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p t b Int r t v S n td, Gl t r r nt d n th Un t d St t f A r br r f C n r C t l n n bl t n t r , Er h, 00 80. h v r t b ? bl r ph : p. . r n l t . 2. Ont l . I. tl . 8. 46 6 28 IS 0 8264 8 8 C nt nt
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It th th f World Perspectives th t n n th pr f d v l p n n n n h h, n p t f h pp r nt p r t l nd r l pt v t , n v nt ll l ft th h n r b v nd b nd th f r, n r n , nd l t n h h b t t t d . It t th n nt n n , t th n pt f n b rn t f n v r p r v d thr h fr h v n f r l t , th t World Perspectives d d t d. M Intr d t n t th S r n t f r t b n tr d pr f t r f r h nd v d l b . h f p pl tt pt t t f rth th n r l nd p rp f th S r h l . h tr t p nt t th pr n pl f p r n n th n h n nd t d f n th nt l n t r f n, pr nt d b th h l r h h v b n nv t d t p rt p t n th nt ll t l nd p r t l v nt. M n h nt r d n r f v l t n r h t r , n n h h r p d h n d n nt n n . nt nd n th f nd nt l h n , n h h nt rv n d n th v l t n r pr . t n b tt r ppr t th f t nd th n d v l p th d t d r t th pr t rd h f lf ll nt r th r th n t rd h d tr t n. A h l rn t ppl h nd r t nd n f th ph l rld f r pr t l p rp , h , n r l t , xt nd n h nn t p t nd nt n h b l t nd h n d t n t ll h b l t t th n nd t r t . And r lt, h b t t t n l d r t d v l t n r pr n h tr l n t nv r n nt l h rd h p f r th l , b t x WO E S EC I ES
ff t v , b l l v l t n h h pr d d d rn n thr h t t n nd n t r l l t n. nt ll nt nt rv nt n n th v l t n r pr n h r tl l r t d nd r tl xp nd d th r n f h p b l t . t h h n t h n d th b f t th t t r n tr l nd rr r pr , th th d n r f t n p th th t l d t t r l t f nd nd h rt, r l p th nd nt ll t l n rt nd v n pr d n l d n r nf t t l v n n v lv n rld. Onl th p r t l nd nt ll t l l d r f r p h h h v p t rn t n th xt n n f n h r z n r nv t d t participate n th S r : th h r r f th tr th th t b nd th d v v n n n th r x t pr rd l n t v p r n r ll b nd t th r b n h n t r f nd nt l th n n n t f d th h r n z th t th ntr f l f r h h h tt r d nd t z d n nd t b r pl d b n nt r t n tr t r nd pr p bl f b t n n n nd p rp n x t n th h r l z th t n t lf, h n n t nh b t d b th l t t n f t n th d l , h n h t n d nd h bl d, t n t n nd t r n t r n f t ndr d n n th t fl fr t. rt ll ll f r d pl n h v r l d n n pt n h h r n n p t bl th th C rt n x , nd th th t t rld v n d r v d fr t. r nd rl n th n d , n l d n th f d rn ph , n f n rd r, b t t n t l t t p rp , nd n t th p rp f th n v r nd f n, b t th p rp n th n v r nd n n. In th r rd , t nh b t rld f d n pr nd tr t r . h r f r n d l l f p t nt l t r th r th n n f pr b b l t , d l t f p l r t , n n h h n t nd d v r t r r d f n d lt n nd n r p l f th n . O r t t n n . v l z t n h pr v l h d t f th h ll n f nt f p l z t n, nd r r p n t b n . h th S r tt d t n r th t th p r t l nd r l n d f n h n b n nd th nt f nd nt ll t l r r t h nd f r l f b br ht nt pr d t v , n n f l nd r t v h r n . In rt n n th t n n h r n d h f r r ntr p t n n th n v r . r p t r f th E rth h b n d v l bl fr d t nt p , fr th l n r d rt, nd th h r l t n f th E rth h b pl n. h n nd p rf l n x WO E S EC I ES
d n h t r n th t h v r b n b rn n n n n . W r ll b n r l n rn d th r n t r l nv r n nt. And th n rn n t nl th r lt f th rn n v n b b l t , l t nd n rv t n t . th r t th r lt f d p n n r n th t th n n h h pp n d, th t th pl n t E rth n nd pr pl . Ind d, t n t b r n d n th t th r n h ld h v b n b rn t th x t nt h n n t h f r t t p nt t r p . h S r nd v r t p nt t r l t f h h nt f th r h r v l d nl n p t. It th t nt t th r l t th t l nd n v r l nt nt t nt t t r n l nd l t r th ht. n l d n th fr n l h ll r t r n t th r t f l f h n p r t n b h h n h p t f lf ll th lv n th rld n t th n n nd nt nt b n . r r pr bl t d v r pr n pl f d ff r nt t n nd t r l t n h p l d n h t j t f nd t p r f nt f , ph l ph nd ll th r n l d , b th d r v nd nt t v , b pt n th r nt rd p nd n . h th r n n n d rt l t thr h th r n n . h th n n n . E h v l pr nt th th ht nd b l f f t th r nd p nt t th n h h r l n, ph l ph , rt, n , n , p l t nd h t r n t t t th t f r f h n t v t h h t th f ll t nd t pr nt f v r n , p b l t , pl x t nd d ff lt . h World Perspectives nd v r t d f n th t n l p r f th nd nd h rt h h n bl n thr h h t r r tn t r r t h l f . h S r tt d t r x n t n f ll th d f h n nd v r h h th p l t t ht t b l v h ld f l l v d . It tt pt t h th tr t r l n h p b t n bj t nd bj t th nd ll n f th n n th th r. It nt rpr t pr nt nd p t v nt p n n n h n l f n r r n W rld A nd rld n n nd nv h t n t tt n h n n d b n nb nd n nn r n t t th t f h t t x lt d n h . It p rp t ff r n v t n t r f rld nd h n d v l p nt h l r f n t b tr th nt t rr l t n b t n n v r l t nd nd v d l t , d n nd f r , fr d nd d t n . E h th r d l th th n r n r l z t n th t p r t nd n t r r n t p r t nd p rt th t nt t n nd r n t r n th r
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nv r n th n f p r v n nd f n nn r b n th t r r l t . World Perspectives nd v r t h th t th n pt n f h l n , n t , r n h h r nd r n r t n pt n th n th t f tt r nd n r . h n nl r d n n f l f , f b l , n t t r v l d n th t t t b f th l b r t r b t t xp r n d th n th r n f l f t lf, tt pt d n th S r . r th pr n pl f l f n t n th t n n h h nn t p r t th th r l f tt r, b t ll j n d. h l nt f l f d n nt n th v r t xt r f n t r , th r nd r n l f , b l , tr n p r l n . h l f l f h v th r r n b nd th r r ph l n f t t n nd p l t n d r th r p r t l r . In f t, th d n n f th n pt l fr r h n t nl rv d t r t r rd r th n th r p t v br n h f n l d , b t h l d l d n l n n p t n r rd n th n l nd nth f xp r n n pp r ntl p r t d d n f n l d , t n th p b l t f n v r r br n bj t v d r pt n f th n n f l f . Kn l d , t h n n th b , n l n r n t n n p l t n f n nd n t r pp t f r , n r n th r d t n f d t t r t t t l rd r, b t n f l b r t n n nd fr th d tr t v p r f f r, p nt n th t rd th l f th r h b l t t n f th h n ll nd th r b rth f f th nd nf d n n th h n p r n. h r p bl h d l nd v r t r v l th t th r f r p tt rn , t nd th r t r n l n t nt th d r r tr n r n b th E t nd W t f r th r v r f d n t , nt r t nd lf r l z t n h h r th n l n bl r ht f n h n d h n b n f n p rp n th l ht f r t n l xp r n . h v l n th S r nd v r t d n tr t th t nl n t n h h r n f th pr bl f science x t , n t d v r t rt r t v f h n n h n lt r , nd n h nn r th t th d v r d p n nd n t r d th n f n v r l h n n t . h d ff r n n th d pl n , th r p t l l x l v n , th v r t f h t r l xp r n , th d ff r n f tr d t n , f lt r , f l n , f th rt , h ld b pr t t d nd pr rv d. t th nt rr l t n h p nd n t f th h l h ld t th t b pt d. h th r f World Perspectives r f r r th t th lt t n r t th h p nd f r h h p rv d d rn t r t n th x WO E S EC I ES
r l f br f n, nd n th d nd r p n b l t f th h pr t th r f t d v l p nt. t r l d n nn t d p n th n n ht nt th nt rpl f th bj t v l nt h h ff r nd l t th h d . h r f r n nd r t nd n f h t th r , th h n t ff nt nd t n, n r pr r t f r d r t n t n t rd n tr t v l t n . Oth r v t l t n xpl r d r l t t pr bl f nt rn t n l nd r t nd n ll t pr bl d l n th pr j d nd th r lt nt t n n nd nt n . h r n p r pt n nd r p n b l t f r W rld A p nt t th n r l t th t th nd v d l p r n nd th ll t v p r n ppl nt nd nt r t h th r th t th thr ll f t t l t r n f b th l ft nd r ht h b n h n n th n v r l d r t r pt r th th r t f tr th nd h n t t l t . M n nd n f n ll pl t tr t n t n pr l t r n th r t r n , n t n l r z d h n , b th f h h h v b tr d th p r t l pr p rt r ht f h t r , b t n r nt l br th rh d nd n th n t f n l d . h n n n h r t d d n n f h n h r z n b nd v r p r h l , nd r v l t n n h n th ht p r bl t th b pt n, n th n nt Gr , f th v r nt f r n rr p nd n t th r t ff l n f th r l n n rt l t d b th br pr ph t n l t th f nd nt l rt n f Chr t n t r t th b nn n f th n nt f r , th r f th n f d n , th xp r nt l f nd t n f h h r l d b G l l n th n n . An p rt nt ff rt f th r t r x n th ntr d t r n n nd ppl t n h h r v n t d t h t r d r , fr d , j t , l v , p , br th rh d nd G d. h p rp f h n r t l r th f r th f nd t n f n n rld h t r n t n t r f n t n r r r lt r b t n t r f n n r l t n t G d, t h lf, h f ll n nd th n v r , th t r h b nd d t lf nt r t. r th n n f th W rld A n t n r p t n n h p nd dr h h l d t d p r nd r t nd n f th b v l f ll p pl . W rld r p t v pl nn d t n n ht nt th n n f n, h n t nl d t r n d b h t r b t h l d t r n h t r . t r t b nd r t d n rn d n t nl th th l f f n n th pl n t b t n l d n l h nfl n nt rp n tr t r h n rld. h n r t n d v r n th t h t r d n t nf r t th l pt f d rn v l z t n nd th t th WO E S EC I ES
r n z t n f h n n t nd th t bl h nt f fr d nd p r n t nl nt ll t l h v nt b t p r t l nd r l h v nt ll, d nd n h r h n f th h l n f h n p r n l t , th " n d t d h l n f f l n nd th ht," nd n t t t n n v r nd n h ll n t n, r n fr th b f n n l n nd ff r n , t b r n d nd r pl n h d n th t t l t f h l f . t t lf, h h h b n " n t t f p l r nd r f x n" nd n b n l l l b r t d fr th r p f l nd p l t l d n l n th E t ll n th W t, b n t t n t n pr . h d rn r v l t n r v nt h h h v h ll n d th r d n t t t n f t b pr t t n nj t n th n f l j t r h r x n d nd r v l t d. In th l ht f th , h v n h b t t d t th t th nfr d n t h h fr d r d t b r t n d th t, n l , th t th p t f tr th t f h h th n ht v pp r t r , th d r n f r t , l ttl b nd n bl n bj t v dv n . h th t r f n n n r n p r bl , n t d d b t l v n nd pl nt r , n p t f th t "pr n pl f pl nt r t " thr h h h l hr h ht t n t th nt nd th v , b th f h h n t t t th v r f br f l f r d nt n r . h r n n nd t d nt rf r t th t r l t nd d n r f nt t t v , n n lt r n , f t p r pt bl , p r t l n f nv r n t rd h n nd rld n t n th b f th r dn f h h n p r n nd r p t f r th pl r l t f lt r . h r r n r n th t l t n t b v l t d n r n r l t r b t pr p rt n t nd n l l n t r l t . r h n l t t d th nt r h n b l t , nd v d l t n t d nd th h n p r n tr n t d nt f l . W t nd t th br n f n f rld n h h h n l f pr f r rd t t l z n f r . h f l p r t n f n nd n t r , f t nd p , f fr d nd r t , n l d d, nd r f d th n v n f n n h r n n t nd f h t r ff r n r hn nd d v r t f l t nd j t f p h th rt npr d nt d. In r l t n th l t d d f n p r t t th n r l t f th W rld A , n rt l t n t th ht nd b l f, World Perspectives t n r r n n f h p n t nd f pr d n n d n t h t h d t n ll b . x v WO E S EC I ES
M n h rt nl ntr v d t h n th nv r n nt, b t bj t t th n pr nv lv d n th h n , th pr f l t n nt n t p r t . h nv r n nt h h n d p rtl n ph l nd r ph l n , b t r p rt l rl fr th n l d n p . h bl l t r f Ad nd Ev nt n d p l n, h h l r d n h rdl r v l . On th "fr t f th r f Kn l d " h b n t n, th rld h n d. h n rld d t t d b th n l d t lf, n t f r b n d t f G d. h bl l t r h f rth r nt r t n th t th n rld d t b h r th n th f r r d ll t t f n r n . d r b nn n t nd r h th r th ht n t l b tr . Y t r n , ppr h n v , nd r f r l d t th ll p f v l z t n . h t rn t th tr th th t n l d nd l f r nd v bl , v n l f nd d th r n p r bl . W are h t n nd th n nd f l r l n d th h t r , th th rld, th th n v r , nd f th n Life r t t n v r f t n. World Perspectives tt d t th r n t n th t ll r t h n r pr d d b v r nt ll t l r v l t n nd r r n z t n. O r th r r r th t th n f hubris b v d d b h n th t th r t v pr t lf n t fr t v t f b fr n rb tr r , r nr l t d t l . r th r t v pr n th h n nd, th d v l p nt l pr n r n n t r nd th b l f th n r n r l b b t v r d xpr n f n v r l f r t v pr . h World Perspectives h p t h th t lth h th pr nt p l pt p r d n f x pt n l t n n , th r l t r n x pt n l v nt t rd p n t n n t h h r f t v l t th lt t r l p r t r n th n v r , th t v r p r p n h h ll h n ff rt t t l t d p nd. In th t nd r t nd th t th r x t n nh r nt nt rd p nd n f p r t l nd nt l r th h h, th h nd t n d b r t n , n v r d t r n d b r t n . In th th r t pl th r f h n n l d b rr l t d th n n ht nt th n t r f h n n t r b b n tt n d t th d nd d p r n f h n th ht nd h n xp r n . In h r n th r lt f th pr nt d nt r t v pr n d t n. h th n d f r World Perspectives xpr t lf n th r n t n th t n t r l nd n d l l t r r h t d l t d p rt l nd l nt r r t n . r th r b rr l t n f l nt n n t r n n h h nn t b xv WO E S EC I ES
p r t d, h h p h th r nd lt r h th r t ll . h h p t d n ppr pr t l r n pt l fr r f r f r n . r r p t l l pr bl n t n r f nd n th pr p r b l n b t n r l f n ll br n pr n pl r l v nt t r f v l t n l f nd n r p r t xpr r lv n l ll n t nt nn r. O r d Chr t n nd Gr n h r t , r ll n tr d t n, h p ll d t th n n x l v t r . t r experience h ll n t r n z t t l t r h r nd f r r pl x th n th v r b rv r ld h v p t d— t t l t h h p l h t th n n h h th l f d h t d n . W r n d t r v f nd nt ll r rd n r f n v n xp r n , nd th , b xp nd n r v n nd b pt n th f r f th ht h h l n l d n n x l v t r , th nd th n bl t r p h t t n p bl f r p n r pt n b f r . t r p r t t f n t th r n lt rn t v n n t r , n ll, n fr d , n h th r f r n. M n t h v nv t n nd v l t l v f r, nd th l r n z d nd pt d b th nt t h r t th t ph l ph r . r th th n r l z th t d t nd d v t n t r t , b t t f t n r f nd r t nd n , ll b r nd r r r nl d n ht n t ph th t tr n nd r h t r l nd nt f v r n r l n th t tr n nd nd t p rv d th r r rr n n n th l ht f d . r th n t r f n l d , h th r nt f r nt l l, n t n r n l n meaning nd being. And being n f n th n th r th n th t l z t n f p t nt l t , lf r l z t n h h p n t n th th tr n f r t n. h l d t xp r n n t r f th nd v d l nd t r n z t n nd p tt rn n n t r f th n v r . h r n nd rld t l z th lv lt n l . And n l d th t r n being nd r n n t , n f t n t rn l t , n t d n t h v t b nn n th pr r t n, n r th b rth, n r d t nd th d th. En r nd tt r n h t v r f r th n f t th lv r tr n t p r l nd tr n p t l nd r th r f r t ph l. M n n n d t n h t r ht nd h t r n , f r pt d f h n l d h n bl t d d h t b tt r r h t r . World Perspectives h p t h th t h n t d ff r nt fr n l t , h h, h v n r h d rt n t , r n l n r xv WO E S EC I ES pr r v b t r d n t d b r t n nd r p t t n. h n h d v r d h n n t r , nd th th lf n l d h h l ft th t t f n n nd nt r d nh d. r h th nl r t r h bl t n t nl "n " t l f b t " " nd t f r h lf l f th t h n. In th d n l h b rd n nd h r tn . r th p r f l f r d th l n t nl n th t n b t n n r ntl r d b l t t d tr r t r t l f t lf, nd th r f r h f d th nl t d nd npr d nt d h f r d nd f r v l th t d n t r t . O r n n rn th v r d t n f th h n r . r n h n nt rv n d n th pr f v l t n, p r n t v n t th pr S r t , n r t Ar t tl , n r t th r ph t n th E t r th W t, n r t C p rn , n r t th r, rt , r M h v ll . d nt f v l t h n f rth d r t t hn l l h n , f r th t h v l n d v t d f h h n t nd f h n d t ll b r t th th v r f br f th n v r n rd r t b t n n , p rp , nd d n t p n h x t n . t t b l t n th v l n th f h n n h rt r th n th l f p n f n. In p t f th nf n t bl t n f n nd n p t f th r f n t p r, n p t f th ntr n n f n t n l , nd n p t f th h l n f r l p n r nd r d n ff t l b th t hn l l tl , b n th th pp r nt t r l nd ph v l f th pr nt, nd t f th tr n f r t n f th d n p r d th th nf ld n f rld n n , th p rp f World Perspectives t h lp n th " n h n h rt f ll r nd d tr th" nd nt rpr t th n f nt l nt f th W rld A n t n h p t f th r f th t nd d nt n t f th r t v pr h h r t r n t n nd h l d p n n nd nh n n h n n nd h b t r l t n h p th th n v r . U A A A S E
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h l are nd th l xpr f r l f —th r have nd th r t r r l nt t d l f . I(A MA
III r rd
h b f ll t tr nd f pr v r t n . r t, t xt nd th d v l p nt f r n r d l h n t p h n l , n n tr t n n th n l f lf hn nd ltr t b h r t r r nt t n . h l t th rd f th b , rt hr , th n rr f rth r th I d lt th n The Sane Society nd The Revolution of Hope: th r f nt p r r t nd p b l t f r t l t n. p t t n f pr v l xpr d th ht h v b n n v d bl , b t I h p th n v p nt fr h h th ll r r tt n nd t xt nd d n pt ll p n t v n r d r h r f l r th pr v r t n . A t ll , th t tl f th b nd t rl r t tl r l t d nt l: G br l M r l, Being and Having, nd lth r St h l n, Haben and Sein ( v n nd n . All thr b r r tt n n th p r t f h n , b t ppr h th bj t n v r d ff r nt : M r l r t fr th l l nd ph l ph l t ndp nt St h l n b n tr t v d n f t r l n d rn n nd ntr b t n t Wirklich- keitsanalyse; th v l d l th n p r l p h l l nd l n l f th t d f x t n . I r nd th b b M r l nd St h l n t r d r h r ff ntl nt r t d n th t p . (I d d n t n f th x t n f p bl h d En l h tr n l t n f M r l b nt l r ntl nd r d t n t d n n x ll nt En l h tr n l t n pr p r d f r pr v t b v rl h . h p bl h d v r n th n t d n th bl r ph . In th nt r t f n th r r d bl b , t f tn t r r d d t b r n , b th n n b r nd n l n th. Wh l x x O WO
b r f r n pp r n p r nth n th t xt, x t r f r n r t b f nd n th bl r ph . An th r p nt f t l th t I nt t l r f n rn th f n r " n" nd "h ." I b l v I h v v d d ll " l r nt d" l n , nd I th n M r n Od r f r nv n n th t th f l n n th r p t f r r p rt nt th n I d t th n . On n p nt nl h v b n n bl t r n r ppr h t x n l n , n l n r p t t th rd " n" th t r f r f r n f r th p p n . h f " n" n th nt xt, th t d ff r nt t n f x, h l n tr d t n n h n t th n n , nd I d n t b l v n d th t rd th t d n t l rl th h n p h r t r. h d ff lt x t n th G r n l n : n th rd M n h t r f r t th n n x d ff r nt t d b n . t v n n En l h th rd " n" d n th x nd ff r nt t d th G r n M n h, n n h n b n r th h n r . I th n t dv bl t r t r t n n x l n n t th rd " n," r th r th n b t t t n rd nd n rd . In th b I h v p t l z d "M n" n rd r t l r f n n x d ff r nt t d f th t r . h r r n n nl th pl nt t f xpr n th n t th v r l p r n h h v ntr b t d t th nt nt nd t l f th b . r t f ll, I nt t th n n r n , h f r t h lp t n r th n n r p t: n l n d n h h lp d nd r t nd n f f n p nt f Chr t n th l h nt r n n p nt n t l t r t r n th f ld f th l h r d th n r pt v r l t nd h x ll nt n tr t v t n ll h r t h lp d r tl t nr h th n r pt nd t l n t rr r . I t r t f l t M r n Od r f r r tl pr v n th b b h r n t v d t n . M th n l t n h , h n nt l nd p t ntl t p d nd r t p d th n r v r n f th n r pt nd d n x ll nt t n t t l nd l n . n ll , I th n Ann r , h r d th n r pt n t v r l v r n nd l r p nd d th n v l bl n ht nd t n . E. . Y r n 6
xx Ab t th A th r
ERICH FROMM, b rn n 00 t r n f rt M n, t d d l nd p h n l . In , h r t d b r f th r n f rt S h l t th Un t d St t , v d t M x n 0, nd p nt h t l ht r b t n 4 nd 80 n S tz rl nd. b Fear of Freedom (1941) nd The Art of Loving (1956) d h n n thr h t th rld p h n l t nd l p h l t. r th r b , n dd t n t th pr nt v l , n l d Marx's Concept of Man, The Sane Society, The Art of Being, On Being Human, The Art of Listening, nd The Essential Fromm.
Intr d t n: h Gr t r , It l r , nd Alt rn t v
The End of an Illusion
h Gr t r f Unl t d r r —th pr f d n t n f n t r , f t r l b nd n , f th r t t h pp n f r th r t t n b r, nd f n p d d p r n l fr d —h t n d th h p nd f th f th n r t n n th b nn n f th nd tr l . b r , r v l z t n b n h n th h n r t rt d t n t v ntr l f n t r b t th t ntr l r n d l t d nt l th dv nt f th nd tr l . W th nd tr l pr r , fr th b t t t n f h n l nd th n n l r n r f r n l nd h n n r t th b t t t n f th p t r f r th h n nd, ld f l th t r n r t nl t d pr d t n nd, h n , nl t d n p t n th t t hn d n p t nt th t n d n nt. W r n r t b n d , pr b n h ld r t nd rld, n th n t r l rld nl b ld n bl f r r n r t n. M n nd, n r n l , n xp r n d n n f fr d th b t r f th r n l v : f d l h n h d b n br n nd n ld d h t n h d, fr f v r h l . Or p pl f lt. And v n th h th tr nl f r th pp r nd ddl l , th r h v nt ld l d th r t th f th th t v nt ll th n fr d ld b xt nd d t ll b r f t , pr v d d nd tr l z t n pt p t p . S l nd n l h n d fr v nt h new t nd new n nt n h
O A E O O E?
d l b r l f f r ll, th universalized bourgeois th n nd n f th f t r . h h v nt f lth nd f rt f r ll pp d t r lt n nr tr t d h pp n f r ll. h tr n t f nl t d pr d t n, b l t fr d , nd nr tr t d h pp n f r d th n l f n r l n, r r , nd n E rthl C t f r r t r pl th C t f G d. It n t t ll t n h n th t th n r l n pr v d d t b l v r th n r , v t l t , nd h p . h r nd r f th Gr t r , th rv l t r l nd nt ll t l h v nt f th nd tr l , t b v l z d n rd r t nd r t nd th tr th t r l z t n f t f l r pr d n t d . r th nd tr l h nd d f l d t f lf ll t Gr t r , nd v r r n n b r f p pl r b n r th t:
• Unr tr t d t f t n f ll d r n t nd v t well-being, n r t th t h pp n r v n t x pl r . • h dr f b n nd p nd nt t r f r l v nd d h n b n n n t th f t th t h v ll b n th b r r t h n , th r th ht , f l n , nd t t n p l t d b v rn nt nd nd tr nd th n t n th t th ntr l. • E n pr r h r n d r tr t d t th r h n t n , nd th p b t n r h nd p r n t n h v r d n d. • hn l pr r t lf h r t d l l d n r nd th d n r f n l r r, th r r b th f h h p t n nd t ll v l z t n nd p bl t ll l f .
Wh n h t O l t pt th b l r z f r ( 2 , Alb rt S h tz r h ll n d th rld "t d r t f th t t n. . . . M n h b p r n. . . . t th p r n th th p rh n p r h n t r n t th l v l f p rh n r n. th d r t h h h p r r h b r nd r p r n. . . . It t h p r n n th t b ll th r nh n th r r nt p r n."
