney, will shew the feeling that exists at present in the colonies respecting the misappropriation of the proceeds of the waste-land sales, which have heretofore been applied to the pur­ pose originally intended; and as it appears, promised by the Government, to be appropriated to sending out free emigrants to the colonies.

« THUESDAY, OCTOBER 25, 1888. " Vox Populi—Vow Dei. " We have read with much interest the sub*, joined opinion expressed by His Excellency, re­ specting the waste lands of this colony :— " < It was in consequence of the gallant ColorieFs claim being of a mixed nature, ihat Sir Richard Bourke had considered that it ought to have been paid from the land fund; but the Lords of the K6 IW **W SOTOH? WARtiSl Treasury thought otherwise? and, ike- Council could not dispute the fight of the Home Govern* m*ni to eontnml thedisbursement of this fundi With respect to the appropriate of this fund} whith was thought differently on by parties he Pmst repeat what he had formerly stated, that the rmmue arising from the sale of the lends was the prerogative of the Cro%oni and the Crown heda right do give, seUy or rent land9 the same as any pti&ute individual did hiaJ*

" We regret to hare to say that, if His Excel- lettcy mean that the Crown has any claim to tfcer v waste lands of this colony, beyond that of a trustee, we/differ fi?©m him toio cwlo. We conceive thai the Crowahas no more right to those lands, than Charles the Second had to the fortress of Dunkirk* which it is notorious that monarch disposed o£ port, unconstitutionally, as if it were his own pro* j>W$y—an act which has brought • down on 1m memory an indelible amount of reproach, and even infitoyi But let us put a case in point. Hit Excellency, on a former occasion, if his expression* he* reported truly, was pleased to state, that the Grown lands of this colony were as much the pro* {tarty of the royal individual who happened for the time to fill the throne* a* the jewels of the crown? *h?eh that sovereign wore. Here, indeed, do we agjDee irith :His ExeeUettcy- They are aa nradr the property of the actual monarch as the gems in LAtifr mx»trLATroir& t6S qtt^on-^ft^no more*' Wo< ^ith ev«ry Arffe^ elide and respect tfe Would ask His Excellency, iHitafcer he* scfrfcwsly btifeves that the ragtiiag riif^toaVch^o^i dispose of the gems in the royal erown, AS- if• they wire private property? Nay; fitore, #e would venture to enqirire, where would be found that minister in our times who would havfc die hardihood to dispose of them, or to dispose of the waste lands' of this country, and convert the proceeds to the private uses of the monarch ? What minister would be bold enough to sell the lands in question, and vest the proceeds in any hank, either foreign ev at howe-^pupchase estates with them ibt* the-private use of the royal personage-—and, ifl feet, apply them in any way to private u#es ? We? for one, would not hesitate to declare, whether avftjfr minister could be found or not, that die act would sot only be unconstitutional, but of the toils* species of treason; and for which the delinqti&ft Wttbld' very possibly have drawn on himself {at*! mmt assuredly would merit) the heaviest penahfea efi the kw* But, having said thus much, we-beg t» assure His Excellency, that no one mere highly* prices* or would be more anxious to sikpport, thel JUS among, those prerogatives, the royal trusteefebip *>fl the wastelands of this colony; deeply senteiHe,; a* we am, of *the wide! difference -between * the ifayAi* trusteeship and the proprietorship, vithe*'of wfe- 806 NEW SOUTH WALES. viduals, or of companies, or of bodies corporate. And hence it is, that we have been so anxious to retain the trusteeship over the lands in question—* and our dread, our horror, our indignation, and our disgust, at the bare thought of this country being deprived of the royal protection, in this important point—and the colonies, their posterity, and future emigrants, being transferred, like the subjects of some contemptible German state, or like a herd of cattle, from the generous protection of a young, amiable, and beloved monarch, to the cold, sordid, calculating, mercenary controul of stock-jobbers, land-jobbers, land-companies, bodies corporate, et hoc genua omne. Feelings in which we are satis­ fied His Excellency fully participates; and on th& operation of which, with him, we mainly depend for our protection against the most vile but insidious fraud that was ever attempted. We allude to the projected plan of despoiling the crown of its trustee­ ship of the waste lands of this colony; and thence depriving it of die means of performing some of the most gracious, politic and important acts that fell to the lot and happiness of the sovereign to perform; and the colony, their posterity, and die British public—and more particularly that portion that may contemplate emigrating—of the honour and happiness of remaining under the direct guar­ dianship; and fostering support of the monarch of a great empire, and constraining them to become LAND BEGTJLATION6. 207 the servants, the dependants* or, in a word, the serfs and slaves of the proprietors of this notorious and fttful scheme. We respect Sir George's single* laindedness, and we have the utmost confidence in his integrity. He has given many undoubted proofs of his sincere desire to promote the welfare of this colony. Deeply, therefore, should we be pained, for himself, to see him fall into the trap so artfully laid to ensnare him by these Arpattious and unprin­ cipled speculators. " But let us view the opinion of His Excellency from another point. We mean with reference to the pledge (alluded to by him in a former speech) given by one of the ministers (Lord Howick, we believe) that the proceeds arising from the sale of crown lands should be appropriated exclusively to emigration: which pledge, His Excellency assured us would be held sacred and inviolate. Supposing, therefore, that the crown possessed the power— which we deny—of disposing ad libitum of the waste lands of this colony, how could His Excel­ lency reconcile the exercise of that power with the sacred pledge just adverted to ? How far the crown is bound to fulfil a pledge given by one of its minis­ ters, which, subsequently, it may be found conve­ nient to disallow, is not the question now under consideration; but it is within our province to inquire how far it would be seeming to break it without adequate cause or necessity. We touch on 208 NEW sto^ir WALES. this point merely to shew the antagonizing declara­ tions made by His Excellency respecting the dis­ posal of the waste lands in this colony. However, we rely too firmly on the good sense and integrity of Sir George, to entertain any doubt that he will either use his influence, or give his sanction to any scheme or plan of operations, whoever be the originators, that go to despoil this young and flourishing colony of its only substantial wealth and grand source of prosperity—roar, the Crown nmte lands/ .*-Afr«WA

vt CHAPTER V.

STATE OF THE CHURCH.

.. THE Sydney Gjrotte, in announcing die arrival of Doctor Ullathome and three Roman Catholic- priests, with four Sisters of Charity, in one ship, exclaims—" Angels and ministers of grace, defend us!" It is conjectured that these Sisters of Charity are of that description of whom my Uncle Toby and Corporal Trim held a colloquy, in Sterne's Tristram Shandy, and came to the conclusion, that they were a kind of Nuns, whom they allowed to run loose through Flanders. The following article is extracted from the Colo­ nist Sydney newspaper, dated December, 1838 :—

" The Roman Catholic religion is making fear­ ful and rapid strides among our ignorant and deluded population. On Sunday week the Roman Catholics of Sydney held a meeting for secular purposes. After the dismissal of the congregation, Doctor Ullathome, the Vicar General, said—* We have now twenty priests engaged in the mission in New South 210 NEW SOUTH WALS8.

Wales, beside the provision for Van Diemen's Land. Eight divines are preparing (in Sydney) to enter the field of labour, and three others are equally making their preparations in the college of Douai."

These priests are paid by the Government When they get one hundred adults in number, of emancipists and others, to set their names down as catholics, the priest procures as much from the Government as the nominal subscription amounts to. What a fine bonus on proselytism ! !! Doctor UUathorne, in imitation of other scribes a* prison^Uscdpline, in order to throw his mite into die scale, wrote a pamphlet on the subject, in which be is quite lachrymose; insomuch, that the writer in the Colonist newspaper compares him to a stojrdy beggar, who puts a solution of copperas on his eyes to make them'red, in order to excite the compassion of the passengers. He laments, in very pathetic terms, that the innocent Irish convicts, who are principally Roman Catholics, and only guilty of some mere agrarian aggressions, should be put on board a ship with English and Scotch incorrigible rogues and vagabonds. A bible, he complains, is put into their hands, which they are not allowed to read; and they are " driven to the pasture rf Protestant prayers," which they do not understand (yet a person would suppose that a vulgar Irishman pould understand plain English better than Latin). STATE OF THE CHUBCH. 211

This is terrible treatment for the poor Irish rogues and rapparees, those innocent agrarian aggressors, who ought to be kept apart from such contamina­ tion, and sent to Port Essington, where there is a new establishment formed, near Torres Straits :—- the Doctor and one of the Sisters of Charity might perhaps be prevailed on to accompany them. The great majority of Roman Catholics in this colony are composed of Irish -convicts and emancipists, as comparatively but few free settlers of that persua­ sion have emigrated to New South Wales. Convicts from bdtaad have not latterly been sent to Van Diemen's Land, which is the reason why the Reman Catholics in that eotony are net so numerous as they are respectable. In juxtaposition with the redundancy ef Romish priests in proportion to the population of that per­ suasion, may be put the paucity of Protestant dtrgymen. Doctor Lang deserves credit for his activity in bringing out clergymen and schoolmasters ef the Churdi of Scotland to New South Wales; while no such success attended the mission of the bishop of the Established Church, for on his arrival from England in 1886, he was not accompanied by that supply of ministers which the wants of the colony required, insomuch that on the death of the Rev. Mr. Hill, the incumbent of the cathedral church of St. James, Sydney, he appointed a Church missionary, named Y—, who had been 212 new soffu WAEEB* y\ set apart for the mission to New Zealand, to bfl&iafc& as curate* and to act as successor to. Mrl\ Hiflfc Numerous and respectable as the cong&gatiea-df St. Jamesfo always had been, greater crowds' were attracted by this popular preacher.—It is only whea a man can elevate himself above the common level of mankind, that slander and malevolence attack him: this observation was fully exemplified in the case of Mr. Y He was accused of impropfti behaviour in New Zealand; and when, be procured certificates of good conduct fromthence , his aoouaefe shifted their ground, and asserted it was on board.fr sUp in winch he was a passenger, that the wccuasi MMfcce took place. The report was traced to an abandoned woman and a drunken fellow, whom Mfr IE •• conceived it to be his duty to rebakefbr their licentious conduct on board, who*, tbrriagfc revtedge, concocted a story which was proved ifc'bfc felse;; of which a respectable young man, who. was then an officer on board the ship, made anaffidarifi Such is the manner in which the fair fame of many pecsonaiaassailed without cause; and Budrifrth* deprawty of human nature, that a raaligmfcfrjatioBp Jnin»ib«lirf much sooner than one- which jBcdumub tprthe'ih*m*ur «r credit of another; for ^ *-u nit

** Malice will for truth the lie receive, » #\ u Report, and what it wishes true, believe.** \r:\. / '•:••«. - r .... •. . .. •'•«•'/. J ,«>J5 J/-'«».J n; ,1 ajtacenviaaed it was fr* igao^^fltee-^ith^ibnia STiarKi OT SHBOCHUXSH. *I* goiatgfecte, iha* Doctor Lang, in his late *e«k to* NMH Zealand, outs a slur*>n the character of ME 15 mi-w I am a stranger to thk gentleman, but eoneeive it to be my duty to stale what has came to my knowledge by accident, from the mate who acted is die same situation on board the ship in which I returned to this country, as he held on a fanner occasion in tfca ship in which the accusation against M*> 'Y«~-^» was fabricated. ' The Church reserves in this colony are held is abeyance* and rented to such as choose to bid far them* The cry that was raised against the Church having reached the Canada*, and reTerberated to tho antipodes* a Church Act of Council was made by the late Governor, 7th William IV. No. 3, in which the Legislative Council put all religious sect* stajthe same footing; and the followers of Joanna Southcote, if they could muster one hundred adults? wmld be allowed a- sum for the maintenance of their findfal tenets, equal to that which would be given ^J a minister and congregation of the Church of England, if their Honours, the Governor and Eaew qatiwe Council.for die time being, thought proper t*> entertain their petition. The present state of the law only requires one hundred adults to form * congregation; so that a fellow who shook the chains off his legs yesterday, and comes under the vaga­ bond act, having no settled place of residence, may e^hi&p^Kie,<«rgetsoDaeone to rigft it for fcim, in 214 NSW SOUTH WALES. two or three parishes; besides, these emancipists have generally two names, one the real name, the other an assumed one, under which they are trans­ ported, if convicted in a place where they are not well known. It is dear that some form of Christianity should be established, to instruct the poor and the ignorant, otherwise it will cost as mueh for the support of gaols and penitentiaries as the support-of the clergy would amount to; for if the people are not instructed they will require to be coerced; and if any form of religion is to be established, what so proper as that which is the religion of the great body of the people* It is only at the first formation of colonies, that land can be set apart for religious and other purposes; it will be too late to attempt it when all the best part of it has been picked and culled for private speculations, or perhaps forming unwieldy agricultural establishments, of which no one can discover the use, in a national point of view. The convicts are in general grossly ignorant of religious matters*—I have had one assigned to me who could not repeat the Lord's prayer, and I am convinced that such a state of ignorance often leads to the commission of crime, which is the cause of their transportation* It appears that the Church reserves in the Canadas are given over to be appropriated to some other establishment than, that for which they were STATE OF THE CHURCH. 815 originally intended. If religion is to be supported on what is termed the voluntary system, it is to be feared that the poor and ignorant will receive but little benefit from it—God help the Church that i6 supported by the cold hand of charity, or the favours of a fickle and capricious Government. ( *16 )

CHAPTER VI.

AUSTRALIAN AGRICULTURAL COMPANY.

ANOTHEE Company—(but much more exten­ sive than the Van Diemen's Land Company, and consequently more injurious to public interests-* because the immensity of the grant prevents ha management with that degree of success that would attend farms of a limited extent; and the great apace which they occupy, has the same effect in excluding farmers from any communication witfa each other, or with a market, as a vast wilderness would occasion, in which there were neither town* or villages, nor public roads)—has been established under the title of the Australian Agricultural Com­ pany; but the progress they have made in the science of agriculture is very limited indeed, for up to the present time they have scarcely tilled as much land as would support their public establishment. In the year 1837 they had only 771 acres under cultivation for arable purposes, as stated in their own report for the preeent year. But one of tfce most extraordinary features in Ae affina of this- AUSTRALIAN AO&iCttLlfcJRAL COMPANY. 217

Company is, that they have lately got leave to exchange 600,000 acres of their worst land for the same quantity of the beet land, on Liverpool Plains, about 150 miles from their* original estate of one million of acres, occupying all the intermediate space between with stock-stations, for driving .their cattle and sheep backwards and forwards to their other grant of 400,000-aortomear Port Stephen. It was, no doubt, in imitation of their example that the Van Biemen'fi Larid Company (another job) applied far an exchange of their grant to the epporife coast of NeW Holland, tflricfc Ifind, since my -arrival in Etogtond, has b&m very properly wfi*ed by the Gftvgrnihent; the accomplishment of whieb I eonjfcctared was the drift of the extras ogdmaty advertisement of their agent heretofore atottfted to. t>~ It appears by the Act of Parliament, 5th Geo; FYVcap. 86, under which this overgrown Company *•* constituted, tkrafc h was to be incorporated by cteter within the spfece of three years ttom the t&B*o£ passing *uch Act, dated4 91st June, 18*4; the first section of *hicfc rutt* thttf—" ThatTin case Ifi*Mayisty shall witkur three years after the pass^ in#*tf th» At% be pleased by charter, under the Cbfttfr Stoat *f Great Britain, to declare and grant thtt *«flh «nd so naaiyfef^ottrasshftll• ben*me

last1 s6 long. The pdHey >whid* *eae Oompankus pursue, h to leave the land in a state of nature, until, by the gradual improvement of die neigh­ bouring lands, their territorial acquisitions are in­ creased in value by die general improvement and advance of the colony; when they can dispose of their waste lands to advantage, without incurring any expence in die improvement of the immensfe tracts they have taken possession of, under die plea of public utility, but which have a direct contrary tendency and effect. It is computed that the Australian Agricultural Company occupy fifteen hundred thousand acres of some of the best land in the colony; and die Van Biemen's Land Company half a million of acre* in that colony:—thus two millions of acres of good land in both colonies are held by what tenure is not well known; and for what good purpose they are permitted to be retained in their 1riM uncultivated state, it might be thought worth-while to enquire; for in' their present condition they havfe a more misdrievous effect on colonization than any Church rteserves could possibly have; nor have the conditions under which they ate held, been ever Mfflled. ' •: The Australian Agricultural Company ha** afeo obtained the monopoly of the qoai-nwnes at Nfetffcaade, about hundred miles-north jg£ 820 NSW SOOTH WALE*. Sydney, which they work wkhccmiricts, and whom it know considered a fevow to obtain. The following is a list of the number of thehr establishment for this year, 188&—

Fret. Ticket of Caudate Leave. Agricultural Establishment 44 62 46* Colliery Ditto 9 Total... 53 52 586

The following letter will give seme idea of die public feeling in the colony respecting this Com­ pany. From the Australian—a Sydney Journal— dated Oct. 4th, 1838.

" AUSTRALIAN AGRICULTURAL COMPANY, PORT STEPHEN. From u Correspondent- * A query in a late pcrtdicatioa, questioning the legality of the Australian Agricultural Coia- patey *& possession of the harbour and adjoining land

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

THE natural productions of this colony are of the same description as those of Van Diemen's Land, of which a short account has been already given; the Eucalyptus being the principal among the forest-trees of both colonies, and the kangaroo the most valuable of the animal productions indi­ genous to either country. To attempt to describe the great variety of shrubs whose fragrance per­ fumes the air, or the beautiful plumage of the feathered tribe that occupy their branches, would far exceed our circumscribed limits, and would be trespassing on the province of the botanist and naturalist The politics pursued by the late Governor, as has been elsewhere remarked, have been liberal, and advantageous to the general improvement and advancement of the colony. His measures were calculated to produce that effect, with the exception of appointing military officers to act as police magis­ trates, whose acquaintance with the military move-* ments of Dundas was more familiar to them than L4 225* NSW SOUTH WALES.

Barn's Justice or Coke upon Littleton, A strong instance of tins was produced in a Captain of the regiment which Colonel Breton had the honour td command in New South Wales, being appointed police magistrate at Brisbane Water, from whence he committed three gentlemen for cattle-stealing, one of whom was a magistrate, and put them in irons* They were honourably acquitted of the charge, and commenced separate actions against the police magistrate and military Captain, from whom they obtained damages to the amount of twelve hundred pounds and costs. Many instances of such conduct could be produced against others. Another circumstance, that is well calculated to have a prejudicial effect on military discipline, is the practice of permitting canteens for the sale o£ spirituous and other liquors id the barracks, where they have an advantage over the other publicans, bybeing permitted to toll their deleterious beverage on Sundays. The tenant of this canteen pays at the rate of 16s. 9d. for every tin taen, rank and file, of which the military party consists, per. month,: per annum, besides house-renty to the" Government Thk was the charge in Van DieittetiV Land: I believe it was only ten or twelve shUfcags for the smae number of men in New South Wales. Under what branch of the public revenue these sums appear I am not acquainted.*- Another *ir~'< ctnnttance may also tend to causeaMttiekurityitimSi- tary discipline, idrich is, tint eveiy private sol(6ttr ixi GK>«Ai/ fttaK»v*TOeNs. 885 the An«tvaliwCrirate»» ** «*& efi AeBqiaaoctiaJ I^e, i&aUoweda^tfrumeach day: this may only prepare thm.ftar spending the erenwgia the canteen, Now* adding ell ifcese matters together** the absence of offices front their *daty> attending and obtaining double pay a* pofu* magistrates and military o#Scer«—-the pleasures of the canteen, bftld for sake of convenience in the bartack-yard— *nd the daily allowance of epwts to* the

who was himBdf €X«winrilrf

coumry, it pays weU lor skating the hwxj. Jn the Australian provisoes itr is quite the revest th? timber is useless, and must be burned off tfee land fet great expence. In North America theiand is of the first quality, all fit for the production of wheat, and other crops of the best description. The vast plains along die banks of narigable rivers ate all measured and sub­ divided into allotments. The emigrant has no trouble ^either in spending time or money in seleet- mg a spot to locate on, nor k he afraid of being outbid at an auction by a land-shark or a land- jobber : he has only to enter the land-office of the district he selects, and choose one, two, or three contiguous allotments, which he procures for one dollar per acre. His neighbours meet and assist him in building his log-hut; and he enters imme­ diately with his family upon his farm, and is net compelled to remain at great expence at hotels and taverns before he can have even a chance of obtain­ ing an allotment of land, as is the case at present ill Australia.

The following Table of the distances of the prin­ cipal Towns in New South Wales from each other, ihae been formed agreeably to the actual route of die post; and will doubtless be both useful and inte­ resting to the general reader, as well as very valu­ able to the intending settler, • L 6 I Alegnrtrlnn. fft^fo Thft rtisiiuifta not riven, heimr narfclv at xrhoUv bv water. 1 |228£ | tytthursW 217 1 3<>14 |Bop gBong. 1 169 I 1334 I 48 | Campbelltown* 64 | to to to | Carrington. 1 18$:1 ?*i 155 107 | to [ Collin's Ion. 9 1 9191 208 1$0 57 173 Darlington. 1 257 2414 40 | 88 1 w | 195 | 248 | Goulburn. 1 257 2414 40 [ 88 \ to | 195 | 248- | 36 ! Inverary. 1 85 2631 252 2Q4 | 101 [ 217 | 44 [ 292 292 Invermein. <*•*• 1 157 1414 60; 1 12 to | 95 | 148 | 100 100 192 Liverpool. g> 41 2184 207 159 j 25 [ 172 | 82 | 247 | 247 76 |-147 | Maitland. 5> 1 1 1 w ¥> w V w w W to to to to . f to | MoretonBay. ^ 1 66 2281 1 212 ! 164 \ 25 1 177" 67 \ 252 j 252 | 101 1 152| 25 I w (Newcastle. w 1 W w w w 1 W tt> 1 W [ " to 1 to w to . ' 1 *>1 1 | Norfel k Island. | 122 106J 95 *J to 60 t 113 136 186 1 157 9 | 112 \ w | 117 to | Parramatta. 48 2254 214 ! 166 | 20 1 179 | 39- 254 S54 ! 83 154 1 7 1 to 25 to | 119 1 Paterson. 113 131 158 153 175 53 130 135 ,40 8*4 S 65 t» 42 J* to 18 f 187 | Penrith. . 1 w 1 «r | • tt> | «*' j tt? V> W to to to to to W to. to' to \ to | w | P. Macquarrie. g 187 l*Ji ^80 32 to 75 128 1$0 .120 172 .20 127 w 132 | to 15 | 134 | 33 | to | Sydney. g> 142 J2§4| *13] «7 to 80 133 | 155 | 155" 177 | "55 132 w 137 | to 20 | 1391 88 j to 1 85 | Windsor.^ 1 197 1181 1 1 .76] **! w I 185 | 1881 116 | U6| 232 | 40 | 187| to 1 192] to' | 75 | 194j 93 | to | (80 | >5 | frfr £ GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 229

. Military officers, purchasing land according to the regulation established in the respective colonies, will, in proportion to their rank and services, be entitled to a remission of purchase-money, accord­ ing to the following graduated scale, on producing testimonials of unexceptionable character from the General Commanding-in-Chief, viz. FIELD-OFFICERS Of 25 years9 service and upwards, in the whole ...... i?300 Of 20 years9 service and upwards, in the whole ...... * 250 Of 15 years' service or less, in the whole 200 CAPTAINS Of 20 years9 service and upwards, in the whole 200 Of 15 years' service or less, in the whole 150 SUBALTERNS Of 20 years9 service and upwards, in the whole 150 Of 7 years9 service, or less, in the whole 100 i 1. Non-commissioned officers and soldiers desi­ rous of settling in the colony, are required to pur- i chase land at the public sales, receiving a remis­ sion of the purchase-money in the following pro- i portions:— Serjeants...... £5Q , Hank and file «.«...... •...... ,...... ,....;„.. • 2S ! 230 NEW SpUTH WALES.

A OENERAL TIDE-TABLE FOR AUSTRALIA. Ill I South T,dem Names of Places. Latitude. Longitude. sill,V I'd Feet.

H. M. Botany Bay 11 30 5to7 Back Stairs Passage. .. 4 8 Broken Bay 33 44 0 Corner Inlet 9**10 Craggy Island 3 6 Crook or Shoalhaven •. 0 8 Port Dalrymple 6 11 D'Entrecasteaux Ch. • • 11 30 4 10 Entrance Isl. N.W. end| 42 11 37 145 19 58 11 0 3 0 Hawkesbury 11 30 6 8 Judgment Rock 39 31 30 147 3 15 9 30 Kangaroo Isl. N. E.end 35 33 0 137 41 0 7 30 King's Isl N.E. end., 3»37 0 143 54 0 3 10 Lincoln Port 34 40 0 135 53 30 2 30 Marsden Point 35 33 0 137 41 0 7 30 Newcastle 2 0 Oyster Harbour 1 40 Philip Port 38 18 0 144 38 0 6 0 Parramatta 33 48 49 151 1 33 1 15 RisdonCove 11 30 4 5 Sea Elephant Bay .... 39 49 0 144*5 0 6 45 12 0 Sealer's Cove 39 4 30 10 11 Shoalhaven 6 8 Solander Cape 34 0 45 151 15 50 11 30 5 7 St. Vincent's Gnlph. •. 34 8 30 10 30 6 8 Sydney 33 51 0 151 *15 0 Thistle Island 35 6 0 136 11 30 74' 0 Thorny Passage 6 8 Windsor ..(m )

PORT PHILIF

THAT part of New Holland which extendsJrom Twofold Bay on the east coast, to the 141st degree of east longitude, bordering on the new province of South Australia on the west, being a distance of 500 miles; and from Bass's Straits on the south coast, to the River Murray on the north, and part of the province of New South Wales on the north* east coast—being an average of 250 miles in breadth from north to south, comprising within these limits an area of eighty millions of acres—is termed at present the district, or province, of Port Philip.—- From the richness of the soil, and the salubrity of the climate, between the degrees of 35 and 39 south latitude, it is one of the finest portions of that extensive country hitherto explored. Within this boundary is included that part of Australia lately surveyed by Sir Thomas Mitchell, Surveyor Gene* ral, and denominated by him Australia Felix. I had the pleasure of presenting letters of introduction to Sir Thomas, with whom I had an interview 282 POKT PHILIP. immediately after his return fromtha t country; and he assured me it was much the best part of Australia he had ever seen, and that is was well calculated for either pasture or tillage. Port Philip is an immense basin, 85 miles either way, with a narrow entrance, about a mile and a half wide, safe and deep enough to admit vessels of any sue. They must enter at low water, or flood of tide, which rises here about six feet It is situ­ ated in 38? 18" south latitude, and 144° 38' east longitude. The harbour is secure, and large enough to contain all the navies in the world. There are numerous sandbanks about the middle of the har­ bour which break the reach of the waves when the wind is southerly, so that vessels ride easier aft Anchor near Melbourne. The eastern passage is die deepest, and consequently most secure. The charts of the accurate and indefatigable Flinders are found to be correct, not only here, but in every place on die Australian coast that he has laid down, with die exception of some places where there might be shifting banks of sand. Melbourne i* situated at the head of the bay, on the north side, about nine miles up a river, which admits vessels of sixty tons burden. The town is building where the water is fresh, at the head of the navigable part of the stream. This colony is calculated to contain about five thousand inhabitants, of whom about fifteen hundred reside in Melbourne. There are four FOJLT. PHILIP. 288 hundred atock-statiew, which pay J01O per amum each, a& a licence to graze their flocka and herds^ for the purpose of raising a revenue to support the police, and to exclude improper characters from obtaining such indulgence. It is computed that on an average there are 2000 sheep at each station, with a proportionate number of horses and cattle: this was the calculation at the beginning of this year, 1889. The land-sales very improperly take place at Sydney, the capital of New South Wales, which is six hundred miles from Melbourne; so that a settler, or intending purchaser, must travel 1300 miles backward and forward, and perhaps be outbid by some company, or land-jobbers, who reside ia Sydney, and intend speculating in land, under the impression that, as improvement takes place around their allotments, it must rise in value without these incurring any expence. Will the Government sit quietly by, and see such monopoly of land take place, to the exclusion of die industrious aud enter­ prising colonist ? Such monopolists (if the presents impolitic sales of land are to be continued) should he compelled to lay out a certain sum anfcuaUy* equal to one-fourth of the amount of the purchase* money, on the improvement of the kndso purchased, wUch would prevent such jobbing speculations. - The following account of land-aaks will give-* convincing proof of the necessity of .same hywrf this kind. The parties therein stated JUW warebaftte &$ POET THILIF. ill Sydney, wHh the eitcapteon

WILL WILL ROOK PARISH. . 1 8. d. '> I Hughes and Hosting.,..* 1174 aqccs 0 3 ; 3 T. Walker * 930 * 9 8 4 R. Campbell 855 • 9 2 6 Hughes and Hosking 1143 . 9 6 7 Wills 880 n 9 9

: 8 Hughes and Hosking*. 084 • 8 9 9 Ditto 840 • 6 9 10 Salting and Gerrard 959 • 9 3 12 N. Campbell 1180 if 8 9 13 Hughes and Hosking 1*50 « 8 6 r U N.Campbell .._...»«« 640 • 7 a WOLLERT PARISH. CSections not numbered,) Hughes and Hosking 1260 » 7 3 Ditto 670 • 7 9 Ditto 1065 » 6 0 Ditto 1065 - 8 0 Ditto \ 865 « 7 0 Ditto 1268 • 7 3 P. Callogan 1095 » 7 6

. The foregoing lots formed a portion of the. very best situations in the colony near Melbaorney without any reservation of water in rivers, lakes, or lagoons, which, it cannot be too often repeated; should be reserved as public property; otherwise the neighbouring land will become perfectly useless to any person,, except those who have secured Abe »BX ramm 335 sight of wMUaw The amount of. the land-Bales at Eort Philip has been added to the revenue of New South Wales, to build gaols, penitentiaries, and palaces at Sydney; while every obstacle has been thrown in the way of this rising colony. Formerly they were allowed to bond and warehouse articles in the King's Store, liable to duty until such time as. they were required. This was deemed too much indulgence, and the order was rescinded; so that eviery article must be charged with duty, and the amount paid before they leave the ship:—and such have been the harsh measures resorted to,.that I have known* man, who built his hut with some timber he cut on the waste lands, who was compelled, after the erection of it, to carry back the timber to the place he procured it from. The poor fellow was so hurt at this treatment, that he left the colony in disgust. • This' colony should be formed into a separate Government, for which a precedent has been already established in South Africa, Graham's Town being about the same distance from Cape Town, six handted miles, as Melbourne is from Sydney.—It would be uttetiy impossible that it could prosper, if .its vitals were dragged to adorn the capital of News Sputh Wales, which is inferior to it in every respect, of either extent, soil, climate, or situation. - - I would no* advise any intending emigrant' to tttke out wooden houses to any of these coloring: *86 TOUT f HIEIF* ftey will cost as much foe setting up as the first eost-price. A good tent, veil lined with green babe, a camp-bed, a spring cart with a good steady house, a few cooking utensils, a double-bairel gtm, a kangaroo dog and pointer, with a fishing rod, should complete the establishment of an early settler. Thus equipped, he may travel from one aid ef New Holland to the other with his flocksan d herds and a few stockmen; and if hit neighbour drive his stock to the right, he may take-to the left; for there need be no strife between them, there being roam .and scope enough for all the emigrants that may go there for many years to come.**-! WHS introduced to a gentleman some time ago, who teid me. he was going to settle in the district of Peat Philip, mndvthat he had ordered a wooden house, and a crate of crockery ware, with many otbejf articles of luxury. I advised him by all means to countermand tjie order, and to substitute a tent, and a few tin plates and dishes that would bear cawiag^ and shift bis station like an Auah, foe the pppeeeof procuring fresh pasture, and a favourable tttnatton. This, X conceive, would be bettet amuse^ i?ent for officers not too far advanced in life* o* halfrpay, than to waste their time tombing fat dubr houses, and slewing on ea$y djtairs* They might equip themselves in the manner dewribfcfl, andr wjdy ati the pleasures of the&ld and the chaee, ma^ cp«ntiy where they may sleep with safety in thft«pts» POST PHILIP. 887 air, and where their dream would not be haunted oar disturbed with either gamekeepers or game-laws. The aborigines of this delightful country are not numerous: there are only two tribes, of about 800 each, in die country around Melbourne. They are perfectly harmless, and some of them will kill game, such as the quail, which are fine and nume-> rons; the wild bronze-wing pigeon; all the varieties ef waterfowl, from the blade swan to the widgeon | the kangaroo, which is much esteemed, and often weighing £00 pounds. Fish are numerous, and of great variety: bream are quite a drug at Melbourne* winch the natives take in great quantities. I gave ate of them, who did me the honour of exchanging names with me (esteemed by them one of the greatest compliments they can bestow), a few fishing hooks to take some fish. He returned soon after rmsttccessful; and, laying his heed on his hand* shut hie eyes* and said that the fish had til gone to sleep. ' In their wars with each other they are very vindictive and implacable: Ibey will revenge an injury of many years' standing, which is transmitted hy them from fatfeer to so*. The Wfeaweuron§ tribe, wfawh inhabit die cotnMry about thirty wiles to rf» north-east of Melbourne, took a firieod of teitfe, Mr* H—, who has. a stock-station in that jut ef the* country, into their tribe, which thtfy esteem a great favour. They ail disappeared very £38 POET PHItT*. suddenly, for which no <*ng could afcbftimt, and were absent fbr some days. On their return they sent fop Mr. H—, and requested him to attend their least and corrobarey. He enquired where they had been, and they told him that their enemies at Western Port, called the Wydourang tribe, had defeated and killed a great number of their friends about forty years ago, and as they had now beome acquainted with the use of fire-arms, they were quite a match for them; that they had gone to war, and had taken ample revenge for their former losses; and shewed him about thirty baskets filled with the ferascular parts of die bodies of their enemies, whom they bad slain in battle. The flrefe were already lighted, and the frying-panswer e put in requisition; to prepare what to them was the most delicious food. Jflr. H—- sickened at the sight, and begged to be focused from joining in the feast, saying that, although blade flesh might be very good for black men* it always made a white man side. They were qaite offended at his refusal; but, persisting in the excuse, they at length allowed him to depart; whilst he could hear the frying-pans resound with dressing the flesh of their enemies for their cannibal repast.- -. Perceiving that.this part of the country wto tofatty neglected by die Government, a few eatetf prising individuals crossed the straits from VaA Bremen's Land in the year 1885, and took posset bum of the land surrounding Port Philip. They ***«; ?Q?*ft*» W9 £PMp*e£ infc> ^treaty with the aborigines for tht sale of *he land^ which the Groternmetit would not all©*, claiming for the Crown the right of preemption. Mr. Gellibrand, an eminent lawyer from Hobart Town, was a great promoter of the scheme. Hfe gained an exploring party, some of whom went by water to a certain point Mr. GeUihrand and Mr. J&sse, anotiier lawyer, went on horseback, taking a guide. They mistook their way to the place of rendezvous, when the guide wished them to turn back, and refused to accompany them any farther. They persisted in proceeding; but no trace of either of them has ewr been discovered. It is conjectured that they fell in with some hostile tribe of natrres* jpxl, being unarmed, and unprepared for a journey, leaving only, one;biscuit between them, they were either murdered, or famished in die woods. Yagga" Yagga, one of the native chiefs who signed the treaty for the sale of the territory, or rather mink ^ mark in any way that was desired, had a son njpned Barrook, who exchanged names with Mn Gellibrand, and is better known by that name than bis own. Ha accompanied two gentlemen as a guide, an^ rode a spare horse of theirs for upwards of one hundred miles into the interior, while they rode in *&& N<* being much accustomed to the saddle, ftajrook did not relish trotting, but could sit the bouse,at full gallop as well as any European. The gig came in contact with the stump of a tree, and 840 POST PKlbl*. was capsised:—Barrack pufehk hand*<*ft*his ttdep, and laughed immoderately, laying tfcafr Ac**4 whted- barrow tumble over I" that being the only machine of the wheel Jrind he had ever seat faefrte. He-is well-formed, and, for his opportunity, intettigewt-^ an excellent fowler, and observes the rale* ef the sport in company as well as the most perfect tpbtes- man.—Nothing excites the astoD&ahraent of the natives more than lueifcr-matches: they cannot u»- derstapd how a white man can cany fire in bft pocket which would burn a black man. Barron* took the match-box, turned out ail the match*, looked at them one after another; bat could n*t make out where the fire was concealed. It is to be regretted that no means are yet put in practice to instruct the rising generation of this inters! ting portion of the human race. Shortly after the arrival at Port Philip of die first adventurers, a white man of Herculean form and appearance joined the party: he was clothed in the skins of the kangaroo and opossum. Be was & perfect fae-shmle of Andrew Selkirk, the Robinson Crusoe of De Foe; He could spade a few words of English; but in die first instance was scarcely understood in this his native \am> guage, not having seen one of his countrymen: for thirty-three years, during which time he had lived with the natives of the country. I had his history from his own lips soon after, when he became mnv rai&i?» sl4l . fb&tk naastor tfkv uurtbePLtongaej which £fte# io ha^raMfferttf'ttteeiM badJbrgBtXen* He ttM ioe hb name #aa Willi** BoeUey, that he was ban in the patiek of Mar*in> near* Macclesfield, te -CteahiftylaiidwMbjtf^ that he aoHstod in th*v4th ItegiiMrt rfFcbt, anil served under the Dufce tofYork in Handed He stood about aut fWt four incfeea high, was the tallest man in tberegialen* b»t o»e Who tookth e ri^ht^white t be stood c*» *he left of the <*ret>afeher cdnipany. Ha accoe^pwwd Goleoel Collin* with the expe- d&qo ijitepded to gokmae the Southern ooatt trf New Hottanji, #oA waa Jeft behind .by stone chamfe ar fcfeeifftnttrite*.th e feet tailed^ to form a-Nettie. mm* A* Hohatft T*w» in Van* Dmnetfb Land, Jie ummttt&w&k tbo aborigines, who- treated him with great reVereaoe^ a weyftnd respect. The £iafc« wherebe tfpenttoast/ofht a tune**fetiittailed Bock* %'ft Drops, near aeaseade by A *i*er4kieV wfcwfe be atmld at all time* procure abundance of fish; upon whmbt with, the fleah of the kangnrdoy he Iked plenJttfuUjf if not happily. Duritig all thfc tirndbfe hvad without either salt, spirits* o* tobacco, which to a& Englishman mtoat at firs* b4.agreat ptifciisfc WMffiti hos»ever»he became fat aftd robufety Weighing, when hit cauatrymen laadedy Upwards of eighteen rtane—Sfueb <# the success which attended the early fteitkr* aid the fiiendly footing oil which fktym^4tmbtodfby the aatlre^ & to be attrii

M a** Bmmimnre th«e roifUbaflpeaK>ta'fa& sonwttttag prbvMenttafy asit i* to be hoped thai the aivftiwitbrt: tfqW aborigines wiU beMtebd0drt9,atidrtheiv»iCpll^ timm religions iruth out Jttgketady *ttri^- afte* *Uyift tlte only legitimate right wvhatfe to'tofi datm to, in taking possesion of their ^otttttty;r >'^ ii The right or black whale faqaentft tfee tttflfc eeasfrof this province, where t*o &M*ig >*taJ6#nte are established; one at Port Fairy, about ^thirty* itdleH to die eastward of Fottkud Bay, ^riskBi^ltei betsnee*, Cape Nelson and Cape Sir Wtittea* Grant, in latitude 98* W eotftb and 14V*&5> eaM bngitade. Th» bay aflbwJs good stoke* fbraMps daring the winter month*, > the wind bto they were'obliged to w&it until they conM proeure more frbm iMBfi eeston? and-in the interim, as ttie fish were le&flg the- oil, they: dug holes in the earthy ptem*- ing them round with adhesive driy, fertoMfidl they emptied the oil: but before the cadkfr aiffctfil$ hostel it hid ooteed through thseatthl > A1 family named Kfeftty haw squatted here, wh6*'ha*e3ffiHL siderable numbers of cattle and sheep grarfftg^l the waste iaad* 6f th*ooteny. A*hort*ifafeagoim«fthegtfis w

ttentj* itiMiMdd a£tUridnilt9 fatefingibafri f he did iHft'piiittaibbiiity dorm after par tbric U*e«lt.iot» e»6«ititoo«^ aiuli*UHd*r$d ike sbtp- htftL*; Hu(»rata rowed imenge* and, anmug them%eiww,ywiih muskets, powder, and ball,* the 9ptt& md ibeiiraddy proved no matth for such deadty^weapons, and irambecs of the poor natives f^/Th^tauflfc«red all-the forces they could collect fr««n/thfe)ae^iboUiiig tribes with the intention ofi dftrttoytngthe stock of the aggressors; bist then* attft&bci&gr foreseen, the stack were removed^ ^ffeienttiweto preservetbe«a* Theythenattacked theehepbercfeand stock of aiiejghbouriag settler?, 3fa*>Wj ni' jwbp^hadnoiatimation ftoroJusadigii* hgtoof vha£ was going forward, but heajrd aofci* imUHf that4w attack on biro was premeditated? for it in the practice of these untutored children of j^tare,tohave revenge in some shape or other fdt ajtyJpjjHyrdwy may. aua^ainn-if not on the prin* eipai. at least on his next ne%M>our s—rtaiat attack j^i&rjtfeljtifkby tibesltf^herddi n their omi defence, tfeftoglvjiex wtfjboui bloodshed ameog the unfrr- 1MiialSfnatvve& .[L:MifeJbefo*e on Van Dieiaetfe Land, when I mroBMuended that no unmarried shepherds ihoold be allowed to come in contact with the natives on M8 m HMtT.tHItl* the borders of coloriigatkuh; hut that inanried men only,, whose, wives should accompany thero, ought tobe permittedto^sudajntuations* P«t, Fairy has a whaling station, at present occupied by Mr* J. Griffiths, owe of the most soterprising agd useful settlers in Van Diejaen?s Land, who haa built several ahips^f colonial ftim* berraod i&now a considerable ship-owner- . .,.- The ^authorized poasesaon of firowoL, «*r V£*te landau such places as Portland Bay, should ppt.fc permitted- Where there ia neither police, nor tegfcl authority to. enforce respect or obedience to the }&vr% a collision, with the natives.iasive to occur, jp^T^CjDJ^cljr if the precaution heretofore,stated if /no( attended to;—murders; ate oertain to ensue, and interminable warfare and extermination be­ tween the nacres and stock^nen are the natural co*. seqn^pc^; the aborigines in rtiany instances shewing more forbearance and humanity than the boasted civilization of their intrudersexhibit towards, then*. A&.'.iqitfUKS of this kind ktely c

H 3 .* • * '- •''•:':-.- ii 'ioi t;vi:*<^

• • .* ' ••:--•>•. -K. n; cv ;-; SOUTH AUSTBALIA: ; ^

• _ • *r:s. runs

CHAPTER L .ir.^'^J!