Why Did the Great Promise Fail?
h f l r f th Gr t r , d fr nd tr l nt l n ntr d t n , b lt nt th nd tr l t b t t n p h l l pr : ( th t th f l f h pp n , th t ,
2 I O UC IO : E G EA OMISE, I S AI U E, A EW A E A I ES
x pl r , d f n d th t f t n f n d r r bj t v n d p r n f l (radical hedonism); (2 th t t , lf hn , nd r d, th t n d t n r t th n rd r t f n t n, l d t h r n nd p . It ll n n th t th r h thr h t h t r pr t d r d l h d n . h f nl t d n , h th l t f , f It l n t f th n n , nd f En l nd nd r n n th ht nth nd n n t nth nt r , tr d t f nd n n t l f n nl t d pl r . t h l x pl r n th n f r d l h d n th pr t f rt n r p t rt n t , th b t n l x pt n pr r t th v nt nth nt r , t n v r th theory f ll b n xpr d b th r t M t r f v n n Ch n , Ind , th r E t, nd E r p . h n x pt n th Gr ph l ph r Ar t pp , p p l f S r t (f r t h lf f th f rth nt r .C. , h t ht th t t xp r n n pt f b d l pl r th l f l f nd th t h pp n th t t l f pl r nj d. h l ttl n f h ph l ph t n rt , b t t n h t r v l Ar t pp th nl r l h d n t, f r h th x t n f d r th b f r th r ht t t f t nd th t r l z th l f l f : l r . Ep r n h rdl b r rd d r pr nt t v f Ar t pp nd f h d n . Wh l f r Ep r "p r " pl r th h h t l, f r h th pl r nt " b n f p n" (aponia) nd t lln f th l (ataraxia). A rd n t Ep r , pl r t f t n f d r nn t b th f l f , b h pl r n r l f ll d b npl r nd th p h n t fr t r l l f b n f p n. (Ep r th r r bl r d n n . v rth l , t th t Ep r r pr nt d rt n nd f bj t v ntr r t Ar t tl p t n, f r th ntr d t r r p rt n Ep r t t nt p r t d f n t nt rpr t t n. n f th th r r t M t r t ht th t th factual existence of a desire constituted an ethical norm. h r n rn d th h n nd pt l ll b n (vivere bene). h nt l l nt n th r th n n th d t n t n b t n th n d (d r th t r nl bj t v l f lt nd h t f t n l d t nt r pl r , nd th n d th t r r t d n h n n t r nd h r l z t n nd v t h n r th nd pr d eudaimonia, . ., " ll b n ." In th r rd , th r n rn d th the distinction between purely subjectively felt needs and objectively valid needs—part f th f r r b n h r f l t h n r th
O A E O O E?
nd th l tt r b n n rd n th th r r nt f h n n t r . h th r th t th f l f th f lf ll nt f v r h n d r l rl v d, f r th f r t t n Ar t pp , b ph l ph r n th v nt nth nd ht nth nt r . It n pt th t ld l r h n "pr f t" d t n "pr f t f r th l" ( t d n th bl nd, v n l t r, n Sp n z , b t t n t r l, n t r pr f t, n th p r d h n th ddl l thr n t nl t p l t l h l b t l ll b nd f l v nd l d r t nd b l v d th t b n only f r n lf nt b n r r th r th n l n lf. r bb h pp n th nt n pr r fr n r d (cupiditas) t n th r M ttr v n r nd dr v n t l t th ll n f h pp n f r d S d th t f t n f r l p l l t t , pr l b th x t nd r v t f t n. h r th n r h l v d n th f th b r l f n l v t r . Wh t h d b n th nph l ph l pr t f r t r t b th pr t nd th r f th b r . M n th l th r h v b n d v l p d n th ht nth nt r — r r r p t bl f r f h d n , h Ut l t r n th r r tr tl nt h d n t t , h th f K nt, M rx, h r , nd S h tz r. Y t th pr nt r , b nd l r n th nd f th r t W rld W r, h r t rn d t th pr t nd th r f r d l h d n . h n pt f nl t d pl r f r tr n ntr d t n t th d l f d pl n d r , l r t th ntr d t n b t n th pt n f n b n l r th nd th d l f pl t l z n d r n th r t f th d nd d r n v t n . h ndl bl l n b lt nd th b r r t r t n n th n h nd, nd t l v n, th t b l , nd x n th th r, th ntr d t r b n t n p bl . Ob n l r l n ld dr v p pl j t r z ld pl t l z n . W th th b n t n, th n l v . d , b th ntr d t r tt t d rr p nd t n n n t : t nt th nt r p t l b d n x l n pt n f th d nd rv pr d d ll n r t n z d t r . h r t l n d r t n d n tr t th t r d l h d n nn t l d t h pp n ll h t nn t d , v n h n n t r . t v n th t th r t l n l th b rv bl d t h t l rl th t r nd f "p r t f h pp n " d n t pr d ll b n . W r t f n t r l nh pp p pl : l n l , nx , d pr d,
4 I O UC IO : E G EA OMISE, I S AI U E, A EW A E A I ES d tr t v , d p nd nt—p pl h r l d h n h v ll d th t r tr n h rd t v . O r th r t t l xp r nt v r d t lv th t n h th r pl r ( p v ff t n ntr t t th t v ff t, ll b n nd j n b t f t r n r t th pr bl f h n x t n . r th f r t t n h t r th t f t n f th pl r dr v n t nl th pr v l f n r t b t p bl f r r th n h lf th p p l t n. h xp r nt h lr d n r d th t n n th n t v . h nd p h l l pr f th nd tr l , th t th p r t f nd v d l l d t h r n nd p , r th n v r n lf r , ll rr n n th r t l r nd , nd n t f ll pr v n b th b rv bl d t . Wh h ld th pr n pl , h h nl n f th r t l l n t , v d rd , r j t d, b tr ? b n t r f r n t nl t b h v r b t t h r t r. It n : th t I nt v r th n f r lf th t p n , n t h r n , v pl r th t I t b r d b f h v n , I am r th r I have; th t I t f l nt n t t rd ll th r : t r h I nt t d v , p t t r h I nt t d tr , r r h I nt t xpl t. I n n v r b t f d, b th r n nd t h I t b nv f th h h v r nd fr d f th h h v l . t I h v t r pr ll th f l n n rd r t r pr nt lf (t th r ll t lf th l n , r t n l, n r , nd h n b n v r b d pr t nd t b . h p n f r h v n t l d t n v r nd n l r. h pr t n f th n t th t th r t ll nd l tr l b b l h n l f t n, f r th r t b d n th pr n pl f nl t d n pt n th l f l v n . A l n v r b d nt t h v r , th r t b f r t n f l , th r t b l r, nd n l b l t r , th r t b nt rn t n l r. Greed and peace preclude each other. d l h d n nd nl t d t ld n t h v r d d n pr n pl f n b h v r h d n t dr t h n rr d n th ht nth nt r . In d v l t , n n th r h hl d v l p d ll pr t v t , n b h v r d t r n d b th l pr n pl . h , f r th h l t th l n , h n t r pr nd pr v t pr p rt r p rt f r l th l . Gr nt d th t th th l n f nd f r l t n t d pt th r r l d t th n n d nd (f r n t n h A n
O A E O O E?
l f t n t th n pt f "j t pr " n v rth l , n b h v r r n d human b h v r nd, h n , bj t t th v l f h n t th . hr h n b r f t p ht nth nt r p t l nd r nt r d l h n : n b h v r b p r t fr th nd h n v l . Ind d, th n h n pp d t b n t n nt t , nd p nd nt f h n n d nd h n ll. It t th t r n b t lf nd rd n t t n l . h ff r n f th r r ll th d tr t n f n v r increasing number of smaller enterprises for the sake of the growth of ever l r r rp r t n n n n t th t n ht r r t, b t that n h d t pt f t r th t f n t r l l . h d v l p nt f th n t n l n r d t r n d b th t n: What is good for Man? b t b th t n: What is good for the growth of the system? On tr d t h d th h rpn f th nfl t b n th pt n th t h t d f r th r th f th t ( r v n f r n l b rp r t n l d f r th p pl . h n tr t n b l t r d b n x l r n tr t n: th t th v r l t th t th t r r d f h n b n — t , lf hn , nd r d— r nn t n h n n t r h n , n t nl th t b t h n n t r t lf f t r d th . S t n h h t , lf hn , nd r d d d n t x t r pp d t b "pr t v ," th r nh b t nt " h ldl ." pl r f d t r n z th t th tr t r n t n t r l dr v th t d nd tr l t t x t, b t th t th r th products f l r t n . t l t n p rt n n th r f t r: p pl r l t n t n t r b d pl h t l . n "fr f n t r " h b th v r nd t n f r x t n r th n n t r nd b th ft f r r n tr n nd t, h v tr d t lv r x t nt l pr bl b v n p th M n v n f h r n b t n h n nd nd n t r b n r n n t r , b tr n f r n t t r n p rp nt l th n t h b r nd r v l nt t d tr t n. O r p r t f n t nd h t l t h bl nd d t th f t th t n t r l r r h v th r l t nd n v nt ll b xh t d, nd th t n t r ll f ht b n t h n r p n . Ind tr l t h nt pt f r n t r — ll f r ll th n n t h n d nd f r ll p pl h r n t h n r (th n n h t r , th th r nt x pt n f p n nd Ch n . pl r ttr t d t d t th h n l, th p rf l h n , th l f l , nd v r n r n l t d tr t n.
6 I O UC IO : E G EA OMISE, I S AI U E, A EW A E A I ES
The Economic Necessity for Human Change
h f r th r nt h r h b n th t th h r t r tr t n nd r d b r n t , . ., b r f l v n , r p th n nd v nt ll pr d p r n nd, th , t . h r , h v r, nd r nt fr n nt r l d ff r nt v p nt n f v r f pr f nd p h l l h n n M n n lt rn t v t n nd l l t tr ph . It r d n t r p rt n d b th Cl b f , n b . . M d t l., th th r b M. . M r v nd E. t l. th r p rt d l th th t hn l l, n , nd p p l t n tr nd n rld l . M r v nd t l n l d th t nl dr t n nd t hn l l h n n l b l l v l, rd n t t r pl n, n " v d j r nd lt t l l b l t tr ph ," nd th d t th rr pr f f th r th r b d n th t l b l nd t t r r h th t h b n d f r. ( h r b h rt n th d l l dv nt v r M d r p rt, b t th t rl r t d n d r v n r dr t n h n n lt rn t v t t tr ph . M r v nd t l n l d , f rth r r , th t h n h n r p bl nl f fundamental changes in the values and attitudes of man occur [ r I ld ll t, n h n h r t r r nt t n], such as a new ethic and a new attitude toward nature" ( ph dd d . Wh t th r n nf r nl h t th r h v d b f r nd n th r r p rt p bl h d, th t n t p bl only if n th pr f d v l p n t, n h n b n l d v l p , r n r d t t r , f f nd nt l h n r n nt p r r M n h r t r tr t r . Unf rt n t l , th t r p rt r r tt n n th p r t f nt f t n, b tr t n, nd d p r n l z t n h r t r t f r t , nd b d th t, th n l t pl t l ll p l t l nd l f t r , th t h h n r l t pl n n p bl b d . Y t th pr nt v l bl d t , nd f r th f r t t d l th th n t t n f th h n r h l , t p b l t nd t d n r . h r n l n, th t n th nd n tt t d t rd n t r r n r , ll th r v l bl b th d nd ntr r t th r ph l ph l pr . At th th r nd f th t t nd E. . S h h r, h l n n t, b t t th t r d l h n t. d nd f r r d l h n h n b d n t r nt : th t r pr nt l
O A E O O E?
rd r , nd th t r h d d f r n n t tr ph nl r d ll h n r l t . h n d f r pr f nd h n h n r n t nl n th l r r l d nd, n t nl p h l l d nd r n fr th p th n n t r f r pr nt l h r t r, b t l nd t n f r th h r rv v l f th h n r . ht l v n n l n r nl th f lf ll nt f n th l r r l d nd. r th f r t t n h t r th physical survival of the human race depends on a radical change of the human heart. v r, h n f th h n h rt p bl nl t th xt nt th t dr t n nd l h n r th t v th h n h rt th h n f r h n nd th r nd th v n t h v t.
Is There an Alternative to Catastrophe?
All th d t nt n d f r r p bl h d nd ll n n. h l t nb l v bl f t th t n r ff rt d t v rt h t l l f n l d r f f t . Wh l n r pr v t l f n b d x pt d p r n ld r n p v n v f thr t t r t t l x t n , th h r n h r f p bl ff r d pr t ll n th n , nd th h h v ntr t d th r f t t th l t th nt n t d n th n . t p bl th t th tr n t f ll n t n t , th t f r rv v l, t h v d t t v t ? On f th t bv xpl n t n th t th l d r nd rt n t n th t t p bl f r th t pr t nd th r d n th n ff t v t v d t tr ph : ndl nf r n , r l t n , d r nt t l , ll v th pr n th t th pr bl r r n z d nd th n b n d n t r lv th . Y t n th n f r l p rt n h pp n b t b th th l d r nd th l d n th t z th r n n nd th r h f r rv v l b v n th pp r n f n n th r d nd r h n n th r ht d r t n. An th r xpl n t n th t th lf hn th t n r t l d r v l p r n l r h hl th n l r p n b l t . It n l n r h n h n p l t l l d r nd b n x t v d n th t t b t th r p r n l dv nt , b t t th t r h r f l nd d n r t th n t . Ind d, f lf hn n f th p ll r f nt p r r pr t l th , h h ld th t th r ? h d n t t n th t r d (l b n p pl t p d f r th p r t f v n th r n r l nt r t n rn d, h th r nt r t n th r n l v nd n th l v f th r
8 I O UC IO : E G EA OMISE, I S AI U E, A EW A E A I ES
p nd th r h ldr n ( f. . t, The Moral Judgment of the Child). At th t , th n r l p bl l lf hl n rn d th th r pr v t ff r th t th p l ttl tt nt n t ll th t tr n nd th p r n l r l . Y t n th r xpl n t n f r th d d n n f r rv v l n t n t th t th h n n l v n th t ld b r r d r dr t th t p pl pr f r th f t r t tr ph t th r f th ld h v t n . Arth r K tl r d r pt n f n xp r n h h d d r n th Sp n h C v l W r t ll n x pl f th d pr d tt t d : K tl r t n th f rt bl v ll f fr nd h l th dv n f r n tr p r p rt d th r n d bt th t th ld rr v d r n th n ht, nd v r l l h ld b h t h ld v h l f b fl n , b t th n ht ld nd r n , th h , r nd z h t d, t n pr n r, nd nl b l t r l h l f v d n l t r b th ff rt f fr ndl j rn l t . h l th nd f b h v r th t r n p pl h ll r d n r th r th n nd r n x n t n th t ld l d t th d n f r v lln r r n j r r r . A d fr th xpl n t n f r f t l h n p v t n tt r f l f nd d th, th r n th r, h h n f r n f r r t n th b . I r f r t th v th t h v n lt rn t v t th d l f rp r t p t l , l d r t r S v t l , r t hn r t "f th l n f ." h p p l r t f th v l r l d t th f t th t l ttl ff rt h b n d t t d th f b l t f nt r l n l d l nd t xp r nt th th . Ind d, l n th pr bl f l r n tr t n ll n t, v n f nl p rtl , t th pl f th pr p t n f r b t nd th n nd t hn , th n t n ll b l n t v l z n nd r l t lt r n t v . h n thr t f th b th n l f th t b d f x t n : th mode of having nd th mode of being. In th p n n h pt r I pr nt "f r t l n " b rv t n n rn n th d ff r n b t n th t d . h nd h pt r d n tr t th d ff r n , n n b r f x pl fr d l xp r n th t r d r n l r l t t n th r n p r n l xp r n . Ch pt r III pr nt th v n h v n nd b n n th Old nd th t nt nd n th r t n f M t r E h rt. S b nt h pt r d l th th t d ff lt : th n l f th d ff r n b t n th h v n nd th
O A E O O E?
b n d f x t n n h h I tt pt t b ld th r t l n l n n th b f th p r l d t . Wh l p t th p nt th b nl n rn th nd v d l p t f th t b d f x t n , th f n l h pt r d l th th r l v n f th d n th f r t n f M n nd S t nd ddr th lv t th p b l t f lt rn t v t d b l t t n nd v d l ll b n , nd t t tr ph n d v l p nt f th h l rld.
0 A O E Und r t nd n th ff r n t n v n nd n
A r t Gl n
The Importance of the Difference Between Having and Being
h lt rn t v f having v r being d n t pp l t n n . To have, t ld , n r l f n t n f r l f : n rd r t l v t h v th n . M r v r, t h v th n n rd r t nj th . In lt r n h h th pr l t h v — nd t h v r nd r — nd n h h n n p f n "b n rth ll n d ll r ," h n th r b n lt rn t v b t n h v n nd b n ? On th ntr r , t ld th t th v r n f b n h v n th t f n has n th n , n n th n . Y t th r t M t r f v n h v d th lt rn t v b t n h v n nd b n ntr l f th r r p t v t . h ddh t h th t n rd r t rr v t th h h t t f h n d v l p nt, t n t r v p n . t h : " r h v r ll v h l f h ll l t b t h v r ll l h l f f r , th h ll v t. r h t n dv nt d, f h n th h l rld, nd l h lf, r b t ?" ( :24 2 . M t r E h rt t ht th t t h v n th n nd n lf p n nd " pt ," n t t l t n t nd n n , th nd t n f r h v n p r t l lth nd tr n th. M rx t ht th t l x r h v p v rt nd th t r l h ld b t be h, n t t have h. (I r f r h r t th r l M rx, th r d l h n t, n t t th v l r f r r pr nt d b S v t n .
O A E O O E?
r n r I h d b n d pl pr d b th d t n t n nd n t p r l b n th n r t t d f nd v d l nd r p b th p h n l t th d. Wh t I h l d t n l d th t th d t n t n, t th r th th t b t n l v f l f nd l v f th d d, r pr nt th t r l pr bl f x t n th t p r l nthr p l l nd p h n l t d t t nd t d n tr t th t having and being are two fundamental modes of experience, the respective strengths of which determine the differences between the characters of individuals and various types of social character.
Examples in Various Poetic Expressions
A n ntr d t n t nd r t nd n th d ff r n b t n th h v n nd b n d f x t n , l t n ll tr t n t p f l r nt nt th t th l t . . S z r f rr d t n " t r n n ddh ." On h b p n p t, h , 644 6 4 th th r p b n n t nth nt r En l h p t, nn n. E h p t d r b l r xp r n : h r t n t fl r h h l t n l . nn n v r :
l r n r nn d ll, I pl t f th r nn , I h ld h r , r t nd ll, n h nd, ttl fl r—b t f I ld nd r t nd Wh t r , r t nd ll, nd ll n ll, I h ld n h t G d nd n .
r n l t d nt En l h, h h r n th n l th :
Wh n I l r f ll I th nazuna bl n th h d
h d ff r n tr n . nn n r t t th fl r b nt n t have t. "pl " t "r t nd ll." And h l h nd th n nt ll t l p l t n b t th fl r p bl f n t n f r h tt n n n ht nt th n t r f G d nd n, th fl r t lf ll d r lt f h nt r t n t. nn n, h n h p , b p r d t th W t rn nt t h th tr th b n f d b r n l f .
4 A I S G A CE
h r t n t th fl r nt r l d ff r nt. d n t nt t pl t h d n t v n t h t. All h d "l r f ll " t " " t. r S z d r pt n:
It l l th t h l n l n ntr r d h n h n t d th n r th r n l t d b th h d . th n ppr h d l r, t d l t t, nd f nd t n l th n ld pl nt, r th r n n f nt nd n r ll nn t d b p r b . h pl n f t d r b d n th p th n p f ll p t f l n xpr d n h r x pt p rh p n th l t t ll bl , h h r d n p n kana. h p rt l , fr ntl tt h d t n n r n dj t v r n dv rb, n f rt n f l n f d r t n r pr r rr r j , nd n t t ppr pr t l b r nd r d nt En l h b n x l t n r . In th pr nt haiku th h l v r nd th th r .
nn n, t pp r , n d t p th fl r n rd r t nd r t nd p pl nd n t r , nd b h having t, th fl r d tr d. Wh t h nt t see, nd n t nl t l t th fl r, b t t b t n , t " n " h lf th t— nd t l t t l v . h d ff r n b t n nn n nd h f ll xpl n d n th p b G th :
OU I l d n th d All b lf, n th n , h t n nd.
I n th h d A l ttl fl r t nd, r ht l th t r b t f l .
I nt d t pl t, t t d tl : I t t lt h t I t b br n?
I t t t W th ll t r t , C rr d t t th rd n At th pr tt h .
O A E O O E?
And pl nt d t n In t pl t v r pr d And bl f rth.
G th , l n th n p rp n nd, ttr t d b th br ll nt l ttl fl r. r p rt h v n th p l nn n: t pl t. t nl nn n, G th r th t th n ll n th fl r. r G th th fl r h l v th t t p nd rn h nd h lv th pr bl d ff r ntl fr th r nn n r h . t th fl r " th ll t r t " nd pl nt t n th t t l f n t d tr d. G th t nd , t r , b t n nn n nd h : f r h , t th r l nt, th f r f l f tr n r th n th f r f r nt ll t l r t . dl t th t n th b t f l p G th xpr th r f h n pt f nv t t n n t r . nn n r l t n h p t th fl r n th d f h v n , r p n—n t t r l p n b t th p n f n l d . h nd G th r l t n h p t th fl r h n th d f b n . b n I r f r t th d f x t n n h h n n th r has n th n n r craves to have th n , b t j , pl n f lt pr d t v l , oned t th rld. G th , th r t l v r f l f , n f th t t nd n f ht r n t h n d b r nt nd h n z t n, h v n xpr n t b n n t h v n n n p . t dr t d r pt n f th nfl t b t n b n nd h v n (th l tt r r pr nt d b M ph t ph l , h l n th f ll n h rt p h xpr th l t f b n th th t t pl t :
O E Y I n th t n th n b l n t t th th ht h h n p d d r l ll fl . And v r f v r bl nt Wh h l v n t r th d pth l t nj .
h d ff r n b t n b n nd h v n n t nt ll th t b t n E t nd W t. h d ff r n r th r b t n t nt r d r nd p r n nd n nt r d r nd th n . h h v n r nt t n h r t r t f W t rn nd tr l t , n h h r d f r n ,
6 A I S G A CE f , nd p r h b th d n nt th f l f . l n t d t — h d v l t , th n Ind n , th Afr n tr b l t th t r n t ff t d b th d f d rn "pr r "—h v th r n h . rh p ft r f r n r t n f nd tr l z t n, th p n ll h v th r nn n . It n t th t W t rn M n nn t f ll nd r t nd E t rn t , h n ddh ( n th ht , b t th t d rn M n nn t nd r t nd th p r t f t th t n t nt r d n pr p rt nd r d. Ind d, th r t n f M t r Eckhart (as difficult to understand as Basho or Zen) and the Buddha's r t n r nl t d l t f th l n .
Idiomatic Changes
A rt n h n n th ph n h v n nd b n pp r nt n th r n f n n nd th d r n f v rb n W t rn l n n th p t f nt r . A n n th pr p r d n t t n f r th n . I n th t I have th n : f r n t n th t I h v t bl , h , b , r. h pr p r d n t t n f r n t v t , pr , v rb: f r n t n I , I l v , I d r , I h t , t . Y t v r r fr ntl n activity xpr d n t r f having; th t , n n d n t d f v rb. t t xpr n t v t b to have n nn t n th n n n rr n f l n , b pr nd t v t nn t b p d th n nl b xp r n d.
Old r Ob rv t n : M r —M rx
h v l n n f th nf n r lr d r n z d n th ht nth nt r . M r v v r pr xpr n f th pr bl n h p th l p bl h d r Les Veritables Principes de la Grammaire ( 6 . r t : "In th x pl , I have a watch, I have t b nd r t d n t pr p r n b t n I have an idea, I have d nl b f t t n. It b rr d xpr n. I have an idea n I think, I conceive of in such and such a way, I have a longing n I desire; I have the will n I want, t ." ( tr n l t n I nd bt d t r. Ch f r th r f r n t M r . A nt r ft r M r b rv d th ph n n n f th b t t t n f n n f r v rb M rx nd. En l d l th th pr bl , b t n r r d l f h n, n The Holy Family. In l d d n th r r t f Ed r O A E O O E?
r " r t l r t " ll, b t v r p rt nt n l v n h h r f r n d t th f ll n t t nt b r: " v r l dd , h l ll d t , nt t p th h l n nd h n t nt nt nt l h h r f d t h r n t nl h l b t l h ph l lf. r lt ff r n th p f th lt lf r f , d " ( tr n l t n . M rx nd En l n r: r "tr n f r l v nt dd , nd nt r l dd b tr n f r n th loving man r th love of man nt th man of love; h th p r t l v p r t b n fr n nd t n nd p nd nt nt t " ( tr n l t n . M rx nd En l p nt h r t th d v f t r n th f th n n n t d f th v rb. h n n "l v ," h h nl n b tr t n f r th t v t f l v n , b p r t d fr th n. h l v n n b th n f l v . v b dd , n d l nt h h th n pr j t h l v n n th pr f l n t n h t xp r n l v , b t n t h nl th h p t t l v b h b n t th dd v . h d t b n t v p r n h f l n t d h h b n l n t d r h p r f n d l, nd h l t h n t f t h th h d l.
Contemporary Usage
r n th t h ndr d r n M r , th tr nd f th b t t t n f n n f r v rb h r n t pr p rt n th t v n h ld h rdl h v n d. r t p l, f l htl x r t d, x pl f t d l n . A th t p r n n p h n l t h lp p n th nv r t n th th f ll n nt n : " t r, I have pr bl I have n n . Alth h I have b t f l h , n h ldr n, nd h pp rr , I have n rr ." S d d , n t d f "I h v pr bl ," th p t nt pr b bl ld h v d, "I am tr bl d" n t d f "I have n n ," "I cannot l p" n t d f "I have h pp rr ," "I am h pp l rr d." h r r nt p h t l nd t th pr v l n h h d r f l n t n. n "I have pr bl " n t d f "I am tr bl d," bj t v xp r n l n t d: th I f xp r n r pl d b th t f p n. I h v tr n f r d f l n nt th n I p : th pr bl . t "pr bl " n b tr t xpr n f r ll nd f d ff lt . I nn t have pr bl , b t n t th n th t n b n d t, h v r, n h v . h t t , I h v tr n f r d myself
8 A I S G A CE
nt " pr bl " nd n n d b r t n. h f p n b tr h dd n, n n l n t n. Of r , n n r th t n n ph l pt l r thr t r t th h , nd th t t th r f r l t t t th t n has n n t t th t n has r thr t. Y t th r d ff r n : r thr t r t th h b d l n t n th t n b r r l nt n , b t t h l ttl p h l l t . On n have r thr t, f r n h thr t, r n h n t th, f r n h t th. In n , n th ntr r , n t b d l n t n b t t t f nd, th t f n t b n bl t l p. If I p f "h v n n n " n t d f n "I nn t l p," I b tr h t p h th xp r n f nx t , r tl n , t n n th t pr v nt fr l p n , nd t d l th th nt l ph n n n as if it were b d l pt . r n th r x pl : , "I h v r t l v f r ," n n l . v n t th n th t n n h v , b t process, n nn r t v t th t n th bj t f. I n l v , I n be n l v , b t n l v n , I have .. . n th n . In f t, th l I h v , th r I n l v .
Origin of the Terms
" h v " d pt v l pl xpr n. Ev r h n b n has th n : b d , l th , h lt r— n p t th d rn n r n h h r, t l v n t, h n h n , t . v n th t h v n th n v rt ll p bl . Wh , th n, h ld h v n b pr bl ? Y t th l n t h t r f "h v n " nd t th t th rd nd d pr bl . th h b l v th t t h v t n t r l t r f h n x t n t rpr t l rn th t n l n h v n rd f r "t h v ." In br , f r n t n , "I h v " t b xpr d b th nd r t f r jesh li (" t t " . In f t, l n th t xpr p n n th , r th r th n b "I h v ," pr d n t . It nt r t n t n t th t n th d v l p nt f n l n th n tr t n " t t " f ll d l t r n b th n tr t n "I h v ," b t E l nv n t h p nt d t, th
It h ld b nt n d h r , t l t n p n , th t th r l x t b n r l t n h p t n b d th t xp r n th b d l v , nd th t n b xpr d b n "I b d ," r th r th n "I h v b d " ll pr t f n r r n tt pt th b n xp r n f th b d .
O A E O O E?
v l t n d n t r n th r v r d r t n. h f t t th t th rd f r to have d v l p n nn t n th th d v l p nt f pr v t pr p rt , h l t b nt n t th pr d n ntl f n t n l pr p rt , th t , p n f r . rth r l n t t d h ld b bl t h f nd t h t xt nt th h p th v l d. If having t b r l t v l pl n pt, being, r th f r "t b ," ll th r pl t d nd d ff lt. " n " d n v r l d ff r nt : ( p l — h "I t ll," "I h t ," "I p r," . ., r t l d n t t n f d nt t ( n l n d n t h v rd f r "t b " n th n Sp n h d t n h b t n p r n nt l t , ser, h h b l n t th n f th bj t, nd nt n nt l t , estar, h h r n t f th n (2 th p v , ff r n f r f v rb—f r x pl , "I b t n" n I th bj t f n th r t v t , n t th bj t f t v t , n "I b t" ( n n t x t— h r n, nv n t h h n, th "t b " f x t n d ff r nt t r fr "t b " p l t t n d nt t : " h t rd h v x t d nd n t ll x t, lth h th r nt r l d ff r nt." nv n t t d thr n l ht n th n n f "t b " v rb n t n r ht r th r th n p l . " b ," n Ind E r p n l n , xpr d b th r t es, th n n f h h "t h v x t n , t b f nd n r l t ." Ex t n nd r l t r d f n d "th t h h th nt , n t nt, tr ." (In S n r t, sant, " x t nt," " t l d," "tr " p rl t v Sattama, "th b t." " n " n t t l l r t th r th n t t nt f d nt t b t n bj t nd ttr b t t r th n descriptive t r f r ph n n n. It d n t th r l t f x t n f h r h t is; t t t h h r t th nt t nd tr th. St t n th t b d r th n is r f r t th p r n r th th n n , n t t h h r t pp r n . h pr l n r rv f th n n f h v n nd b n l d t th n l n : . b n r h v n I d n t r f r t rt n p r t l t f bj t ll tr t d n h t t nt "I h v r" r "I h t " r "I h pp ." I r f r t t f nd nt l d f x t n , t t d ff r nt nd f r nt t n t rd lf nd th rld, t t d ff r nt
h l n t t t n r t n fr nv n t .
20 A I S G A CE
nd f h r t r tr t r th r p t v pr d n n f h h d t r n th t t l t f p r n th n n , f l n , nd t n . 2. In th h v n d f x t n r l t n h p t th rld n f p n nd n n , n n h h I nt t v r b d nd v r th n , n l d n lf, pr p rt . . In th b n d f x t n , t d nt f t f r f b n . On n ntr t t having, x pl f d n th M r t t nt, nd n l v n nd th nt r l t dn t th rld. h th r f r f b n n ntr t t appearing nd r f r t th tr n t r , th tr r l t , f p r n r th n n ntr t t d pt v pp r n x pl f d n th t l f b n ( nv n t .
Philosophical Concepts of Being
h d n f th n pt f b n dd t n ll pl t d b b n h b n th bj t tt r f n th nd f ph l ph l b nd "Wh t b n ?" h b n n f th r l t n f W t rn ph l ph . Wh l th n pt f b n ll b tr t d h r fr nthr p l l nd p h l l p nt f v , th ph l ph l d n , f r , n t nr l t d t th nthr p l l pr bl . S n v n br f pr nt t n f th d v l p nt f th n pt f b n n th h t r f ph l ph fr th pr S r t t d rn ph l ph ld b nd th v n l t f th b , I h ll nt n nl n r l p nt: th n pt f process, activity, and movement as an element in being. A G r S l h p nt d t, th d th t b n pl h n , . ., th t b n becoming, h t t r t t nd t n pr n r pr nt t v t th b nn n nd t th z n th f W t rn ph l ph : n r l t nd n l. h p t n th t b n p r n nt, t l , nd n h n bl b t n nd th pp t f b n , xpr d b r n d , l t , nd th h l t "r l t ," n nl n th b f th d l t n t n th t th ht ( d th lt t r l t . If th idea f l v ( n l t n r r l th n th xp r n f l v n , n n th t l v n d p r n nt nd n h n bl . t h n t rt t th th r l t f h n b n x t n , l v n , h t n , ff r n , th n th r n b n th t n t t th t b n nd h n n . v n tr t r n b nl f th b th n x t nl f th h n . Ch n nd r th r nh r nt l t f th l f pr .
2 O A E O O E?
r l t nd l r d l n pt f l f pr nd n t b t n p r ll l d n th E t rn rld b th ph l ph f th ddh . h r n r n ddh t th ht f r th n pt f n nd r n p r n nt b t n , n th r th n n r th lf. th n r l b t pr . C nt p r r nt f th ht h br ht b t r n n f th ph l ph l n pt f "pr th n n " b d v r n nd ppl n th t th n t r l n .
Having and Consuming
f r d n pl ll tr t n f th h v n nd b n d f x t n , n th r n f t t n f h v n t b nt n d, th t f incorporating. In rp r t n a th n , f r n t n b t n r dr n n , n r h f r f p n t. At rt n p nt n t d v l p nt n nf nt t nd t t th n t nt nt t th. h th nf nt f r f t n p n, h n t b d l d v l p nt d n t t n bl t t h v th r f r f ntr ll n t p n . W f nd th nn t n b t n n rp r t n nd p n n n f r f nn b l . r x pl : b t n n th r h n b n , I r th t p r n p r (th nn b l n b th v l nt f r n l v b t n th h rt f br v n, I r h r b t n t t n l, I r th d v n b t n th t t n l b l z . Of r , t bj t nn t b n rp r t d ph ll ( nd n h th ld, th ld b l t n n th pr f l n t n . t th r l symbolic nd magic n rp r t n. If I b l v I h v n rp r t d d , f th r , r n n l , t n n th r b t n n r l n t d. I ll th bj t b l ll nd b l v n t b l pr n th n lf. h , f r n t n , h r d xpl n d th p r : th ntr j t d t t l f th f th r pr h b t n nd nd . An th r t , n n t t t n, n d , n n b ntr j t d n th : I have th , t rn ll pr t t d n b l , t r . ("Intr j t n" nd " d nt f t n" r ft n d n n l , b t t d ff lt t d d h th r th r r ll th
. l r, n f th t t t nd n , th h l ttl n n, Cz h ph l ph r , h r l t d th ddh t n pt f pr t th nt M rx n ph l ph . Unf rt n t l , th r h b n p bl h d nl n th Cz h l n nd h n h b n n bl t t W t rn r d r . (I n t fr pr v t En l h tr n l t n.
22 A I S G A CE pr . At n r t , " d nt f t n" h ld n t b d l l , h n n h ld b tt r t l f t t n r b rd n t n. h r r n th r f r f n rp r t n th t r n t nn t d th ph l l n d nd, h n , r n t l t d. h tt t d nh r nt n n r th t f ll n th h l rld. h n r th t rn l l n r n f r th b ttl . h bv n p th l l ph n n , h l h l nd dr dd t n. W pp r ntl n l t b th th dd t n b th r ff t nt rf r th th dd t d p r n l bl t n . C p l v n n t th n r d b , h l n t l f n dd t n, t d n t nt rf r th th r l f n t n , b t p bl " nl " th th r l f p n . rth r tt nt n v n t th n f r f v r d n r l t r n n th v l . I ht nl r r h r th t f r l r t n rn d, t b l , t l v n, tr v l, nd x r th n bj t f pr nt d n r , nd h l p f th l r t t v t , ld d b tt r t ll th l r t passivities. p, t n n f r f h v n , nd p rh p th t p rt nt n f r t d ffl nt nd tr l t . C n n h b l t : It r l v nx t , b h t n h nn t b t n b t t l r r n t n v r r , b pr v n pt n n l t t f t r h r t r. M d rn n r d nt f th lv b th f r l : I am = what I have and what I consume.
2 v n nd n n l Exp r n
th t l v n d v t d t r n pr p rt nd n pr f t, r r l n v d n f th b n d f x t n nd t p pl th h v n d th t n t r l d f x t n , v n th nl pt bl f l f . All f h h t p ll d ff lt f r p pl t pr h nd th n t r f th b n d , nd v n t nd r t nd th t h v n nl n p bl r nt t n. v rth l , th t n pt r r t d n h n xp r n . th r n h ld b , r n b , x n d n n b tr t, p r l r br l b th r r fl t d n r d l l f nd t b d lt th n r t l . h f ll n pl x pl f h h v n nd b n r d n tr t d n v r d l f h lp r d r t nd r t nd th t lt rn t v d f x t n .
Learning
St d nt n th h v n d f x t n ll l t n t l t r , h r n th rd nd nd r t nd n th r l l tr t r nd th r n n nd, b t th n, ll r t d n v r rd n th r l l f n t b — th t, l t r n, th n r z th r n t nd th p n x n t n. t th nt nt d n t b p rt f th r n nd v d l t f th ht, nr h n nd d n n t. In t d, th tr n f r th rd th h r nt f x d l t r f th ht, r h l th r , h h th t r p. h t d nt nd th nt nt f th l t r r n tr n r t h th r, x pt th t h t d nt h b th
24 A I G A EI G I AI Y E E IE CE
n r f ll t n f t t nt d b b d l ( h h d th r r t d th r t n th v r fr n th r r . St d nt n th h v n d h v b t n : t h ld nt h t th "l rn d," th r b ntr t n t f r l t th r r r b r f ll rd n th r n t . h d n t h v t pr d r r t th n n . In f t, th having–type nd v d l f l r th r d t rb d b n th ht r d b t bj t, b th n p t nt t n th f x d f nf r t n th h v . Ind d, t n f r h h v n th n f r f r l t dn t th rld, d th t nn t l b p nn d d n ( r p nn d d n r fr ht n n —l v r th n l th t r nd h n , nd th n t ntr ll bl . h pr f l rn n h n nt r l d ff r nt l t f r t d nt n th b n d f r l t dn to th rld. b n th, th d n t t th r l t r , v n t th f r t n n r , tabulae rasae. h h v th ht b f r h nd b t th pr bl th l t r ll b d l n th nd h v n nd rt n t n nd pr bl f th r n. h h v b n p d th th t p nd t nt r t th . In t d f b n p v r pt l f rd nd d , th l t n, th hear, nd t p rt nt, th receive nd th respond n n t v , pr d t v . Wh t th l t n t t l t th r n th n n pr . t n , n d , n p r p t v r n th r nd . h r l t n n n l v pr . h l t n th nt r t, h r h t th l t r r , nd p nt n l t l f n r p n t h t th h r. h d n t pl r n l d th t th n t h nd r z . E h t d nt h b n ff t d nd h h n d: h d ff r nt ft r th l t r th n h r h b f r t. Of r , th d f l rn n n pr v l nl f th l t r ff r t l t n t r l. E pt t l nn t b r p nd d t n th b n d , nd n h r t n , t d nt n th b n d f nd t b t n t t l t n t ll, b t t n ntr t n th r n th ht pr . At l t p n r f r n h ld b d h r t th rd " nt r t ," h h n rr nt h b p ll d, rn t xpr n. Y t t nt l n n nt n d n t r t: t n, inter-esse, "t b n [ r] n " t. h t v nt r t xpr d n M ddl En l h b th t r "t l t" ( dj t v , l t dv rb, l t l . In d rn En l h, "t l t" nl d n p t l n : " h p l t " th r n l n n n p h l n h v nl n th n t v "l tl ." " l t" n nt "t b t v l tr v n f r," "t b n n l nt r t d n." h r t th th t f "l t," b t "t l t" n t l t n driven by, b t th free and
2 O A E O O E?
active interest in, or striving for. " l t" n f th xpr n f th n n th r ( d f rt nth nt r f The Cloud of Unknowing (Ev l n Und rh ll, d. . h t th l n h r t n d th rd nl n t n t v n h r t r t f th h n f p r t n t fr th th rt nth t th t nt th nt r .
Remembering
b r n n r n th r th h v n r th b n d . Wh t tt r t f r th d ff r n b t n th t f r f r b r n th kind f nn t n th t d . In th h v n d f r b r n , th nn t n nt r l mechanical, h n th nn t n b t n n rd nd th n xt b f r l t bl h d b th fr n th h h t d . Or th nn t n b p r l logical, h th nn t n b t n pp t , r b t n nv r n n pt , r th t , p , z , l r, r th n v n t f th ht. In th b n d , r b r n actively r ll n rd , d , ht , p nt n , th t , nn t n th n l d t t b r b r d nd th n th r d t th t t nn t d th. h nn t n n th f b n r n th r h n l n r p r l l l, b t l v . On n pt nn t d th n th r b pr d t v t f th n n ( r f l n th t b l z d h n n r h f r th r ht rd. A pl x pl : If I t th rd "p n" r " p r n" th th rd "h d h ," I d l th l l, nv nt n l t n. t f I t th rd " tr " r " n r" th "h d h ," I nn t th v n d t th t p bl n n , n n ht I h v rr v d t n t d n th ph n n n. h l tt r t p f r b r n n t t t n t lf n t f pr d t v th n n . h t tr n x pl f th nd f l v r b r n r th "fr t n " d v d b r d. r n n t nl n l n d t rd t r n p d t ll f nd th t th r r , n rd r t f n t n ll, n d tr n nd d t interest. r x pl , nd v d l h v b n n n t r b r rd f l n f r tt n f r n l n h n t h b n f v t l p rt n t d . And n n xp r n , h l I n t nd d th p rt l rl d r , I h v r b r d th dr f p r n I n l z d, b t t r f v r , h n I n f t f th nd n ntr t n th h l p r n l t f th t p r n. Y t n t f v n t b f r , n th ld t r , I t n bl t r b r th t dr .
26 A I G A EI G I AI Y E E IE CE
b r n n th d f b n pl br n n t l f th n n r h rd b f r . W n xp r n th pr d t v r b r n b tr n t nv n p r n f r n r th t h d n n. W ll n t b bl t r b r n t ntl n th r t r r t th bj t, br n t t l f n r nd. h nd f r b r n n t l t b bl t f ll r ll th f r th n r n t n h v n t th ff nt n ntr t n. Wh n h r b r n f ll h v d, th p r n h f r ll d l v , th r b r d n r v v d, f th t p r n r th t v r t ll ph ll b f r n . h th n th h v n d r b r f r n r t p f d b th t p pl l t ph t r ph. h ph t r ph rv nl n d t th r r n d nt f n p r n r n , nd th l r t n t l t : "Y , th t h " r "Y , I v b n th r ." h ph t r ph b , f r t p pl , n alienated r . M r ntr t d t p p r n th r f r f l n t d r b r n . r t n d n h t I nt t r b r I r t have th t nf r t n, nd I d n t tr t n r v t n br n. I r f p n— x pt th t h n I h v l t n t , I h v l t r f th nf r t n, t . M p t t r b r h l ft , f r r b n h d b n xt rn l z d p rt f , n th f r f n t . C n d r n th lt t d f d t th t p pl n r nt p r r t n d t r b r, rt n nt f n t n nd nf r t n d p t d n b n v d bl . t th t nd n fr r b r n r n b nd ll n bl pr p rt n . On n l nd b t b rv n n lf th t r t n d n th n d n h n p r f r b r n , b t t p l x pl pr v h lpf l. An v r d x pl r n t r . d l l r ll r r l d pl dd t n f t r thr t n h r h r h d, b t ll d t l h n . h l r pr v d n th r x pl . h r n b rv th t th t d nt h r f ll r t d n v r nt n f th l t r ll, n ll l l h d, nd r t nd nd r b r l th n th t d nt h tr t d th r p t t nd r t nd nd, h n , r b r t l t th nt l . rth r, n n th t th h t l ht r d r h v r d ff lt n r b r n th th t th r . ( n n , h r n n t b
h nf r t n pr v d d b r. M h d r.
2 O A E O O E?
xtr rd n r , d x pl f n n th b n d . r f n l x pl , n M x I h v b rv d th t p pl h r ll t r t r h r t l ttl h v r f r p r r t th fl ntl l t r t nh b t nt f th nd tr l z d ntr . A n th r f t , th t th t l t r b n n th bl n t dv rt d t b , p ll h n p pl t r l t r d t r l th t p v r h th r p t t xp r n nd t n .
Conversing
h d ff r n b t n th h v n nd b n d n b l b rv d n t x pl f nv r t n . t t t p l nv r t n l d b t b t n t n n h h A has p n n nd has p n n Y. E h d nt f th h n p n n. Wh t tt r t h t f nd b tt r, . ., r r n bl , r nt t d f nd h p n n. th r xp t t h n h n p n n, r th t h pp n nt p n n ll h n . E h fr d f h n n h n p n n, pr l b t n f h p n , nd h n t l ld n n p v r h nt. h t t n h t d ff r nt n nv r t n th t n t nt t b d b t . Wh h n t xp r n d t n p r n d t n h d b pr n n r f r v n b r l l t , r p r n f h n nt th n : d j b, t b l v d, t b d r d? In n h r t n n p pl t nd t b t l t ldl nx , nd ft n th "pr p r " th lv f r th p rt nt t n . h th n f t p th t ht nt r t th th r th th n n dv n h th ht b n th nv r t n v n p t th h l nv r t n, f r th r n p rt n rn d. Or th b l t r th lv p b th n n b t h t th have: th r p t , th r h r n p r n l t ( r th r nt d t n p r n l t f th r l r ff t v , th r l p t n, th r nn t n , th r pp r n nd dr . In rd, th nt ll b l n th r rth, nd b d n th v l t n, th d pl th r r n th n n nv r t n. h p r n h v r d t th ll nd d pr n p pl , lth h th r t d pr n nl p rtl d t th nd v d l p rf r n nd l r l d t th p v rt f t p pl j d nt. If th p rf r r n t l v r, h v r, th p rf r n ll pp r d n, ntr v d, b r n nd ll n t l t h nt r t.
28 A I G A EI G I AI Y E E IE CE
In ntr t r th h ppr h t t n b pr p r n n th n n dv n , n t b l t r n th lv p n n . In t d, th r p nd p nt n l nd pr d t v l th f r t b t th lv , b t th n l d , th p t n th h v . h r d n t t nd n th r n , nd t pr l f r th r n th t th n f ll r p nd t th th r p r n nd th t p r n d . h v b rth t n d , b th r n t h ld n nt n th n nd n th pr d nd v . Wh l th h v n p r n r l n h t th h v , th b n p r n r l n th f t th t th r , th t th r l v nd th t th n n ll b b rn f nl th h v th r t l t nd t r p nd. h f ll l v n th nv r t n, b th d n t t fl th lv b nx n rn th h t th h v . h r n l v n nf t nd ft n h lp th th r p r n t tr n nd h r h r ntr t . h th nv r t n t b n x h n f d t ( nf r t n, n l d , t t nd b d l n h h t d n t tt r n r h r ht. h d l t b n t d n t th r, nd th p rt n t th tr ph r rr — h h r ll t r l —b t th j . ( h nt l f t r n p h n l t th r p th nl v n n l t f th th r p t. nt f p h n l t nt rpr t t n ll h v n ff t f th th r p t t ph r h v , n l v , nd b r n .
d n
Wh t h ld tr f r nv r t n h ld ll tr f r r d n , h h — r h ld b — nv r t n b t n th th r nd th r d r. Of r , n r d n ( ll n p r n l nv r t n h I r d fr ( r t l th p rt nt. d n n rtl , h p n v l f r f d dr n . It d n t p r t pr d t v r p n th t xt l l d l t l v n h , r th p t t h p n n h h l t h n . t n v l, b lz , n b r d th nn r p rt p t n, pr d t v l —th t , n th d f b n . Y t pr b bl t f th t t l r d n th d f n n — f h v n . h r r t h v n b n r d, th r d r nt t n th pl t: h th r th h r d r l v , h th r th h r n d d r r t th nt t n th n r . h n v l rv nd f f r pl t x t th th h pp r nh pp nd l n t th r xp r n : h n th n th nd, th h v th h l t r , l t r l f th r d n th r n r . t th h v n t nh n d th r n l d th h v
2 O A E O O E?
n t nd r t d th p r n n th n v l nd th h v n t d p n d th r n ht nt h n n t r , r n d n l d b t th lv . h d f r d n r th th r rd t b h th ph l ph r h t r . h n r d ph l ph r h t r b f r d— r b tt r, d f r d—b d t n. h h l t v h t d nt rt n nt f " lt r l pr p rt ," nd t th nd f th r h l n rt f th t d nt having t l t th n nt. St d nt r t ht t r d b th t th n r p t th th r n th ht . h h th t d nt " n " l t , Ar t tl , rt , Sp n z , bn z, K nt, d r, S rtr . h d ff r n b t n v r l v l f d t n fr h h h l t r d t h l nl n th nt f lt r l pr p rt th t r d, h h rr p nd r hl t th nt f t r l pr p rt th t d nt b xp t d t n n l t r l f . h ll d x ll nt t d nt r th n h n t r t l r p t h t h f th v r ph l ph r h d t . h r l ll nf r d d t . Wh t th d n t l rn th t h h b nd th nd f pr p rt n l d . h d n t l rn t t n th ph l ph r , t t l t th th d n t l rn t b r f th ph l ph r n ntr d t n , f th r l v n t rt n pr bl r v d n th d n t l rn t d t n h b t n h t n nd h t th th r ld n t h lp th n n b t th " n n " f th r t th d n t l rn t h r th t th r bl t d t n h h n th th r p nl fr th r br n nd h n th r br n nd h rt p t th r th d n t l rn t d v r h th r th th r r th nt r f nd n r th n . h d f b n r d r ll ft n t th n l n th t v n h hl pr d b nt r l th t v l r f v r l t d v l . Or th h v f ll nd r t d b , t b tt r th n h d th th r, h h v n d r d v r th n h r h r t b n ll p rt nt.
Ex r n A th r t
An th r x pl f th d ff r n b t n th d f h v n nd b n th x r f th r t . h r l p nt xpr d n th d ff r n b t n having th r t nd being n th r t . Al t ll f x r th r t t l t t t f r l v . h h br n p h ldr n t x r th r t — h th r th nt t r n t— n rd r t pr t t
0 A I G A EI G I AI Y E E IE CE th r h ldr n fr d n r nd v th t l t n l dv n h t t n v r t t n . In p tr r h l t n, t , r bj t f th r t , f r t n. M t b r f b r r t , h r r h ll r n z d t l r x r th r t , x pt th p pl n th l t l l v l, h r nl bj t f th r t . O r nd r t nd n f th r t n th t d d p nd n r r n z n th t " th r t " br d t r th t nt r l d ff r nt n n : t n b th r "r t n l" r " rr t n l" th r t . t n l th r t b d n p t n , nd t h lp th p r n h l n n t t r . Irr t n l th r t b d n p r nd rv t xpl t th p r n bj t d t t. (I h v d d th d t n t n n E p fr r d . A n th t pr t v t , . ., th h nt r nd f d th r r , th r t x r d b th p r n h n r ll r n z d b n p t nt f r th t . Wh t l t th p t n r t n d p nd h n th p f r t n , lth h th pr n ld b th t th ld n l d xp r n , d , n r t , ll, "pr n ," r . p r n nt th r t x t n n f th tr b , b t n th r t r n th f n d. Or th r r d ff r nt th r t f r d ff r nt n : r, r l pr t , dj t nt f rr l . Wh n th l t n h h th th r t r t d pp r r n, th th r t t lf nd . A v r l r f r f th r t b b rv d n n pr t v t , n h h p t n ft n t bl h d n t b ph l tr n th b t b h l t xp r n nd " d ." In v r n n xp r nt th n , . M. . l d ( 6 h h n th t f th d n nt n l v n nt r l l th l t th t n t t t t p t n , t th r t nd . n th r t r nd d n t nl n th nd v d l p t n t f lf ll rt n l f n t n , b t ll n th v r n f p r n l t th t h h v d h h d r f r th nd nt r t n. S h p r n r d t th r t nd d n t h v t v rd r , thr t n, br b . h r h hl d v l p d nd v d l h d n tr t b h t th r — nd n t nl b h t th d r — h t h n b n n b . h r t M t r f v n r h th r t , nd t l r d r f p rf t n, h nd v d l b f nd n ll d t n l l v l nd n th t d v r lt r . ( h pr bl f d t n h n n th p nt. If p r nt r r d v l p d th lv nd r t d n th r n nt r, th pp t n b t n th r t r n nd l z f r
O A E O O E?
d t n ld h rdl x t. d n th b n th r t , th h ld r t t t th r t rn n th th r h nd, th h ld r b l n t pr r r n l t r " v rf d n " b p pl h h b th r n b h v r th t th th lv h v n t d th ff rt th xp t fr th r n h ld. W th th f r t n f t b d n h r r h l rd r nd h l r r nd r pl x th n th f th h nt r nd f d th r r , th r t b p t n ld t th r t b l t t . h d n t n th t th x t n th r t n r l n p t nt t d n th t p t n n t n nt l l nt f th r t . Wh th r d l th n r h l th r t — h r th l tt r f n d d l t f p t n — r th n n r p l r n l h d n b n n th r t b rd r r tr h r , r, fr ntl n d rn d r , th th r t l t d n th b f th r ph t n ph n r th nt f n th n p nd n th r l t n, n ll th th r b l t n r l t n b t n p t n nd th r t . t th r r v n r pr bl n th f th r t t bl h d n th b f p t n : l d r h v b n p t nt n n f ld, n p t nt n n th r—f r n t n , t t n b p t nt n nd t n r nd n p t nt n th t t n f p r l d r h h n t nd r t th b nn n f h r h r r r l th l t b th d t n f p r r r ph l tr bl l d t rt n d t r r t n. n ll , n t n d r th t t h r f r th b r f ll tr b t j d th b h v r f n th r t th n t f r th ll n f p pl n r t , h n th r nd d t nl b th rt f l r t d b p bl r l t n p l t . Wh t v r th r n f r th l f th p t n f r n l t , n t l r r nd h r r h ll r n z d t th pr f l n t n f th r t r . h r l r ll d n t l p t n tr n f rr d t th n f r r t th t tl f th th r t . If th th r t r th pr p r n f r r h th pr p r t tl , th xt rn l n f p t n r pl th r l p t n nd t l t . h n —t th t tl b l f r th t p f th r t — n b t p d, v , v l, . ., tt rl n p t nt t be n th r t , t h has th r t . A l n h h th t tl , h pp d t h v th l t f p t n . Ev n f th p r r n d, v r b d b l v h r b t f l l th .
2 A I G A EI G I AI Y E E IE CE
h t p pl t n f r nd t tl f r th r l l t f p t n n t th n th t h pp n t f t lf. h h h v th b l f th r t nd th h b n f t th r fr t d ll th r bj t p pl r l t , . ., r t l, th n n nd th b l v th f t n. An b d h ll th n b t t n th h n t n f pr p nd , th th d b h h r t l j d nt d tr d, h th nd l ll d nt b n b l hé , h p pl r d d b b th b d p nd nt nd l th r p t t tr t th r nd j d nt. h r bl nd d t r l t b th f t n th b l v .
Having Knowledge and Knowing
h d ff r n b t n th d f h v n nd th d f b n n th ph r f knowing xpr d n t f r l t n : "I h v n l d " nd "I n ." Having n l d t n nd p n p n f v l bl n l d ( nf r t n knowing f n t n l nd rv nl n n th pr f pr d t v th n n . O r nd r t nd n f th l t f n n n th b n d f x t n n b nh n d b th n ht f h th n r th ddh , th br pr ph t , , M t r E h rt, S nd r d, nd K rl M rx. In th r v , n n b n th th r n f th d pt v n f r n n p r pt n , n th n th t r p t r f ph l r l t d n t rr p nd t h t "r ll r l" nd, nl , n th n th t t p pl r h lf , h lf dr n , nd r n r th t t f h t th h ld t b tr nd lf v d nt ll n pr d d b th t v nfl n f th l rld n h h th l v . Kn n , th n, b n th th h tt r n f ll n , th d ll n nt (Ent-tauschung). Kn n n t p n tr t thr h th rf , n rd r t rr v t th r t , nd h n th n n n t " " r l t n t n dn . Kn n d n t n t b n p n f th tr th t n t p n tr t th rf nd t tr v r t ll nd t v l n rd r t ppr h tr th v r r l l . h l t f r t v p n tr t n xpr d n th br jadoa, h h n t n nd t l v , n th n f l x l p n tr t n. h ddh , th A n d On , ll n p pl t p nd l b r t th lv fr th ll n th t r v n f r th n l d t h pp n . h br pr ph t pp l t th p pl t p nd n th t th r d l r n th n b t th r f th r n h nd , r ll n . :
O A E O O E?