SOIL, CLIMATE, NATURAL PKOJWjCTiq^* Aftrf?

SOUTH AUSTRALIA was erected into a British province by Act of Parliament, 5th Wm. IV.- cap. 95* It lies between the 18£d and 141st meridian of eatt longitude, and between the Southern Ocfcto and the -88th degree of south latitude; whichfis <*>mpu ted to be double the extent of Great jBrtoriii Tfte'«8th clause enacts thfct if, "after the «*Jaittfatt jrf ten years from the passing of this Act; the popft- latton ahatt be less than 90,000 rmtural-borf* s«fr- jects of His Majesty, the lands retnaifllng ufasrfd shall be disposable by the Crowti.-: \ '™v*\vm By the'Sfh clause of the regulations ft*"the m disposal of land in the cciktay, the leases tflimUd lands are tobe for thrfee years, flte tenant hkftng a right of renewal in preference to *fty oth#tfp£ti- SOIL, f L**AT«, &C. 847 cant Cultivation of the soil, and the felling of timber, to be disallowed. The land, or any portion of it, to be liable to sale; and if sold, the lease to terminate on a notice of two months, the tenant having & iHg^t/of tenewfilrtd unfcok} portions of it The foregoing sapient regulation does not argue much acquaintance, in the framers of it, with colo­ nial matters, or the system of colonization. For instanoe-*-«uppose a person rent 2000 acres for three years, to graft? sheep and cattle, he must erect huts for his stock-keepers, and folds for his she£p arid cattle, in convenient'statxonsr; build a hut for his own use, if he intend to oversee his own business'; but he cannot form a garden, or culti­ vate a cabbage—he qannot cut down as much wood as wiil cook his victuals; and'if a pasting specula­ tor in land choose to select the spot for purchase ron tffcioh his huts are erected, he must give them ?tip' on receiving two months1 notice to quit, and .titscai&p* with his stock-keepers and stock, to some tttfter location, where perhaps he is served, the same -fcriek. It is true that the regulation very-wisely although they had been then tw yc^ gstabUahcd in the colony, they had not tew wrwof com in ctfltrmie». : I w*a told that there was some wheat sown m North Ade­ laide, tf here* I wm% t6 see such a curiosity; and on . arriving at the garden belonging ta M*< Hack^I 80f»* •CtfttATOi fce. £19 perceived Abat«bn^flth4afefcad been reaped—the straw semrfrhably toft,, aid the grain shrivelled) an4 j§ot hilf ad avetf^emp, I was informed that there 'was a much, better 4pe6im6ti of wbeat to be qeen at a,garden belotfgwg to Mr. Bear** whieb I bad alsa the. .curiosity, to. inspect, and 09 my way met with m gentleman to whom X bad been intro­ duced, at Adelaide, Surgeon Jame*en> who had served umber General Evan* in bis Jata Spanish campaign- Ha consented to accompany me; and after so toe. difficulty, iron* the great; distance at which:the ,hnts ire asunder, we discovered the garden of wheat: it was'too short lor reaping, and a mower was endeavouring to ept jit with a scythe; but it was so thin, that he could notj form what is called, in farming phrase, a swathe; in consequence a main followed him with; a rake, to collect the scat­ tered heads of corn* From die higb price of labour,* which is seven shillings per day for a com­ mon labourer, it wee our opinion that the produce would not pay the coat that produced it Having heard muck of the land between Ade­ laide and Mount Lofty, the surgeon promised to take ian excursion witfc me to see it. We eadca* soured to procure homes for hire, to> no purpose*, •a we; could get no, mode of conveyances and the Weather was remarkably warm, the *hermbme*er (Fahrenheit) being Win the shade; we agreed to stert early in the morning on fimt| so as to be M 5 Me tfc as&fid' the hill* befift* the'Wfv app^ttt** above the horteon. We toad' tttissed 4he gpaftf between the city, as it is colled, *&d thtlb&se ftfotar mountain range, of which Mount Ixrfty tom*sUne apex, before daylight, without a gride; bmtmg followed the track which the buUoek^ttrtffposhncf in drawing timber to enclose attoftoeBte, andntn build the city, which they procure -frab twebrerid fourteen miles from thence, near tbe summit of. the mountain-range, th#re not being a* much tatbetfas would split into paling for the enclosure of .a single allotment to be found neater. We found; therilrst tier to be composed of white limestone ta chalk, the next slate, and the third sandstone miseckwth freestone, and granite on the summit of the range; On the ffirstrang e there was good kangaroo grass* but the declivities were too precipitous for sneep> And the rapines were so narrow at the bottom*, which appeared' to be cut up by torments hi winter^tbatra person might step across from the base of .CMS declivity to another. I should suppose that these hills might suit the experiment of rearing, tbtt Cashmere and Angora goat. Th&foraier:pqediioBa about an ounce of fine silky wool, n£:*rhieh:4ba fomous Cashmere shawls ave made; tbe^ latter^; I believe, produces mohair; and ifor itijia purposfe these hills might .perhaps he!worth row shilling per acre. Near, and on the summit of the rangey the land is utterly valueless; except for tbe timber 8«H*„ eiOMATtir *&* 851 «i^rtjatgood ferae. When we arrived at.the aumini* <*£>th« mountain, we had an excellent view of direct the. survey *# *aory> **tnp*ct dktiaet withmrtbeeokagp oftmegJ^mtttoatcU kig« 15,000' aams$ . and;' wkhutifcurtae* days; after tbepuhhoatioxi of *uttkaurveya*t tkeJLaod-office, to"' aeieet thiedbend. ireot any. part of tfefcdiatabrt before aay other applicant" Thgse.are: cailed>^wwfial sarrcejs* A genilemaQ>'ht-xo!^^ wbdoa»*xf this, law., has iitelyl possessed htasctf of 4#00 acrwofihajd Bear Mount Bfrrfcetv >vhish. ^ esteemed the. best pto&iJ&Ldisttset ro the pnaimee; eidting of course the best part of 15,000 acr,es in a strip along a river-side* the only one for several utiles meat Ik seleeden* sa that, afehoiigh he has nomwnlty oriy.40^ upwards .^f.aO^OOO acres*wfar «K» person will purchase bod witbauti the vafeofi trafer ;»a»d iaa start tine a iw .imie fspeoat .aiunwys-wiU leave this pail of 4te cpkwy v^ud^Si to any otber than those who Awe aetata ^to of w«tar« As abeady observed, ttttroei^fek^kgoctosja^ should he vesereedt for public use*: by xetabring a space of atfetetaaofei^dareAyacdftJoi^ their banks; if not, jthe rdoowbderof these land* wiilth*ebe]eftc» the and entered Port Lincoln^ where, in three days, she had five whale* afcmg<* aide, and never weighed anchor until she fiUedrug s with oil for France, and sailed once *&ore pas* pani roadstead of Encounter Bay for a fishing strflSon, foone of«the finest • harbours' in. the *wSouth Australian Company, whose affairs seem to keep pace with the prosperity of tfee new province.i I will venture to assert,-from the iafcraiatioti I; have received, that the single Frend* ship mentioned, which entered Pott Lin-: coiw, took more oil to France, the produce of her season** fhfaiag, than all the oil which the-eight ships and twenty whale-boats of the South Austin lian) Company produced fay fishing in two* years/ > . We were accompanied by two guide** to tfatf summit of Mount i Lofty, Sweden on ;one shilling a day than he coaiki in South Australia for ten shillings a day \ for that m SOUTH AgSff&AUA* fixeiy article and necesdary of Jife was dear in proportion to the amount of the. wages. The other guide was a* Irishman, .named Brennan,. who earned good wages by felling and splitting timber for the uae of the colony «•. They would not take any money forthei r troubb, stating that they had enough to supply their wants. We returned the following day to Adelaide, calling at a gentlecaan^ house at the foot of the Tiers, who kindly gave us' refresh, meat. He had people engaged in snaking a well :—* they had gone to the.depth of 110 fee* without procuring water. He and his brother had lately left India, bringing some cdoliea with them, who they thi?k will suit the labour in the suatalfcr ninths better than English constitutions, in South Australia. .. " , Having gone over the space of ground that separates the Tiers from, the City of Adelaide, before daylight the preceding Efco?ning» we, could make but few observations on either, the quality of the soil, or the pa^^re, particularly as we were pursued by. a ferocious!,bull, whose bellowiiig was neither very pleasant nor musical to our ears. I requested my companion to fiie his pifitoi at him, which, he told W3, psi starting, he- had provided hhpasejf, with; but* .on .examination, it. wanted-a percussion-cap,.and was of.no,manner, of use* This discovery, 1 though*, nxade my friend tfaa surgeon t^ke longer strides than he usually seemed SOIL, CLIMATE, fee. 257 to do. Asr Be had often witnessed the ferocity of these animak at the bullfights in Spain, he appeared to- entertain a horror of them; and we came to ihe resolution that the belter part of valour was discretion,' and th,at toe should gain but little by attempting to «f"take the bull by the horns ;w so m glided into a thicket, which wi thought at the moment was providentially placed therb to favour our escape. We mentioned the qirdumstance to

#4 The following is the cost of enclosing.^ jyns of land, which is comprised in one. aUo^roept in, tiff City of Adelaide, in December, 1838;— f • . 104 posts, at 30s. per hundred.-. £1 10 0 . 208 rails, at SOs. ditto...... 3 2 0 2000 paling, at £2 per thousand 4 0 0 * Carriage of ditto from the moun- !* tains, 9 loads, at £3 per load 27 0 0 il Nails ;. oi2 o' 1 , Workmanship of 73 rods, at 5s. per rod...... —.—•—•—•••• 18 5 0

* , i; have be?n assured by a rgftsgeniw ^di«S!# ppoa^deHtiai official situation m. AdefeMfe: tk#t ^ jifttd «£3Q0 for epplosi^g. twelve ^res.of la^ qfjgi £fc adfpon^ gating* feno^ acrgg*^qtyotaffift, W^^MATJU &* tit rmblTwdipifogSi jri^^H^fiw^*k^^fkiv i .« 01 u&efategtangjtiaiheTaiea* whwbta *natf po* to^rfJandrtifl wcbfcdjinUWR City rf ArialaUk* aCbe^louUtfein of tJ^ an^uot w^iwd tq e^cfertf $mfarLtf*&rtyt*Qne tatfa# and twenty am* tt;ea*Jirjm*fte% ^ L^ cam** he safely odtiirateil mtiMt i*.*»cloje&i ,#gfi$*$»» doing so with eth^f toidispbB&aftit in tfc* best'ttmrnwrhd oould, andte rate to preve*t> the itanily firom follbwiilg thcto^ Mfaiofa had been their intention * whiles he r*tttttted JLaunceston in the same ship he had^etobarltfed hi fiom thence^ in despair, of being able to do any thing for himself or friends in South Australia. •The average range of Fahrenheit's thermometer during that part of the month, of December* 1888, la which ItamJuoed at Adelaide* was 89° m the shade* and 110° in the sun, and tins was only-tht teeofcd month of the Australian auminer. The months of January and February are much warmer. ^Vegetation lingered. The produce Of the gardens, except the melon and cucumber, appeared dry and parched. A hire of bees, which a passenger an board our ahip had brought fiom Van Diemeiris Land,, seemed scarcely able to support itself with food, from the paucity of blossoms and flowers of plants and shrubs. I do not therefore think that they have the same chance of success in a dry .parched climate, as they have in one of greater SOIL, CUMATJS, && S61 moisture. Summer seems to be the and season of the year in this part of the world The natural productions of this province are the same as those of New South Wales and Van Die* men's Land The quadrupeds are of that class termed " Marsupial," or pouched animals, and ana now so well known as to require no description* The kangaroo is the principal animal of that class, and is the chief support of the aborigines of the country* The pairoMribeawviuScttiB and beautiful, and the water-fowl aoe abundant) and as various as in other parts of New Holland . CHAPTER It j ^a

PORT AND CITY OF ADELAIDE.'

THE City of Adelaide is distant six miles from the port; the entrance to which from St. Vincent's Gulf is in the shape of a half-moon, or semicircle, so that the wind, which brings you half-way after crossing die bar, fail* to take you farther. The place being too narrow for tacking there, you must TO&for tidier a fair wind to take you the remainder , or be towed down to the port The dfttckia so naroaw that ships must anchor aheadUand astefti of each other, and preserve a distance toswingiwstb ths tide, so tha* abort halfca-dazen ehips^ili accapy a space of about ha&frimife in length. A etaaft has been cut, about the width ef a boetf* jwatt>the over to the sandhill, about 800 yards; on tfabfcnkft tif which merchandise ia landed &ota the basts;)fa is therefore only at certain times of th* tide ,dq* vessels can <£scharge their c«^, whwiv r^odw* their delay here very tedious ami unpleasant, «fl laborious to all persons employed. The toOowag POET AND Cfigr.ipF. ADELAIDE. 26S is the report of the Master of His Majesty's ship Buffalo on the inefficiency of the harbour, on the first settlement of the province under Governor Hindmarsh. Such is the high price of labour at this place, that the narrow excavation, in imitation of a canal, which is neither wide enough for boats to pass each other, nor deep enough to be of much service, as it can only.be used at or near high- water, cost eight hundred pounds.

stfCrWwt* &%&& of tfa ffarbwr of Part Adtfauk,:: *; ' H. M. S. Buffalo at ancW off Glendg iplaini) " -: * South Australia, March 4, WSft."'"'*v .: 8m, . ' -: •' -;-•; »•• : -Having complied with ycftflr orders* and separately weighed every drcumstance attettdttn^ getting into the harbour of Adelaide • with -His Majesty'* ship Buffido, under your ctimmandy I teg lepve to furnish some remarks, widr ther most fyijtfcful report I can conscientiously make; arf i am kridut/bound to acquk myself towards* yo»* and tobe coiicemed fbt the safety of the ship a*4 all on bdaiti I therefore respectfully submit- that tfce wind, weather, and tides cannot be depended aptti, wtor© particularly in the vicinity of what I deektt the* most intricate part, approaching the har- bur* but so variable and uncertain have they been vfodnd since our arrival, that they have been £64 80VTH AUSTRALIA* remarked to be Its* steady than in my. other place* The bar, with the other banks of send near H, I found tety dangerous* and the entrance not more than the breadth of a abip of large btotbcn; and although the highest water may rather exceed three fitthoms at spring tides,, the lowest water it barely one fathom and a quarter; which was aha found to be the case on another considerable space* or bar, at the distance of more than four miles: the channel between these two bars being generally in width little more than the lepgth of a large ship, and open to the most frequent and violent winds prevailing on this part of the coast; and not admit­ ting of tacking and wearing, or anchoring with any certainty of safety, should there be occasion to do so quickly* It is necessary to have high-water to cross jtfee sear-bar v and the tide of the sea-coast being very little influenced by this entrance, it wpuld.be better to wait and have slack water, or it will *un qtjliquely to the channel whilst you are passing the most dangerous parts; so that a large ship must wait for another day's tide before she can cross the second bar, subject to changes of weather for twenty-four hours,, or probably longer; and should the wind blow across the channel, the dependence of riding safely will be on a short scope of cable: therefore a ship of heavy burthen, like, the Buffalo, by any PORT AND CITY OF ADELAIDE. 265 accident whatever touching the ground, and not getting off immediately, which is most likely to happen at this lime of tide, some damage might reasonably be expected to happen to an old ship like her, or blowing hard, a total loss, or some such calamity, before any assistance could be procured; indeed none but our own resources could be ex- pected, being twenty miles from any locality. Danger might accrue to any ship getting ashore. The Buflalo, however, notwithstanding her* age, works less in a gale of wind, and shews more signs of strength, than almost any ship I ever sailed in. A bar-harbour is generally to be approached with caution, and requires long practice, but more so when the breadth of the channel and depth of water are so nearly alike; the ship's breadth and draught, which in this instance would be the ease, making the steerage rather difficult. After remaining on the spot for several days, attentively sounding, and examining, in the locality of the harbour, the sea-channel, and the other parts best and chiefly suited for vessels, I found that the Buffalo, throughout the greatest part of the inside harbour, would sew at low tides from three to ifive feet; and there was only one anchorage, in an inconvenient part of it, of moderate extent, that the ship could be moored in any commonly decent mfcnner—I mean to say, in such as would be con­ sidered suitable for the security of a King's ship during the worst season of the year. N 266 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. In offering this statement, my best judgment has been used, aided by the experience of upwards of forty years in constant employment, out of which twenty-eight were passed in His Majesty's set vice, bearing the responsibility of Master in one or other ships of war, acting as pilot in all cases during that period, happily without an accident; which leads me to declare that I would not risk, or attempt to recommend, a vessel of more than between three or four hundred tons, or drawing more than twelve or thirteen feet, to use the harbour at present.

And such is the miserable place selected by the colonists. After escaping all the dangers and inconveniences pointed out by this experienced and skilful person, you at length arrive at a ditch, where you can only work at particular times of tide, which are exceedingly irregular. Fresh water is scarce and dear: the water for the Buffalo cost near JP100, when put on board! tyhat infatuation, then—* what madness must have possessed the people, who could prefer such a place to Port Lincoln, where there is plenty of fresh water, and where all the fleets of Great Britain could ride secure!

The following account of charges for carriage of goods, &c. from the Port to the City of Adelaide, distance six miles, will shew the expence attending their delivery, which is equal to the cost of their transit from England to South Australia* POET AND CITY pF ADELAIDE. $$T

Port Adelaide, 30th November, 1838. JOHN RUSSELL, ESQ. To ROBERT TODD, For Charges on following Goods, ex "Briton," CapUHamugen. 132 Boxes Raisins—wharf 66s., porterage 2d. each, agency 66s. £7 14 0 Housing do.—agency Id. 0 11 0 18 Boxes Fruits—wharf 4s. Id., porterage and hous­ ing 2s„ agency 4s. Id 0 10 2 1 Keg Barley—wharf 6d., porterage & housing 6d.9 agency 6d 0 15 6 21 Ditto, reshipped—porterage and housing 3d., agency 6d 0 15 9 8 Cases Sherry Agency 6d. 0 4 0 £0 Bags Coffee—wharf 6d., porterage 3d.,.,, do. 6d. 3 2 6 Porterage, weighing 38 bags Coffee do. ljd. 0 4 9 98 Bags Rice—wharf 6d., porterage 3d. do. 6d. 6 2 6 60 Kegs Tobacco do. 6d. 15 0 141 Bags Sugar—wharf 6d., porterage 3d. ... do. 6d. 8 16 3 67 Ditto do. 3d. do. 6d. 2 2 9 Porterage, weighing these last do. l&d. 0 7 1 4 Packages Tea—wharf Is., porterage 6d.... do. Is. 0 10 0 50 Cases Gin do. 6d. 1 5 0 50 Half-pipes Wine—wharf Is. 6d., porterage Is. 3d. agency Is. 6d 10 12 6 50 Quarter do*—wharf 6d., porterage 4d., agency 6d. 3 6 8 8 Half do. reshipped—wharf Is. 6d., porterage Is.3d. agency Is. 6d 1 14 0 Duty on one case Claret 0 2 10 57 Cases. Claret—porterage ljd., agency 6d...... 1 15 7 3 Weeks of a Tent, hired specially for the goods per *' Briton," to Messrs. Dickson & Co., goods @ 21s. 1 11 6 Watchman, two nights 0 7 0 Two men opening and closing Boxes Fruits at Surrey.... 0 16 8 Frank Potts, quarter of a day, one Jialf preparing for do. 0 13 Two men fastening remainder of Boxes, surveyed hatf-a-day ...... 0 8 6 £54 8 9 Paid mterest on outlay £34.16s. 2d., 5 per cent... 1 11 9 NOTE—Porterage loading the drays will appear in the Account No. 2; but if any portion to this Account, it is calculated at 3s. a load. »2 £68 SOUTH AUSTEALIA.