" h tr th h ll fr " M t r E h rt xpr d h n pt f n n n t f r n t n , h n p n f G d h : "Kn l d n p rt l r th ht b t r th r t p l ff [ ll v r n ] nd d nt r t d nd r n n d t G d, nt l t t h h nd r p h " ( l n , p. 24 . (" dn " nd "n d" r f v r t xpr n f M t r E h rt ll f h nt p r r , th n n th r f The Cloud of Unknowing.) A rd n t M rx, n n d t d tr ll n n rd r t r t th nd t n th t ll n nn r . r d n pt f lf n l d b d n th d f d tr n ll n ("r t n l z t n " n rd r t b r f th n n r l t . ( h l t f th Enl ht n nt th n r , r d n b ll d r v l t n r th n r n t r f th ht nth nt r Enl ht n nt ph l ph , n t n t r f th t nt th nt r . All th th n r r n rn d th h n lv t n th r ll r t l f ll pt d th ht p tt rn . th th f n n n t th rt nt f " b l t tr th," th n n n f l r th, b t the self-affirmation process of human reason. I n r n , f r th n h knows, d n l d , n b th r p rt f th pr f n n , v n th h n r n f th nd d ff r nt fr th n r n f th nth n n . Opt n l d n th b n d to know more deeply. In th h v n d t to have more knowledge. O r d t n n r ll tr t tr n p pl t have n l d p n, b nd l r n r t th th nt f pr p rt r l pr t th r l l t h v n l t r l f . h n th r v th nt th ll n d n rd r t f n t n pr p rl n th r r . In dd t n th r h v n "l x r n l d p " t nh n th r f l n f rth, th th z f h h p b n n rd th th p r n pr b bl l pr t . h h l r th f t r n h h th v r ll n l d p r pr d d— lth h h l ll l th n t br n th t d nt n t h th th h h t h v nt f th h n nd. M n nd r r d t ll r p rt l rl dr t n n rt r n th ll n . r Ind n th ht nd rt t x t nt l nd rr l , v t r b rd f n l d ff r d fr h h t d nt p l ttl h r , l ttl th r , nd n th n f p nt n t nd fr d r n t r d t n ntr t n n bj t, n t v n v r t f n h r d n n nt r b . (Iv n Ill h r d l r t f th h l t br n n f t f l n nt f .
4 A I G A EI G I AI Y E E IE CE
Faith
In r l , p l t l, r p r n l n th n pt f f th n h v t nt r l d ff r nt n n , d p nd n p n h th r t d n th h v n d r n th b n d . th, n th h v n d , th p n f n n r f r h h n h n r t n l pr f. It n t f f r l t n r t d b th r , h h n pt b n b t t th th r — ll b r r . It rr th f l n f rt nt b f th r l ( r nl n d p r f th b r r . It th ntr t t t j n l r r p f p pl . It r l v n f th h rd t f th n n f r n lf nd n d n . On b n f th beati possidentes, th h pp n r f th r ht f th. th, n th h v n d , v rt nt t l t pr n n lt t , n h bl n l d , h h b l v bl b th p r f th h pr l t nd pr t t th f th n h bl . Ind d, h ld n t h rt nt , f ll t r r t rr nd r n nd p nd n ? G d, r n ll b l f r th h h t v l th t n xp r n th n , b , n th h v n d , n d l. In th pr ph t n pt, n d l thing th t r lv nd pr j t r n p r nt , th p v r h n r lv . W th n b t t r r t n nd b r b n r n t h th r lv n n l n t d f r . Wh l I n have th d l b t th n , b b n t t, it, lt n l , h me. On h b n d l, G d ll d l t h v l ttl t d th p r n l xp r n l n t d p l t l d tr n d . h d l b pr d rd f M r , t n r lt b tt d n t n , j t th l n t d f th n h n l d r t n t v n r d bt b t tt n th t nh n t . th, n th h v n d , r t h f r th h nt t b rt n, th h nt n n r t l f th t d r n t r h f r t th lv . In th b n d , f th n nt r l d ff r nt ph n n n. C n l v th t f th? M t n t th n r l n h v f th n t th r br t? M t ll n t h v f th n th r b n , n th h l v , nd n r lv ? C n l v th t f th n th v l d t f n r f r r l f ? Ind d, th t f th b t r l , h p l , fr d t th v r r f r b n . th, n th b n d , n t, n th f r t pl , b l f n rt n d ( lth h t b th t, t b t n nn r r nt t n, n attitude. It ld b b tt r t th t n is in f th th n th t n has f th. ( h th l l
O A E O O E?
d t n t n b t n f th th t is b l f [fides quae creditur] nd f th as b l f [fides qua creditur] r fl t l r d t n t n b t n th content f f th nd th act f f th. On n b n f th t rd n lf nd t rd th r , nd th r l p r n n b n f th t rd G d. h G d f th Old t nt , f r t f ll, n t n f d l , f d h n n have. h h n v d n n l t n Or nt l n , th n pt f G d tr n nd t lf fr th v r b nn n . G d t n t h v n n t b d f G d. t r n, n h nd Chr t n d v l p nt, th tt pt d t h v th pl t d d l z t n f G d, r r th r t f ht th d n r f d l z t n b p t l t n th t n t v n G d l t n b t t d. Or t r d ll n Chr t n t —fr ( d n Ar p t t th n n n th r f The Cloud of Unknowing nd t M t r E h rt—th n pt f G d t nd t b th t f th On , th "G dh d" (th th n , th j n n v xpr d n th d nd n pl t n th n n . h f th n G d v h d f r b nn r xp r n f th d v n l t n n lf t nt n , t v pr f lf r t n— r, M t r E h rt p t t, f Chr t t rn ll b n b rn th n r lv . M f th n lf, n n th r, n h n nd, n r p t t b f ll h n l pl rt nt , b t rt nt b d n n xp r n nd n t n b n t n th r t th t d t t rt n b l f. It rt nt f tr th th t nn t b pr v n b r t n ll p ll n v d n , t tr th I rt n f b f xp r nt l, bj t v v d n . ( h br rd f r f th emunah, " rt nt " amen n " rt nl ." If I rt n f n nt r t , I ld n t pr v h nt r t p t h l t d tr tl p n , f h nt r t r n nv l t t th t f h d th, v n th t ld n t x l d p t v t t ndp nt th t h ht h v d n v l n t t h d h l v d l n r. M rt nt r t p n th n l d n d pth I h v f th th r nd f n xp r n f l v nd nt r t . h nd f n l d p bl nl t th xt nt th t I n dr p n nd th th r n n his hn , r n z th tr t r f f r n h , h n h nd v d l t nd t th t n h n v r l h n t . h n I n h t th th r n d , h t h nn t d , nd h t h ll n t d . Of r , I d n t n b th th t I ld pr d t ll h f t r b h v r, b t nl th n r l l n f b h v r th t r r t d n b h r t r tr t , h nt r t ,
6 A I G A EI G I AI Y E E IE CE r p n b l t , t . (S th h pt r n " th Ch r t r r t" n Man for Himself.) h f th b d n f t h n t r t n l. t th f t r n t r n z bl r "pr v bl " b th th d f nv nt n l, p t v t p h l I, th l v p r n, th nl n tr nt th t n "r t r" th .
Loving
v n l h t n n , d p nd n p n h th r t p n f n th d f h v n r n th d f b n . C n n have l v ? If ld, l v ld n d t b th n , b t n th t n n h v , n, p . h tr th , th r n h th n "l v ." " v " b tr t n, p rh p dd r n l n b n , lth h n b d h v r n th dd . In r l t , th r x t nl th act of loving. l v pr d t v t v t . It pl r n f r, n n , r p nd n , ff r n , nj n : th p r n, th tr , th p nt n , th d . It n br n n t l f , n r n h h r t l v n . It pr , lf r n n nd lf n r n . Wh n l v xp r n d n th d f h v n t pl nf n n , pr n n , r ntr ll n th bj t n "l v ." It tr n l n , d d n n , ff t n , ll n , n t l f v n . Wh t p pl call love tl f th rd, n rd r t h d th r l t f th r n t l v n . n p r nt l v th r h ldr n t ll n nt r l p n t n. l d d M h br ht t th t f r th p t t ll nn f W t rn h t r th r h v b n r p rt f r lt n t h ldr n, r n n fr ph l t p h t rt r , r l n , h r p v n , nd d , h n th t n t b l v th t l v n p r nt r th x pt n r th r th n th r l . h b d f rr . Wh th r th r rr b d n l v r, l tr d t n l rr f th p t, n l nv n n nd t , th pl h tr l l v h th r t b th x pt n. Wh t l nv n n , t , t l n nt r t, h r d nt r t n h ldr n, t l d p nd n , r t l h t r f r n l xp r n d "l v "— p t th nt h n n r b th p rtn r r n z th t th d n t l v h th r, nd th t th n v r d d. d n n n t pr r n th r p t: p pl h v b r r l t nd b r, nd n n l n r f l th t b n x ll
O A E O O E?
ttr t d n t l v , r th t fr ndl , th h d t nt, t r l t n h p n f t t n f l v n . h n tl h d f r r t r h n t — ll r fr nt h n f p rtn r . It h n t n r l l d t r t r fr n f l v n , nd th n p rtn r l v l ttl d d th ld. h h n fr "f ll n n l v " t th ll n f "h v n " l v n ft n b b rv d n n r t d t l n th h t r f pl h h v "f ll n n l v ." (In The Art of Loving I p nt d t th t th rd "f ll n " n th phr "f ll n n l v " ntr d t n n t lf. S n l v n pr d t v t v t , n n nl stand n l v r walk n l v n nn t "f ll" n l v , f r f ll n d n t p v t . r n rt h p n th r p r n t r f th th r, b t h tr t n th th r. th r l v , ttr t v , nt r t n , v n b t f l— n h l v n l f b t f l. th r t has th th r h n h n n r d r t d t being, . ., t v n t nd t l t n th th r. W th th t f rr th t t n fr ntl h n f nd nt ll . h rr ntr t v h p rtn r th x l v p n f th th r b d , f l n , nd r . b d h t b n v r n r , b l v h b th n n has, pr p rt . h t t th ff rt t b l v bl nd t pr d l v , h n th b b r n , nd h n th r b t d pp r . h r d pp nt d nd p zzl d. Ar th n t th p r n n r ? d th t n th f r t pl ? E h ll th f th h n n th th r nd f l d fr d d. Wh t th d n t th t th n l n r r th p pl th r h n th r n l v th h th r th t th rr r th t n n have l v h l d th t l v n . , n t d f l v n h th r, th ttl f r n n t th r h t th h v : n , l t nd n , h , h ldr n. h , n , th rr n t t d n th b f l v b tr n f r d nt fr ndl n r h p, rp r t n n h h th t t r p l d nt n : th t f th "f l ." Wh n pl nn t t v r th rn n f r th r n l f th pr v f l n f l v n , n r th th r f th p r h v th ll n th t n p rtn r ( r p rtn r ll t f th r l n n . h f l th t ll th nt t h v l v . t l v t th n t n xpr n f th r b n t dd t h th nt t b t. h n r l f l th th r l v b "l v h ld f l b rt " ( n ld r n h n , nd th r h p r f th dd f l v v nt ll b
8 A I G A EI G I AI Y E E IE CE p v t b b r n nd l h t v r l ft f h r h r f r r ttr t v n . h d r pt n n t nt nd d t pl th t rr nn t b th b t l t n f r t p pl h l v h th r. h d ff lt d n t l n rr , b t n th p v , x t nt l tr t r f b th p rtn r nd, n th l t n l , f th r t . h dv t f h d rn d f r f l v n t th r r p rr , h n n p rtn r , r p x, t ., tr , f r I n , nl t v d th pr bl f th r d ff lt n l v n b r n b r d th v r n t l nd b nt n to have r "l v r ," r th r th n t b bl t l v v n n . (S th d n f th d t n t n b t n " t v t n " nd "p v t n " t l n Ch pt r 0 f The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness.)
III v n nd n n th Old nd t nt nd n th Wr t n f M t r E h rt
The Old Testament
On f th n th f th Old t nt : l v h t h v fr r lf fr ll f tt r be! h h t r f br tr b b n th th nd t th f r t br h r , Abraham, t v p h ntr nd h l n: "G fr r ntr nd r ndr d nd r f th r h t th l nd th t I ll h " (G n 2: . Abr h t l v h t h h —l nd nd f l — nd t th n n n. Y t h d nd nt ttl n n l, nd n l nn hn d v l p . h pr l d t r v r b nd . r l b th b r h nd p rf l n E pt, th b l v th l th v n f th n G d, th G d f th r n d n t r , nd th r h p d l , th d f th r h t rn d l t r nt th r t r . h nd h r Moses. h r d b G d t l b r t h p pl , t l d th t f th ntr th t h b th r h ( v n th h v nt ll h f r l v , nd t nt th d rt "t l br t ." l t ntl nd th r t v n , th br f ll th r l d r M — nt th d rt. h d rt th b l n th l b r t n. h d rt n h : t h n t t h n r h t th pl f n d h n h t th n d, nd h t th n d r th n t f l f , n t p n . t r ll , n d tr d t n r nt r v n n th r p rt f th Ex d , nd t v r ll b th t th n d tr d t n h v d t r n d th
40 A I G A EI G I E ES AME S t nd n n t ll n nf n t n l pr p rt nd th h f l f n th d rt pr p r t n f r th l f f fr d . t th h t r l f t r nl tr n th n th n n f th d rt b l f th nf tt r d, n npr p rt d l f . S f th n b l f th h f t v l h v th r r n n th nn t n th th d rt. h unleavened bread th br d f th h r n h rr t l v t th br d f th nd r r . h suka ("t b rn l " th h f th nd r r: th v l nt f th t nt, l b lt nd l t n d n. A d f n d n th l d t "th tr n t r b d ," t be lived in, instead of the "fixed abode" one n . h br rn f r th fl hp t f E pt f r th f x d h , f r th p r t r nt d f d f r th v bl d l . h f r th n rt nt f th pr p rt l d rt l f . h : "W ld th t h d d d b th h nd f th rd n th l nd f E pt, h n t b th fl hp t nd t br d t th f ll f r h v br ht t nt th ld rn t ll th h l bl th h n r" (Ex d : 6: . G d, n th h l t r f l b r t n, r p nd t th r l fr lt f th p pl . pr t f d th : n th rn n th "br d," n th v n n th l. dd t p rt nt nj n t n : h h ld th r rd n t th r n d : "And th p pl f I r l d d th th r d, r , l . t h n th r d t th n r, h th t th r d h h d n th n v r, nd h th t th r d l ttl h d n l h th r d rd n t h t h ld t" (Ex d 6: 8 . r th f r t t , pr n pl f r l t d h r th t b f thr h M rx: t h rd n t th r n d . h r ht t b f d t bl h d th t l f t n. G d h r th n r h n th r h f d h r h ldr n, h d n t h v t h v n th n n rd r t t bl h th r r ht t b f d. h nd nj n t n n n t h rd n , r d, nd p v n . h p pl f I r l r nj n d n t t v n th n t ll th n xt rn n . " t th d d n t l t n t M l ft p rt f t t ll th rn n , nd t br d r nd b f l nd M n r th th . M rn n b rn n th th r d t, h h h ld t b t h n th n r h t, t lt d"
(Exodus 16:20 21). In nn t n th th ll t n f f d th n pt f th b rv t n f th Shabbat ("S bb th" ntr d d. M t ll th br t ll t t th l nt f f d n r d : "S x d h ll th r t b t n th v nth d , h h S bb th, th r ll b n n " (G n 6:26 .
4 O A E O O E?
h Sh bb t th t p rt nt f th b bl l n pt , nd l t r f d . It th nl tr tl r l nd n th n C nd nt : t f lf ll nt n t d p n b th th r nt r t l t pr ph t t t tr tl b rv d nd nt thr h t 2000 r f p r l f , h r n t b rv t n ft n h rd nd d ff lt. It n h rdl b d bt d th t th Sh bb t th f nt n f l f f r th , h , tt r d, p rl , nd ft n d p d nd p r t d, r n d th r pr d nd d n t h n l n th l br t d th Sh bb t. I th Sh bb t n th n b t d f r t n th nd n n f fr n p pl , t l t n n d , fr th b rd n f r ? b r t th t, nd th f n t n v t th d n t f n f th r t nn v t n n h n v l t n. Y t f th r ll th t t , th Sh bb t ld h rdl h v pl d th ntr l r l I h v j t d r b d. In rd r t nd r t nd th r l t p n tr t t th r f th Sh bb t n t t t n. It n t r t per se, n th n f n t n n ff rt, ph ll r nt ll . It r t n th n f th r t bl h nt f pl t h r n b t n h n b n nd b t n th nd n t r . th n t b d tr d nd n th n b b lt: th Sh bb t d f tr n th h n b ttl th th rld. th r t l h n r. Ev n t r n p bl d f r l d p n br h f th h r n , l ht n t h. It f r th r n th t rr n n th n n th tr t f rb dd n ( v n f t h l ttl h nd r h f , h l rr n h v l d n n rd n p r tt d. h p nt th t n t th ff rt f rr n l d f rb dd n, b t th tr n f r f n bj t fr n pr v t l n d p f l nd t n th r, b h tr n f r n t t t d, r n ll , tr n f r f pr p rt . On th Sh bb t n l v f n has n th n , p r n n x pt being, th t , xpr n n nt l p r : pr n , t d n , t n , dr n n , n n , n l v . h Sh bb t d f j b n th t d n f ll n lf. h th r n th l d ll Sh bb t th nt p t n f th M n , nd th M n th n nd n Sh bb t: th d n h h pr p rt nd n ll rn n nd dn r t b d n h h t d f t d nd p r b n r l . h h t r l pr d r, th b l n n Sh p t , d f dn nd f r. h d rn S nd d f f n, n pt n, nd r nn n fr n lf. On ht f t n t t t r t bl h th Sh bb t n v r l d f h r n nd p , th h n d th t nt p t th h n f t r .
42 A I G A EI G I E ES AME S
h v n f th M n th th r p f ll h ntr b t n t rld lt r , nd n nt ll d nt l th th t f th Sh bb t. h v n, l th Sh bb t, th l f t n n h p f th , n v r v n p n p t f th v r d pp nt nt th t th th f l h , fr r K hb n th nd nt r t r d . th Sh bb t t v n f h t r l p r d n h h p n ll h v b n n l , f r nd r ll h v nd d, nd th xpr n f r nt l p r ll h v b th f l v n . h h t r f th Ex d v t tr nd. h br nn t b r t l v th t having. Alth h th n l v th t f x d b d , nd th t f d x pt th t nt b G d v r d , th nn t l v th t v bl , pr nt "l d r." h h n M d pp r n th nt n, th d p r t br t A r n t th v bl n f t t n f th n th n r h p: th G ld n C lf. r , n , th p f r G d rr r n h v n p r tt d th t t ld nd j lr t f E pt. W th th ld, th rr d th n th lv th r v n f r lth nd h n th h r f d p r , th p v tr t r f th r x t n r rt d t lf. A r n th lf fr th r ld, nd th p pl : " h r r G d , 0 I r l, h br ht p t f th l nd f E pt" (Ex d 2:4 . A h l n r t n h d d d nd v n M n t p r tt d t nt r th n l nd. t th n n r t n l ttl p bl f b n nf tt r d nd f l v n n l nd th t b n b nd t t r th r f th r . h n r n l nd, xt r n t th r n , ttl n th r l, nd r h p th r d l . h tr n f r th r d r t tr b l l f nt th t f Or nt l d p t — ll, nd d, b t n t l r t t t th r t p r f th d . h r v l t n h d f l d t nl h v nt , f t n , th t th br r n t r nd n t l v . h ht n t v n b r b r d t d , x pt l rn d f tn t n h t r f th r E t, h d th n n t f nd xpr n thr h r v l t n r th n r nd v n r h r n t t nt d, M , b th b rd n f l d r h p nd p f ll b th n d t d t t r l p r th d (f r n t n th h l l d tr t n f th r b l nd r K r h .
I h v n l z d th n pt f M n n You Shall Be as Gods. h Sh bb t, t , d d n th t rl r b , ll n th h pt r n " h S bb th t l" n The Forgotten Language.
4 O A E O O E?
h r v l t n r th n r , th br pr ph t , r n d th v n f h n fr d — f b n nf tt r d f th n — nd th pr t t n t b tt n t d l —th r f th p pl n h nd . h r n pr n nd pr d t d th t th p pl ld h v t b xp ll d fr th l nd n f th b n t l f x t d t t nd n p bl f l v n n t fr p pl —th t , n t bl t l v t th t l n th lv n t. th pr ph t th xp l n fr th l nd tr d , b t th nl t f n l l b r t n th n d rt t l t n t f r n b t f r n n r t n . Ev n h l pr d t n th n d rt, th pr ph t r t n n th f th f th , nd v nt ll f th h l h n r , b th M n v n th t pr d p nd b nd n th t r r n th xp l n r xt r n t n f l nd ld nh b t nt . h r l r t th br pr ph t r th r t h l r , th r bb , nd n n r l rl th n th f nd r f th p r : bb h n n b n S . Wh n th l d r f th r n t th n (A. . 0 h d d d d th t t b tt r f r ll t d th n t b d f t d nd l th r t t , bb S tt d "tr n." r tl l ft r l , rr nd r d t th n n r l, nd d p r n t f nd h n v r t . h th b nn n f r h h tr d t n nd, t th t , f th l f v r th n th h d had: th r t t , th r t pl , th r pr tl nd l t r b r r , th r r f l n l , nd th r r t l . All r l t nd th r l ft ( r p th n th n x pt th d l f b n : n n , l rn n , th n n , nd h p n f r th M h.
The New Testament
h t nt nt n th Old t nt pr t t n t th h v n tr t r f x t n . It pr t t v n r r d l th n th rl r h pr t t h d b n. h Old t nt n t th pr d t f p r nd d ntr dd n l , b t pr n fr n d h p n r nd nd p nd nt p nt . A ll nn l t r, th h r , th l rn d n h l t r r pr d t th l d, r pr nt d th ddl l , r n n fr v r p r t v r ll t d b r . th r p r b d th th p r t f l j t , th pr t t n f th p r, nd th t n t ll h r p rl , h d nd n t n l n r t (gerim). t n th h l , th d d n t nd n
44 A I G A EI G I E ES AME S
lth v l r n p t bl th th pr n pl f b n . (S n l t n b n The Pharisees.) E rl t Chr t n , n th ntr r , r nl r p f th p r nd ll d p d, f th d ntr dd n nd t t , h —l f th Old t nt pr ph t — t t d th r h nd p rf l, d n n n th t pr lth nd l r nd pr tl p r, n t t d v l ( The Dogma of Christ). Ind d, M x W b r d, th S r n n th M nt th p h f r t l v r b ll n. h d f th rl Chr t n n f f ll h n l d r t , t xpr d n th d f p nt n n l h r n f ll t r l d . (A. . Utz d th rl Chr t n n l n r h p nd rl r Gr x pl f h pr b bl n . h r v l t n r p r t f rl Chr t n t pp r th p l l r t n th ld t p rt f th p l th r n n t th Chr t n n t th t t ll h d n t p r t d fr d . ( h ld t p rt f th p l n b r n tr t d fr th n r f M tth nd nd r ll d "Q" [Q fr G r n Quelle, " r "] b p l t n th h t r f th t nt. h f nd nt l r n th f ld b S r d S h lz, h d ff r nt t b t n n ld r nd n r tr d t n f "Q." In th n f nd th ntr l p t l t th t p pl t fr th lv fr ll r d nd r v n f r p n nd t t t ll l b r t th lv fr th tr t r f h v n , nd nv r l , th t ll p t v th l n r r r t d n n th f b n , h r n , nd l d r t . h b th l p t n ppl d b th t n r l t n t th r nd t n r l t n t th n . h r d l r n n t n f n n r ht (M tth : 42 6:2 f. ll th nd t l v n n (M tth :44 48 6:2 f., 2 6 tr , v n r r d ll th n th Old t nt "l v th n hb r," f ll n rn f r th r h n b n nd pl t rr nd r f ll lf hn . h n r n t v n t j d th r (M tth : 6: f., 4 f. f rth r xt n n f th pr n pl f f r tt n n nd b n t t ll d v t d t th nd r t nd n nd th ll b n f th th r. Al th r rd t th n , t t l r n n t n f th h v n tr t r d nd d. h ld t n t n t d n th r d l r n n t n f pr p rt t rn n t ll t n r h : " n t l p f r r lv
I nd bt d t n r n f r h th r h nf r t n b t th f ld nd f r h fr tf l t n .
4 O A E O O E?
tr r n rth, h r th nd r t n nd h r th v br n nd t l, b t l p f r r lv tr r n h v n, h r n th r th n r r t n nd h r th v d n t br n nd t l. r h r r tr r , th r ll r h rt b l " (M tth 6: 2 2: f. . It n th p r t th t : " l d r p r f r r th n d f G d" ( 6:20 M tth : . Ind d, rl Chr t n t n t f th p r nd th ff r n , f ll d th th p l pt nv t n th t th t h d f r th f n l d pp r n f th x t n rd r, rd n t G d pl n f lv t n. h p l pt n pt f th " t d nt" n v r n f th M n d , rr nt n h r l f th t . n l lv t n nd j d nt ld b pr d d b p r d f h nd d tr t n, p r d t rr bl th t f nd l d r bb n G d t p r th l v n n th pr M n . Wh t n n Chr t n t th t nd h f ll r b l v d th t th now ( r n th n r f t r , nd th t t h d lr d b n th pp r n . Ind d, n nn t h lp t n th t t n f th rl Chr t n th h t n n th rld t d . t f p pl , nt t r th r th n r l n t ( th th x pt n f th h v h W tn , b l v th t ht b ppr h n th f n l t tr ph f th rld. h r t n l nd nt f ll t n bl v n. h t t n f th rl Chr t n t d ff r nt. h l v d n ll p rt f th n E p r t th h ht f t p r nd l r . h r r n l r n n f t tr ph . Y t th ll r p f p r l t n n rr d th nv t n th t th p rf l rld ld n ll p . l t ll , t b r , th r t n r lt f th f l r f r pp r n , d th nd r rr t n r nt rpr t d n th p l n t t t n th b nn n f th n n, nd ft r C n t nt n n tt pt d t h ft th d t n r l f t th p p l h r h. n ll , f r ll pr t l p rp th h r h b th b t t t — n f t, th h n t n th r —f r th n n. On t t rl Chr t n t r r l th n t p pl d , n rd r t b pr d b th l t nb l v bl r d l f th ll r p f p pl , h p th v rd t v r th x t n rld n nothing but th r r l nv t n. h j r t f th , n th th r h nd, n t b l n n x l v l t th p r t nd t d ntr dd n p rt f th p p l t n, h n th r . h r f d t b l v th t n r h d b n nd nt n d t t f r th M h, h ld h n h n nd ( nd n t nl th h d r h d th p nt h r th
46 A I G A EI G I E ES AME S r l f j t , p , nd l v ld b t bl h d n h t r l r th r th n n n h t l l n . h n r "Q" r h t r n n f rth r t f d v l p nt f rl Chr t n t . r , t , f nd th pr n pl , nd th t r f t pt t n b S t n xpr t n v r n t f r . In th t r , th l t f r h v n th n nd th r v n f r p r nd th r n f t t n f th h v n tr t r r nd n d. th f r t t pt t n—t tr n f r t n nt br d, b l ll xpr n th r v n f r t r l th n — n r : "M n h ll n t l v b br d l n , b t b v r rd th t pr d fr th th f G d" (M tth 4:4 4:4 . S t n t pt th n th th pr f v n h pl t p r v r n t r ( h n n th l f r v t , nd f n ll , th nr tr t d p r, d n n v r ll n d f th rth, nd d l n (M tth 4: 0 4: 2 . ( n r n h ll d tt nt n t th f t th t th t pt t n t pl n th d rt, th t n p th t p f th Ex d n. nd S t n pp r h r r pr nt t v f t pp t pr n pl . S t n th r pr nt t v f t r l n pt n nd f p r v r n t r nd M n. th r pr nt t v f b n , nd f th d th t n t h v n th pr f r b n . h rld h f ll d S t n pr n pl , n th t f th p l . Y t v n th v t r f th pr n pl ld n t d tr th l n n f r th r l z t n f f ll b n , xpr d b ll b n th r r t M t r h l v d b f r h nd ft r h . h th l r r f r j t n f th h v n r nt t n f r th f th b n r nt t n t b f nd l n th h n l rd r , h th E n nd th rd r n h h th d S r ll r n t d. hr h t th h t r f Chr t n t t nt n n th r l rd r b d n th v f p v rt nd pr p rt l n . An th r n f t t n f th r d l n pt f rl Chr t n t t b f nd— n v r d r — n th r t n f th h r h f th r , h n th r p t r l nfl n d b Gr ph l ph l th ht n th bj t f pr v t pr p rt v r n pr p rt . Sp d n t p r t t d th t h n n n d t l, nd v n l th th l l nd l l l t r t r n th bj t. Alth h th r r d ff r n n th d r f r d l nd rt n tr nd t l r d l v th r th h r h b p rf l n t t t n, t nd n bl
S th ntr b t n f A. . Utz, 0. S h ll n , . S h h r, nd th r .
4 O A E O O E?
th t th rl h r h th n r h r d h rp nd n t n f l x r nd v r nd nt pt f r lth. t n r t , n th ddl f th nd nt r : "W h n l v d r h [ b l d ] nd p n [l nd] b v v r th n l , n th t h h lr d h v nt n pr p rt nd h r t th th n d ." In " tt r f n t " ( l nd nt r , th r v r nt r t n p th t r nd f Old t nt th ht b t h l n : "An l n ntr th r [th Chr t n ] f th rl nd nd v r f th rl nd l n t th ." rt ll n (th rd nt r n d r d ll tr d t b th r lt f p d t , nd h d n t n t n p pl h r fr fr r d. d l r th t tr d l rr th t th d n r f d l tr . Av r h ll th r t f ll v l. r l , f r th th r h r h f th r , th p rp f ll t r l d t rv p pl h r t r t f h th t n: " h n h t r nt fr n th r ll d th f b t th n h d n t l th th p r, lth h h ld—d h d rv n th r n ?" ( t d b Utz . l tr d th r n l n t f d nd nd r t d b th r t h v r pr nt d n t t nd n . I n l d th br f t h th Chr t rn n (f rth nt r th t p rfl d t n t b pr d d r n d. : " n t I h t n : h t l n t th nd l nt, lf h h t r th n l n th t h I ll t l n d, b t th h rd n d h rt nd l th t t r ht, th t l n l v fr h t r ." I ld n f r n p t n th v f th h r h f th r th t pr v t pr p rt nd th t t l f n p n r l. Y t v n th f r n f t t nt nd t th nt n t f th r j t n f th h v n r nt t n f nd t fr Old t nt t , thr h t rl Chr t n t , nd nt th l t r nt r . Ev n A n , b ttl n n t th p nl n t t , n l d th t th n t t t n f pr v t pr p rt j t f d nl n h t b t rv th p rp f t f n th lf r f ll. Cl ddh ph z v n r tr n l th n th Old and t nt th ntr l p rt n f v n p r v n f r p n f
h b v p r t n fr Ott S h ll n l h t t n fr K. rn r nd . S rl d.
48 A I G A EI G I E ES AME S
n nd, n l d n n n , th n pt f l t n b t n , nd v n th r v n f r n p rf t n.
Master Eckhart (1260—c. 1327)
E h rt h d r b d nd n l z d th d ff r n b t n th h v n nd b n d f x t n th p n tr t n nd l r t n t rp d b n t h r. A j r f r f th n n Ord r n G r n , E h rt h l rl th l n nd th r t t r pr nt t v nd d p t nd t r d l th n r f G r n t . r t t nfl n r d t d fr h G r n r n , h h ff t d n t nl h nt p r r nd d pl b t l G r n t ft r h nd, t d , th n th nt d n t n nth t , r t n l, t r l , ph l ph f l f . M r f r th E h rt t t n th t f ll r ph . Q nt r t E h rt r Meister Eckhart, Die Deutschen Werke (r f rr d t h r "Q nt .W." , h Meister Eckhart, Deutsche Predigten and Traktate (r f rr d t "Q nt . . ." , nd th En l h tr n l t n b nd . l n , Meister Eckhart (r f rr d t h r " l n " . It h ld b n t d th t h l Q nt d t n nt n nl th p h n d r h v b n pr v n th nt f r, th l n t xt (tr n l t d fr th G r n, f ff r, d t n n l d r t n h th nt t Q nt h n t t n l d d. Q nt h lf h p nt d t, h v r, th t h r n t n f th nt t pr v n l, th t v r l l n f th th r r th t h v b n ttr b t d t M t r E h rt ll l b pr v n th nt . h t l z d n b r th t pp r th th r n t r f r t th E h rt r n th r d nt f d n th thr r .
E h rt C n pt f v n
h l r f r E h rt v n th d f h v n h r n n p v rt , b d n th t xt f M tth : : " l d r th p r n p r t, f r th r th n d f h v n." In th r n E h rt d th t n: Wh t p r t l p v rt ? b n b n th t h d n t p f external p v rt , p v rt f th n , lth h th t
r p n tr t n nd r t nd n f ddh , th r t n f n p n M h t r , p rt l rl The Heart of Buddhist Meditation nd Pathways of Buddhist Thought: Essays from the Wheel.
4 O A E O O E?
nd f p v rt d nd nd bl . nt t p f inner p v rt , th p v rt r f rr d t n th p l v r , h h h d f n b n : " p r n h wants n th n , knows n th n nd has n th n " ( l n , 28; Q nt .W., 52; Q nt . . ., 32). Wh th p r n h wants n th n ? A n r n h h h n n t l f ld b r n r p n . t th n t E h rt n n , nd h ld th h nd r t nd n t nt n n th n n x r f r p nt n nd n xt rn l r l pr t . th b r b r t th t n pt p pl h h ld nt th r lf h . " h p pl h v th n f b n ntl n th b f th xt rn l pp r n , b t n d th r , b th d n t r p th tr n n f d v n tr th" ( tr n l t n f Q nt t xt . r E h rt n rn d th th nd f " nt n " th t l f nd nt l n ddh t th ht th t , r d, r v n f r th n nd f r n n . h ddh n d r th nt n t b th f h n ff r n , n t nj nt. Wh n E h rt n t p f h v n n ll, h d n t n th t n h ld b . h ll h p f d nt l th r v n , ll th t n driven b —th t , n tr n , not ll. E h rt f r t p t l t th t n h ld n t v n nt t d G d ll— n th , t , f r f r v n . The person who wants nothing is the person who is not greedy for anything: th th n f E h rt n pt f n n tt h nt. Wh th p r n h knows n th n ? E h rt t bl h th t t n h n n r nt d b b n , n n d t d, n lt r d r t r ? ld h , h n h n ff rt t d t th n d t d nd h n h h lf n f r t r d t n nd n l d th t h n v r tt pt t h d r n z ? E h rt n pt f not knowing anything n rn d th th d ff r n b t n having n l d nd th act f knowing, . ., p n tr t n t th r t nd, h n , t th f th n . E h rt d t n h v r l rl b t n p rt l r th ht nd th process f th n n . Str n th t t b tt r t n G d th n t l v G d, h r t : " v h t d th d r nd p rp , h r n l d n p rt l r th ht, b t r th r t p l ff ll [ v r n ] nd d nt r t d nd r n n d t G d, nt l t t h h nd r p h " ( l n , r nt 2 n t th nt t d b Q nt . t n n th r l v l ( nd E h rt p thr h t n v r l l v l E h rt h f rth r. r t :
0 A I G A EI G I E ES AME S
A n, h p r h n n th n . W h v t d th t n ht t l v f h d d n t l v , n th r f r lf, n r f r th tr th, n r f r G d. t t th t p nt, h ll th n l nd f rth r. h n h t h v th p v rt h ll l v n h d n t v n n th t h l v , n th r f r h lf, n r f r th tr th, n r f r d. M r h h ll b t nd pt f ll n l d , th t n n l d f d x t n h f r h n n x t n f G d xt rn l p , th r n th r l f n h : h l f h lf. h r f r th t n ht t b pt f h n n l d , h h n h d d n t x t, nd l t G d h v h t h ll nd n b nf tt r d ( l n , 28 Q nt .W., 2 Q nt . . ., 2 ll p rt n tr n l t n f Q nt G r n t xt .
nd r t nd E h rt p t n, t n r t r p th tr n n f th rd . Wh n h th t " n ht t b pt f h n n l d ," h d n t n th t n h ld f r t h t n n , b t r th r n h ld f r t th t n n . h t th t h ld n t l t r n l d p n, n h h f nd r t nd h h v n f d nt t h ld n t b "f ll d" th r n l d , r h n nt t, r r v t. Kn l d h ld n t th l t f d , h h n l v . All th b l n t th d f h v n . In th d f b n , n l d n th n b t th p n tr t n t v t f th ht— th t v r b n n nv t t n t t nd t ll n rd r t f nd rt nt . E h rt nt n : Wh t d t n th t n h ld h v n th n ? p rn t tt nt n t th : I h v ft n d, nd r t th r t r , th t t b pr p r b d f r G d nd f t f r G d t t n, n h ld l b fr fr ll [h n] th n nd [h n] t n , b th n rdl nd t rdl . h ll th n l . If t th th t n pt d f th n , r t r , h lf nd d, nd f t ll G d ld f nd pl n h t t, th n : A l n th t [pl ] x t , th n n t p r th th t nt t p v rt . r G d d n t nt nd th t n h ll h v pl r rv d f r G d t r n, n tr p v rt f p r t r r th t n h ll b pt d f G d nd ll h r , th t f G d nt t t n th l, h h lf t b th pl n h h h t — nd th t h ld l
l n p t l "G" f r G d h n E h rt r f r t th G dh d nd l r " " h n E h rt r f r t th b bl l d f r t n.
O A E O O E?
t d . . . . h th t n h ld b p r th t h n t nd h n t pl f r G d t t n. r rv pl ld b t nt n d t n t n . Therefore I pray God that he may quit me of god" ( l n , pp. 2 0 2 .
E h rt ld n t h v xpr d h n pt f n t h v n r r d ll . r t f ll, h ld b fr fr r n th n nd r n t n . h d n t n th t h ld n th r p n th n n r d n th n t n h ld n t b b nd, t d, h n d t h t n nd h t h v , n t v n t G d. E h rt ppr h th pr bl f h v n n n th r l v l h n h d th r l t n b t n p n nd fr d . n fr d r tr t d t th xt nt t h h r b nd t p n, r , nd l tl , t r n . b n b nd t r (Q nt tr n l t th r n l ddl G r n Eigenschaft Ich-bindung r Ichsucht, " b nd n " r " n " , t nd n r n nd r bl d fr b r n fr t, fr r l z n r lv f ll (Q nt . . ., Intr d t n, p. 2 . . M th, n p n n, nt r l r ht h n h nt n th t fr d nd t n f tr pr d t v t n th n b t v n p n , l v n th l n n n fr fr ll b ndn . r d n th n f b n nf tt r d, fr fr th r v n f r h ld n nt th n nd n , th nd t n f r l v nd f r pr d t v b n . O r h n , rd n t E h rt, t t r d f th f tt r f b ndn , ntr t , th t t th having mode f x t n , n rd r t rr v t f ll b n . I h v n t f nd n th r h th ht b t th n t r f th h v n r nt t n n E h rt r l r t n th n n th xpr d b M th ( . p f th Besitzstruktur des Menschen ("th pr p rt tr t r f th p pl " n th , f r I n , th t I p f th "h v n d ," r th "h v n tr t r f x t n ." r f r t th M rx n n pt f " xpr pr t n," h n h p f th br thr h f n n nn r pr p rt tr t r , dd n th t t th t r d l f r f xpr pr t n. In th h v n d f x t n h t tt r n t th v r objects f h v n , b t r h l h n tt t d . Ev r th n nd n th n n b n bj t f r v n : th n n d l l f , pr p rt , r t l , d d d , n l d , nd th ht . Wh l th r n t n th lv "b d," th b b d th t , h n h ld nt th , h n th
2 A I G A EI G I E ES AME S b h n th t nt rf r th r fr d , th bl r lf r l z t n.
E h rt C n pt f n
E h rt b n n t d ff r nt, th h r l t d, n n . In n rr r, p h l l n , b n d n t th real nd ft n n n t v t n th t p l h n b n , n ntr t t d d nd p n n h nd p r t d fr th t n nd th n n p r n. Q nt j tl ll E h rt n xtr rd n r n l t f th l (genialer Seelenana- lytiker): "E h rt n v r t r f n v r n th t r t t f h n b h v r, th t h dd n t rr n f lf hn , f nt nt n nd p n n , f d n n n th p n t l n n f r r t t d nd r rd " (Q nt . . ., Intr d t n, p. 2 tr n l t n . h n ht nt th h dd n t v E h rt t pp l n t th p t r d n r d r, h h v r th n v té f pr r d n nd t ll rr nt b h v r t v , h h l th t b h v r nd p n n r t f n l d t th t n b l ttl br n d n th t pp d t b t th b nn n f th nt r . E h rt xpr d th v n n r t t nt , f h h th f ll n h r t r t : " pl h ld n t n d r h h t th r t do h t th are. . . . h t r th t r ph l d n being d nd n t n th n b r r nd f th n t b d n . E ph z r th r th f nd nt l n h h r r r t ." O r b n th r l t , th p r t th t v , th h r t r th t p l r b h v r n ntr t, th d d r p n n th t r p r t d fr r d n r h v n r l t . h nd n n d r nd r f nd nt l: b n l f , t v t , b rth, r n l, tp r n , fl n t, pr d t v t . In th n , b n th pp t f h v n , f b ndn nd t . n , t E h rt, n t b t v n th l n f th pr d t v xpr n f n h n p r , n t n th d rn n f b n b . A t v t t h n "t t f n lf" (Q nt . . ., 6 tr n l t n , h h h xpr n n rd p t r : h ll b n pr f "b l n ," f " v n b rth," th n th t "fl nd fl n t lf nd b nd t lf" (E. nz t l., t d n Q nt . . ., p. tr n l t n . S t h th b l f r nn n n rd r t nd t th t v h r t r: " n nt p h n h n th t t f r nn n , f nt n r nn n nt p h v nl n. nt n ll r n nd v nd p n r nn n " (Q nt . . ., 8;
O A E O O E?
tr n l t n . An th r d f n t n f t v t : h t v , l v n l "v l th t r t f ll d nd ll n v r b f ll" ( l n , p. 2 n t th nt t d b Q nt . r n thr h th d f h v n th nd t n f r ll n n t v t . In E h rt th l t th pr v rt th t t f pr d t v nn r t v t , f r h h th pr th v r n f ll f r f b ndn nd r v n .
4 A WO An l z n th nd nt l ff r n t n th M d f Ex t n
Wh t I th v n M d ?
The Acquisitive Society—Basis for the Having Mode
O r j d nt r xtr l b d b l v n t th t r t n pr v t pr p rt , pr f t, nd p r th p ll r f t x t n . r , t n, nd t pr f t r th r d nd n l n bl r ht f th nd v d l n th nd tr l t . Wh t th r f pr p rt r d n t tt r n r d p n p n bl t n n th pr p rt n r . h pr n pl : "Wh r nd h pr p rt r d r h t I d th t n b d b n b t n l n I d n t v l t th l , r ht nr tr t d nd b l t ." h nd f pr p rt b ll d private pr p rt (fr t n privare, "t d pr v f" , b th p r n r p r n h n t r t l t r , th f ll p r t d pr v th r f t r nj nt. Wh l pr v t n r h p pp d t b n t r l nd n v r l t r , t n f t n x pt n r th r th n th r l f n d r th h l f h n h t r ( n l d n pr h t r , nd p rt l rl th lt r t d E r p n h h n n t l f n n rn. A d fr pr v t pr p rt , th r r : self-created pr p rt , h h x l v l th r lt f n n r restricted property, h h restricted b th bl t n t
. . n 20 r , The Acquisitive Society, t ll n rp d n t nd r t nd n f d rn p t l nd pt n f r l nd h n h n . h ntr b t n b M x W b r, r nt n , S h p r , l, S b rt, nd Kr nt n f nd nt l n ht f r nd r t nd n nd tr l t nfl n n h n b n .
O A E O O E?
h lp n f ll b n functional, r personal, pr p rt , h h n t th r f t l f r r r f bj t f r nj nt common pr p rt , h h r p h r n th p r t f n b nd, h th I r l bb tz . h n r b h h t f n t n l ld th h r t r f t b r ( l h r t r . In n nd tr l t th r : th h t r pr p rt , t p t, nd t n r t, . ., t pr f t, nd th h n pr p rt r d r d nd nv d p r r b n . t th v t j r t f p pl n n pr p rt n r l n f p t l nd p t l d , nd th p zzl n t n r : n h p pl f lf ll r v n p th th r p n f r r n nd p n pr p rt , r h n th f l l n r f pr p rt h n th h v n t n pr p rt t p f? Of r , th bv n r th t v n p pl h r pr p rt p r n something—and th h r h th r l ttl p n h th n r f p t l h r h th r pr p rt . And l th b pr p rt n r , th p r r b d b th h t pr rv h t th d h v nd t n r t, v n th h b n nf n t l nt (f r n t n b v n p nn h r , t nt th r . rh p th r t t nj nt n t h n n n t r l th n b t n n n l v n b n . In p tr r h l t v n th t r bl f n n th p r t f l n b n n r f pr p rt — n h r l t n h p t h f , h h ldr n, h n l , v r h h n f l h b l t t r. At l t f r th n n p tr r h l t , h v n n h ldr n th nl t n p r n th t n d n t r t tt n n r h p, nd th t p t l nv t nt. C n d r n th t th h l b rd n f h ldb r n th n , t n h rdl b d n d th t th pr d t n f h ldr n n p tr r h l t tt r f r d xpl t t n f n. In t rn, h v r, th th r h v th r n f r f n r h p, th t f th h ldr n h n th r ll. h r l ndl nd v : th h b nd xpl t th f , h xpl t th ll h ldr n, nd th d l nt l n j n th ld r n n xpl t n th n, nd n. h l h n n p tr r h l rd r h l t d r hl x r v n ll nn nd t ll pr v l n th p r t ntr r n th p r t l f t . It , h v r, l l d n h n n th r ffl nt ntr r t — n p t n f n, h ldr n, nd d l nt t t pl h n nd t th d r th t t t nd rd f l v n r . W th th l ll p f th ld f h n d,
8 W A IS E A I G MO E? p tr r h l t p f n r h p f p r n , h r n ll th v r nd th p r r t z n f th f ll d v l p d nd tr l t n f nd f lf ll nt f th r p n f r r n , p n , nd n r n pr p rt ? h n r l n xt nd n th r f n r h p t n l d fr nd , l v r , h lth, tr v l, rt bj t , G d, n n . A br ll nt p t r f th b r b n th pr p rt v n b M x St rn r. r n r tr n f r d nt th n th r r l t n t h th r th h r t r f n r h p. "Ind v d l ," h h n t p t v n n l b r t n fr l h n , n , n th n t v n , " lf n r h p," th r ht— nd th d t —t nv t n n r n th f n n p r n. O r th t p rt nt bj t f r pr p rt f l n , f r t pr n th n : r b d , r n , r l t t , r p n ( n l d n r n l d , th h v f r lv nd th nt th r t h v f . O r xt r f r l l t , h n l d nd ll , nd f rt n f t t l t th t b ld r nd r f r l t . t th nt l p nt n t h h t th nt nt , b t th t th f lt th n h p , nd th t th "th n " th b f r n f d nt t . h d n f pr p rt t t nt nt th t n p rt nt f r f pr p rt tt h nt th t fl r h d n th n n t nth nt r h b n d n h n n th d d n th nd f th r t W rld W r nd l ttl v d nt t d . In th ld r p r d, v r th n n n d h r h d, t n r f, nd d t th v r l t f t t l t . n " p t" b n , nd tt f r th n n t nth nt r ht ll h v b n: "Old b t f l " d , n pt n ph z d, n t pr rv t n, nd b n h b "thr " b n . Wh th r th bj t n b r, dr , d t, ft r n t f r t , n t t r d f t nd r t d p f th " ld" nd b th l t t d l. A t n tr n t r h v n nd n thr n ( r f p bl , pr f t bl x h n f r b tt r d l n t n, n t t t th v r l f n r b n nd t d tt ld nd d b : " b t f l " rh p th t tr n x pl f t d n r b n ph n n n th pr v t t b l . O r d rv t b d bb d "th f th t b l ," f r r h l n h b n b lt r nd t b l pr d t n, nd r h l l f r tl d t r n d b th r nd f ll f th n r r t f r r .
O A E O O E?
th h h v n , th r r l v t l n t t th h d n t t n n , p ll p pl n th ll d l t t t , r b l f j . App r ntl , h v r, ff t n f r n r n t d p nd b d n , b t l v ff r f h t h rt d r t n, f r n r h n th r r fr ntl ft r t r , v n ft r j t n , n t n r t r f th " ld r" nd t rt h pp n r nd f r " d d l" n n v h l . r h pp n r nd t p r h , th h l tr n t n t b n h h v n tr r t pr l nt, nd th " d d l" nj d h , f n t r th n, th lt t pr z : th t br nd n d l n th dr v . S v r l f t r t b t n nt nt n rd r t lv th p zzl f th n l fl r nt ntr d t n b t n th n r pr p rt r l t n h p t th r t b l nd th r h rt l v d nt r t n th . r t, th r th l nt f d p r n l z t n n th n r r l t n h p t th r th r n t n r t bj t th t t n r f nd f, b t t t b l, n xt n n f p r— n b ld r h v n r d r, th n r h t ll r d n p f . A nd f t r th t b n n r v r t r n t d f, , v r x n r th b r thr ll f t n th t f n th n r n n nd f d fl r t n— t nh n n n f ntr l, nd th r ft n t h pp n , th r thr ll d n . h th rd f t r th t fr nt r b n n fr nt pp rt n t t " d l"—t pr f t b th x h n — t f t n d pl r t d n n nd n t d . h f rth f t r n f r t p rt n : th n d t xp r n new t l , b th ld t l r fl t nd xh t d ft r b t h rt h l . In n rl r d n f t l (The Anatomy of Human Destructive- ness), I d ff r nt t d b t n " t v t n " nd "p v t n " t l nd t d th f ll n f r l t n: " h r p v t n t l , th r fr ntl t t b h n d n nt n t nd r n nd th r t v t n t , th l n r t r t n t t l t n l t nd th l n r h n n nt n t nd nt nt." h f fth nd t p rt nt f t r l n th h n n l h r t r th t h rr d d r n th p t nt r nd h lf, . ., fr th "h rd n " t th " r t n " h r t r. Wh l th h n d n t d th th h v n r nt t n, t d d f t n d r bl . ( h d v l p nt f th r t n h r t r d d n Ch pt r II. h pr pr t r f l n l h p n th r r l t n h p , f r x pl t rd d t r , d nt t , l r , b , r r . pl xpr t n p n f "my d t r," "my d nt t," "my r r ," nd n. t d
60 W A IS E A I G MO E? fr th r pr p rt tt t d t rd th r h n b n , p pl xp r n n n nd n n b r f bj t , v n f l n , pr p rt . h lth nd lln , f r x pl . pl h d th r h lth d th pr pr t r f l n , r f rr n t th r n , th r p r t n , th r tr t nt —th r d t , th r d n . h l rl n d r th t h lth nd n r pr p rt th r pr p rt r l t n h p t th r b d h lth n l , , t th t f t h ld r h h r r l n p rt f th r r n l v l n b dl f ll n r t. Id nd b l f n l b pr p rt , n v n h b t . r n t n , n n h t n d nt l br f t t th t h rn n n b d t rb d b v n l ht h n n th t r t n , b h h b t h b pr p rt h l nd n r h r t . h p t r f th n v r l t f th h v n d f x t n tr n r d r t n t v nd n d d nd nd d t . I nt d t p rtr th ll pr v l nt tt t d f r t n rd r t v l r p t r p bl . t th r n th r l nt th t n v th p t r d r f b l n , nd th t r n tt t d n th n n r t n th t t d ff r nt fr th j r t . A n th n p pl f nd p tt rn f n pt n th t r n t h dd n f r f t n nd h v n , b t xpr n f n n j n d n h t n l t d th t xp t n n th n "l t n " n r t rn. h n p pl tr v l l n d t n , ft n th h rd h p , t h r th l , t pl th nt t , t t p pl th nt t t. Wh th r th r r v l bl th th n th r n t th t n h r v n f th r th t ff nt r n , pr p r t n, r n ntr t n, th n p pl d r t b , nd th r n t nt r t d n h t th t n r t rn r h t th n p. h l h r n r th n th ld r n r t n, lth h ft n ph l ph ll nd p l t ll n v . h d n t p l h th r ll th t n rd r t b d r bl " bj t" n th r t. h d n t pr t t th r b n t ntl l n , th r th t n n t th d n t xp nd th r n r n r pr n tr th, th j r t d . And fr ntl , th pr th r ld r b th r h n t —f r th r ld r r tl d r p pl h n r t ll th tr th. A n th r p l t ll nd r l l r nt d r p f ll h d n , b t l n th t n p rt l r d l r d tr n h f th lv th t th r j t " r h n ." Wh l th n t h v f nd th lv , r l th t v d n t th pr t f l f , th r r h n t b th lv n t d f h v n nd n n .