' JOHN RUSSELL, Esq. To ROBEET TODD, Agent to the South Australian Company.

Customs on 1 hogshead Wine £2 11 1 4 quarter casks do., the fifth paid by you 4 17 8 ldo. Marsella 1 1 0 1 do. and 2 octaves 2 0 4 2 Permits for Wine 0 1 0—10 11 1 Porterage and loading 25 drays (Gov. rate 5s.) at 3s. 3 15 0 38 carts up to this day, 26 of which you own, at 2s. 6d. 4 15 0 6 four-bullock loads to Adelaide, at 25s. per load.... 7 10 0 18 six-bullock loads to Adelaide, at 35s. each 31 10 0 12 cart loads, 20s. each 12 0 0 Carriage of one cask, at 3s 6d 0 3 6 Carriage of half-a-load, at 10s. 0 10 0 8 little packages Tea ~0 3 4 3 large double chests Tea 0 18 0 £71 15 7

The port or harbour it appears was not dis­ covered to be so bad until several persons had built and improved upon their allotments: then the former Governor wrote in defence of it. The present Governor found fault with it, so far as will appear by the following document, that he is determined to change it to a place much farther removed from Adelaide—(where the next Governor may remove it to, remains in the womb of Time). The intended site is liable to inundation at high tides, and will consequently require to be raised considerably before PORT AMD CITY OF ADELAIDE. 269; quays or wharfs can be formed on it, or before car­ riages and horses can travel thereon; for at present it is a mere swamp. What the expence of per­ forming this Herculean task may be, it would be worth, while to enquire, while labour continues at the present enormous rate of seven shillings per day.

The following is the Order issued hy the new Governor on the subject of changing the Site of the Port.

PUBLIC NOTICE. His Excellency the Governor and resident Commissioner requests the attention of the Colo­ nists of South Australia to the following considera­ tions :— 1. However necessary it might have been, at the first settlement of the colony, to have fixed the authorized landing-place in its present situation, yet, in the now highly-advanced and rapidly advanc­ ing state of commerce and society, that situation has become most inconvenient, discreditable, and injurious to the public interests. £* About four miles further down the river, at the point at which the northern channel joins the main stream, there is a beautiful, very secure, and very commodious harbour. Ships can beat up either to or from it without danger; and, as the water.is deep in-shore, cargoes can be discharged at all times of die tide* His Excellency desires, with the v8 £70 SOtff H AUSTRALIA. unanimous cooperation of the eolonfef, to amVSA a new port near this point 3. The situation is so peculiarly desirably that it was thought of at a very early period; but the difficulties with regard to the surrounding hnd Wttte then too great to be encountered. 4. In high tides the ground, to a considerable extent, is covered with water, but the land is almost every where solid. It is not properly to be called a swamp. Almost every where it will, without any extraordinary precautions, support roads and build­ ings. A very great number of the most flourishing ports in the world have been erected in much worse situations. There exists no difficulty that the enterprising spirit of our colonists, in the prgg< state and prospects of the colony, is not able to overcome. 5. Individual exertions, however, would be of no avail: combination of effort is absolutely neces­ sary ; and His Excellency proposes the following plan as, in his opinion, the most sfttrpte and effec­ tual towards the attainment of Ma object :— That from 500 to 1000 acres at the proposed situation should be immediately surveyed, and put up for sale in accordance with the regulations; and that His Excellency, the resident Commissioner, should be allowed to purchase this land, with his own private funds, at the regular price, without any competition on the part of the colonists. PORT AND CITY OF ADELAIDE. 371 That after the ground shall have been properly laid out into convenient lots for a port-town, and due and Sufficient ftotaee given, these lots shall be put up singly to auction, and sold to the highest bidders. That, from the fund thus formed, the resident Commissioner shall forthwith withdraw the money advanced by him, with bank-interest, and place the whole of the residue in the hands of a committee, to be ejected by the holders of the port-lots. That this residue, under the ctirectktn of the oonuiuttee* Shall be applied to specific general pur­ poses* essential to th£ establishment of the port, audi ae the making of a great road across the Mangrove Swamp, the construction of a bridgg, th6 raising embankments, the catting main drains, b&> fee- To the holders of the twenty-nine town acres at the present port, and of sections with road front* age on the present great high road, would be given the option of exchanging their present lots for lots at the new port, and their present sections for sections on the new fine of roai Up to the period of the concluding sale by auction, no risk Would be incurred but by the resident Commissioner. That risk His Excellency is cfuite willing to undertake; having convinced himself, by close examination, that the situation referred to is most N 4 m SOUTH AUSTBALIA. peculiarly marked out by nature as the port, and that, in this free and commercial country, nothing can long prevent it from being there established. GEO. M. STEPHEN. GEORGE HALL. Land Office, Adelaide, December 4,1888.

The City of Adelaide is composed of one thou­ sand allotments of land, containing one acre-each. It is divided into North and South Adelaide by a stream of fresh water, which is a torrent in the. winter months, but during summer is a succession, of stagnant pools:—the little dribbling communion tion between them is kept up until the heat at the latter end of that season dries it up .-—the editor of the South Australian Gazette calls it " a stream which you may span with your finger and thumb* and dip with your fore-finger." This stream is seen? for some distance below Adelaide, where it is lost u» the sand near the port, which has no fresh water* but such as must be carted about two miles from the nearest water-hole they can find. The stream is lined on both sides with mud huts, about eighteen* feet long by about ten wide, and six feet high—the gable-ends a little higher, and thatched with reeds. These are principally inhabited by tradesmen, labourers, and brickmakers. I took shelter in one PORT AND CITY OF ADELAIDE. 278 of them from a shower of rain, which no sooner fell than it was dried up by the parched earth. It con­ sisted of only one room, in one end of which was a bed; a fire-place, in which were a few embers, occupied the opposite end: the gables were built with dried balls of earth, without any cement. The furniture consisted of only a few articles necessary for culinary purposes. I enquired of the woman of what trade was her husband. She replied that he was a boot-closer, but could get no employment; that she was a person who had been employed in London as a semstress; that her husband had gttle out to try to get some work as a day-labourer, which she said he did not understand; and exclaimed, iritih a sigh, that London folk had no business thfere. A little higher up from the river-side, the second tier of houses are built, of the same material; some of them a little larger. On the crest of the emi­ nence a few brick houses are built, interspersed with some of wood; but at a very respectful distance from each other, yet sufficiently near to mark out the line of the streets, which are named principally after the Commissioners, &c. They have also squares and terraces, at least in name. I lost my way one day, going from one house to another, and, perceiving a fowler at some distance, I walked up to him to enquire the way to Adelaide. He was an tf5 £74 SOUTH AUSTRALIA* elderly gentleman, and pursuing a very hanaiesa amusement; ftr he was shooting at parrots, but not •hooting them—they seemed to take very little notice of him ;—the tree* were very high, and when he fired at them on one tree, they chattered a littky and alighted on the next I enquired the way to Adelaide, particularly to Hindley Street " Why, Sir,* said he, " you are now in die very centre of the city. This place you are in is Victoria Square ;* and pointing out a wooden hut at about haMUunile distant, he told me to follow the path through the forest that led to it, and the inmates could shew me the way to Hindley Street. Such is tbe avidity for carrying on trade in thia modern: city, that the merchants do not wait the ordinary course of events, and go to the trouble of erecting dwelling-housea, warehouses, shops* &c, as in other places of less refinement and taste: their houses and stores are soDðing like those described by the poet as oo*. sisting of " walls of wind, and roof of sky." Per­ haps I cannot better describe the rising and rapid increase of this flourishing city, than by quoting the advertisement of E. Baker, taken from the Southern Australian of December 15th, 183& It is said that in Cambridgeshire butter k sold by the yard; but South Australia leaves tfa*m far in the shade, for the merchants there sell their goods by tho aero. POET AND CITY OF ADKLAIDE. 275

ADELAIDE BAZAAR—BY E. BAKER.

On Acre 83, Bundle Street, a little beyond the Company's new Brack Stores, the following Goods, received per last ships, having been purchased in England at first hands, are offered at moderate prices, via.—Pencil-cases; German silver ware, con­ sisting of forks, spoons, &c, and a variety of jewellery, including bracelets, clasps, necklaces; variety of sauces, spices, pickles, prime York hams, Dutch cheese, salt butter, ditto pork; wax and tallow candles; soap, flour, preserved fruits, rice, sugar, tea, coffee, superior Port, Sherry, Marsala, Claret, and Madeira wine in bottle; Engb'sh bottled ale and porter; olive oil, ginger and effervescing draughts, &c, Seidlitz powders. Porter, Ale, Wine, and Spirits retail. Assortment of Glass ware, including tumblers, wine glasses, &c Ditto of Earthen-ware. Ditto of shoes, boots, gloves, &c. A large assortment of very superior summer and winter clothing -including a few regatta shirts, duck frocks and trow- sers, coverlets, cotton handkerchiefs, bed-ticks, &c. Saddles and bridles, Birmingham toys, &c. Wool bags, sheep-netting; turpentine, muriate of antimony. Strong ointment; Kochelle and Epsom sahs; carbonate Of soi*; tartaric acid ; sulphate of Quinine, and other medicines. Gunpowder and shot, powder-flasks and shot-belts; Joyce's percussion-caps and patent wadding; Shepherd's carbines and fusees; patent-breech real twisted double and single barrelled guns. A variety of nails; single end double shingfe, lath, batting, IPSO, flat, and post spikes, &£•> Ac- Great variety of Birmingham and Sheffield goods—as tea­ kettles, saucepans, oval pots, sad irons, plough and cart traces, back-bands; assortment of hinges and screws; back and table flats, fire-irons,coflfee-mius > sheep-belts, ditto with straps; bullet- N6 m SOUTH AUSTRALIA. mprids, and snuffers; assortment of locks, bolts, hatchets, Kens and American felling axes ; socket and other chisels; carpenters' adzes; cast-steel masons* trowels; splitting wedges, Takes, water­ ing pots, brush-hooks, drawing knives, rule-joint compasses, Kent hammers, pincers, iron slate-hammers, steel polished axes; pick-axe and other handles; crow-bars, tea-pots, coffee-pots, japanned canisters, pudding pans, tin porringers, hanging lamps, japanned candlesticks, tin pots, sugar boxes, dog-collars, potato- forks, spades, shovels, beetle rings, glaziers' diamonds; forged curry and mane-combs, Long's farriers' drawing knives, sail- needles, shoe-awls, butchers' knives, table knives, forks, and spoons; tin plates, wove wire, blacking, horse-brushes, pointed horse-nails, tin in sheets, and other goods. December 7, 1838.

The public buildings are few, and simple.in their construction, as must be expected in a colony so recently formed. The Government House, or rather cottage, has three small windows in front, and is thatched with reeds. It is distinguished from the other cottages by having the Royal colours flying near it The church is built of stone and lime, and does credit to the piety of the first settlers, as it has been finished in as good style as could be expected in the early stage of colonization. The General Post-office is an unpretending edi­ fice, built of turf, lined with sun-dried bride about half-way up the side-wall, which is about six feet high; the house being sixteen feet long by ten feet wide, thatched with reeds. It is surrounded by a row of empty flour-barrels, which, for greater security, POST AND CITY OF ADELAIDE. 277

are placed one over another in the rear, A single window, about three feet by one and a half, turns on a hinge, to answer the double purpose of receiv­ ing letters, and allowing the Postmaster General to pop out his head to oversee flouran d biscuit weighed from the Commissariat stores, which are placed obliquely on his left; economy being the order of the day, this affords a commendable example, which might be thought worthy of imitation in states of greater importance. Thomas Gilbert, Esq., Post­ master General, fills also the important situation of Commissary General of the new province of South Australia, for which he receives the enormous sum of thirty pounds per annum, being fifteen pounds $ year for performing the duties of each situation. One of the Commissioners for this colony twitted the Under Secretary of State in a certain great house, by boasting of the cheapness of the Govern- ment of the new province, as compared to those under the direction of the Crown. I am more par­ ticular in describing this case, in order to bear out the Commissioner in his observations on the superiority of the management of this province to that of all others; yet, as appears by the speech of the acting Governor, which I shall take the liberty of quoting hereafter, these small sums, which might exceed even ancient Roman frugality, are not forth­ coming ; for it seems that the public funds of the 278 SOCTtH AOBTSAlrlA. colony are in rather a deranged state. The colony had been two years established in December last, yet at that time there were no fields of corn in cultivation: a field of barley had bees sown; but I was informed it was so bad that oxen were turned into it. The population is computed at nix thou­ sand persons, who spend all their time in building huts and houses, and enclosing building allotments with perishable materials, which will soon require to be renewed; their employment reminds us of children building up houses with paper cards, for the pleasure of throwing them down again. To shew the mania that exists for building, I will recite an exhibition I witnessed on the occasion:—a friend of mine, Captain W—, asked me to accompany him to a public meeting of the subscribers to a new townships which was in progress about three miles from die City, in whkb a person might suppose Acre was room enough for all the houses that would be required lor some centuries to come. There are already two other townships outside the city, one of which is called Hindmarsh Town. We went to this meeting in the evening, which wae held in the autafifoof theeky. It was more numerously than respectably attended. The subscriptions for the purchase of the ate of the new village was to be paid up at this meeting; and my friend, be&g the Treasurer, made a short speech on the object of the POET AND CITY OF ADX1A1DE. 279

meeting, and conuqeneed collecting, at the same time calling for the money which had been previ­ ously subscribed. A list of this was handed in by the secretary, and, like many other papers of im­ portance, got leave to lie on the table* A person, with •strong provincial accent, stated that the town was not named, or laid out yet in streets, terraces, or squares. Another near him said he would soon supply that de­ ficiency ; and, calling for a pair of compasses, which were supplied by a carpenter who was present, he pro­ cured a ruler and a sheet of paper, and in less than ten minutes had it covered with the dimensions of the required streets, &c, which not beipg yet named, there was some clamour on that subject. They were all unanimous about calling the principal square after the Duke of Wellington,- and Nelson Circus met with no opposition. Victoria Terrace was proposed; but opposed, on the ground that there was one of die squares of die city called after the Queen already, and they would grant her no more honours in that way," until they could see how die would turn out." During the time they were arguing about the names to be given to other parts of the town in embryo, which they called principally after die proprietors of die province, I got a view cf die secretary's report, which by on the table; and being an idle spectator, took the liberty of copy* ing it, which is as follow*:-— 280 SOUTH AUSTRALIA*

THE EXPENCE8 OF THE COMMITTER £ 8.

M Refreshment for all the Committee 0 17 6 July 28. Advertisements 0 5 0 Aug* 6. Paper and one bottle of ink 0 4 0 7. Ten sheets of paper 0 16 » For assistance 10 0 24. Advertisement in two Papers 0 110 Sept. 3. For paper and pens 0 2 6 Sitting up all night watching the money | -—Refreshments, &c during the time..... i « Stolen from Roberts, while counting the money 8 10 0 Oct. 2. For paper and ink 0 3 8 • For Bitting up with the money all night ... 0 18 Hf 28. Advertisements „ #••«.... 0 8 0 n For sitting up all night 0 5 0 « Refreshments 0 5 0 «• For paper for drawing lots 0 2 6 i Advertisements in two Papers .- 0 10 0 « Loss of time in half-days 110

£16 18 0

JAMES SPARSHOFF, Secretary. Npw came the " tug of war!" The squares, terraces, circuses, streets, lanes, and alleys, were all named; but the town itself was not yet named. A variety of opinions seemed to exist on this important subject. Some would have it called after the acting Governor, Mr. Stephen, who seemed tq have given very general satisfaction to all parties; POET AND CITY OF ADELAIDE. 281 but as he was now out of office, he was not sup* ported with as much energy as he might have been a few weeks before. The present Governor was next mentioned; but as Colonel Gawler had but lately arrived, they wanted to see what kind of a: Governor he would become, before they spoiled him by flattery. It was at length proposed, to call it after the Treasurer, whom they all respected; which being carried without opposition, three cheers were given for Walkerville, and the party separated. Wells have been sunk in Adelaide to the depth of between 70 and 100 feet; but the water does not seem to give general satisfaction—at least my host, who lived within 100 yards of a well, purchased the water at 4s. per cask of 80 gallons, which supplied the family and inmates for four days; but finding this too expensive, he purchased a horse and spring-cart, with which he supplied himself with water from the stream; and by plac­ ing a swing board across the cart, on which the driver could sit, he could carry a passenger to the port for £1 sterling, which was at the rate of 8s. 4d. per mile, which is the present rate of posting in South Australia. Exclusive of the present port, a place called Holdfast Bay, being an open road­ stead on Gulf St Vincent, is sometimes used by vessels over 800 tons, which cannot enter Port Adelaide. The beach is open and shingly; and, 282 SOUTH AUSTRALIA,

from the uncertain rise of the tide, lading goods is attended with much trouble* expenee, and delay* as ships cannot approach nearer thab two miles to the shore. I have heard a military officer, an emi­ grant, declare that be had lost upwards of £100 Worth of goods- by breakage, tsc*, in landing them thete, where there is neither died* but* ndr any kind of shelter or security to pr6teet them from thieves or the weather. The place is liable to storms, when ships must cut arid run, or be driveta ashore. The Sir Charles McCarthy was driven on shore* and, hi nautical phrase, broke her back, and was sold for the benefit of the underwriters* Com* plaints have been made of smuggling being carried tifr here, there being no custom-house, or officers to check it ( 288 >

CHAPTER III.

LAND REGULATIONS, ABOEIOltfES, tot.