6 O A E O O E?
h p t v l nt n th p t r n d t b l f d, h v r. M n f th n p pl ( nd th r n b r h b n r dl d r n n th l t xt h d n t pr r d fr fr d fr t fr d t th pl r b ll d th t tt pt n t f nd l t rd h h t v , x pt th t f fr d fr r tr t n nd d p nd n . th t f th r b r p r nt , th r tt " b t f l " nd th d v l p d n l t ph b d nt r t n ll tr d t n, n l d n th th ht th t th r t t nd h v pr d d. In nd f n ïv n r th b l v d th t th ld d v r b th lv ll th t rth d v r n . ll , th r d l t b ll h ldr n n, nd h th r M r pr d d th nv n nt d l th t r t rn t h ldh d—n t d v l p nt t t r t — th lt t l f l nd r v l t n. h r h pp l n th r n n h f r th ph r t l t b t n f th h v p d th p r d th v r d pp nt nt, th t h v n r d ll f nd d n v t n , th t nt r th n th lv . h ft n nd p d pp nt d, p th t p r n — r nh pp f n t f d tr t n. t ll h h d t rt d th r t h p nd d p th d pp nt nt, h v r, b t t nf rt n t l p bl t n h t th r n b r . n l d , n v l d t t t l d t r nd t t r v l bl , nd v n f th r v l bl , t l t p bl t b r h t l f th nd v d l . d , ll n f p pl n A r nd E r p tr t f nd nt t th tr d t n nd th t h r h n h th th . t n l r p rt th d tr n nd t h r r th r fr d l nt, r v t t d b th p r t f p bl r l t n b ll h , r x d p th th f n n l nd pr t nt r t f th r p t v r . S p pl n n l b n f t fr h th d n p t f th h th r ll ppl th th t n r nt nt n f nn r h n . t nl d t l d nt t t v nd l t t v n l f th n b l v r ld h h n b l n t h r p. M p r n l t t th t th n p pl ( nd ld r n h r r l n rn d th h n n fr th h v n t th b n d n b r r th n f d p r d nd v d l . I b l v th t t l r n b r f r p nd nd v d l r v n n th d r t n f b n , th t th r pr nt n tr nd tr n nd n th h v n r nt t n f th j r t , nd th t th r f h t r l n f n . It ll n t b th f r t t n h t r th t n r t nd t th r th t h t r l d v l p nt ll t . h x t n f th n r t v h p f r th n r l h n n tt t d fr h v n t b n . h h p ll th r
62 W A IS E A I G MO E? r l n f th f t r th t d t p bl f r th n tt t d t r r h t r l h n th t n h rdl b r v r d: th br d n f p tr r h l pr v r n nd f p r nt d n t n f th n . Wh l th p l t l r v l t n f th t nt th nt r , th n r v l t n, h f l d ( t t rl t j d th f n l t f th Ch n r v l t n , th v t r r v l t n f r nt r , v n th h th r nl n th r f r t t , r th n , th h ldr n , nd th x l r v l t n . h r pr n pl h v lr d b n pt d b th n n f r t n nd v d l , nd v r d th ld d l b r r d l .
The Nature of Having
h n t r f th h v n d f x t n f ll fr th n t r f pr v t pr p rt . In th d f x t n ll th t tt r t n f pr p rt nd nl t d r ht t p h t I h v r d. h h v n d x l d th r t d n t r r n f rth r ff rt n p rt t p pr p rt r t pr d t v f t. h ddh h d r b d th d f b h v r r v n , th h nd Chr t n r l n v t n t tr n f r v r b d nd v r th n nt th n d d nd bj t t n th r p r. h nt n "I h v th n " xpr th r l t n b t n th bj t, I ( r h , , , th , nd th bj t, O. It pl th t th bj t p r n nt nd th bj t p r n nt. t th r p r n n n th bj t? Or n th bj t? I h ll d I l th l p t n th t r nt h v n th n . h bj t l rl n t p r n nt: t n b d tr d, r t n b l t, r t n l t v l . Sp n f h v n th n p r n ntl r t p n th ll n f p r n nt nd nd tr t bl b t n . If I t h v v r th n , I h v — n r l t —n th n , n h v n , p n , ntr ll n n bj t nl tr n t r nt n th pr f l v n . In th l t n l , th t t nt " [ bj t] h v 0 [ bj t]" xpr d f n t n f I thr h p n f O. h bj t n t myself b t I am what I have. M pr p rt n t t t lf nd d nt t . h nd rl n th ht n th t t nt "I I" "I am I because I have X"—X l n ll n t r l bj t nd p r n t h I r l t lf thr h p r t ntr l th , t th p r n ntl n In th h v n d , th r n l v r l t n h p b t n nd h t I h v . It nd I h v b th n , nd I h v it, b I h v th f r
6 O A E O O E?
t t n . t th r l r v r r l t n h p: it has me, b n f d nt t , . ., f n t , r t p n h v n it ( nd n th n p bl . h h v n d f x t n n t t bl h d b n l v , pr d t v pr b t n bj t nd bj t t things f b th bj t nd bj t. h r l t n h p n f d dn , n t l v n .
v n — r — b ll n
h t nd n t r n t r f th r n n t r n t ll l v n b n . n r t n tt pt t pr v nt r r n n th d t r n d b r tr t r . In rd r t br th r t n , h th r t n r n t, ph l r nt l f r n r . In n t bj t r t ntr l f th r ph l p t n n v r d r thr h th n r nh r nt n th r t nd l l r tr t r . t th d n t f ht n t b n d. h f h t r n f r th l v n b n ( . ., th f r th t t nd t b nd n d r t n ntr r t r v n tr t r nd th t d tr nt l t r r th r r t n . h r t n n t ll f r , fr v rt, ff t v , d r t, t v r t n t nd r t, n ff t l, nd, v r ft n, n n r t n . Wh t r tr t d th fr , p nt n xpr n f th nf nt , th h ld , th d l nt , nd v nt ll th d lt ll, th r th r t f r n l d nd tr th, th r h f r ff t n. h r n p r n f r d t v p t f h r h r t n , n n d r nd nt r t , nd h r h r n ll, nd t d pt ll nd d r nd f l n th t r n t t n b t p r p d b th l p tt rn f th ht nd f l n . S t , nd th f l t p h l nt, h t lv d ff lt pr bl : How to break a person's will without his being aware of it? Y t b pl t d pr f nd tr n t n, r rd , p n h nt , nd f tt n d l , t lv th t b nd l r ll th t t p pl b l v th r f ll n th r n ll nd r n r th t th r ll t lf nd t n d nd n p l t d. h r t t d ff lt n th ppr n f th ll x t th r rd t x l t , b d l h r th tr n t nd n f th n t r l rd r th t l t n p l t th n n th r d r . r th r n p pl tr h rd r t f ht th r x l d r th n l t n th r h n d r . n d t t th v r f r f th v l f t n f x fr r l r nd ( t v ln t h lth r nd ( t rb t n d ph l h r . h h r h h d t f rb d b rth ntr l nd xtr r t l
64 W A IS E A I G MO E?
x, nd t t ll t t th pr n pl v n t d h n pr d n ld r nd r t l r nt r . h ff rt d t ppr x ld b b nd r nd r t nd n f t r f r th f x h. t x, h v r, b t th br n f h n ll th r n f r v l f n x. A r t n b r f th ll d pr t v t h v n x t b h t v r. S n th f n t n th t xpl t t n nd d n t n, th d n t h v t br th nd v d l ll. h n ff rd n t t t t z x nd t nj th pl r f x l r l t n th t lt f l n . M t r r bl n th t th t th x l fr d d n t l d t x l r d th t ft r p r d f r l t v l tr n nt x l r l t n pl f nd h th r th t th th n h v n d r t p p rtn r , b t r l fr t p r t h n l v h n . r th n t pr p rt r nt d r p x l nj nt n xpr n f b n , n t th r lt f x l p v n . In n th I d n t pl th t h ld r t rn t l v n th pr t v t d —n t th t ld, v n f nt d t , f r th pl r n th t th pr f nd v d t n nd nd v d l d ff r nt t n nd d t n th t v l z t n h br ht b t v nd v d l l v d ff r nt l t fr th t n pr t v t . W nn t r r n nl v f r rd. Wh t tt r th t n f r f pr p rt l n ll d th th x l r d th t h r t r t f ll h v n t . S x l d r n xpr n f nd p nd n th t xpr d v r rl n l f ( t rb t n . It d n n t n rv t br th ll f th h ld nd t f l lt , nd th r b v . l r xt nt th p l t br x l t b nt ll n tt pt t r b ll n d t r t r n n fr d . t th br n f x l t b h d n t l d t r t r fr d th r b ll n dr n d, t r , n th x l t f t n . . . nd n th p r n b nt lt. Onl th h v nt f nn r nd p nd n nd v t fr d nd nd th n d f r fr tl r b ll n. h h ld tr f r ll th r b h v r th t t d n th f rb dd n n tt pt t r t r n fr d . Ind d, t b r t x l b v n nd p rv r n , b t x l b v n nd p rv r n d n t r t fr d . h r b ll n f th h ld n f t t lf n n th r : b th h ld n t pt n th r l f l nl n tr n n b n t t n , r b v r t n b r n nd d , nd b n nd f lf d tr t v t . Oft n th r b ll n n f t t lf n nd f n r l " l d n tr "— thdr l f nt r t n th rld, l z n , p v t , p
6 O A E O O E?
t th t p th l l f r f l lf d tr t n. h ff t f th p r tr l b t n h ldr n nd p r nt th bj t f v d E. S h t r p p r n "Inf nt v l p nt." All d t nd t th t hetero- nomous interference with the child's and the later person's growth process is the deepest root of mental pathology, especially of destructiveness. It t b l rl nd r t d, th h, th t fr d n t l z f r nd rb tr r n . n b n h v p f tr t r —l n th r p — nd n r nl n t r f th tr t r . r d d n t n fr d from ll d n pr n pl . It n th fr d to grow rd n t th l f th tr t r f h n x t n ( t n r tr t n . It n b d n t th l th t v rn pt l h n d v l p nt. An th r t th t f rth r th l "r t n l th r t " h n th f rth r n h v d b f h lp n t b l z th h ld t v t , r t l th n n , nd f th n l f . It " rr t n l th r t " h n t p n th h ld h t r n n r th t rv th p rp f th th r t , b t n t th p rp f th h ld p f tr t r . h h v n d f x t n , th tt t d nt r d n pr p rt nd pr f t, n r l pr d th d r — nd d th n d—f r p r. ntr l th r l v n h n b n n d t p r t br th r r t n . nt n ntr l v r pr v t pr p rt n d t p r t pr t t t fr th h ld t t fr b th , l , n n v r h v n h th d r t h v pr v t pr p rt pr d th d r t v l n n rd r t r b th r n v rt r v rt . In th h v n d , n h pp n l n n p r r t v r th r , n n p r, nd n th l t n l , n n p t t n r, r b, ll. In th b n d t l n l v n , h r n , v n .
Other Factors Supporting the Having Mode
Language n p rt nt f t r n f rt f n th h v n r nt t n. h n f p r n— nd ll h v n ( nd b n b r f th pr nt d tr nd t rd d p r n l z t n nt n — r t th ll n th t h r h f n l, rt l b n . h p r n nd th n b v l nt th n d n tr t th t th p r n l t n , nd tr t bl b t n — nd n t pr . C n n n h v th f n t n: . ., l v , pr d , h t , j v th pp r n f f x d b t n , b t h n n h v n r l t nd nl b r th n ht th t r d l n th pr n n n h n b n . t v n
66 W A IS E A I G MO E? n n th t r n f things, h "t bl " r "l p," r l d n . h rd nd t th t r p n f f x d b t n , lth h th n r n th n b t pr f n r th t rt n n t n n r b d l t . t th n t n r n t perceptions f p f th n l t bl r l p th p r pt n r th r lt f lt r l pr f l rn n , pr th t rt n n t n th f r f p f p r pt . W n v l b l v th t th n l t bl nd l p x t h, nd f l t th t t t h t tr n f r n t n nt p r pt n th t p r t t n p l t th rld r nd n rd r t n bl t rv v n v n lt r . On h v v n h p r pt n , th n t r nt th f n l nd n h n bl r l t f th p r pt. h n d t h v h t ll n th r f nd t n, th biologically given desire to live. Wh th r r h pp r nh pp , r b d p l t tr v f r immortality. t n n b xp r n th t h ll d , f r l t n th t b l v th t, n p t f th p r l v d n , r rt l. h h h t n n f r : th b l f f th h r h th t th r b d n hr n d n th p r d ld b rt l n r l f nt f l f ft r d th, n th h pp h nt n r nd f rl h nt r t th Chr t n nd I l p r d . In nt p r r t n th ht nth nt r , "h t r " nd "th f t r " h v b th b t t t f r th Chr t n h v n: f , l br t , v n n t r t — n th n th t t r nt f tn t n th r rd f h t r — n t t t b t f rt l t . h r v n f r f n t j t l r v n t — t h r l l t f r th h d n t b l v n th tr d t n l h r ft r n r . ( h p rt l rl n t bl n p l t l l d r . bl t p v th t rt l t , nd th p bl r l t n nt b th n pr t . t p rh p r th n n th n l , p n f pr p rt n t t t th f lf ll nt f th r v n f r rt l t , nd t f r th r n th t th h v n r nt t n h h tr n th. If self n t t t d b h t I have, th n I rt l f th th n I h v r nd tr t bl . r An nt E pt t t d —fr ph l rt l t , v f t n f th b d , t nt l rt l t , v th l t ll—p pl h v r n d l v b nd th r ph l nt l l f t . th l l p r f th l t ll th d p l f r pr p rt d t r n d f r n r t n t thr h th l f nh r t n , I— n h I n n r f p t l—b rt l.
6 O A E O O E?
The Having Mode and the Anal Character
A h lpf l ppr h t nd r t nd n th d f h v n t r ll n f r d t n f nt f nd n , th t ft r n thr h th r nf nt ph f r p v r pt v t f ll d b ph f r v xpl t t v r pt v t , ll h ldr n, b f r th r h t r t , thr h ph r d d n t d th anal-erotic. r d d v r d th t th ph ft n r n d n nt d r n p r n d v l p nt, nd th t h n t d t l d t th d v l p nt f th anal character, . ., th h r t r f p r n h n n r n l f d r t d t rd h v n , v n , nd h rd n n nd t r l th n ll f l n , t r , rd , n r . It th h r t r f th t n nd v d l nd ll nn t d th h th r tr t rd rl n , p n t l t , t bb rnn , h t r th n rd n r d r . An p rt nt p t f r d n pt th b l nn t n b t n n nd f — ld nd d rt— f h h h t n b r f x pl . n pt f th n l h r t r n th t h n t r h d t r t n f t h rp r t f b r t f th n n t nth nt r , n h h th l t f th n l h r t r n t t t d th n r f r r l b h v r nd r l d p n th xpr n f "h n n t r ." r d t n: n = f , n pl t, lth h n t nt nd d, r t f th f n t n n f b r t nd t p v n nd b p r d th M rx d n f n n th Economic and Philosoph- ical Manuscripts. It f l ttl p rt n n th nt xt th t r d b l v d th t p l ph f th l b d d v l p nt pr r nd th t th h r t r f r t n nd r ( h l n p n n t th pr d t f th nt rp r n l n t ll t n n n rl l f nd, t f ll, th l nd t n nd v t t f r t n . Wh t tt r r d v th t the predominant orientation in possession occurs in the period before the achieve- ment of full maturity and is pathological if it remains permanent. r r d, n th r rd , th p r n x l v l n rn d th h v n nd p n n r t , nt ll p r n h n t ld f ll th t th t n h h t f th b r r n l h r t r t .
Asceticism and Equality
M h f th r l nd p l t l d n h nt r d n th t n: h v r n t t h v ? On th r l r l l v l th nt th lt rn t v b t n th t l f nd th n n t l f , th l tt r
68 W A IS E A I G MO E?
n l d n b th pr d t v nj nt nd nl t d pl r . h lt r n t v l t f t n n f n ph n t on th n l t f b h v r b t n th tt t d nd rl n t. A t b h v r, th t n t nt pr p t n th n n nj nt, b nl th n t n f tr n d r f r h v n nd n n . In th t th d r n b r pr d, t n th v r tt pt t ppr h v n nd n n , th p r n b ll pr p d th h v n nd n n . h d n l b v r p n t n , p h n l t d t h , v r fr nt. It r n h f n t l v t r n r pr n d tr t v p l , f n t l nt b rt n t r pr n th r rd r p l , f n t f "v rt " r pr n th r n " nf l" p l . Wh t tt r h r n t rt n nv t n h, b t th f n t th t pp rt t. h , l ll f n t , t th p n th t t rv t v r th r, nd ll th pp t , p l . In th n nd p l t l f ld l r rr n lt rn t v b t n nr tr t d n l t nd b l t l t f n . If v r b d p n r f n t n l nd p r n l, th n h th r On h h t r th n n th r p r n d n t n t t t l pr bl , f r n p n n t nt l, nv d n t r . On th th r h nd, th h r n rn d th l t n th n th t h n h r t b x tl l t n n l h th t th r n h v n r nt t n tr n v r, x pt th t t d n d b th r pr p t n th x t l t . h nd th n rn th r r l t v t n v bl : nv . h d nd n th t n b d h ld h v r th n th lv r th pr t t n th lv fr th nv th ld f l f n n h d v n n n r f n th n . Wh t tt r th t b th l x r nd p v rt h ll b r d t d l t t n t n th nt t t v l t f h r l f t r l d , b t th t n n t d ff r nt t d t p nt th t r t d ff r nt xp r n f l f f r d ff r nt r p . In th Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts, M rx p nt d th t n h t h ll " r d n ," h h "n t th p r n l t f n n v r ph r " th t p f n " nl th l n t n f h nv nd l v l n d n n th b f pr n v d n ."
Existential Having
In rd r t f ll ppr t th d f h v n th t r d l n th h r , t n th r l f t n n r , th t f th f n t n f
6 O A E O O E?
existential having; f r h n x t n r r th t h v , p, t r f, nd rt n th n n rd r t rv v . h h ld tr f r r b d , f r f d, h lt r, l th n , nd f r th t l n r t pr d r n d . h f r f h v n b ll d x t nt l h v n b t r t d n h n x t n . It r t n ll d r t d p l n th p r t f t n l v — n ntr t t th characterological having h v b n d l n th f r, h h p n t dr v t r t n nd p th t n t nn t , b t th t h d v l p d th r lt f th p t f l nd t n n th h n p t b l ll v n. Ex t nt l h v n n t n nfl t th b n h r t r l l h v n n r l . Ev n th "j t" nd th " ntl ," n h th r h n, t nt t h v n th x t nt l n — h l th v r p r n nt t h v n th x t nt l and n th h r t r l l n . (S th rl r d n f x t nt l nd h r t r l l d h t n Man for Himself.)
0 Wh t I th n M d ?
M t f n r b t th d f h v n th n d b t th d f b n , b h v n b f r th r fr ntl xp r n d d n r lt r . t th n r p rt nt th n th t d f n n th d f b n h r d ff lt th n d f n n th d f h v n , n l th v r n t r f th d ff r n b t n th t d f x t n . v n r f r t things nd th n r f x d nd describable. n r f r t experience, nd h n xp r n n pr n pl n t d r b bl . Wh t f ll d r b bl r persona—the h r, th pr nt—f r th p r n n t lf th n . In ntr t, th l v n h n b n n t d d nd nn t b d r b d l th n . In f t, th l v n h n b n nn t b d r b d t ll. Ind d, h n b d b t , b t h r t r, b t t t l r nt t n t l f . h n htf l n l d n v r f r n nd r t nd n nd d r b n n r n th r p h l tr t r . t th t t l , h l nd v d l t , hn th t n f n rpr nt r , n n v r b f ll nd r t d, n t v n b p th , f r n t h n b n r nt r l l . Onl n th pr f t l l v r l t dn n th th r nd I v r th b rr r f p r t n , n h b th p rt p t n th d n f l f . Y t r f ll d nt f t n f h th r n n v r b h v d.
h th l t t n f v n th b t p h l , p nt I h v d d n d t l, p r n "n t v p h l " nd "n t v th l " n n , "On th t t n nd n r f h l " ( . O A E O O E?
Ev n n l t f b h v r nn t b f ll d r b d. On ld r t p f d r pt n f th M n l , nd t ll th p t r d l ld n t h v b n ht n rd —b t n t b h r l " t r ." Ev r b d l t r ( nl t th l rn d, nth t l f th r tpl . n n f ll d r b th xpr n f nt r t, nth , b ph l , r f h t r n r th t n n th f n th r p r n, r th v r t f f l xpr n , f t , f p t r , f nt n t n th t x t n p pl .
Being Active
h d f b n h t pr r t nd p nd n , fr d , nd th pr n f r t l r n. It f nd nt l h r t r t th t f b n t v , n t n th n f t rd t v t , f b n , b t f nn r t v t , th pr d t v f r h n p r . b t v n t v xpr n t n f lt , t l nt , t th lth f h n ft th h h—th h n v r n d r — v r h n b n nd d. It n t r n n lf, t r , t fl t, t l v , t tr n nd th pr n f n l t d , t b nt r t d, t "l t," t v . Y t n n f th xp r n n b f ll xpr d n rd . h rd r v l th t r f ll d th xp r n th t v rfl th v l . h rd p nt t n xp r n th r n t th xp r n . h nt th t I xpr h t I xp r n x l v l n th ht nd rd , th xp r n h n : t h dr d p, d d, r th ht. n b n nd r b bl n rd nd n bl nl b h r n xp r n . In th tr t r f h v n , th d d rd r l n th tr t r f b n , th l v nd n xpr bl xp r n r l . (Of r , n th b n d th r l th n n th t l v nd pr d t v . rh p th b n d b t b d r b d n b l t d t b M x nz r: A bl l pp r t b bl h n l ht h n thr h t b t b rb ll th r l r nd th d n t l t th p . h t , ll l "bl " pr l b t d n t r t n th bl v . It n d n t f r h t t p b t f r h t t v t. Onl t th xt nt th t d r th d f h v n , th t f n nb n — . ., t p f nd n r t nd d nt t b l n n t h t h v , b " tt n n t," b h ld n nt r nd r p n — n th d f b n r . " b " r r v n p n ntr t
2 W A IS E EI G MO E?
nd lf hn , r n rd ft n d b th t , b n n lf " pt " nd "p r." t t p pl f nd v n p th r h v n r nt t n t d ff lt n tt pt t d r th r nt n nx t nd f l l v n p ll r t , l b n thr n nt th n h n n d n t n h t . h d n t n th t h n th h v v n p th r t h f pr p rt , th n b n t th r n pr p r f r nd l b th lv . Wh t h ld th b th ll n th t th ld n t l b th lv , th t th ld ll p f th r n t pp rt d b th th n th h v . h r l th h ld h fr d th t t ll n v r b bl t l , ft r t h f ll n th f r t t . t n t r nd h n h lp pr v nt h n b n fr b n r ppl . h h b l v th t th ld ll p th t n th r t h f h v n l n d h n h lp.
Activity and Passivity
n , n th n h v d r b d t, pl th f lt f b n t v p v t x l d b n . v r, " t v " nd "p v " r n th t nd r t d rd , b th r n n pl t l d ff r nt t d fr h t t fr l nt t nd th M ddl A t th p r d b nn n th th n n . In rd r t nd r t nd th n pt f b n , th n pt f t v t nd p v t t b l r f d. In d rn t v t ll d f n d l t f b h v r th t br n b t v bl ff t b xp nd t r f n r . h , f r n t n , f r r h lt v t th r l nd r ll d t v r r r n bl l n , l p pl h p r d th r t r t b , nv t r h nv t th r n r th r p pl n , ph n h tr t th r p t nt , l r h ll p t t p , b r r t h f l p p r . Wh l f th t v t r r r nt r t nd n ntr t n th n th r , th d n t tt r th r rd t " t v t ." A t v t , b nd l r , socially recognized purposeful behavior that results in corresponding socially useful changes. A t v t n th d rn n r f r nl t behavior, n t t th p r n b h nd th b h v r. It n d ff r n h th r p pl r t v b th r dr v n b xt rn l f r , l l v , r b nt rn l p l n, l p r n dr v n b nx t . It d n t tt r h th r th r nt r t d n th r r , l rp nt r r r t v r t r, r nt t r rd n r r h th r th h v n nn r r l t n t nd
O A E O O E?
t f t n n h t th r d n , l th r r n th bl l n r th p t l l r . h d rn n f t v t n d t n t n b t n activity nd r busyness. t th r f nd nt l d ff r n b t n th t th t rr p nd t th t r " l n t d" nd "n n l n t d" n r p t t t v t . In l n t d t v t I d n t xp r n lf th t n bj t f t v t r th r, I xp r n th outcome f t v t — nd th t th n " v r th r ," p r t d fr nd t nd n b v nd n t . In l n t d t v t I d n t r ll t I acted upon b xt rn l r nt rn l f r . I h v b p r t d fr th r lt f t v t . h b t b rv bl f l n t d t v t n th f ld f p h p th l th t f p l v b n l p r n . r d b n nn r r t d th n n t th r n ll — h nt n t p , r p t n rt n phr , p rf r n rt n pr v t r t l —th n b xtr l t v n th p r t f th b t p h n l t nv t t n h pl h n, th r dr v n b n nn r f r th t th r n r f. An ll l r x pl f l n t d t v t p t h pn t b h v r. r n nd r h pn t t n t d th r th t p n n n fr th h pn t tr n ll d th th n th t n r n th t th r n t d n h t th want t d , b t r f ll n th r r p t v h pn t t pr v l v n rd r . In n n l n t d t v t , I xp r n myself th subject f t v t . n l n t d t v t pr f v n b rth t th n , f pr d n th n nd r n n r l t d t h t I pr d . h l pl th t t v t n f t t n f p r , th t I nd t v t nd th r lt f t v t r n . I ll th n n l n t d t v t productive activity. * " r d t v " d h r d n t r f r t th p t t r t th n n r r n l, n rt t r nt t b r t v . th r d t r f r t th pr d t f t v t , b t t t quality. A p nt n r nt f tr t b t npr d t v , . ., t r l n th th r h nd, th pr n n n p r n h r r f th lv n d pth, r h tr l " " tr r th r th n j t l t t, r h r d p nd xp r n n th lv th v nt f f l n th p t h xpr d n rd —th t pr b v r pr d t v , lth h n th n "pr d d." r d t v t v t d n t th t t f nn r
I d th t r " p nt n t v t " n Escape from Freedom nd "pr d t v t v t " n l t r r t n .
4 W A IS E EI G MO E?
t v t t d n t n r l h v nn t n th th r t n f r f rt, f n , r f th n " f l." r d t v n h r t r r nt t n ll h n b n r p bl f, t th xt nt th t th r n t t n ll r ppl d. r d t v p r n n t h t v r th t h. h v b rth t th r n f lt nd br n l f t th r p r n nd t th n . "A t v t " nd "p v t " n h h v t nt r l d ff r nt n n . Al n t d t v t , n th n f r b n , t ll "p v t ," n th n f pr d t v t h l p v t , n t r f n nb n , b n n l n t d t v t . h d ff lt t nd r t nd t d b t t v t l n t d "p v t ," h l pr d t v p v t r r l xp r n d.
Activity—Passivity, According to the Masters of Thought
"A t v t " nd "p v t " r n t d n th rr nt n n th ph l ph l tr d t n f pr nd tr l t . h h rdl ld h v b n, n th l n t n f r h d n t r h d p nt p r bl t th n x t n n . r th r n h ph l ph r Aristotle d n t v n l r t d t n t n b t n " t v t " nd r "b n ." In Ath n , l n t d r d n nl b l v r h h nv lv d b d l l b r t h v b n x l d d fr th n pt f praxis ("pr t " , t r th t r f r nl t l t n nd f t v t free p r n l l t p rf r , nd nt ll th t r Ar t tl d f r p r n fr t v t . (S h l b z, Theory and Practice.) C n d r n th b r nd, th pr bl f bj t v l n n l , l n t d, p r l r t n z d r ld h rdl r f r fr Ath n n . h r fr d pl d pr l th t b th r n t l v , th r t v t pr d t v nd n n f l t th . h t Ar t tl d d n t h r r pr nt n pt f t v t nd p v t b n t bl l r f ll n d r th t f r h th h h t f r f pr x , . ., f t v t — v n b v p l t l t v t — th nt pl t v l f , d v t d t th r h f r tr th. h d th t nt pl t n f r f n t v t nth n bl f r h . Ar t tl n d r nt pl t v l f th activity f th b t p rt n , th nous. h l v n nj n pl r , v n th fr d . t eudaimonia, " ll b n ," n t n t n pl r b t n activities in accordance with virtue (Nicho- machean Ethics, , 2 ff. . 75 O A E O O E?