THB land regulatioris are far from being ctiki** kted to promote emigration; and k require* na great foresight to perceive that this province will retert to the Crdwn, from want of the stipulated population at the time limited in the Act of Parlia­ ment for colonizing thi» distant region. The great fault laya in fixingto o high a price on land, with the value of which the Commissioners seem to be utterly unacquainted; and they appear to think that hill and dale, mountains, rocks, and saady deserts, will all sell alike for £1 per acre. Dr. Imlay, a gentleman well known in the old colonies of Australia, and of great experience in the value of land, travelled over the best part of their new province (or what they call the best, for they have only explored that portion of it in a line with the head of Gulf St Vincent to the boundary of the new province eastward, comprising about font millions of acres.) The Doctor published a short account of his tour; and, after describing the land, 284 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. gave it as his deliberate opinion, that 5s. per acre was as much as the land was worth; and that much more of it would be sold at this rate, and more money amassed by doing so, than holding it up to quadruple its value. However," experience teach- eth;" and although the Commissioners may sell an oasis in the desert occasionally, that precarious supply for raising a revenue will soon expire; and what will they do with the bad land, which is not worth having at any price ? About one million of acres in the four mentioned may be good average land; but as for the rest, it may be given in as a bonus with the good, for it will remain unsold No farmer should sit down on a farm in any part of Australia, with any prospect of success, with less than two thousand acres of land; and even with that amount, unless well selected near running water, he will find it difficult to support a family upon the proceeds of it. The land is very unlike that of the British empire; one-tenth of it is not available for agricultural purposes. A farmer who can afford to pay such an exorbitant sum for a barren desert, and to stock and improve it, will require such a capital as, if expended judiciously at home, would give him more comforts, and a better support The price of land was lately reduced to 12s. per acre, but again raised; as reported, to £1 per acre. The aborigines are neither numerous nor fero- LAND REGULATIONS, &C. 285 cious. A sort of stockade has been formed for them about a mile from Adelaide (near the Bota­ nical Garden, which contains one solitary plant, the Palma Christy which, like the last rose of summer, lies blooming alone). The blacks would not enter into this poundlike fence, round which are sheds something like pens for sheep; but they preferred sweet liberty and ease, rolling under the gum-trees, wrapped up in a rug or blanket I was introduced to their—King John, who sat in state under a large tree, his subjects sleeping around him, in the middle of the day, in a happy state of forgetfulnew. His Majesty did me the honour to rise and reoewre me; but, in doing so, his trowsers fell down tohitf ankles. It was evident they were not made/folr htm, and he gave a pitying look at the waistband; which wanted about three inches in width, to fit him. With the assistance of a piece of tape they were adjusted, which gave him great satisfaction* I gave him a shilling, which they call white money, and pointed out some German emigrants to his notice, who were passing at the time He shrugged his shoulders, and said, "De be no.good—no money but black money;"1 by which they mean pence. One of the females belonging to the tribe had a child dead: she kept it covered up in her lap, keeping her eyes steadily fixed on it, was quite silent, and looked die very picture of despair* 386 SQtJTH AUSTRALIA. At stated times all the natives would gather round, and set up a howling noiae of sorrow for the death of poor pickaninny.—At some distance from this group, in a dell near it, was heard a noise of a very different kind from that of grief; it proceeded from the children of the tribe, who had congre­ gated on the banks of one of the pools of which the River Torrens is composed. I counted twenty* two of them, of all sizes, from seven years of ag* upwards to fourteen, or thereabouts. The day was warm, and they seemed to enjoy the cold bath very much. They often came out of the water, and, taking a run of some distance, leaped in, and dived under water, Eke ducks in a pond. A young woman wrapped in a rug, about eighteen years of age, hearing the noise, went down to enjoy the sport She cast many anxious looks at the happy group, aqd not being able to withstand the temptation, she cast her garment aside, jumped in, and joined her companions, This is the mode in which the South Australians are providing for the instruction of the rising generation of aborigines. Shortly after the arrival of Colonel Gawler, as Governor of this province, he gave a dinner to the black natives, an account of which is here tran­ scribed fromth e South Australian Gazette. The followingcolloqu y must have been highly LAND REGULATIONS, &C. 287 entertaining and amusing, and conveyed great in­ formation to the natives.

"THE NATIVES. " A scene, which we venture to assert has not yet had its parallel on this continent, was witnessed by the assembled inhabitants of Adelaide on Thurs* day last. In consequence of a desire expressed by His Excellency, Colonel Gawler,the whole natives of the district of Adelaide were assembled; and public intimation of the Governor's intention to meet and entertain them having been given, almost the entire population of Adelaide congregated to witness the proceedings of the day, and join in the festive happiness of their dark-complexioned brethren. "About one o'clock His Excellency, accom* panied by Mrs. Gawler, the members of his family, and a numerous assembly of ladies and gentlemen, proceeded to the ground appointed for the meeting -—a sheltered and picturesque spot in the park eastward of Government House. Here a plenteous supply of roast beef, tea, sugar, rice, and biscuit was provided. In a short time, a band of about 200 of our friendly natives were seen approaching, accompanied by their lubras and wak-waks, (wives and children) headed by Onkaparinga Jack, Cap­ tain Jack, both native constables, and numerous other natives well known to the people. Mr. 288 SOUTH AUSTRALIA.

Wyatt, the Protector, also attended, and was assisted on the occasion by James Cronk, the interpreter, and William Williams, the deputy- storekeeper, both great favourites with the natives, and tolerably versed in their language and cus­ toms. The party was received by the assembled multitude with three hearty English cheers, which were returned by the natives with equal goodwill. The latter had evidently arrayed themselves in holiday attire, in which they were assisted by various tassels and gaily-coloured ribbons, which had previously been distributed among them. After the party had been arranged, His Excel* lency, who wore a Governor's full-dress uniform, approached; and welcomed the natives with great kindness. He then requested silence from those around, and read, in a most impressive style, Ihe following address :—

" BLACK MEN ! " We wish to make you happy. But you cannot be happy unless you imitate good white men. Build huts, wear clothes, work, and be useful. " Above all things, you cannot be happy unless you love GOD, who made heaven, the earth, and men, and all things. " Love white men. Love other tribes of black men. Do not quarrel together. Tell other tribes to love white men, and to build good huts, and wear clothes. • Learn to speak English. " If any white men injure you, tell the Protector, and he will do you justice."

f< A circle was now formed, and the natives being seated, dinner was served. We need not add that ample justice was done to the huge plat­ ters of roast beef, or that copious libations of tea were swallowed. A large quantity of rugs, blan- ketB, woollen frocks, caps, tin dishes, and cups were distributed amongst them, with which they appeared highly delighted. Sunk as these poor people are in the scale of human existence, there is a Btrotogly-marked sense of gratitude, and a lively recollection of past kindnesses. It was pleasant to observe the numerous happy looks of recognition that were passing to and from themselves and the lookers-on ; and this circumstance afforded another gratifying evidence, not only of the friendly dis­ position of the natives themselves towards the set­ tlers, but of the great forbearance and considera­ tion with which they have been treated by them. The repast being finished, the Governor and a large party of the ladies and gentlemen retired to the marquee which was erected on the ground, and partook of the ample refreshments provided LAXD BS6VIAZX0K6. 8M bj the hospitable care of His Excellency and his lady. The natives afterwards exhibited their skill in throwing the spear; but whether it was owing to the novelty of the scene, or the unusual nature of the object (a target), there was nothing like the dexterity we expected shewn. His Excellency and the inhabitants now left the ground, and the natives, well laden with the fragments of the feast, and in great good humour, departed to their usual haunts." A few days after this feast, which gave new wants to a harmless race of beings, they relished roast beef and roast mutton so well, that they immediately commenced operations to supply them­ selves with those luxuries which neither they nor their forefathers had ever tasted before. Several stock-keepers lost both calves and lambs, which were speared by the natives; and even a draught bullock came running into the town with several spears sticking into his body at once. The stock- keepers will retaliate, and the waddy and spear will prove no match for the musket and ball; and thus what was no doubt intended to do good, will have a pernicious and a contrary effect.

The following are the Prices Current at Adelaide. £ s. d. £ s. d. Ale, London, per hhd 9 0 0 to 10 0 0 Ashby, per barrel 8 10 0 . 9 0 0 Bottled, Dunbar's, per dozen ... 0 14 0 « 0 16 0 Colonial, in hhds 7 0 0 n 7 10 0 o 2 29£ sotrrir ATTSTTBALIA.

Porter, London, per hhd. 8 WO to- 9 0 <0 in bottles, per dozen 0 14 0 « 0 16 0 Colonial in hhds 5 10 0 • 6 0 0 Beef, fresh, per lb 0 10 Mutton, ditto 0 10 Butter, ditto 0 4 0 salt, per lb 0 3 0 - 0 3 4 Coffee, per lb., ordinary. 0 0 11 • 0 1 1 Mocha 0 13 • 0 1 6 Cheese, per lb. English 0 2 0 « 0 2 3 Colonial 0 10 n 0 1 0 Cigars, per 1000 (in Bond) 1 10 0 » 2 10 0 Currants none. Flour, V. D. L., per ton 28 0 0 - 3a 0 0 Hams, Yorkshire, per lb. 0 13 « 0 1 6 Maize, per bushel 0 8 0 » 9 1* 4 Oats, ditto 0 8 0 » 0 9 0 Oil Cakes, per ton 3 10 0 « 4 0' 0 Pork, per barrel 5 15 0 * 6 10 0 per tierce 8 10 0 « 9 0 0 Beef, ditto 7 10 0 Salt, per ton 16 0 0 Soap, per ton' 48 0 0 50 00 per lb. 0 0 8 Sugar, Mauritius, per ton 38 0 0 42 0 0 lump, per lb...... 0 13 0 1' '6 Tobacco, Brazil, per lb. (in Bond) .... 0 0 9 0 1 2 ' Negro-head, ditto 0 19 0 2 6 Tea, Hyson Skin, per chest 1 10 0 8 0 0 Black, ditto. 12 0 0 15 0 0 Vinegar, per gallon 0 2 3 0 2 6 WINES IN BOND— . -4 t»ort, per quarter cask 9 0 0 11 0 0 in bottles, per dozen 1 16 0 2 9 0 Sherry, per quarter cask 8 10 0 10 0 0 in bottles, per dozen 1 16 0 2 0 0 Madeira, ditto..... 1 18 0 2 8 0 LA¥D *]»OTLA,TEOXS. 29$

WlftEff IN BOVD*** •Claret, in bottles, per dozen 1 10 0 to 1 12 0 Champagne, ditto 3 0 0 • 3 5 0 SPIRITS IW BOND— Rum, per gallon 0 6. 0 w 0 7 6

Brandy, ditto.. 0 6 6 If 0 8 0 Hollands, ditto 0 5 0 • 0 6 0

Cordial Gin, ditto 0 7 0 tf 0 8 0

SPEARING OF CATTLE AND SHEEP BY THE NATIVES IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA. (Taken from the South Australian Gazette,) Considerable excitement has been created among the pro­ prietors of stock during the past week, in consequence of several serious depredations having been committed by the natives on the herds and flocks depasturing at some short distance front Adelaide. Mr. G. A. Anstey in particular has been a considerable sufferer; and on Tuesday last week, two very valuable heifer- calves and three lambs were speared by a party of blacks in open day, and almost in the presence of the stock-keeper. Informa­ tion of the circumstance having been given to the Government, His Excellency immediately directed the most prompt measures to be taken to secure the offenders; and our active superintend­ ent of police, Mr. Inman, with a sufficient force, proceeded to Mr. Anstey's station, and succeeded in apprehending and lodging in jail, the three natives supposed to be guilty of the crime. These men, known by the names of NED, TOMMY, and JOE CHALK, were brought up before the resident Magistrate on Wednesday, and, from the evidence of NED, it appeared that TOMMY and JOB CHALK had speared a calf belonging to Mr. Anstey, and that he had assisted them in eating part of it* They were then remanded for a week, in order to procure the evidence of Mr. Anstey's servants, when they will probably be committed for trial at the next sessions. (»*)

CHAPTER IV.

POLITICS.

THE following candid ewposi of the distracted state of South Australia by the acting Governor, will prove the deranged state of their finances; and matters have not improved since* * Comment is unnecessary, as it is evident that the bubble must soon burst.

" His Excellency, the acting Governor, G. M. Sftephen, Esq., then made this address:—

u GENTLEMEN, " Commanded, as I am, by his late Majesty's commission to " take upon myself71 the temporary administration of the Government of this experiment in colonization, I have before me no cheering prospect to contemplate. " Called upon to conduct the responsible duties of a high office—which an able and gallant officer, 'who has fought all the naval battles of his country for the last half century, and who has been publicly applauded by the great NELSON for his gallantry PQMTIC8. *M ajid judgment, and who, possessing all that energy and uprightness whieh characterize his profession, and at the same time a devotion to the best inte­ rests of the colony, which it will be my desire to emulate—-which such a gentleman, I say, has not succeeded in discharging to the satisfaction of the Board of Commissioners entrusted with the carrying out of the principles upon which this colony is established, it would be presumptuous in me to anticipate their approbation. If, however, I shall succeed in allaying the feelings that are nqv rife i*. this community, and in restoring peace ;gqd harmony to our infant society, and at the same tinjje protect it from the miseries, if not dangers, which seem to threaten it, my ambition will he, ajjfpjjy satisfied. w 'f hat I can look forward to effecting "little more than what I have enumerated dnrinjsj the short interval that my administration wilLla^» you, -gentlemen, will acknowledge, when you shall reflect upon the state of public affairs at the moxqen^I am addressing you; and I owe it to my awJQLP$U oial character, now of ten years1 standing* to.confers openly the position in which the Colonial Qovejp- tnedt is now placed ; that, by boldly looking oqr affairs in the facie, you may be able the better to afford me the advice which I shall so iquch reqpige, and shall at all times anxiously seek; and that, by pointing out the difficulties which I have to o 4 A96 SOUTH AH0BBALIA. encounter, I may meet with sympathy* should,my

exertions be attended with disappointment- t u I have first to announce, with regret, that there are no funds whatever in the Treasury; and that the quarter's salaries due to the whole of &e public servants on the 30th June last, are at this day unpaid. We have therefore to fear that (the .jtempting remuneration held out for the exercise of ability in private undertakings in this province, added to the distress which they are beginning to experience from the want of money, will induce many indispensable public officers to leave the service of the Government. " Secondly—By the departure of the Marines

intH. M. S. Alligator, this province, with a popu­ lation exceeding 4000 persons, is abandoned to the protection of eighteen policemen, lately embodied Jby Governor Hindmarsh; while there are now (twcwty-one prisoners confined in the weaker*, boarded building used as a gaol! and, perhaps, double that number of desperate runaway convicts in the neighbourhood of the town. At the saw time, as I have observed, there are no funds for the support of the force now constituting our only protection; and the resident Commissioner ,jp restricted by his instructions from providing money lor such purpose: and, although our critical j^rcumstaqces would seem to warrant the course, / shplL scarcely dare to take upon myself the r^ppj|- -."* MLrrics. - Wf afbiHty of drawing upon the Lords of Her Majesty's Treasury for their maintenance, unless the genefr&l 1 Tblce of the community shall require it. * !...•«• «We have, happily, no immediate cause to 'apprehend hostility from the aborigines, or our "situation would indeed be deplorable; but they have ere now sacrificed two fellow-creatures : and 'you have too recently witnessed the outrages that 'terminated in a public execution, to regard with ^ndiflference our present unprotected state. And -though it gives me pain to set such a picture before the many private gentlemen now present, who have embarked their fortunes in this land, in the just dcpectation that the Government would afford themselves and their families the protection whleh they have perhaps already paid for, I ought not to 'conceal from them our extraordinary condition. 9 Wffl, hdwever, earnestly assure you all, genttemeri, that should you become apprehensive of danger ft6m the want of the sinews of Government- finances—I will unhesitatingly submit to the Council the propriety of departing from the royal instructions in providing them. " Thirdly—Gentlemen, it may be necessary for my future justification to allude to the embarrassed •tate of the Survfey Department, occasioned by the recently received instructions. The Government, I am fully aware, exercises no authority over the Land Department; nor is it charged with the o5 298 SOUTH AUSTBALIA. responsibility of the surveys: as it is, however, incidentally affected by the state of that department, I may be pardoned for referring to it; especially as the want of land may increase your disquietude, and have a tendency to add to the cares of the administration which have just devolved upon me. " Gentlemen, you are probably too much inte­ rested to feel fatigued with this address; but I must apologize for having so long taxed your patience. It was essential to my interests that I should detail the difficulties of my situation; and it now becomes my duty to pledge myself and the other members of the Council, that our utmost exertions shall not be spared in preserving the efficiency of this Government. " For all our present embarrassment it is certain that Governor Hindmarsh is not, and I believe that Ho one else in this colony is, answerable; and it is proper that I should remind you that neither is Her Majesty's Government responsible for it. " Finally—Gentlemen, I look to your kind assistance and beneficial example for assisting my self and the Council in administering the govern­ ment, and preserving good order in the community: and when I resign the government into abler hands, believe me, gentlemen, that I shall feel proud in being regarded—-though now out of court—as the " amicus curies " of the province I " I must now take leave of you, gentlemen; f6r ,,. fQWTICJk „ $89 the purpose of attending to important duties in the Council; and I beg to express my acknowledge­ ments for the respect that you have evinced for. the constituted authorities, in favouring me with your presence upon this occasion. " I regret that the resident Commissioner, at such a moment as the present, has not afforded me the support of his presence, which, as the repespnta- tive of my Sovereign, I perhaps had a right to expect; but I presume that more important avoca­ tions are now engaging his attention."

The Survey Department seems to partake of the same degree of fatuity that pervades the other departments of this experimental province. .A surveyor, with two assistant-surveyors and fifteen men, took a month to survey 9000 acres. Land is measured in sections of 80 acres each, which costs £1 per acre. The preliminary sections contain 134 acres ; sold in England at 12s. per acre, by way of encouragement to early purchasers, to secure good bargains—good bargains I!! These are cast into blocks of four sections each, leaving a chain, or 66 feet, between each block; so that each section is accessible on two sides to the high road, which is run straight-forward, like the course of the land- crabs in the West Indies, no matter what obstacle intervenes. I asked one of the surveyors why they did not run a road in a direct line, or vary it o 6 300 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. according to circumstances, from one township to anotner:—he told me that was considered too much trouble; and the settlers, if the country ever became settled, were to find out their way in the best manner they could. This then is the El Dorada for which the interest of the elder colonies is to be sacrificed, by quackery and trickery. The reason why the land has been raised in price above the other colo­ nies, and sold by special survey at its present exorbitant rate, is plain to those acquainted with the locality of those provinces, which is, that as there is no chance of fulfilling the 25th clause of the Act of Parliament, under which the province has been formed, they will run over the country, selecting the best land and securing the cash, and thus leave the land which will fetch nothing at any price, to be resumed by the Crown.

r ( 801 )

CONCLUDING REMARKS.

IT is said " that it is much easier to find fault than to provide a remedy.91 I admit the full fproe of the observation, and shall, with all due respect and deference to the experience of others who may disagree in opinion with me, take the liberty ef suggesting a few remarks, founded on personal observation, and careful inspection of what has passed under my own eyes during the last six years in the Australian provinces. Nothing requires a new system more than the land-regulations. The old should be abolished altogether. The Surveyor General's expensive department should be dispensed with, and an office established in each province for the sale of land, which should be measured and valued by contract, for about threepence per acre. A Sur­ veyor General and a single clerk would be sufficient; the one to examine and correct (where it might thought necessary) the field-notes, diagrams, and maps of the surveyors; the clerk to register them, There would be no favouritism pursued in sucl} 80S CONCLUDING HBUABX8.

eases; because the surveyors oould Hot tell who was to obtain the respective farms, which should be formed into compact blocks of from 5000 acates to 820, according to the nature of the soil, whether adapted for pasture or tillage; care being taken to vary their size according to local circumstances, and natural boundaries. Banks of rivers, lakes, and lagoons, as it has been already observed (and cannot be too often repeated), should in every instance be reserved as public property. Good land,fit for cultivation, ought to be granted in small ferms, particularly near towns: no farm should be larger than 5000 acres, which would be quite AS much as anyone farmer could manage with benefit to himself and to the interest of the State; on which farm he should be compelled to lay out a certain sum annually on the improvement of it. Residence in person, or by representative, should be indispens­ able for the first two or three years, which would prevent land being left for a series of years in .a state of nature, without any improvement whatewr* No land should be sold until a sufficient quantity to suit all customers should be measured and valued; which should be taken in one continuous track, and not run over and culled here and there, as i# the custom at present; so that a vast portion of thf waste lands remain unsold, and are likely to respf? so, as no one will purchase what has beep i&J£rt*{l by others. Th$re is no analogy between ^}a#$ COXCLOTIHG BSMABXB. VfQS in North America and that of Australia: in the former the great Sarannahs and Prairies are nearly alike in quality, and generally of the best descrip­ tion, valued and sold at one dollar per acre:—in New Holland it is quite different, one acre in ten not being fit for cultivation. The present price of land is so high, that no purchasers can be procured for it, unless culled and picked as formerly (and even then it will be too dear), which will render the remainder valueless. Another impolitic measure is the change which has taken place in the assignment of convicts,— Any derangement which took place in their former mode of assignment was caused by selling land in unlimited quantities, so that the proprietors seldom saw their assigned convict-servants; nor was any care taken of their moral instruction, as they were principally left in charge of an overseer, who was in many instances an emancipated convict, to whom tilde obedience was paid, and less respect; yet, under all these unfavourable circumstances, die fid- lowing are the opinions of some of die persons best qualified to give them of any in the colonies. Archdeacon Hutehins states, in his minute con­ tained in the dispatch of Sir John Franklin, relating to prison-discipline, page 80, printed by order of the House of Commons, which w taken from the returns of the chief Police Magistrate, that " one-fourth of the convicts have never been brought before,a 8tt CONCWJBING E8M***S. magistrate for misconduct: two-fourths of the whole number are tolerably well conducted; there is only one-fourth more, whose conduct is much worse than the great bulk of the labouring population of Great Britain; " for of these I apprehend," says the Arch* deacon, "it is nearly, if not quite, as much as could be said with truth, that they are tolerably well-con­ ducted." In the same enquiry the Colonial Secretary, of Van Diemen's Land states, page 103, " that if Cap* tain Maconochie's scheme on prison-discipline is adopted, it will require three additional regiments to have it carried into effect:'1 it would consequently require six additional regiments in New South Wales, where there is double the number of con* viets;—are then the theories of Captain MaconocJbie worth the trial ? I fear that the Captain is a, little too much of a theorist He states in his book on pri­ son-discipline, published in Hobart Town, that be would "give spirits as a bonus to convicts, andbajfft stores for that purpose." What will the members of the Temperance Societies say to this ? He alao quotes, in proof of his visionary schemes, a meeting held at Hobart Town, 28th February, 1885, which was got up. by a lawyer, a schoolmaster, and a ooflh vict, and was neither numerously nor respectably attended or signed, and which was merely convened for political purposes. By the following paper it CONCLUDING REMAEKS. 80S would appear that the Captain is a little " fanciful,* to me-his own phrase. From a paper read before the Royal Geographi­ cal Society, December 11th, 1837, communicated by Captain Maconochie, from Port Philip, the fol­ lowing is an extract:—M An idea struck me while talking with them (the natives), which may be thought/anc£/W—namely, that these poor creature* are very much the worse for having no wild beasts in their country.91 A report was mentioned, but the authority of which is very doubtful, that the Captain intended to raise subscriptions, for the pur­ pose of transporting wild beasts from Africa to Au­ stralia : this is certainly a fanciful idea; but when a person will brood for a long time over his own lucu­ brations, it is difficult to tell where they may end. If die present high price of land be continued in the Australian colonies, it will have a most per­ nicious effect, together with the new arrangement fcr the assignment of convicts; both will operate to torn the stream of emigration from them to the United States of America, and other parts of the world. It will also be ruinous to the present colo­ nists, and dry up the sources from whence they derived labour; and what is land worth without it t If the opinion of some politicaL economists is adopted, it would be better to give up the Australian proi tinceB at once, if they are, as some assert, a burthen to the mother-country, and give no adequate return. 306 aeveuiDijfG RIMABIS. The North Americans «of the* United States, who speak the same language, and have the same an** tarns, manners, and religion, would take tbem muter their protection. Brother Jonathan could supply the Australians with bread cheaper (if the, pre­ sent wretched policy is pursued) than they could raise it; they may barter their flow for frool; waft over the Atlantic to New York, at ft che*p sate, as many millions of Irish paupers* who Are starving in Ireland, as they may require; esta­ blish the woollen manufacture in that thriving city; and thus supersede the staple manufeoture of iQutat Britain. If a more enlightened mode of policy toffagd* the Australian provinces should happily prevail* a Board should be established to take some of the bur* then of the colonial care off the shoulders of the Secretary for the Colonies, Outstanding claims should be examined. The claims of persons intend­ ing to take out their own servants, mechanics, and followers to the colonies, should be allowed a sum equal to their passage-money. In the purchase of land, new emigrants should have a preference in obtaining land at the Land-office, before old esta­ blished colonists. Some of the frigates, or brigs of war, that are of little value laying up in ordinary, might be chartered to carry out emigrants on a large scale, and relieve many of the parishes which now complain of the poor-rates. I believe that eOHCLUDING RKMABK8. QQH they could be rationed, male and female, ^for about five pounds each person; at least that was the dif­ ference which the Master of the ship in which I returned to this country, made, between furnishing steerage passengers with food, or giving them only a berth without it, for adults. It appears that a Lieutenant Governor, (Mr. Latrobe) has been sent out to the province of Port Philip lately, to take charge of that Government. This is as it should be; as it would be a matter of regret that such a fine country should be cut up and parcelled out by land-sharks and land-jobbers, as the elder colony of New South Wales has been; or that the proceeds of its land-sales should be taken out of die colony, to embellish the capital of any other province* < 80S )

NEW ZEALAND.

, Nsw ZEALAND having lattedy attracted much public interest, I have taken extracts fronjith e most recent and authentic works on tha-t interesting country. It appears, by some public.documents, that it is now the intention of the British Govern­ ment to lend their assistance towards .cqhnpzing these islands on a large scale, which cannpt fail of success, if proceeded with in the same kind of can­ did and lair dealing as die celebrated William Peqn pursued in colonizing the province of Pemsyl- vania in North America. It appears that thip Y#st tract of country was given to his father* Admiral Penn, for certain services he performed in the reign of Charles the Second, who granted him this coun­ try by Roy alCharter. Young Penn^haviDg associated with some dissenters at Oxford, while puysuisg his studies there, became a Quaker, at which bis father wns so much displeased, that he refused to speak to him, and it was not until a short time before his death that 4 reconciliation took piaca; after which KEW ZEALAND. 809 event William Penn sailed, with a number of his own simple and religious sect, to people the wilds of America. His first step was to abolish slavery; and he never planted an acre of ground without the con* sent of the natives, and having a clear understanding with them as to its supposed value; which, as they were strangers to the science of agriculture, a blanket or a tomahawk was of more value to them than hundreds of acres of forest-land. If the same Juffl and prudent course is pursued towards the natives of New Zealand, success may be reckoned «n as certain.—The following description of the geographical situation of New Zealand is taken from YateV account of that country, published in 188S.: The extensive and beautiftd islands known by the fcattte of New Zealand, including Stewards fstaikd, are three in number. They stretch froth 9& 9& to 47° 80' south latitude, being nearly nine hundred miles from the North to the South Cape: and from Dusky Bay, or West Cape, to the longi- tttd* of Cape East, of Hicfofs Bay, ttare intervene qpwatds of eleven degrees of east longitude; the former cape being in 167°, and the latter in 178° totet of Greenwich. The North Cape of the northern island is nearly parallel, in latitude, with the heads of Port Jackson, and is always steered for by vessels coming from that colony to the Bay of Islands; which bay present* a fltie atad exten­ sive' harbour on the eafct coast, about ninety miles 316 XJBW ZfiALAND.

fi»m the Cape. The firit land generally made it the " Three Kings," about forty miles distant from Cape Maria Van Diemen, a promontory, separated from Cape North by a deep bay; which, however, does not afford anchorage for vessels. The discovery of the islands of New Zealand has generally been attributed to Tasman, die Dutch navigator, by whom they were first called Staten Land; but, at a subsequent period, they received, from the same commander, the name by which they are now known. Little notice seems to .have been taken of these islands by the world at large, till a new discovery—for so it may be oaHecb—was made of them by Captain Cook; when they obtained a very prominent place in the publi­ cations of that celebrated circumnavigator of the globe. No country in the world, perhaps, can boast of greater natural beauties than die large and magnifi­ cent islands of the southern hemisphere; among which, New Zealand holds no mean or secondary place. Other regions may possess greater variety of climate, or may produce a greater collection of luscious tropical fruits; but none can exceed New Zealand in the general aspect of the country—for rich and varied scenery, and for every thing whiek naturally strikes the eye as beautiful or sublime* In the southern parts of the northern island, the fiast objects of attention are, the eleudgfc* or snow- KBW ZEALAND. Ml capped- mountains, rising, with gigantic grandeur, above the more humble hills by which they are skirted. Some of these mountains rise more than fourteen thousand feet above the level of the sea; their sides covered with forest-timber, and their nhole appearance strikingly rich and grand. New Zealand has several large and noble lakes. Those at Rotorua are extensive, from twelve to fifteen miles across; and the springs, by which they are supplied, are always warm: so high, indeed, is their temperature, that, in the depths of winter, the natives who reside near them, are in the constant habit of sitting for hours immersed in the water, to keep themselves warm, and to shelter themselves from the inclemency of the weather. There is a very beautiful lake of pure water, lying about midway between the Bay of Islands and Hokianga, which covers many thousand acres of land: it is nearly eight miles across at the widest, and not less than six in the narrowest part. It forms pretty nearly a circle, and adds a beautiful variety to the splendid scenery which bursts upon the view, from the heights of Pukenui or PutahL In this lake are large quantities of conger-eels, which are much sought after, and highly prized by the natives as a most delicious article of food. I am not aware that it produces fish of any other description. From this lake proceeds the stream catted Waitangi—a narrow sapid rivulet, running 81* JUW nsnsx JFHB. thnagh several deep allays, till. H ssapsjuuisssifi over * beautiful ftU of abas*-twenty feet perpen­ dicular/into the Bay of Islands. . With respect to the riven—I mean die fresh* water rivers—there are none, narth of the Thames?, which at all deserve the name. To call them rivulets or brooks, would be a sufficient acknow­ ledgment of their importance; as they are only serviceable for the irrigation of the country, and for supplying the inhabitants with that most nece*. sary article of life, water. No fresh-water stream^ that I am acquainted with, whose not under the influence of the tide, is navigable, even for a boat otf canoe. The Retaken is a fine brawling stream; in plants very beautiful, and romantic from its situation: here, cutting its way through an exten­ sive plain; there, rushing through deep and umbrae geons valleys; now, passing on with a silent, sluggish motion; and now rushing down steep declivities, or among rocks and stones, or tumbling its limpid waters over precipices ninety or a hundred feet in height, and dashing itself into foam upon the rocks beneath. The Mangakahia, the Punake- tore, the Otaua, the Waima, die Waikari, the Raw*, kawa, and, indeed, all the other streams of this part of the island, partake much of the same character and are supplied by many little riHs wish whetb New Zealand is so astonishingly intersected. The river Thames, the.mouth of which lias abaut a »W ZXALANB. «13 buj^ked unites finm the head of the Bay rf Islands, W » spkndid run of water, which, from Aotea, or Barrier Islands, as fiur as Kopu—« native fortifier tioa just within the narrows—is navigable for xerosis of one bundled and thirty tons burden. In approaching the narrow part of the river there are many mud-banks to be avoided; but which are dry at low water, and may, consequently, be laid down in * chart with die greatest precision. The low land at the termination of the wide parts or frith of the Thames, partakes much, in its scenery, of the cha* raster of Tonga And the Friendly Islands, thongb perfectly distinct in climate and vegetation. The cocoa-nut tree, which abounds in the Friendly Islands, appears, in the distance, much like the mangroves, and the kahikatea, or white fir, of New Zealand; and the extensive flat, which ranges from the banks, or rather the boundary of the Thame*, and upon which the kahikatea and the mangrove flourish undisturbed, very forcibly strikes the beholder with its remarkable, similarity to distant views of the Friendly Islands. But the scenery is most, lovely on the fresh-water banks of this river; the only drawback to its enjoyment, is the difficulty of landing, except at high water, on account of the dfpth of mud deposited on its banks. It is true, that, for fifty or sixty miles, there is a great same* naas in the views, being confined by hills oat one side, and an immense flat forest on the other; yet p 814 mw ceu^AHK the whole is so peaceful, so weU^uitedforsnedka- tkra, and fitted to calm the ruffled passions of the sod, that hearts, even.the most insensible to the beauties of nature, must feel its influence. The copsewood and flax, with reeds and rushes of every description, flourish most luxuriantly on die banks of tins noble river: ducks and other water-fowl sal proudly and undisturbedly on its placid bosom; and sow so remarkably tame, as to come fearlessly within reach of the paddles, with which our boats are rowed. Nor does the fragrance exhaled from the flowers and shrubs tail to increase the pleasure derived from an excursion on this stream. Indeed, the whole atmosphere seems impregnated with per­ fumes; sweets are borne upon the wings of every gale; and every breath inhaled stimulates the system, and strengthens man for the labour which may lie before him. There are other rivers, more to die southward, which Attract attention, and deserve our particular notice: sueh as the Waikato, on the western coast; and, on die eastern, die Waiapu, which empties itself into the ocean, about two hundred and fifty miles south-east of the mouth of the Thames: it lis, in itself, a poor and insignificant stream, oily . worthy of notice on account of the mountains and hiHs which bound the beautiful valley through Twhidi it runs. In the winter, it covers an immense t bed; winch, in die summer, is perfecdy dry,^aod rorw fc£ALAm>. »U is composed of small round?pebblq s feom the shore. In running in for the harbour, -came no nearer die heads than thocee miles, xm the P2 316 NEW ZEALAND. high cliff above mentioned will open off the land, until the S. E. cape of the harbour bears E. N. E. or E. by N. J N.; then steer in E. N. E., or so as to pass the S. E. cape at half a cable's length, gra­ dually hauling in for the east side of the harbour: but be careful to avoid a rock lying two cables'* length N. W. from the S. E. cape, with only three fathoms on it at high water. After you pass the S. E. head, continue to haul over toward the east side of the harbour, until one cable's length from the shore: then steer up the river about N. by W. There are three fathoms on the bar at low water; and the tide flows at the full and change of the moon 9h. 45m., rises from ten to fourteen feet, and runs from five to six knots. The bar should not be taken with an ebb-tide. The Bay of Islands is the largest bay on the eastern coast, affording good anchorage and security from all winds. It is formed by Point Pocock on its northern, and Cape Brett, a remarkable perfo­ rated rock, on its southern side. Its anchorages $re various; namely, Tepuna, a roadstead on the northern side of the bay, opposite the Missionary Establishment of that name, and the native village of Rangihoua. Paroa, a deep hay on the south side of the Bay of Islands, is a snug and spa­ cious harbour,, affording shelter from all winds; ^nd is the anchorage .which the whaling Tessas formerly made use of. It has in it seven or eight tfEW ZEALAND. 817 f^tfioms of water; The anchorages now most gene­ rally used, are the Bay of Kororareka, and the river Kawakawa. Kororareka is used by vessels wanting a slight refitting, or for procuring refresh- ments ; the Kawakawa, when repairs to any extent are necessary, or the replacing of any of the princi­ pal masts; being more secure, and having the stores near them, from which they procure the greater portion of their supplies, with the exception of provisions. Both these anchorage grounds possess sufficient water for ships of the greatest tonnage. The latitude of Kororareka beach is 35° 15' 4&" south ; longitude 174° ll7 45" east of Greenwich. High water, about 7h. 30m. full and change of the moon. The harbour of Wangaroa, lying twenty-five miles to the N. E., true, of the Bay of Islands, is beautiful, romantic, and capacious; capable of con­ taining the largest fleet, and affording good anchor­ age in from five to eleven fathoms, completely sheltered from the sea and all winds. No danger ileed be apprehended in running in; as there aire no hidden obstacles, the shores steep, and having sufficient water for any vessel within a few y&rds ; arid should the wind not be favourable for entering, you may, with perfect safety, anchor'outside the heads, and wait for a slant, or for the sea-breeze. 'In approaching this harbour from the sea,'the eiitiance, not being more than two hundred yards p 3 318 XftW 2£ALAK&; across, is not readily distinguished by a stranger: but its position may be known by the northernmost' island of the CaveHes, whieh lies three miles off ft/ (The CaveDes is a cluster of islands, stretching1 along the shore, from Wangaroa, to within four leagues of the Bay of Islands.) The harbour has several small creeks or rivers emptying themselves into it; and freshwate r may be procuredalmoet any where on its sides. The latitude of a small bay, about three miles from the entrance, on the eastern side, is 83° 9/ south; longitude, 179* 4# 45* east of Greenwich. High water, at full and change, at 8h. 15m. The entrance to the frith of the Thames is* rendered dangerous, in a few instances, by smalt rocks shewing themselves a few feet above the surface of the water, and not readily distinguished at night The Bay of Mahurangi, on the western side of the frith, is deep; has several rivers running into it; is studded with several small islands; and lias a fine harbour, named, by the natives of the plate, Kaihu. This harbour, which is situated at tfe head of the bay, is well-protected from all winft and from the sea; and affords a secure anchorage', and is easy of access. The depth of water & suffi­ cient, to the distance of three miles, for any description of ships: the only caution1 necessary is1, to keep all the projecting points at a distance of about a hundred yards, and to avoid the reefs which WF/^ALANP^ . 310 extend: feow th4m» particularly .the ,rockt at its,, entrance* The Southern or largest passage,formedr by m island and the main, is the safest and best,, having m it ten fathom^ water: the northern, or* smallest* passage is full of rocks, the channel narrow^ and has only two and a half fathoms depth of water. \ Fresh water for shipping is not easily to be obtained;. as it can only be procured from the river,, several miles from the anchorage. The latitude of tb$ anchorage is 36° 28' 56" south; longitude, 174P 46' 38" east of Greenwich. The tide flows ten feet *t springs; and the time of high-water ia tep o'clock, full and change. The several rivers emptying themselves into the Bay of Mahwangi ire navigable only for canoes and boats, A smajj. harbour, fit for cutters and small craft, is situated W the northern side of the island forming the

fray* f Some of the trees, which grow in the immense forests of New Zealand have been found very sej> viceable to Europeans, not only for the erection of bouses and the building of vessels, but also a^s aym fyr masts for the British navy. The stapfe trade of these islands must ever be their timber ajid their flax, both of which are articles highly valuable to the merchant and to the ship­ owner. Many exaggerated reports have been cir­ culated respecting the facility of obtaining spars of 820 NEW ZEALAND.

sufficient magnitude to answer the purposes of the British navy. Nothing can possibly exceed the exquisiteness of a morning concert as performed in the ample woods of these islands. One of the greatest treats which I enjoy, is to be wakened in my tent by the loud and lovely voices of the only musicians which I have met with since I left the lark and the nightin­ gale behind me in much-loved England. Their song is too sweet to be of long continuance: at the first dawn of day it commences, and gradually heightens as the light increases; but no sooner does the sun appear, gilding the hills with his bright beams, than the performers, one after another, retire, and all the lovely sounds die away into pro­ found silence: or if the silence be broken, it is only by the shrill note of some unmusical bird, who dared not to appear till his more melodious com­ panions had retired into the woods, either to prepare for, or to take care of, their young, and to repose after the exertions of the morning. The food with which the New Zealanders now provide themselves is various. It was formerly confined to the sweet-potato, the fern-root, and fish, with the sweet stalk of the Tawara (Astilia angus- tifolia), a parasitical plant, growing between the branches of the Kahikatoa and Puriri trees. They have now potatoes of various descriptions, a larger NEW ZEALAND. $21 species of the Convolvulus batatas than, they for* merly possessed, melons, pumpkins, green calabash, cabbage, onions,, yams, peaches, Indian corn, and •arious esculent roots; besides a large quantity of pork; which, with the birds they are now able to shoot, and the immense quantity of fish they catch, render their bill of fare no very contemptible one. Their method of cooking these viands is very simple: a circular hole is dug in the ground, rounded at the bottom, like the inside of a basin: this is filled with dry fire-wood, and small stones. When the stones are heated to redness, they are taken out of the oven, and the place cleared from any remains of burning wood; a part of the hot stones are then placed in the oven again; and a wreath of damped leaves is laid round the outside, to prevent the earth from falling in, or the food from rolling to the side. The potatoes are put in wet, and any other vegetable placed upon the top of them : if animal food is to be cooked, hot stones are put inside, to ensure its being thoroughly done. The whole being in the oven, a quantity of fresh leaves are laid on, over which are placed a few natives' baskets, made of flax; a calabash-full of water is then poured over the top, which causes the steam to arise; and all is immediately covered with earth, till none of the steam is seen to escape. They judge very exactly the time when animal food is done; and the sign of vegetable matter being sufficiently cooked, is the p 5 B9i HEW* *EAt AND. steam beginning to penetrate through the earth with which the oven is corered. The whole process, from, the commencement to the and, tabs about an hour and a half, when the oven is not larger than to cook one meal for eight or ten person* In order both to cultivate, and to draw out, th* feelings of those among whom I was labouring, it appeared to be one very useful plan to induce them to commit their ideas to writing. In pursuance of tip* method, the Christian natives, and those desfcous of becoming Christians, have at different times, during the last four or five years, addressed letups to me; which have accumulated at length to 4 somewhat bulky mass of correspondence. From these, as illustrative of the wordings of natural feet jag, and in no small degree, also, of the operations of divine grace, I have selected a considerable, variety. The translation of them is made as close and lite* jral as sense and English idiom would allow: they relate to the following subjects—Baptism, the LorcTp Supper, the Holy Scriptures, and the experience of the power of religion on their hearts. One or two are added on perfectly general topics; and these are followed by a few more, sent after me since my leaving New Zealand for this country. The following refer principally to the desire of some of the natives to be admitted by baptism into the Christian Church. 3**r ft?*****;, 8fcg

r ...... i LETTER I, -: ti : :;i '*• Frm Whfomgb, a mdrHed Nattoe Ibinp i*..••

Sir, Mr. Yate—Listen to my speech' to you. Great is my heart toward God, because He has taken care of ine all my days, and has shewn' the greatest extent of love for me. It is good for me to be sanctified by Him, and, by being baptized} to be let go into His holy Church on earth; in'ofcttr that, when I die, I may be taken into His Church above in the heavens. Who can bear the pain of the fire which burns for ever ? I want to make haste to Jesus Christ, that I may be saved from it. As the wind digs iip the waves of the sea, so the devil digs up sin in my heart: he is always, always, this day and that day, at work there. If I wake in the middle of the night, he wakes also, to contend with me, and to hold fitet my soul, that I may not fly to the Saviour; or to stop my mouth, that I may not pray to Him. This is all my letter to you. Mr. Yate, 1 love you, even I. WAHANGA. J

LETTER III. From Unahanga, a young Man living with me. Sir, Mr. Yate—My heart is desirous of beiajj permitted to enter the Church of Jesus Christ. I p 6 824 NEW ZEAJjAHft. wish altogether to turn to ow Father which, is. in heaven, and to cast away all tbe eviUpeakuig of this world, and the eviWting. - I 4im thinking inside me what can be the reason I have two hearts^ which are always struggling, one with the other, Tbe one is a very good heart; the other altogether bad. I am wondering which will be thrown dowa, and put undermost at last~—perhaps the good one; perhaps the bad one. Oh, how they fight t WiU you baptize me, or will you not ? As I have two hearts, perhaps you will not; and, perhaps, you will. My writing to you this time is finished. From me, from your son, UNAHANGA.