Ar t tl , Thomas Aquinas' p t n l n ntr t t th d rn n pt f t v t . r A n , t , th l f d v t d t nn r t lln nd p r t l n l d , th vita contemplativa, th h h t f r f h n t v t . n d th t th d l l f , th vita activa, f th v r p r n, l v l bl , nd t l d t ll b n (beatitudo), pr v d d— nd th l f t n r l—th t th t rd h h ll n t v t r d r t d ll b n nd th t n bl t ntr l n p n nd n b d ( h A n , Summa, 2 2: 82, 8 2:4,6 . t th pr bl f th vita contemplativa nd th vita activa f r b nd th p nt. r h l A n tt t d n f rt n pr , th th r f The Cloud of Unknowing, nt p r r f Master Eckhart, r h rpl n t th v l f th t v l f , h l E h rt, n th th r h nd, p t v r h n f v r f t. h ntr d t n n t h rp t pp r, h v r, b ll r th t t v t " h l " nl h n t r t d n nd xpr th lt t th l nd p r t l d nd . r th r n, f r ll th t h r , b n , . ., t v t p r t d fr p pl p r t l r nd, t b r j t d. A p r n nd th n r Spinoza b d d th p r t nd th v l th t r l v n E h rt t , r hl f r nt r rl r t h l nl b rv d th h n th t h d rr d n t nd n th v r p r n. th f nd r f d rn nt f p h l n f th d v r r f th d n n f th n n , nd th th nr h d n ht h v r t t nd pr n l f th d ff r n b t n t v t nd p v t th n h d n f h pr d r . In h Ethics, Sp n z d t n h b t n t v t nd p v t (t t nd t ff r th t f nd nt l p t f th nd p r t n. h f r t r t r n f r acting th t n t n f ll fr h n n t r : "I th t t h n n th n d n , th r th n r th t , f h h r th d t , th t t , h n fr r n t r n th n f ll , th r th n r th t , h h b th t n t r l n n b l rl nd d t n tl nd r t d. On th th r h nd I th t ff r [ . ., n Sp n z n , r p v ] h n n th n d n th n
h r t n f W. n , . b z, nd . M th ( n pr v d f rth r n ht nt th pr bl f nt pl t v l f nd t v l f .
6 W A IS E EI G MO E?
, r h n n th n f ll fr r n t r f h h r n t th x pt p rt ll " (Eth , , d f. 2 . h nt n r d ff lt f r th d rn r d r, h t d t th n th t th t r "h n n t r " d n t rr p nd t n d n tr bl p r l d t . t f r Sp n z , f r Ar t tl , th n t n r t f r nt p r r n r ph l t , b l t , nd p h l t . Sp n z b l v th t h n n t r h r t r t f r h n b n h r n t r f r th h r f rth r r , th t dn r b dn , r f l r , ll b n r ff r n , t v t r p v t d p nd n th d r t h h p r n d n r l z n th pt l d v l p nt f th r n n t r . Opt l r l z t n f n p n t r ( n th f p pl , h n n t r th l f l f th l r rr v t th d l f h n n t r , th r t r r r fr d nd r ll b n . In Sp n z d l f h n b n th ttr b t f t v t n p r bl fr n th r: r n. In h t n rd n th th nd t n f r x t n , nd r r f th nd t n r l nd n r n , n th tr th b t r lv . "O r nd t t t nd t t ff r : n f r t h d t d , t n r l t : nd n f r t h n d t d , t n r l ff r " (Eth , , pr p. . r r d v d d nt t v nd p v n ( t n nd p n . h f r r r r t d n th nd t n f r x t n (th n t r l nd n t th p th l l d t rt n , nd th l tt r r n t th r t d b t r d b nn r r t r d t rt n nd t n . h f r r x t t th xt nt th t r fr th l tt r r d b nn r r t r f r . All " t v ff t " r n r l d: "p n " n b d r v l. A rd n t Sp n z , t v t , r n, fr d , ll b n , j , nd lf p rf t n r n p r bl nn t d— n th p v t , rr t n l t , b nd , dn , p rl n , nd tr v n ntr r t th d nd f h n n t r r (Eth , 4, pp. 2, , pr p . 40, 42 . On nd r t nd Sp n z d b t p n nd p v t f ll nl f n pr d t th l t— nd t d rn— t p f h th n n : th t t b dr v n b rr t n l p n t b nt ll . th d r th t h v pt l r th, r n t nl (r l t v l fr , tr n , r t n l, nd j b t l nt ll h lth t th d r th t f l t r h th , r nfr , , l n r t n l t , nd d pr d. Sp n z , t n l d , th f r t d rn th n r t p t l t th t nt l h lth nd n r t f r ht nd r n l v n r p t v l .
O A E O O E?
r Sp n z nt l h lth , n th l t n l , n f t t n f r ht l v n nt l lln , pt f th f l r t l v rd n t th r r nt f h n n t r . " t f th greedy p r n th n nl f n nd p n , th b t n nl f f , n d n t th n f th b n n n , b t nl nn n n r ll n h nt pt f r th . t factually, r d n , b t n, nd f rth r f r f n n t , lth h ll n d n t th n f th lln (Ethics, 4, pr p. 44 . In th t t nt, f r n t th th n n f r t , Sp n z n d r p n th t d n t rr p nd t th n d f h n n t r p th l l n f t, h f r t ll th f r f n n t . Sp n z n pt f t v t nd p v t r t r d l r t f nd tr l t . In ntr t t t d b l f th t p r n dr v n nl b r d f r n , p n, r f r n r l nd ll dj t d, th r n d r d b Sp n z tt rl p v nd b ll . h t v p r n n Sp n z n , h h h p r n f d n h n l f , h v b x pt n , nd r h t p t d f b n "n r t " b th r l ttl d pt d t ll d n r l t v t . Marx r t ( n th Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts) th t "fr n t v t " ( . ., h n t v t "th p h r t r f n." b r, f r h , r pr nt h n t v t , nd h n t v t l f . C p t l, n th th r h nd, r pr nt f r M rx th d, th p t, nd n th l t n l , th d d (Grundrisse). On nn t f ll nd r t nd th ff t v h r h h th tr l b t n p t l nd l b r h d f r M rx nl n n d r th t f r h t th f ht b t n l v n nd d dn , th pr nt v r th p t, p pl v r th n , b n v r h v n . r M rx th t n : Wh h ld r l h — h ld l f r l th d d, r th d d r l l f ? S l , f r h , r pr nt d t n h h l f h d n v r th d d. M rx h l r t f p t l nd h v n f l r r t d n th n pt th t h n lf t v t p r l z d n th p t l t t nd th t th l t r t r f ll h n t b r t r n t v t n ll ph r f l f . p t th f r l t n nfl n d b th l n t , th l hé th t M rx d t r n t, n h n b n th p v bj t f h t r nd d pr v n th f th r t v t , th v r pp t f h th n n , n h th lv r d M rx, r th r th n f l t d nt n t n t f nt xt, ll b l nv n d. M rx v ld n t b r l rl xpr d th n th r n h n t t nt:
8 W A IS E EI G MO E?
" t r d n th n t p n l l r h , t f ht n f ht. It r th r n—r l, l v n n— h t , p nd f ht v r th n . It b n n t r h h n n t rr t t nd f t r p r n p rt r th r t r n th n b t th t v t f n n p r t f h nd " (M rx nd En l , The Holy Fam- ily). Of n r nt p r r n n h p r v d th p v h r t r f d rn t v t p n tr t n l h Albert Schweitzer, h , n h t d f th d nd r t r t n f v l z t n, d rn M n nfr , n pl t , n n ntr t d, p th l ll d p nd nt, nd " b l t l p v ."
Being as Reality
h f r I h v d r b d th n n f b n b ntr t n t t h v n . t nd, ll p rt nt n n f b n r v l d b ntr t n t t appearing. If I pp r t b nd h l ndn nl t v r xpl t t v n — f I pp r t b r h l I xtr l v n r p rh p d l— f I pp r t l v ntr h l I f rth r n lf h nt r t , th pp r n , . ., v rt b h v r, n dr t ntr d t n t th r l t f f r th t t v t . M b h v r d ff r nt fr h r t r. M h r t r tr t r , th tr t v t n f b h v r, n t t t r l b n . M b h v r p rtl r fl t b n , b t t ll th t I h v nd th t I r f r n p rp . h v r d l th th f t r r l bl nt f d t tr n ht f d n th nn r r l t , h h ll n th r n n r d r tl b rv bl . h n pt f b n " n n ," xpr d b E h rt, ntr l n Sp n z nd M rx th ht nd th f nd nt l d v r f r d. nd r t nd th d r p n b t n b h v r nd h r t r, b t n nd th r l t t h d , th n h v nt f r d p h n l . d v d th d (fr t n, n l f dr , tr n f r n , nd r t n th t d t n v r n th n t n t l ( nt ll x l d r th t h d b n r pr d n rl h ldh d. Ev n h n l t r d v l p nt n p h n l t th r nd th r p pr d d t ph z tr t v nt n th f ld f rl nt rp r n l r l t n r th r th n f n t n t l l f , th pr n pl r n d th : Wh t r pr d r rl nd— I b l v —l t r tr t d r nd
O A E O O E?
f r th t r v r fr pt r fr r n r l l l n n v r n th r pr d t r l. In th r rd , h t r pr d r th rr t n l, nf nt l , nd nd v d l l nt f xp r n . On th th r h nd, th n n v f n r l, . ., ll d pt d, t z n r pp d t b r t n l nd n t n n d f d pth n l . t th n t tr t ll. O r n t v t n , d , nd b l f r bl nd f f l nf r t n, b , rr t n l p n , r t n l z t n , pr j d , n h h r l f tr th r nd nd v th r r n , lb t f l , th t th h l xt r r l nd tr . h th n n pr tt pt t r n z th h l p l f ll n rd n t th l f l nd pl b l t . h l v l f n n pp d t r fl t r l t t th p f r r n z n r l f . h f l p n t r pr d. What is repressed is the knowledge of reality, the knowledge of what is true. If , th n: What is unconscious? th n r t b : A d fr rr t n l p n , l t th h l f n l d f r l t . h n n b ll d t r n d b t , h h pr d rr t n l p n nd pr v d t b r th v r nd f f t n nd th f r th tr th t b th pr n r f th ll d r t n l t . St t n th t th tr th r pr d b d, f r , n th pr th t n th tr th nd r pr th n l d n th r rd , th t th r " n n n l d ." M xp r n n p h n l — f th r nd f lf— th t th nd d tr . W p r v r l t , nd nn t h lp p r v n t. t r n r r n z d t , h r, ll, t h h n r br ht t th r th r l t , r r n r n z d t r n z r l t , . ., t th n th r , t p r v th tr th. I n t f r r f rr n t th p rt f r l t th t r r nt f t l r th d n rd r t b p r v d. I r f rr n t h t r n z bl b n ntr t d " n ," p ll th r l t n r lv nd n th r . W n h n t d n r p r n, h n t b d n f ll tr t n h n r l d t , r xpl t d, r f l d, h n h v ld r lv b ll f d . W n l t v r th n th t p rt nt t n b t h n b h v r, j t r n t r h d r r bl n l d b t th v nt f th t r . t h l th r aware f th r n l d nd d t, r pr r n l d d t l , b f t r n t ld l f t d ff lt nd, p r d r lv , t "d n r ."
80 W A IS E EI G MO E?
h pr f f th t t nt t f nd. It x t n n dr n h h xh b t d p n ht nt th n f th r p pl , nd f r lv , h h pl t l l n th d t . (I n l d d x pl f " n ht dr " n The Forgotten Language.) It v d n d n th fr nt r t n n h h dd nl b d n n nt r l d ff r nt l ht, nd th n f l f h d h d th n l d ll th t b f r . It n b f nd n th ph n n n f r t n h n th p nf l tr th thr t n t t th rf : n l p f th t n , n rd xpr n , n t t f tr n , r n n t n h n p r n th n , n n d , th t th v r pp t f h t h r h l l d t b l v , nd th n t f r t th d n t l t r. Ind d, r t d l f r n r d t h d fr r lv h t n , nd th d r f h r pr d n l d n h rdl b v r t t d. A l d l nd h xpr d th n pt f th r pr n f th tr th, n p t f r : h n h ld b rn, n n l t h t h d, th t t f r t th n l d f th tr th th t t h t th nt f b rth. If th h ld d d n t f r t, t l f ld b nb r bl . t rn n t r n th : n r f r t th r l, n ntr t t th f l f d, ll n r p t r . In th n , n tt pt t n r th t r f b n n n r d n ht nt th r l t f n lf, f th r , f th rld r nd . h n th l l f d nd Chr t n t — v r n r d nd h t — nn t b r l z d th t n th r f t r th t ntr l n ddh nd l pl r l n d nd n Chr t n t : h t b n p n tr t n thr h th rf nd n ht nt r l t .
The Will to Give, to Share, to Sacrifice
In nt p r r t th h v n d f x t n d t b r t d n h n n t r nd, h n , v rt ll n h n bl . h d xpr d n th d th t p pl r b ll l z , p v b n t r , nd th t th d n t nt t r r t d n th n l , nl th r dr v n b th n nt v f t r l n . . . r h n r . . . r th f r f p n h nt. h d d bt d b h rdl n b d , nd t d t r n r th d f d t n nd f r . t t l ttl r th n n xpr n f th h t pr v th v l f r l rr n nt b p t n t th th t th f ll th n d f h n n t r . th b r f n d ff r nt t f b th p t nd pr nt, th n pt
8 O A E O O E?
f nn t h n lf hn nd l z n ld pp r f nt t th r v r nd t . h tr th th t b th th h v n nd th b n d f x t n r p t nt l t f h n n t r , th t r b l l r f r rv v l t nd t f rth r th h v n d , b t th t lf hn nd l z n r n t th nl pr p n t nh r nt n h n b n . W h n b n h v n nh r nt nd d pl r t d d r t b : t xpr r f lt , t b t v , t b r l t d t th r , t p th pr n ll f lf hn . h tr th f th t t nt pr v n b h v d n th t h l v l ld l b f ll d th t. . O. bb h f r l t d th t f th pr bl n th t n r l f r b t t n th t the only behavioral problem is to account for inactivity, not for activity. h f ll n d t r v d n f r th n r l th : . h d t n n l b h v r. Exp r nt nd d r t b rv t n h th t n p nd rt d ff lt t th pl r , v n h n n t r l r rd r ff r d. 2. r ph l l xp r nt d n tr t th t v t nh r nt n th n rv ll . . Inf nt l b h v r. nt t d h th p t nd n d f ll nf nt t r p nd t v l t pl t d t l —f nd n n ntr t t r d pt n th t th nf nt xp r n th t d t l thr t nd th t t b l z t r v n n rd r t r v th thr t. 4. rn n b h v r. M n t d h th t th h ld nd d l nt r l z b l rn n t r l pr nt d t th n dr nd d d th t n p bl f r n th r n n nt r t f th pr r nd th b r d r r v d nd th t r l pr nt d n n l v , r r bl t v t nd n t t v r b l z d. . W r b h v r. E. M l xp r nt h h n th t v n r h h n t lf b r n b nt r t n f th r r n th t th r p rt p t n n n xp r nt nd t d b n l v nd ft d p r n h h th p t t r th r r t nd th r p rt p t n. h h b n h n n n b r f f t r n E r p nd n th Un t d St t . h n r t r t p f th r r : r r r n t r ll nt r t d n t v p rt p t n ll th nt r h h r , h n pr f t h r n ht b n n nt v f r h h r r pr d t v t ,
I h v d lt th f th v d n n The Anatomy of Human Destructive- ness.
82 W A IS E EI G MO E? b t n t th r r p rt p t n. Wh l th n r r r ht f r th r th d th ff r r n rn d, xp r n h h n— nd h nv n d n t f n r —th t f th r r n b tr l t v , r p n bl , nd n l d bl n th r r r l , th f r rl n nt r t d n h n n d r bl nd h r r bl d r f nv n t v n , t v t , n t n, nd t f t n. 6. h lth f d t t b f nd n l nd p l t l l f . h b l f th t p pl d n t nt t r f n t r l r n . Wh n Ch r h ll nn n d t th b nn n f th S nd W rld W r th t h t h h d t d nd fr th r t h bl d, t, nd t r , h d d n t d t r th , b t n th ntr r , h pp l d t th r d p t d h n d r t r f , t v f th lv . h r t n f th r t h— nd f th G r n nd th n ll—t rd th nd r n t b b n f p p l t n nt r b th b ll r nt pr v th t n ff r n d d n t n th r p r t t tr n th n d th r r t n nd pr v d r n th h b l v d t rr r b b n ld br th r l f th n nd h lp f n h th r. It d nt r n r v l z t n, h v r, th t r nd ff r n r th r th n p t l v n n b l z h n r d n t r f , nd th t th t f p nl t n r lf hn . rt n t l , th r r t t n n p t n h h h n tr v n f r v n nd l d r t n f t th lv n nd v d l b h v r. h r r tr , p ll p t th p r d f th r t W rld W r, r n x pl f h nt ll n nv l nt b h v r. h r r ht h h r , b t t th t , th r d nd pt d v r h rd h p n rd r t f ht f r th r n d n t nd th t f t n f xp r n n h n l d r t . h tr h "r l " n n ph n n n. Wh l h tr t ll d r v n t d , t pr nt d tr r f r n r n — lth h tr f r b tt r r n nd t n h v n r d r ntl . h n d t v nd t h r nd th ll n n t r f f r th r r t ll t b f nd n th b r f rt n pr f n , h
In h f rth n b The Gamesmen: The New Corporate Leaders ( h h I pr v l d t r d n n r pt , M h l M b nt n r nt d r t p rt p t r pr j t , p ll h n r r h n h l v r r j t. l v r d lt th n th r n p p r n th t pr j t nd ll b th bj t, l n th n th r pr j t, f l r r r th t M b pr ntl pl nn n .
8 O A E O O E?
n r , ph n , n , nd n n . h l f h lp n nd r f n v n nl l p rv b n , f n t t, f th pr f n l t th h r t r f dl n b r rr p nd t th v l th pr f . W f nd th n d ff r d nd xpr d n n n thr h t th nt r , h th r r l , l t, r h n t. W f nd th h t v n th p pl h v l nt r th r bl d ( th t p nt , n th n t t n n h h p pl r th r l v t v n th r . W f nd th n f t t n f th ll t v n p pl h n n l l v . " l l v ," . ., h r d t l lf hn , p pl r lf h ( nd th th ft n n h . G n n l v n r th p t t l v nd t v t th r . h tr l v r l v th h l rld, n h r h r l v f r p f p r n. C nv r l , f nd th t n t f p pl , p ll n r n , nn t t nd th l x r nd lf hn th t rr nd th n th r ffl nt f l . Q t n t th xp t t n f th r ld r , h th n th t th r h ldr n "h v v r th n th h," th r b l n t th d dn nd l t n f th r l v . r th f t , th d n t h v v r th n th h nd th h f r h t th d n t h v . O t t nd n x pl f h p pl fr p t h t r r th n nd d ht r f th r h n th n E p r , h br d th r l n f p v rt nd l v n th r th ddh , h pr n nd h d v r pl r nd l x r th t h ld p bl nt, b t d v r d th t h v n nd n n nh pp n nd ff r n . A r r nt x pl ( nd h lf f th n n t nth nt r th n nd d ht r f th n pp r l , th Narodniki. nd n th lv n l n r bl t t nd th l f f dl n nd nj t th h d b n b rn nt , th n p pl l ft th r f l nd j n d th p r p nt , l v d th th , nd h lp d t l n f th f nd t n f th r v l t n r tr l n . W n tn l r ph n n n n th n nd d ht r f th ll t d n th Un t d St t nd G r n , h th r l f n th r
On f th t p rt nt r f r nd r t nd n th n t r l h n p l t v nd t h r . A. Kr p t n l , Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (1902). th r p rt nt r r The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy b h rd t ( n h h h p nt t th n f t t n f th p pl h t v , nd tr th t r n t pr v nt p pl fr fr l x r n th r r ht t v , nd Ed nd S. h lp , d., Altruism, Morality and Economic Theory.
84 W A IS E EI G MO E?
ffl nt h nv r n nt b r n nd n n l . t r th n th t, th f nd th rld ll n t rd th p r nd th dr ft t rd n l r r f r th f nd v d l t nb r bl . h , th v fr th r h nv r n nt, l n f r n l f t l — nd r n n t f d b n n tr t v ff rt t h v h n . M n n th r r n ll th t d l t nd n t v f th n n r t n b t t th p nt, l n n tr d t n, t r t , xp r n , nd p l t l d , th b d p r t , n r t ll v r t t th r n p t nd p b l t , nd tr t h v th p bl b th f f r . h f r ll d r v l t n r r p nd xp t t v th rld b t f t rr r nd d tr t n, n t n th t th r nl ntr b t n t th n r l t nd n t v l n nd nh n t . h h v l t th r p t t l v nd h v r pl d t th th h t r f th r l v . (S lf r f fr ntl th l t n f r nd v d l h rd ntl d r t l v , b t h h v l t th p t t l v nd n th r f f th r n l v n xp r n f l v n th h h t d r . t th lf r f n n p pl r v r d ff r nt fr th loving martyrs, h nt t l v b th l v l f nd h pt d th nl h n th r f r d t d n rd r n t t b tr th lv . O r pr nt d lf r f n n p pl r th d, b t th r l th r , n d n tr t n th t n r l t f th v r b t n p pl b l t d nd h p l th t n th n b t d tr t n nd f n t r l ft t f th r d p r. h h n d r t xp r n n n th th r r t d n th p f nd t n f x t n th t h r t r z th h n p nd n f th tr n t t v t r f h n b h v r. th b n t n f n l n t n t v d t r n t n nd x l d v l p nt f th p t f r r n, h n b n h v l t r r n l n n th n t r . In rd r n t t f l tt rl l t d— h h ld, n f t, nd n t n n t — n d t f nd n n t : th r f ll b n nd th n t r . h h n n d f r n t th th r xp r n d n n : n th b t t t th r, n d l, n tr b , n n t n, n l , n r l n, n fr t rn t , n pr f n l r n z t n. Oft n, f r , th t v rl p, nd ft n th n t t f r , n b r f rt n r l t r f l n h b, r n th tb r t f n t n l h t r n th f r. h tbr f th r t W rld W r, f r x pl , n d n f th t dr t f th t t f r f " n n." S dd nl , fr n d
8 O A E O O E?
t th n xt, p pl v p th r l f l n nv t n f p f , nt l t r , l nt t thr th r l f l n tr n n n bj t v t , r t l th n n , nd p rt l t n rd r t j n th b We. h d r t xp r n n n th th r n f t t lf n th l t nd f b h v r, . ., n t f d nd d tr t n, ll n th h h t: l d r t n th b f n d l r nv t n. It l th n f th n d t d pt h n b n r r fr d f b n t t th n v n f d n . Cr l t v r t th nd f n n nd solidarity it fosters and the kind it can f rth r, nd r th v n nd t n f t n tr t r . h n d r t n t nd t th t b th t nd n r pr nt n h n b n : th n , t have—to p —th t t tr n th n th l t n l t th b l l f t r f th d r f r rv v l th th r, t b —t h r , t v , t r f —th t t tr n th t th p f nd t n f h n x t n nd th nh r nt n d t v r n l t n b n n th th r . r th t ntr d t r tr v n n v r h n b n t f ll th t th l tr t r , t v l nd n r , d d h h f th t b d n nt. C lt r th t f t r th r d f r p n, nd th th h v n d f x t n , r r t d n n h n p t nt l lt r th t f t r b n nd h r n r r t d n th th r p t nt l. W t d d h h f th t p t nt l nt t lt v t , r l z n , h v r, th t r d n l r l d t r n d b th n tr t r f r v n t th t n l n t rd n r th th r l t n. r b rv t n n th f ld f r p b h v r b t th t th t xtr r p , r p t v l n f t n d pl n r n d nd l t n lt r bl t p f h v n nd f b n , f r ll n r t th t n th v t j r t b th p b l t r r l, nd h h f th t b d n nt nd h h r pr d d p nd n nv r n nt l f t r . h pt n ntr d t d l h ld p h n l t d th t nv r n nt pr d nt l h n n p r n l t d v l p nt n nf n nd rl h ldh d, b t th t ft r th p r d th h r t r f x d nd h rdl h n d b xt rn l v nt . h p h n l t d h b n bl t n pt n b th b nd t n f th r h ld h d nt n nt t p pl l t r l f , n n n r l, th l nd t n nt n t x t. t n r n t n x t n h h dr t h n n nv r n nt l d t f nd nt l h n n b h v r,
86 W A IS E EI G MO E?
. ., h n th n t v f r t b f d nd th p t v f r r n rt r d nd n r d. p, th fr n nd nt n t f th d r t h r , t v , nd t r f r n t rpr n f n d r th nd t n f x t n f th h n p . Wh t rpr n th t th n d ld b r pr d t t f lf hn th r l n nd tr l ( nd n th r t nd t f l d r t th x pt n. t, p r d x ll , th v r ph n n n d b th n d f r n n. A t h pr n pl r t n, pr f t, nd pr p rt pr d l h r t r r nt d r nd h v n , nd n th d n nt p tt rn t bl h d, n b d nt t b n t d r, r nd d n t t n rd r t v d th r v r b d d pt t th j r t , h h v n n nl th r t l nt n . A n n f th d n nt tt t d f lf hn , th l d r f r t b l v th t p pl n b t v t d nl b th xp t t n f t r l dv nt , . ., b r rd , nd th t th ll n t r t t pp l f r l d r t nd r f . n , x pt n t f r, th pp l r r r l d , nd th h n t b rv th p bl r lt f h pp l r l t. Onl r d ll d ff r nt n tr t r nd r d ll d ff r nt p t r f h n n t r ld h th t br b r n t th nl ( r th b t t nfl n p pl .
8 I rth r A p t f v n nd n
Security—Insecurity
t t v f r rd, t t h r r , t r r , n th r rd t r l n h t h v , v r t pt n , f r h t have, n n h ld nt t, f l r n t. W f r, nd n ntl v d, t n t p nt th n n n, th n rt n f r, nd d, h l th step n t pp r r t after h v t n t, before t th t t p th n p t b nd t pp r v r r , nd h n fr ht n n . Onl th ld, th tr d, f r t . Ev r n t p nt n th d n r f f l r , nd th t n f th r n p pl r fr d f fr d . t r ll , t v r t t f l f th ld nd t d d ff r nt. A nf nt have nl r b d nd r th r br t ( r n ll t ll nd ff r nt t d . h n t rt t r nt r lv t th rld, b n n n th pr f n pl f r r lv n t. W b n nt n t have th n : have r th r, f th r, bl n , t l t r n acquire n l d , j b, l p t n, p , h ldr n, nd th n have nd f ft rl f lr d , h n r b r l pl t nd l f n r n nd r "l t ll." Y t n p t f th r t f h v n , p pl d r th th v n f th n , th h br n p th, h h v th r t v f r rd. In th l th d f x t n r pr nt d b l ll b th hero. r r th th th r t l v h t th
h th n t p n Escape from Freedom.