LETTER V. From Kakeke, Son of a Chief at Kaikohi, a Candidate

f for Baptism. Friend, Mr. Yate—My heart is very dark and spd; and the reason is, because God is not there* God resting in the heart, causes the heart to be glad * because, when he is there, evil is driven tway« My will is, to have nothing more to do ^kb evil, but to forsake it altogether, and live >a« God and Jesus Christ say we must I wish to t*Jk with you, and for you to talk with me. -E wish to ask you how I can be brought to stand nearest to the presence of the Savinftr ? Perhaps* by baptism I may be brought.near: perhapfis, bj KgW ZEAtASfi*. m praying: 1b* tfniw hetfrt. Mfr, Tate, you say hbw\ Let me take upott me a new name; for though the native- chiefs scoff at me, and say, u Who is Enheke, that he should believe? it is all non­ sense ;" I am not ashamed of saying to every body that Jesus died for my sins, and is my Saviour and my God. This is all to you, Mr. Yate, from your friend, from KAHErrft-.

.•*» LETTER VI. From Paru, a young Man who has been living with me from my first arrival in New Zealand, Father—From me, from Paru, is this Letter. Great is the grace of God within my heart: there­ fore my heart is large with love, and is pricked on account of sin. The words of Jehovah are good; and they cause a desire in my heart to pray to Him, and to stick close to Him. This is my thought, that I should heap up the words of the Lord within me, and not forget them by day no* by night. Sir, Mr. Yate, listen. When will' * good heart be deep within me, not to go away again ? Sometimes I say within myself, my thoughts shall be fixed on God : then I think About sawing, and the payment I am to haVe'fbt sawirig, when I have finished my tree. This is ttte wdy J am, this day, and this day, and ibis) da^J 9H& WW 4M*A*ftf Mr. Yatfci what 4f|ayt)Qrthq«g^is? ^ptffiMt^iXeft; perhaps* No. • • ,.!••- '-.-•" * Ero» me, fromyou r man, fawn ,.: FAAV> i» this Latter to M*« Y«i«

LfcTTEHVIL

JFVom -4 tea Haere, Chief of the Nga-ti-tautahi, to the Reverend W. Yate. To Mr. Yate, the parson at the Waimate.-^ Atua Haere, the chief of the Nga-ti-tautahi,. at Kaikohi, is he who is writing by his son's hand to you. These are my words, which my son, marks with a pen upon a slate to you. Thirty-seven of us in this residence have, many moons, been wish­ ing to be baptized. I am the old man, and the old chief of this tribe; and all my sons say, Atua Haere, write—Atua Haere, speak—Atua Haere* be urgent before Mr. Yate goes on board ship, for all the—we cannot tell how great—way to Eng­ land, You know us, and the thoughts of our hearts.: you have erected your tent by my house at Kaikohi, and you know all our desires. W£ t^ipk within us, and our mouths say, it is good jfco believe, it is good to pray, it is good to listen, \\ j* good to work. Our Church, our House of Prayer, is not finished. We native men are foolish, and took the props from under the roof before ifc*was secured, and it fell in; and we took the sides, and NBW SSftAliAtf*. m tte&dft^atid nil down. And when the Hdufce <*f Prayer was down, that I thought, in my thoqghtdy would bertttdyin two weeks for y<*i and Mr. Davie to oome, and Mr. Clafke and Mr, Hamlin to oome and instruct us in, I cried; and my heart and my people's hearts were pained, and became dark; and we said," It is no .use, we cannot buijd a house large enough:" and then you sent Kohuka, your son, whom you redeemed from slavery, to come and help us, and shew us how; and our hearts became light, and we went to work again, atld the roof is now fast. Mr. Yate, you must oome to Eaikohi. Mura, and Wahanga, and Kaha, will come and carry your cloth-house [mean­ ing a tent], and clothes. Waha is gone into the wood, to shoot some pigeons and tuis for you. I have a little pig, that I will kill when your horse appears in sight; and Piro's wife will wash your potatoes, because you do not have them cooked with the skill scraped. Come, and point out, and call those who are to go to Waimate, that you say you will bap­ tize.—No more writing from Atua Haere to Ml*.* Yate. Sit in peace. By Mura is this slate writ* teli: the words were spoken by ATUA HABBE, sitting by the side of Kekeao, from Pukenui.

LETTER IX. *• 'Sir, Mr. Davis—Though I am here, and you are there, very near me, 1 have not had many 828 NEW ZEALAND. thoughts about ttie. conversation I had with you. I have not gone backwards and forwards very offcn to you, to talk about tbe things .of Gody because -the heart within me is evil, and I have no thoughts towards Him* I am only evil—I Am altogether sin. Sin is in my head—and sin is in my heart. The works—the words—the thoughts—the all things in my mind, are sin. And I. love lying words more than truth. I cannot help sometimes crying at the sinfulness of my heart against God; and because my heart is inclined to teaze the Saviour every day, and not to do His bidding. Do you remember telling me, in the blacksmith's shop, when you and Mr. Clarke were making the plough, and when Pompey was kicking, in the yard, that my heart was more stubborn than that horse's ? I was angry then, and X thought Mr. Davis tells lies;—but no, it is true: I am stubborn to my teachers; I am stubborn with God; I am stubborn to do evil; I am deaf to good: how shall I escape the anger of God, for the evil of my heart! I am not able to write; for I have no thoughts towards Jesus Christ; my thoughts turn more towards the father of lies. Will you not pray that Jesus would pour out His Holy Spirit upon me, that I may watch, and pray, and believe, altogether believe, and have belief fastened in my Jieart P I wish to sit in peace with men; I wish to do the bidding of God; I desire to be made a true NEW ZEALAND. 329 t*HeVer> by Godla Spirit. Will you say to Mr* Yatej to let me enter the Church, and be baptized? No more writing from Warerau, at Torangatini, to Mr. Davis, and to all the Missionaries at Wfcimate. By PratKOTAHA, in this book, carried ftom Torangatira. Sit in peace! Perhaps Mr. Yate will say, Aye; perhaps, No. Do you say to him to say, Aye.

LETTER XI. From Henry and Rebecca Wahanga. Father, Mr. Yate—Is the sacred Supper a remembrance of Jesus the Saviours dying upon a tree for us—for me, and for my wife Rebecca, and for you ? My soul is happy, because it kncrw's of the love of God : and I wish to know some­ thing more, and to remember more of the great and good things which God hath done for me by Jesus Christ; and I want more to fulfil His will, and to do His bidding. My old heart is not carried away yet; it remains inside me: and when I am on my bed at night, my heart says, u Henry, do something that is not good to-mor­ row :" and then my thoughts think about it; and then to-morrow I think about it again; and my native heart says, •« Do it: * and I think again, and then I do it: and then my thoughts tell me I was wrong; and my heart tells me I am an unbe- 880 WRW ZZAX4KP, Iforing, bad man: and then Satan comes, Jind tells me I am none of Jesus Christ's, but ef his, and shall go to his place, and do his work for $ver, and ever. Mr. Yate, what do you think ? You have- brought the Scriptures, printed, from the other side of the water, and I have got a book: and Rebecca says, I must read it to her when she is ill, bringing to the birth; and I must look into it every day, every day, and pray more to God when I am reading; and I shall soon altogether know what I am to do, or to be done with. Your heart, and Mr. Kemp's, and Mr. Davis's, and all of yours, are always thinking good; but, as for ours > ! Rebecca says, this is to be Her letter and My letter; for they are our two's thoughts, and our hearts are one. This is all from us two, from HENRY WAHAKGA, and REBECCA WA- HAKOA, to our father, Mr. Yate, living at the Waimate.

LETTER XIII. From the Chief Hotaiwa to the Ren. W. Yate. I send one of my slaves with this book, written for me by Thomaa Reo, for Mr, Yate, at the Waimata Finished is the road through the wood, for your horse and you to come to my residence at Mangakahia» Come, come, come: we are waiting to hear you say, " It is a good road." Perhaps you will say it k good—perhaps, bad* We were NEW fcKALAKD. 831 thirty-five men, three weeks and four days, and we* ifil say, " No, no payment must we have for this work" It is a road for the Teachers to come to teach us, and tell us about Jesus Christ. This is our payment: this is our satisfaction. You have only been four times to Mangakahia: but now the road is made, you must come every moon, that we may not forget your words nor your books, nor the Catechism which you teach us. Come soon, and hastily, our firiend Mr. Yate. I have taken care of you axe and piece of soap. No more writing from HOTAIWA to the Preacher of the Gospel, sometimes at Mangakahia, and some­ times at the Waimate.

LETTER XIV. From Tanorenga to ike Rev. W. Yate. From Temorenga is this writing to Mr. Yate. My two friends carry on their back, in two baskets, nine two's of fowls. They are a gift-for-nothing from me to you, for you to eat on board the man- t&war, when on the great sea. Be jealous and coreftd of the waves on the great sea. Oh; how great they were, when I went up to Mr. Marsden's, at Port Jackson! Remember, that it was Temo­ renga who sat in your verandah, at your housed door, and told you all about native men's ways. Do not forget who I am, and what I have said W 39* NEW ZEALAND; ywi. Bring out one, two, three, perhaps more, Missionaries to go to the Southern Tribes, that there may be no more fighting between us here and them there. Bring your sister in the ship with you; and do not forget what I, Temorenga, have said, that you shall have a house at the Manawenua, if the other natives should ever be turned against you, and they should not let the Missionaries live in the land. A native man1s heart is very deceitful and very joking. Let my men, who carry the fowls for you to eat on board the man-of-war, carry me back one fig of tobacco, as my pipe is empty. Go in peace, and see your friends in England. Go in peace, Mr. Yate; so says TEMORENGA, at Manawenua, his residence, where he sits.

LETTER XV. From.the Son of Temorenga to the Bev. W. Yaje. My1 Father—Health to you* Rest in peace hew, in this native man's land; and do not go to England. Let your European friends write letters, and«*nd boxes; but as for you, sit at the Waimate, and come here to this place every week, to teach usr. The time is arrived, when Hght is coming into our beavts, and tight is passing all through New Zea­ land. ' Sit here, our Teacher, and do not go away. Thetee are our thoughts at the Mattawenua; and $11 the men say, and every body says, Mr. Yate NEW ZEALAND. 883 is going, and he will go; and we shall all be dead, altogether awept away, before he comes back; and when he comes to his residence, the houses will b$ burnt down, and fern will cover the place, and all here, every where, will be a wilderness —Go, go to England, and bring back with you a great many, let them be many Teachers, that every native resi­ dence may have a Missionary to tell them what is right, and to hold them from evil. Perhaps you will come back again—perhaps not. This is all my book to you—this is all my writing, mine, the son of TEMORENGA, sitting iu the verandah of his house at the Manawenua* Perhaps you can read this book—perhaps not. Bad are my fingers for writing, mine. t

LETTER XVI. From Henry George Watkins Warn to the Rev. W. Yate. My altogether friend, Mr. Yate—I do not know whether to say my heart is hot or cold: if is 'both. J. am grieved, because it is hot towards the things of this passing world, and cold towards God and the things of that there world where His residence is. I have more love for earth than for heaven* X think mqre of my body, which must soon in that light, aad tearless, and not-ackly place; when I shall not say my neck is bad, nor my heart Gold towards .God* This is my fanewell letter to you, before you go to England. Tell the English HttW ZEALAtfI>. 885 Mr. Watkfos,* that I think of him, as he is my name; and give him this Rewaiewa-box, for his wife to put her needles and thread in. Tell him, a New Zealander has no locks, nor hinges, nor fasten­ ings ; and he must put them on for his wife him­ self. This is all I write to you, my father and friend, mine. HENRY GBOEOE WATKINS WAEIT. To Mr. Yate, sitting at Mr. Clarke's house till he goes in the Buffalo at Wangaroa, to England.

LETTER XVIL From Thomas Reo to the Ree. W. Yate. Our old Teacher and Friend—I will be your companion on the way to Wangaroa, to the Buffido. When will the Buffalo sail ? You were the man who said to Mr. Kemp, " Send Henry Kemp to England." Do not forget him; and do not let him be angered by you, when on the sea. Remember, he was my little playing companion: and when I say fofcewellt o him and you, I shall cry; and we shall all cry; and Henry's mother will always, this day and that day, this day and that day, and every day, be saying, " Oh, where is Henry P when shall I hear from him ?"—Go, Mr. Yate, to England, mid see your friends, and hear either of their skk- nese or their health. Remember natrre men, and

* The Rev. H. G. Watkins, M.A., Rector of St. Swithin's, London Stone; to whom this youth has written two letters. 886 NEW ZEAX4XO, this native land: say to God, when you psay to him, to be very merciful to ignorant native, men* say to Jesus Christ, to make himself native, mmk Saviour: say to the Holy Spirit, to cause hiufctetf to be native men s teacher, and leader, and to she* the way above to heaven. Mr. Yate, this is mp last saying to you. Hurry back again; and (mtm and talk to us, and make our hearts light and glad. This is all my book. Here am I, and Titohea my wife, to whom you married me, and my child, who» you baptised last sacred day. Go, Mr. Yate: fare­ well ! go to England, and leave our hearts to be pained while you are away. From me is this writing, from THOMAS J&KG, sitting at Mr. Kemp's house, and saying," I wifl go to Wangaroa with Mr. Yate and Henry Kemp?

LETTER XVII.* From Paru to the Rev. W. Yate.

Sir, Mr. Yate—Is it indeed true? Is the Waimate not to see you again for how many moons-^perhaps fifty, perhaps one hundred ? I said, when you went to Port Jackson, "Ob, tag will come back soon. It is only two weeks' jousney there; and his father does not live in that places nor his sister, and he will not stay." But, as im this, Henry says, " We shall not see you amy more;* and , Cosmo says, " We. shall.;"^jwfr NEW ZEALAND. 887 Edward says, " Do not be in a hurry, and the wind wifi cause the sails of the ship to be filled, which will bring him to Waimate ;* and George says, *He shall die before Mr. Yate comes again.,,, But I say, perhaps God will say, Come; and perhaps he will say, Do not. I am very dark, and terry within me that a ship is going to sail with you in her from this native land. My wife has made some bands for parsons; and a pair of some­ thing for the wrists of English women, such as Mrs. Matthews and Mrs. Busby wear. You must give them in England to them that your heart says you love. Go in peace, Mr. Yate: go, and do not be overtaken by storms and hurricanes. Go in peace to England, and leave us all to cry when you are gone. This is all my last slate to you, from me, From PAEU, whom you sometimes call PKOE.

LETTER XVIII. From Hvngi to the Rev. W. Yate. To the man whose name is Yate, and who comes to teach us here. Here am I, sitting in the verandah of my house at Ohaiawai, thinking within me that I shall not tee your fkce again, nor hear the sound of your heme's feet. The soles of his feet, with you upon his back, will not leave a mark behind them on my 338 NEW ZEALAND* ground again till I am dead, and Paitaro is become the head Chief of Mangakauakaua* Perhaps I shall die; perhaps not. You say you shall return; but I am thinking, no: you will not leave again your good country, for this bad country, and this very bad and unbelieving people. You will love your own friends more than the New Zealanders*. find will not again leave them for this* These are our thoughts. We have love in our hearts for you; we have love in our words; and all oujc, thoughts to you are one, at this residence. We. are not good to your going; we are not satisfied, with the Buffalo for sailing from Wangaroa, when you are within. Go in peace, Mr. Yate, and see your friends in Europe; and say my How-do-you- do to the whole of them, not passing over one. This is all from him who was once your boy,.but is now married to a wife at Mangakauakaua, me,. HONGI.

LETTER XXII.

From William to Mr. Clark*. v Mr. Clarke—Do you ask Mr, Yate for some medicine for my child, and for Paparangtfs should den All a native man's thoughts are about the. body; which to-morrow perhaps, or perhaps nexfc, year, will be nothing. How great are our hearts, towards the things of this world I and how our. desires are tied on to possession here !. JQspes IJgJj: KEW ZEALAND. 8S9 the Bible say, u Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth," &c.; and, behold, I have more love for my child than for God; more thoughts about my child than about God. Say you, is this right ?— perhaps it is; perhaps it is not I have very great desires for another book: my wife always wants ffo read mine when I am reading it myself; and she reads it in the morning, in the middle of the day, and all day. I have said to her, I must tie my Bible in my garment, and take it to all places that I gd to; and when I am tired, I sit down in the fern, and read it. Do you say, if you will let me have another Bible for my wife, and one for Paparangi, who can now read. Paparangi has a large pig for a payment, and I will work for my wife's book. Ashamed am I of this writing on a slate to you: this is all from WILLIAM.

LETTER XXIII. A New Zealand Chief to the King of England. * King William—Here am I, the friend of Captain Sadler: the ship is full, and is now about. to sail. I have heard that you, aforetime, were the captain of a ship. Do you therefore examine the spars, whether they are good, or whether they are bad. Should you and the French quarrel, here are some tfees for your battle-ships. I am Q2 340 NEW ZEALAND. now beginning to. think about a ship for myself; a native canoe. is my vessel, and I have nothing else. The native canoes upset, when they are filled with potatoes and other matters for your people. I have put on board the Buffalo a. mere pounamu and two garments; these are all the things which New Zealanders possess. . If I had any thing better, I would give it to Captain Sadler for you. . , This is all mine to you—mine, TITORE to WrzuiAM, the King of England.

LETTBB XXIV.

From Ate to the 2&m. W. Yate. Mr. Yate—How do you do ? Sick is my heart for a blanket. Yes, forgotten have you the young pig$ I gave you last summer. My pipe is gone out, and there is no tobacco with me to fill it': where should I have tobacco? Remember the pigs which I gave you: you have not given me any thing for them. Forgotten have you the ornaments that I took off my boy's neck, and threw at your feet ? Mr. Yate, I do not forget yctfF: tny pipe is empty, there is nothing in it: give sottfe tobacco to me, and give me a blanket also/ Vour friend, and you are my friend ? and Ireii you with sucking-pigs; therefore, I say, no not forget. Speak my name to Ifing Wttfiam^ and

I NEW ZEALAND* 841

toll him I am sitting in peace, and listening to you. Go, go to fenglancl; aiiicf speedily com6^a«sk again fb your House at the Waimate, that you may comfc on* your horse Selim, and talk to us atiout the things of (jod* Here am I sitting ifc my house; and Hongi is writing my letter to you, from me, from jpur friend, that permitted his daughter to be married to your boy Renare. Prom ATE, at Mangakauakaua, to Mr. Yate, at the Waimate:—this is all.

— LBTUKK XXV* From Ngapuhi to the Rev. W. Yate. Sir, Mr. Yate^-How do yon do ? and how are all of you f On one of die day* of September, in the fourth week of it, on the Monday, I began to write this speech to you. I am going to write about what has happened in New Zealand, prid to the-men of the school, ill or well, alive or dead. Some are well, and some are lying sick—some of the men, and some of the women; but all the ctijldren in the school, both natives and Europeans, £re jWeH; and so am I alive and well. In this month we pre all sitting at the Waimate, working gt\d playing and talking and reading, and writing ^dlistening; but, in the midst of all this, thoughts .p£ lovje frequentlyrus h into our hearts for our loving ^father, Mr. Yate: and all the boys, and every tj^fr J?)^" ^{pjpM must w"te a t>°ok, and tell 34$ NPWJB*AM*I»«

Sarah Watkim Warn to the Bev. W. Y<&;jr?— you, who permitted us to enter the Church of Chri§t? This is the thing, Sip—if, from our baptism, "we Nl£* ZteAtAtiB/ fttf

Waffle uprightly* before ^0*1, dfcri *hfe wdfcto tiP Gtod* *5ffeprfeg up wtthmtls: for y&u desiito totoliw a* hi the presence of God. But I art writing to you, that you may hear my thoughts. If die grace

6fGMrfiotddcauH6 lis—the evil, the deaf5 the hard- hearted people—to hear and obey the callings of God, then all win be well; but we are more inclined to listen to evil than to good: perhaps this is the reason, perhaps it is not, that wo have not in truth deceived the things of Jesus Christ. Ah, Sir! w$ gfe not yet jealous enongh of die deoeitfulneia of eur hearts, which are yet native and ignorant, and Wiud and deaf, and hard and covered over with shut; aid the sinfulness of our hearts confases aH *he words of everlasting life, which we hew with our «ars, and read out of the Word of God The thoughts of our native heart sometimes say, «Ity- itnd-hy listen: do not Eaten to-day: to^mokvew will do for you to he thoughtful about the sonl*- -tt-*ioifcow, or by^and-by." Haw is it to be? and how am I to be rid of this distracting native bean ? ThakjWk about it—and do you say. Sir,) Mr. Yate, listen to my speech. I am very well, as I Am writing this booh to you \ but before you return heee ftg*ia» perhaps I shall be returned to dust- perhaps I shall not; for God has said, that every _jft*a whp ftvgs in this WQfld must diQ; but he has JMK si^d wj^n. Sir, Mr. Yate, listen to me, and I will tell you all about those who have died since a 4 844 KEW ff&ALAyj}. you left New Zealand Many who believe in Christ have died; and it is wdl that Ma believing people should go to Him, and not sit here for ever. Kape Kohine's younger sister was one; Tuwakawaha's daughter was another; the elder brother of Mere Hemara* Tangiwai; ihe wife of your boy Tojtaua, and Toa has been crying ever since sh* died; Kohine fiangi—her name was Mere, for whe wpi baptized, and she partook of the sacrament ef tfce Lord's Supper; and Mr. Henry Williams is ecus* up from Paihia for the purpose; Mr. Clarke Sftpt* messenger for him—she died; and she died belie*, jug* and she is gone to heaven. Another also, tt I am writing this book, is dying—Koihuru, {he wife of your good boy Henare; one at the viQag? of Ngai-te-wiu, a believing woman; another, Ftkw+ peka, the wife of Hako:—all these are dead; md before you eome back, we shall be all swept. aw*J£ Hurry back again altogether; hurry back agayiift this native land!—Mr. Yate, how do you 4&i Waru and I are to go to the Lord's Supper rk9& week: pray for us, that God would cause us rigb% to go. Mr. Yate, health to you and ell yew fiiendaft I am well, and George, and Caroline, agd Co«* are well: and I am thinking, that thoygb* Ifl&Vf you. come back here, my body may die, my^ifj/k will live, and it will live happy «ith God AtbfePfli

Thjs is all my speech to you, Sir, wine,*:, :»?* v** SAJIAH WATIINS WAHU. NEW ZEALAND. S45

tow** XXVH. lOtenry George Waiktns Waru to the Rev. W. Yate ; - from the Waimate, N*v. 1834.

• My friend, Mr. Yate—How do you do ? Sir, here are we all sitting—-some of us well, and some flR My friend, Mr. Yate, we altogether think felxmt you. You are cut away by the sea irom your sons here, and from the people of this native tottftL Oh, how great is our love to you! because, flb1, it was you who made yourself our godfather, W4K> permitted us to enter the Church of Christ: it Was ydu who preached to us the Gospel of God, to H9 the people of tide School-house, and to the people of the native residences also. Sir, be very miridftrt to pray to God for us—for the people of NeW Zealand, and for all the dark islands of this worldf. Pray to Him for the sick, and that He would spare', aaA be gracious to those who are lying upon thfe bed of stckneas, and cause their hearts to understand aft Ms gracious works. I write this book to you dutt you may altogether hear my thoughts: I say, dial if with * joking heart I hear' and receive the Wo*d of God, pain will be reserved for my spirit fetf fcvefr,an d no jdy will be for ever mine.-—Friend* my tihfldren are well. Caroline has been ill; sick­ ness stuck fast 16 her: it began soon after you left, £46 MW #EA£*lfB. and her tody wasaoon fleshiest; a^ I'CffedV-Bfgr friend, I have finished your room; and your bad* room is finished, all but the finishing round the doors And round the top; the mantle-piece is done, and the grate is fastened in. Perhaps you will say it is well—perhaps not, I am now working at Mr. Clarke's bed-room.—Friend, I am going to tell you something: shall I ? Mr. Clarke and I have been talking, and I am thinking of going to my residence &t the Ngai-te-wio, to sit* I write this book, thai ypu may know about it I am going, if you. a^r Yw to it* Mr. Clarke has said Yes, m& km « taore for m* to go ; but, my friend, abould I be pyertakpa by death Wwell, then my pbn» will be ended If I live, I shall work aa a carpenter, a*d sh^ll teach my own people all that I teamed about carpentering, and other things which I learned whtit wtih you. I shall teach them to build houtiea, mft ftU that I know. What shall I not teach them ?«# JJow, do, you altogether listen to me. Will not ya» be pleased with my gpwg ? I know that my iatitefc Mr. Yate, will be pleased for vm togoto tbenatW^ wUage,. and to At there and teach the people* Mf frieada Mr. Yate, I have very ggeat love for yo». gay to all yw friends to pray with y$u to 6j>d. #& 3$irii att'my^peech? to you. Bo> toot forget that you h«*4 a Mead, Geotg*. By me is this written^ % ' HttarfcY GKOECE WATKIHS WAKI*. TQ Mr. Yate, in England. '[

By die foregoing extracts the present state of Civilisation of the natives of New Zealahd, mid their aptitude for further instruction, may bfe mnved at They are easily taught the mechanical arts; and are so far masters of arithmetic, thefe * sawyer will tjake a piece of chalk, mark out Ms io£ to proper lengths and breadths for sawing into boards and planks, and calculate how many super­ ficial and Square feet they contain as well as aiiy Sfeglish mechanic They are strong and robust, id and well-formed, and make good sailors, but are oft wall calculated for cold climates. When the Church Missionary Society first sent missionaries toithis country, the natives were savage cannibals, irisomoch that it was dangerous for a missionary Uvfeside m the country; yet with a zeal and devo- tfed' tor the cftuse they espoused, which are in the feigtoft degree commendable, they persevered in tyiair instruction of the natives, until they have brought them to their present improved state. At the time I was in Sydney, in 1836, a ship was ftfcwgtf&xftirtf. Wrecked on the coast of Nw Eeahtnd; when the Hves of the eraw were JMK otaly preserved by the exertions of tile native*, but every article belong. 4ng to the wreck was wived, and take© care of fartbe owner*. This is, perhaps, more than could be said for our own countrymen on the coast of Cornwall, Wales, or the west of Ireland. The Polynesian 4sU*uh ako bear witness to the aneee^aftl-effi^ts *A the Church Missionaries in civilizing savages, iwhose ferocity was such, that numerous iwxmtas could be produced of their murdering in7 eold bteod the unfortunate crews of the shifts wkkfa Were cast on their inhospitable shores. To bane t8uttt*eeded in teaching such uninformed barbavqus 'beings, who were human in nothing but shape^tbe ftrst principles of Christianity, and givkig-4hem/6h -their hours of relaxation, a little knowledge of %Ke *rt«*chrinical arts, was surely accomplishing nfctch fliore than the most sanguine Christian could hwoe expected; and it is only now, when the seed is being i&mn, that the fruit can hereafter be hoped Uo Wine to perfection, ., -ir*

•$•1 ••.-«•. * ' -. ' • *- • " .i V*u»\ r The following informiitioh,which hainjfe&i landed to me by a friend 6f Mr. Y—-*, one e&*Ae kJNTew Zealand Missionaries, I conceive to be^anlfct **# jUstfce to lay beibtfe the public, as to^xievts fhat he never had^a trial, and tha* evetv A^tfftifoSy that did take place at Sydney, ended in his favour. WKW 9&&L** 9. &#

There is one sfetaaoQit of Dfc Lang's *Wcb,>I am happy to say, I have the power most dfetingtyf, MM! with proofs^ to contradict; and a? fects, without arguments to support there, are sufficiently weighty with an unprejudiced public, I shall leave thenvto speak fb* themselves. - - 1 \-. -. Br. Ltog lays—" Mi. Y——'s ease was inves­ tigated by competent persons in New South Watol by. persons unquestionably predisposed and anssuttts to acquit him if they could." In answer to thia, J insert the following extracts from documents which hate been put into my hands by persons of railkartcl •unquestionable character in this country, and who, upon the ftdket and most mature consideration, tff *tbe whole business, are decidedly of opinion hasirecmtiy assured me that he never. heardin. Nfew vZefh»dttty>of tke stories now alleged against ^yop, SM> mEW ZEALAND. and that he Mievee them to be aW fabrications, totally devoid of foundation" The Bishop's Registrar also officially announces to Mr* Y—*'s solicitor, that the enquiry (insti­ tuted at die express and reiterated desire of Mr. Y • •), which his Lordship contemplated, into thi eonduct of the Reverend Gentleman, * cannot now take plao6;n no Consistorial Court having been esta­ blished in the colony; whilst Mr. Y——-'8 solicitor writes to him, "It appears from Mr. Norton^ let­ ter, that your waiting here (for investigation) has been in vain." Then again I know that those gentlemen in Sydney who had the best, and indeed die only, opportunities of judging correctly, having heard both sides of the question, were convinced that the aspersion on his character had no foundationi n fact For my own part, I am quite satisfied that Mr. Y—— is a maligned and deeply injured man; and I agree with an eminent physician of Sydney, thatt the whole is die result of a conspiracy. This gen­ tleman tbtis writes to afnend in England-^" I Will admit, at the first view of the subject, my mind wal far from being satisfied as to hw innocence; yfciy determined to sift the charge to the utmost tetiirf,' for which my professional avocations gave me many advantages, the result to my mind is, that he is die victim of a conspiracy black as hell: nor do I believe, K&W ZEALAND* 851 with many, others* a wocd of the charges brought against him.'" v Whilst I fe$i bound to take these public means of vindicating the character of Mr. Y—• agjrinsfc tb$ aspersions so unjustly cast upon him, I baye qmch pleasure in adding, that I have been favoured with a sight of certificates, bearing upon his moral character, as high as ever man received These Certificates are written by persons in the Church* who have known him from his youth, and by others who, have known him during the whole course of his ministerial career, both at home and abroad, I need scarcely add, that th?ir names if mentioned would be a sufficient guarantee of their fitness $o judge of character; and ii* this particular instauce* ffym their high official situation, and personal com­ munication with Mr. Y——, very well-qualified tp e^giresp an opinion. I must add that, so recently aq the 2d of this month (August 1839)3 the whcdcof tfhp inhabitants, without exception, in the parishy wjjpre, \tf has lately been officiating as a hcw& \men** haye presented to him a petition, that he* wo^dd make some arrangement to continue to $*eSr cufthis ministry amongst them, by which mwftrjr $ey an4 their femilies have received $wh great

i <8») -

NAUTICAL OBSERVATIONS.

EVERY day's experience proves the incomplete­ ness of the surveys hitherto made of the coasts of Australia. The following is an extract of a'letter with which I have been favoured by Mr. George Bishop, of this city, a Lieutenant of the Navyi on the subject of the recent discovery of a harbour on the eastern coast of that country. " The harbour I spoke to you about was dis­ covered last voyage by Captain Robertson, of the Ferguson ; it is situated, to the best of my recol­ lection in lat £1 south. He happened to go through the inner passage to Torres Straits with the Duchess of Northumberland in company, and observing a deep indent in the formation of th& coast, he stood in and anchored, gradually shoal­ ing £he soundings from 17 to 7 fathoms, fine blue clay. He describes it as capable of containing all the ships in our navy. He was very much hurried: in point of time, or he would have made an accu-: fate survey of it; but he could see up the harbour river or strait, (whichever it happens to turn out to NAUTICAL OBSERVATIONS. 358 be) about twelve miles. He landed, and got two of the natives down to the beach, but they would not embark : one was of a light copper colour; the other jet black, like the common native of New South Wales. There was a teak vessel stranded, of about 200 tons burthen, that appeared to have been there many years. There were forests of excellent timber, and every indication of a fine climate, the evenings being cool. He promises to commit all the particulars to paper, and send them to me by the first homeward-bound ship he falls in with; on .the receipt of which, I will communicate with the Government, as the place may prove desirable for the formation of a settlement" It is conjectured that the copper-coloured native i* the offspring of one of the crew of the teak ship, wrecked on the coast, by a native woman of the country* It is very extraordinary that no minute survey of the coast has ever been made. Numerous as the shipwrecks have been 4m the Australian coasts, many took place through want of .foresight, or not keeping what is called a good look-out The Children and Isabella were lost by the carelessness of the same person. The three sju£9.tha£ were lost in UEntrecasteaux Channel myjht have taken the wider and safer course^ Th%: Farsee and the Dart were wrecked on the T*ow?~ b^^ Shoal, 1&& dowa by, iBm^s* m.^ >g*h SS& KAtffffCAL 0s%fcBttAtf SOHsV cent's GuM; bound fromHobattTow n to Adelaide: this was no eomoeakd danger, m those are s&ttid- to be about Port Lincoln; yet two ships were? wrecked on it, one a short time after the other. The Neva was lost on the rocks near King's Island, in Bass's Straits, with female prisoner* on board* few of whom were saved—the Master and crew espaped; there was no stress of weather to cause such a misfortune, and rumour laid it to die charge of the immorality and neglect of those who should have taken better care of the ship* If the same mode as that whkh is pursued in the Royal Navy were. adopted in the merchant service, *hai all commanders were brought to a trial on losing a ship, before getting charge of another, it might have a desirable effect The Lady Munro, on her passage from India to Hobart Town, with several passengers who had considerable property on board, with the intention .of settling in Van Diemen's Land, was wrecked an one of die islands of St. Paul or Amsterdam, which are near each other in the South Pacific Ocean, The .Matter wished to try if hi* chrono­ meter was right, by sighting the islands; he made them (in nautical phrase) during the night, and ran right upon them: the ship became a total meek* and many valuable lives and much property were lost . That valuable work* the United Servite Jeiir- n*l* jftfttii that it was faitowrly the practice witfe aamk»lfflie» to st^riOTdda»gef,inordbrtoavBid Ha for the chances then were that they would not hit upon it; nod .quoted a case .of one of our Dogates, with troops on board, being wrecked in that wanner. , A calculation was "then entered into, tA shew that the number of ships lost in die mer* ehant semfe annually amounted* on an average? to eight hundred, the number of merchant ships in the British service being computed at 24,00fr; at this fate of loss, the merchant ships would be nenewedin tihirtyyeans . This destruction is almost incredible, and must in a gueat measure be attributed to the ignorance of the navigators;** The fbflowisig instance may illustrate this obpefe. ration:"-* ^ The ship Atalanta sailed from Hobart Town in September, 1826, with a cargo of wool and ail, .bound fix London. The Master, I*—*~, not bong Asoustomad t» navigate a vessel such a distan 40/ souths within leas than >a (bgree of: the aame parallel of latitude .aa that, in which the Ataianta was detained so hang* rathejee; thus, by endeavouring to escape ficyHaj we mste marly wrecked on Charybdia. The wind facte- ontely changed, and saved ui from our impending ute • f The Duke of Kent was wrecked on the tnttdfe ground at the mouth of the Tans*, fromwan t p£* h«*>y to point out the danger, which had drifted** haen washed away, and not replaced.:—I beiwre jfcfani -a» pilot was onboard at the tiaafe—itf fftli&ie »bbaaetouhl be attached to the Maafcer. Gaghu* Mnoooodhie, in his book on praon-dtscifdine* ,pidb- sfcfaed in Hubert Town, eukgiaes the oenducfciof the perutfoer and the Marino Department of ahoTamar* No allnsieo could be more unfortnaatfl, Bmkjfmmn Am: ahanisJitj of a stranger writing** a subject with which he it unacquainted: se purt of the public service has given such cause of eamphdnt, or in which there* had been se many investigations. The fallowing instance mil shew thttt the lax discipline which that gentleman §dw* eates so much, is not the best suited to ccmvkt (JiSbipline :— A pilot named Ward had two convict seamen attached to his piloUboat, which is steered bj a 4tem»oar. One of these men, named Pretuigaat, was known to entertain enmity to Ward. On aeturaing, after piloting a vessel out to sea, Wasd wad drowned. The account the men gave wai, that the pilot fell overboard in a scufle with itamdgast for the stern-oar. Even by their own staving, Prendgast was guilty of insubordination, m disojmying the orders of bis superior offioan No further notice was taken of the transaction, •-abort time after Prendgast, a notorious charac­ ter, committed some other offence, forwhic h it w*? j*4ged necessary to send him to gaol at Launcesten, ftety miles distant from George Town. The port- efloer of the former place, being, also resident ttttgifttrate at George Town, thought proper, in abeqrdence with the lax mode of discipline aomnfeh lauded, to send a single convict constable with Erefldgast,fonsbiet Mm ^uchatlistance>thrw|igka tomt : Tbereauk was sucfc as might, hee^^msa •faiqpwaiyaether #£. themen,has bain dared his guard, and became a bushranger; on that, aa they were convicts, they both agreed to; resume (perhaps) their former habits and mode erf Ufe^ While our ship w»» dropping down die Tamar, the port-officer sent a Government-boat, with an invitation to a carpenter and hie wife, friends of his, and passengers o» board, also an invitation to the skipper, to dine with bkm. During the conviviality on shore, two runaway convicts took possession of a fisbing»boat belonging to a Mr. Manifold, and were making their way ttf our ship, in order to conceal themselves (by bang stowed away by the sailors, through which mean* it is thought many convicts escape): they were detected, and brought as prisoners on board,dtiring < which the port officer and his company returned; On the examination of the prisoners, he took occasion to insult one of our passengers ratfeei. grossly and without cause; but as he had been enter* tajning his friends, and the ship was on the potnlf of sailing, no notice was or could be taken: of it: however, it proves the dog-in-office authority the* soma Botany Bay magistrates will assume* The ship Mars was lost in her passage frnc Launeetton to England, on the Falkland Isfandar ash the Master states, through the nafket of dm m*fe *b* feU asleep at his post; The Master and: crew escaped, and suffered great privations cm NAUTICAI, OBSERVATIONS'. 35$ shores firom which they were relieved by the humane exertions of the Captain and officers of H. M. S^ Sparrowhawk, who with that dauntless bravery which distinguishes British seamen, risked' their own lives, and even lost one man in rescuing from their distressed situation the shipwrecked mariners. The North American ship Penguiii' aboleut her humane assistance. It was a strange coincidence hi ships' names, that the men were sawed by the Sparrowhawk assisted by the Penguin, and ultimateiy'arrived in England from Rio Janeiro in the Dove. It is a matter of surprise to nautical men, that there is no Normal School of Instruction for masters and mates of vessels:—such an institution, placed under the Masters of the Trinity House4, mutt be attended with great benefits to the mer­ chant service of this country. In France, masters of ships must undergo an examination, and obtain a-certificate of their fitness to command, before they can. get charge of a ship; a regulation which might be adopted in. our civil naval institutions with great advantage. The TfiBEL Q'Sfaanter received so much damage uncrossing the bar at Poet Adelaide, on her voyage Scorn thence to Sydney, that, in order to save the lives of the passengers and crew, she was beached oo the northern shore of Van Diemen's Land, and brake up, 860 NAUTICAL OBSERVATIONS. *

Another ship, with female convicts on board, was wrecked near Boulogne, on the coast of France, on her passage to New South Wales. The loss of these two ships with females on board was severely felt by the colonists, the disparity of the sexes bebg more than two males to one female, and there being a great want of female servants. Much has been said, and very unjustly, against the free females sent out to the colonies by Mr. Marshall. I know nothing of that gentleman; but I must bear testi­ mony to the usefulness of those females sent out. It could not be expected that among such numbers all would be equally well-behaved; yet the great majority of them were well-conducted, many of whom have married respectably, and4 are now the mothers of families.

The chapter on New Zealand (which now attracts so much public attention, introduced at the instance of some friends), has necessarily excluded other matter on the Australian provinces, which was intended for the present publication; but my limits being circumscribed, it must be reserved for a future occasion.

FINIS.

S. M'Dowall, Printer, 06, Leadenhall Street.