88 U E AS EC S O A I G A EI G
h v —th r l nd, th r f l , th r pr p rt — nd v t, n t th t f r, b t th t b n t th r f r. In th ddh t tr d t n th ddh th h r h l v ll p n , ll rt nt nt n d n nd th l —h r n , h f l — nd v n t l f f n n tt h nt. Abr h nd M r h r n th h tr d t n. h Chr t n h r , h h d n th n nd— n th f th rld— n th n , t h t t f th f lln f h l v f r ll h n b n . h Gr h v l r h r , h v t r , t f t n f th r pr d , n t. Y t, l th p r t l h r , r l nd Od v f r rd, nd t rr d b th r nd d n r th t t th . h f r t l h r t th r t r : l v n , v n f r rd, nd t l r t n n rt nt . W d r th h r b d pl f l th r th ld nt t b — f ld. t b n fr d b l v th t nn t b th t , th t nl th h r n. h h r b d l tr n f r t th r n p t t v , nd th n t h r r —"b r n t h r ." h d n ht t pl th t h l b n h r d r bl , t f l h nd n t n lf nt r t. t , b n n . h t , th h v n p r n nj r t , t b n t th r v r n r . h d p nd n h t th h v : n , pr t , th r —th t t , n th n t d th lv . t h t b f th f th l h t th h v ? r, nd d, h t v r n h n b l t. M t bv l , n pr p rt n b l t— nd th t ll n p t n, n fr nd — nd t n nt n n, nd n r r l t r n b nd t , l n l f . If I am what I have and if what I have is lost, who then am I? b d b t d f t d, d fl t d, p th t t t n t r n f l v n . I can l h t I h v , I n r l n t ntl rr d th t I shall lose h t I h v . I fr d f th v , f n h n , f r v l t n , f n , f d th, nd I fr d f l v , f fr d , f r th, f h n , f th n n n. h I nt n l rr d, ff r n fr hr n h p h ndr , th r rd n t nl t l f h lth b t t n th r l f h t I h v I b d f n v , h rd, p , l n l , dr v n b th n d t h v r n rd r t b b tt r pr t t d. Ib n h v n b t f l d r pt n f th lf nt r d p r n n h r G nt. h h r f ll d nl th h lf n h xtr h b l v th t h himself b he "b ndl f d r ." At th nd f h l f h r n z th t b f h pr p rt tr t r d x t n , h h f l d
8 O A E O O E?
t b h lf, th t h l n n n th t rn l, n nf n h d n, h n v r h lf h nx t nd n r t n nd r d b th d n r f l n h t n h r b nt n th b n d . If I am who I am nd n t h t I h v , n b d n d pr v f r thr t n r t nd n f d nt t . M nt r th n lf p t f r b n nd f r xpr n nt l p r p rt f h r t r tr t r nd d p nd n . h h ld tr f r th n r l pr f l v n , n t, f r , f r h r t n n p t t n lln , t rt r , r th r f p rf l xt rn l r tr t n . Wh l h v n b d n th n th t d n h d b , b n r b pr t . ( h "b rn n b h" th t n t n d th b bl l b l f r th p r d x. h p r f r n, f l v , f rt t nd nt ll t l r t n, ll nt l p r r thr h th pr f b n xpr d. Wh t p nt n t l t, b t n th ntr r , h t pt l t. h nl thr t t r t n b n l n lf: n l f f th n l f nd n pr d t v p r n r r v t nd n n nn r l z n nd n th ll n n t h v th r t v r l f . t th d n r r n t inherent n b n , th d n r f l n nh r nt n h v n .
Solidarity—Antagonism
h xp r n f l v n , l n , nj n th n th t nt n t have t th n S z r f rr d t n ntr t n th p n nd th En l h p ( Ch pt r I . It nd d n t f r d rn W t rn M n t xp r n nj nt p r t fr h v n . v r, n th r t nt r l f r n t . S z x pl f th fl r ld n t ppl f n t d f l n t th fl r th nd r r l d t nt n, d , r n th n th t nn t b ph ll t n . b r , n , r t, p pl ld n t r ll see th nt n, x pt l hé n t d f seeing t th ld nt t n t n nd t h ht— r th ht nt t l b t, h h n b n th r f r f t n p n f t. t n n n l th nt n nd nj t. h b d n r p t t ppr t n r f : th t , b n r rd n f n l v n b n t f p n th r , nd p rh p th j r t f p pl h nj rt r ll d " n " t b t n r t pr b bl t ll r p nd t nd rt th n n j nd th t n p l t "h v ."
0 U E AS EC S O A I G A EI G
S t n n r d p pl r p n n th r f l xpr n . I r ntl t l v n f l f th xtr rd n r r b t nd j l r f th Ch n r d r n h h th r r p t dl rv d th d n , t r t r th r p n f nd v d l n th r d. M t f th f r l t p, br ht t l f , b b t f d n r p n t th r f l, l v p rf r n . Onl n r t d ld nd n v d. An th r x pl f nj n th t nt n t p b r d l n n r r p n t ll h ldr n. r , t , I p t r t d l f lf d pt v b h v r t pl , f r l t r lv n th r l f l v r f h ldr n. t v n th h th r b r n f r p n, I b l v th t n n , l v r p n t nf nt n t t ll r r . h b p rtl b , n ntr t t th r f l n b t d l nt nd d lt , t p pl r n t fr d f h ldr n nd f l fr t r p nd t th l v n l , h h nn t d f f r t nd n r . h t r l v nt x pl f r nj nt th t th r v n t h v h t n nj b f nd n nt rp r n l r l t n . A n nd n nj h th r n n r nd h l th th r tt t d , t t , d , t p r nt, r h l p r n l t . Y t nl n th h t have h t th l ll th t l nj nt h b t ll r lt n th d r f r x l p n. r th n d n nt d f b n , th th r p r n nj bl , nd v n r t ll ttr t v , b t h r h d n t h v t b "pl d," t p n t r f nn n p , n rd r t b nj d. v n nt r d p r n nt t have th p r n th l r d r . h n b n n r l t n b t n p r nt nd th r h ldr n, b t n t h r nd t d nt , nd b t n fr nd . th r p rtn r t f d pl t nj th th r p r n h h t h v th th r p r n f r h r h r lf. n , h j l f th h l nt t "h v " th th r. E h p rtn r th th r l h p r d l r pl n —f r rv v l. r d n ntl "h v n " r l t n h p r h v , b rd n d, f ll d th nfl t nd j l . Sp n r n r ll , th f nd nt l l nt n th r l t n b t n nd v d l n th h v n d f x t n r p t t n, nt n , nd f r. h nt n t l nt n th h v n r l t n h p t fr t n t r . If h v n th b f n f d nt t b "I h t I h v ," th h t h v t l d t th d r t h v h, t h v r , t h v t. In th r rd , greed th n t r l t f th h v n r nt t n. It n b th r d f th r r th r d f th pr f t h nt r r th r d f th n z r r th n h r.
O A E O O E?
Wh t v r n t t t th r r d, th r d n n v r h v n h, n n v r b " t f d." In ntr t t ph l l n d , h h n r, th t h v d f n t t t n p nt d t th ph l f th b d , nt l r d— nd ll r d nt l, v n f t t f d v th b d —h n t t n p nt, n t n t n d n t f ll th nn r pt n , b r d , l n l n , nd d pr n t nt t v r . In dd t n, n h t n h n b t n n n f r r n th r, n t h v r , n rd r t f rt f n x t n n t h d n r. If v r n nt t h v r , v r n t f r n n hb r r v nt nt n t t h t n h . pr v nt h tt n t b r p rf l nd pr v nt v l r v n lf. d , n pr d t n, r t t b , n n v r p p th nl t d d r , th r t b p t t n nd nt n n nd v d l n th tr l f r tt n th t. And th tr f ld nt n v n f t t f b l t b nd n ld b r h d th h h v l n ph l h lth nd n ttr t v n , n ft , n t l nt ld b tt rl nv th h h v " r ." h t th h v n d nd th r lt n r d n r l l d t nt rp r n l nt n nd tr f h ld tr f r n t n t d f r nd v d l . r l n n t n r p d f p pl h n t v t n h v n nd r d, th nn t h lp n r. h n r l v t h t n th r n t n h , nd tt pt t t h t th nt b r, n pr r , r thr t . h ll th pr d r n t r n t n , f r t f ll, nd f r ll n th t r tr n r th n th n t n th t t b tt d. Ev n f t h nl r n bl h n t n, n t n ll r, n t b t ff r n ll , b t b th d r t h v r nd t n r d pl n r n d n th l h r t r. Of r th r r t f p . t n t d t n h b t n l t n p nd p th t tr n t r ph n n n, p r d f th r n tr n th, r b ld n n nd tr nd r — n th r rd , b t n p th t p r n nt t t f h r n nd p th t nt ll nl tr . Wh l th n n t nth nd t nt th nt r h d p r d f tr , th r h r t r z d b t t f hr n r n th n t r n th h t r l t . t t f l t n h r n r l t n b t n n t n nl p bl h n th h v n tr t r r pl d b th b n tr t r . h d th t n n b ld p h l n r n th tr v n f r p n nd pr f t n ll n, nd d n r n , b t d pr v p pl f r n z n th t th r
2 U E AS EC S O A I G A EI G
nfr nt d th l r lt rn t v : th r r d l h n f th r h r t r r th p rp t t f r. h nd d n ld lt rn t v th l d r h v h n r nd th p pl f ll d th . d nd t rr , th th n r d bl n r n th d tr t v n f th n p n , th lt rn t v n l n r r—b t t l d . Wh t h ld tr f nt rn t n l r ll tr f r l r. h r b t n l , nt ll th xpl t n nd th xpl t d, h l x t d n t th t r b d n th pr n pl f r d. h r n l r h r th r n th r n d f r r p b l t f xpl t t n n r r d l h r t r. t th r r b nd t b l n n t , v n th r h t, n h h th h v n d d n nt. A lr d n t d, v n nl t d d r , v n th r t t pr d t n nn t p p th v r b d f nt f h v n r th n th r n hb r . r l , th h r tr n r, r l v r, r r f v r d b th r r t n ll tr t t bl h f v r d p t n f r th lv nd tr t t dv nt f th h r l p rf l, th r b f r nd v l n r b t n. Oppr d l ll v rthr th r r l r , nd n th l tr l ht p rh p b l v l nt, b t t nn t d pp r l n r d d n t th h n h rt. h d f l l t n ll d l t rld f ll d th th p r t f r d ll r — nd d n r — th d f p r n nt p n r d n t n . In th b n d , pr v t h v n (pr v t pr p rt h l ttl ff t v p rt n , b I d n t n d t n th n n rd r t nj t, r v n n rd r t t. In th b n d , r th n n p r n— n f t ll n f p pl — n h r n th nj nt f th bj t, n n n n d— r nt—t have t, nd t n f nj n t. h n t nl v d tr f t r t n f th d p t f r f h n h pp n : h r d nj nt. th n n t p pl r ( th t r tr t n th r nd v d l t th n h r n th r d r t n nd l v f r p r n h r n n d , p f , p nt n , b l h r n n r t l— nd h r n rr . h xp r n f h r n nd p th r l t n b t n t nd v d l l v t th b f ll r t r l , p l t l, nd ph l ph l v nt . Of r , th h ld tr nl l n nd t th xt nt th t th nd v d l n n l l v r d r . Wh n r l nd p l t l v nt f , h n b r r n th p pl b n f t n nd thr t , th h r n t p .
O A E O O E?
Wh l n t r h d v d, , t r , th pr t t p — r p rh p th b l— f h r d nj nt n th x l t, p r ll th x l t n t n r l n nj nt th t h r d th p rtn r r fr ntl n r t , lf nv lv d, nd p v th t n n p nl f lt n , b t n t f h r d pl r . In n th r r p t, h v r, n t r ff r l b b l f r th d t n t n b t n h v n nd b n . h r t n f th p n nt r l f n t n l. h l d n t have n r t n, l pr p rt r p r n nt l t ( lth h h n n h t have n n b d . h p n is n t t f r t n, l n th n n t t f x t nt, l n h d r th p r n h h r d h x t nt. If f r n r n r n th r th n nt rf r th th x t nt, th n has n th n . And n ntr t t pr t ll ll th r nd f b h v r, th r t n nn t b f d. G r Gr dd , n f th t t t nd n , lth h r l t v l l ttl n n, p h n l t , d t nt th t n, ft r ll, n f r nl f n t t f th t h l ttl b . Of r , Gr dd d d n t n th t n b l ttl b n h t t l b n , b t pr l n th t p t h h f r n n th pr f th t h n. (S th p p r I r t [ 4 ] n "S x nd Ch r t r."
Joy—Pleasure
M t r E h rt t ht th t l v n nd v t joy. h d rn r d r pt n t t p l tt nt n t th rd "j " nd t r d t f E h rt h d r tt n "pl r ." Y t th d t n t n b t n j nd pl r r l, p rt l rl n r f r n t th d t n t n b t n th b n nd th h v n d . It n t t ppr t th d ff r n , n l v n rld f "j l pl r ." Wh t pl r ? Ev n th h th rd d n d ff r nt , n d r n t n p p l r th ht, t b t d f n d th t f t n f d r th t d n t r r t v t ( n th n f l v n t b t f d. S h pl r n b f h h nt n t : th pl r n h v n l , rn n r n , nn n l tt r th nv nt n l x l pl r t n t n "h rt nt nt" n n n r th t t f l t n br ht b t b dr n n , tr n , dr th pl r n t f n n d , r n p n t ll r d b r h t l v .
4 U E AS EC S O A I G A EI G
Of r , n rd r t b r h r f , nd v d l t b v r t v n th n f b n , b t n t n th n f th "b rth th n." Wh n th h v h v d th r l th b "thr ll d," " nt n l t f d," f l th h v r h d "p ." t h t p ? M b p f x t nt, f t f t n, f tr n l r n r t t t . t th h v r h d th t t dr v n b p n th t, th h h n, r n v rth l p th l l, n h th d n t l d t n ntr n ll d t l t n f th h n nd t n. S h p n d n t l d t r t r h n r th nd tr n th b t, n th ntr r , t h n r ppl n . h pl r f th r d l h d n t , th t f t n f v r n p d t , th pl r f nt p r r t pr d d ff r nt d r f excitements. t th r n t nd v t joy. In f t, th l f j t n r t v r n , v r r x t n pl r . In th r p t, d rn t n th p t n th br r n thr th nd r . Sp n t th p pl f I r l b t n f th r t f th r n , M d: "Y d d n t rv th rd r G d th joy nd gladness f h rt, n th d t f th f lln f ll th n " ( t r n 28:4 . th n t nt f pr d t v t v t . It n t "p xp r n ," h h l n t nd nd dd nl , b t r th r pl t , f l n t t th t p n th pr d t v xpr n f n nt l h n f lt . n t th t t f r f th nt. th l th t p n b n . l r nd thr ll r nd v t dn ft r th ll d p h b n r h d f r th thr ll h b n xp r n d, b t th v l h n t r n. On nn r p r h v n t n r d. On h d th tt pt t br thr h th b r d f npr d t v t v t nd f r nt h n f d ll n n r — x pt r n nd l v . On h tt pt d t b p rh n, th t b n h n. On t h v d d t th nt f tr ph, b t th tr ph f ll d b d p dn : b n th n h h n d th n n lf. h n "Aft r nt r r th n l d" ("Post coitum animal triste est") xpr th ph n n n th r rd t l v l x, h h "p xp r n " f nt n x t t n, h n thr ll n nd pl r f l, nd n r l f ll d b th d pp nt nt f t nd n . n x xp r n d nl h n ph l nt t th t th nt f l v n . A t b xp t d, j t pl ntr l r l n th r l nd ph l ph l t th t pr l being th l f l f . ddh , h l r j t n pl r , n v t t f rv n t b t t f j , h h n f t d n th r p rt nd p t r f th ddh d th. (I
O A E O O E?
nd bt d t th l t . . S z f r p nt n th t t n f p t r f th ddh d th. h Old t nt nd th l t r h tr d t n, h l rn n n t th pl r th t pr n fr th t f t n f p d t , n j th d th t p n b n . h f l nd th th r p f f ft n p l th t r n r t h n f j , nd th d n p l b n n f r nd dn nd nd n j nd l dn . h S bb th th d f j , nd n th M n j ll b th pr v l n d. h pr ph t l t r t r b nd th th xpr n f j n h p : " h n th r ll th v r n r j n th d n , b th n n nd ld t th r: f r I ll t rn th r rn n nt j " ( r h : nd "W th j ll dr t r" (I h 2: . G d ll r l "th t f j " ( r h 4 :2 . W f nd th ph n th l d: " h j f tzv h [th f lf ll nt f r l d t ] th nl t t th h l p r t" ( r th , . n d r d f nd nt l th t, rd n t l d l , th rn n f r l r l t v , h d th rr d l th n rl r, t b nt rr pt d b th j f S bb th. h d v nt, h tt , "S rv G d th j ," v r fr th p l , r t d f r f l v n n h h j n f th t t nd n l nt . S dn nd d pr n r n d r d n f p r t l rr r, f n t tr ht n. In th Chr t n d v l p nt v n th n f th p l —Gl d d n — h th ntr l pl f l dn nd j . In th t nt, j th fr t f v n p h v n , h l dn th d f th n h h n nt p n . (S , f r n t n , M tth :44 nd :22. In n f tt r n j n v d n t nt f l v n n th d f b n . In h l t p h t th Ap tl , t ll f j n th f n l f r : " h th n I h v p n t , th t j b n , nd th t r j b f ll" ( hn : . A nd t d rl r, j l pl pr r l n M t r E h rt th n n . r n h rd n f th t b t f l nd p t xpr n f th d f th r t v p r f l ht r nd j : "Wh n G d l h t th l nd th l l h b t G d, th p r n f th r n t r b tt n. p n h p rb l , h n th th r l h t th n nd th n l h b t th th r, th t l ht r v pl r ,
I h v n l z d th p l n You Shall Be as Gods.
6 U E AS EC S O A I G A EI G th t pl r v j , th t j v l v nd l v v th p r n [ f th r n t ] f h h th l Sp r t n " ( l n , p. 24 . Sp n z v j pr pl n h nthr p l l th l t . " ," h , " n p fr l r t r t r p rf t n. Sorrow n p fr r t r t l p rf t n" (Ethics, , d f . 2, . Sp n z t t nt ll b f ll nd r t d nl f p t th n th nt xt f h h l t f th ht. In rd r n t t d , t tr v t ppr h th " d l f h n n t r ," th t , t b pt ll fr , r t n l, t v . W t b h t n b . h t b nd r t d th d th t p t nt ll nh r nt n r n t r . Sp n z nd r t nd " d" " v r th n h h r rt n n b h h ppr h n r r nd n r r t th d l f h n n t r h v t b f r " h nd r t nd " v l" " n th ntr r . . . v r th n h h r rt n h nd r fr r h n th t d l" (Ethics, 4, r f . d rr (tristitia, b tt r tr n l t d " dn ," " l " b d. v rt dn n. , th n, h t xp r n n th pr f r n n r r t th l f b n r lf.
Sin and Forgiveness
In t l n pt n h nd Chr t n th l l th ht, n nt ll d nt l th disobedience t rd th ll f G d. h t pp r nt n th nl h ld r f th f r t n, Ad d b d n . In th h tr d t n th t n t nd r t d " r n l" n th t ll f Ad d nd nt nh r t d, n th Chr t n tr d t n, b t nl th first n—n t n r l pr nt n Ad d nd nt . Y t th n l nt th v th t d b d n f G d nd is n, h t v r th nd r . h n t rpr n f n d r th t th f G d n th t p rt f th b bl l t r f tr t th r t , p tt rn d n th r l f n Or nt l K n f K n . It f rth r r n t rpr n f n d r th t th h r h, l t fr t t rt, dj t d t lf t l rd r th t, th n n f d l n n p t l , r r d f r t f n t n n tr t b d n f th nd v d l t th l , th th t rv th r tr nt r t ll th th t d n t. ppr v r h l b r l th l nd h t th n f r th r nf r nt r l ttl d ff r n th r rd t th ntr l : th p pl t l rn t f r th r t , nd n t nl n th p r n f th "l
O A E O O E?
nf r nt" ff r b th rr p n . h f r n t n h f f rd f r th pr p r f n t n n f th t t th t z n t nt rn l z th f r nd tr n f r b d n nt r l nd r l t r : n. pl r p t th l n t nl b th r fr d b t l b th f l lt f r th r d b d n . h f l n f lt n b v r b th f r v n th t nl th th r t t lf n r nt. h nd t n f r h f r v n r : th nn r r p nt , p n h d, nd b pt n p n h nt b t n. h n : n (d b d n 4 f l n f lt n b n (p n h nt f r v n , v r l , n h h t f d b d n l d t n r d b d n . Onl f r n t th d. r th th r h r . In p t f th t r l p n h nt ffl t h th, r th d n t b t, n r d h f l lt . n th t t n th f r fr th d nd v n t t h n b n n t f p n h h d b n d b d nt, b t h h d n t nn d. h d, l n th r l v n h r ( rt r f th h n r , br n thr h th t n b t n d b d n nd n. S t , th h, n t d p f h r . A l n th t bl r t f r nl n r t , nd th j r t h d t rv th n r t p rp nd b t f d th h t l ft v r, th n th t d b d n n h d t b lt v t d. th t t nd h r h lt v t d t, nd b th r d t th r, b b th h d t pr t t th r n h r r h . h t t n d d r l n t h v n d l th t f d d b d n nd n th h r h n d d b l v r h th t t h d tr n d n th v rt f b d n . th d th n t t t n f th f l , h f n t n t t tr n th h ld n b d n fr th f r t nt t h d ll f t n ( ll , t th l t t, th th b nn n f t l t tr n n . h lf ll f th h ld h d t b br n n rd r t pr p r t f r t pr p r f n t n n l t r n t z n. S n n th nv nt n l th l l nd l r n n pt th n th th r t r n tr t r , nd th tr t r b l n t th h v n d f x t n . O r h n nt r d n t l n r lv , b t n th th r t t h h b t. W d n t rr v t ll b n b r n pr d t v t v t , b t b p v b d n nd th n n ppr v l b th th r t . W have l d r ( l r r p r t l, n n r G d n h have f th have r t . . . l n r —n b d . h t th b n n t n r l n h, th t t n b ld r
8 U E AS EC S O A I G A EI G
v r , th t th p h nd l tr t r n d n t b t t ll th r t r n, b t b nl p rt ll , t n t bl nd t th f t th t we live in the mode of having to the degree that we internalize the authoritarian structure of our society. A Alf n A r h ph z d v r n tl , h A n n pt f th r t , d b d n , nd n h n t n : . ., n n t d b d n f rr t n l th r t , b t th v l t n f h n well- being.* h A n n t t : "G d n n v r b n lt d b , x pt t n t r n ll b n " (S. . nt. , 22 . ppr t th p t n, t n d r th t, f r h , th h n d (bonum humanum) d t r n d n th r rb tr r l b p r l bj t v d r , n r b n t n t v l v n d r ("n t r l," n th St n , n r b G d rb tr r ll. It d t r n d b r r t n l nd r t nd n f h n n t r nd f th n r th t, b d n th n t r , r nd v t r pt r th nd ll b n . (It h ld b n t d th t n b d nt n f th h r h nd pp rt r f th x t n l rd r n t th r v l t n r t , h A n ld n t b p r r pr nt t v f n n th r t r n th h f th rd "d b d n " f r b th nd f d b d n rv d t b r th ntr n ntr d t n n h p t n. Wh l n d b d n p rt f th th r t r n nd, th t , th having tr t r , t h n nt r l d ff r nt n n n th n n th r t r n tr t r , h h r t d n th being d . h th r n n , t , pl d n th b bl l t r f th ll nd n b nd r t d b d ff r nt nt rpr t t n f th t t r . G d h d p t M n nt th G rd n f Ed n nd rn d h n t t t th r fr th r f f r fr th r f Kn l d f G d nd Ev l. S n th t " t n t d th t M n h ld b l n ," G d r t d W n. M n nd W n h ld b n . th r n d, nd "th r n t h d." h t t nt ll nt rpr t d n t r f nv nt n l x l r , h h th t, n t r ll , n nd n ld b h d f th r n t l r n v r d. t th h rdl ll th t xt h t . On d p r l v l, th t t nt ld pl th t lth h M n nd W n f d h th r t t ll , th d d n t, nd th v n ld n t, f l h d, f r
r f r A r t np bl h d p p r n th t n f th rd n t h A n ( h h I nd bt d t h f r l tt n r d n n r pt v r h lpf l t n nd r t nd n f A n th l n pt. S l h rt l n th t n "I n n n lt t G d?" (S bl r ph .
O A E O O E?
th d d n t xp r n h th r tr n r , p r t d nd v d l , b t " n ." h pr h n t t n h n r d ll ft r th ll, h n M n nd W n b f ll h n, . ., nd d th r n, th r n f d nd v l, th r n f h th r p r t b n , th r n th t th r r n l n n br n nd th t th h v b tr n r t n n th r. h r l t h th r, nd t th f l p r t nd d t nt. h f l th d p t h th r : th h f f n f ll b n "n dl " nd lt n l xp r n n th t l tr n nt, th n p bl b th t p r t h fr th th r. " h d th lv pr n ," th tr n t v d th f ll h n n nt r, th n dn n h h th h th r. t th h , ll th lt, nn t b r v d b n l nt. h d d n t r h t t h th r n l v p rh p th d r d h th r ph ll , b t ph l n n d n t h l h n tr n nt. h t th d n t l v h th r nd t d n th r tt t d t rd h th r: Ev d n t tr t pr t t Ad , nd Ad v d p n h nt b d n n n Ev th lpr t r th r th n d f nd n h r. Wh t th n th h v tt d? f h th r p r t d, l t d, lf h h n b n h nn t v r th r p r t n n th t f l v n n n. h n r t d n r v r h n x t n . n d pr v d f th r n l h r n th n t r , h r t r t f th n l h l f d t r n d b b lt n n t n t , b n nd d th r n nd lf r n , nn t h lp xp r n n r tt r p r t n fr v r th r h n b n . In C th l th l th t t f x t n , pl t p r t n nd tr n nt fr h th r, n t br d d b l v , th d f n t n f " ll." It nb r bl f r . W t v r th t rt r f b l t p r t n n : b b n r b d n t n r b tr n t l n r n nd r n . Y t ll th d nl f r th nt, nd bl th r d t tr l t n. h r b t n t v r lv fr th h ll: t l v th pr n f r ntr t , t r h t nd t one r lv th th rld. If ntr p r t n th rd n l n, th n th n t n d n th t f l v n . h v r rd " t n nt" xpr th n pt, f r t t l ll d r v fr " t n nt," th M ddl En l h xpr n f r n n. S n th n f p r t n n t n t f d b d n , t d n t n d t b forgiven. t t d n d t b healed; nd l v , n t pt n f p n h nt, th h l n f t r.
00 U E AS EC S O A I G A EI G
n r n h p nt d t t th t th n pt f n d n n h b n xpr d b f th h r h f th r , h f ll d n n th r t r n n pt f n, nd t th f ll n x pl (t n fr nr d b : Or n , "Wh r th r r n th r d v r t . t h r v rt r l th r n n , th r n n ." M x C nf r th t thr h Ad n th h n r , " h h h ld b h r n h l th t nfl t b t n n nd th n , tr n f r d nt d t l d f nd v d l ." S l r th ht n rn n th d tr t n f th r n l n t n Ad n l b f nd n th d f St. A t n nd, r f r A r p nt t, n th t h n f h A n . b , n p: "A r f r t t t n (Wiederherstellung), th f t f lv t n pp r n r th r n n f th l t n n , th r t t t n f th p rn t r l n n th G d nd t th t th n n f n n h th r" ( tr n l t n l " h C n pt f S n nd p nt n " n You Shall Be as Gods f r n x n t n f th h l pr bl f n . p, n th h v n d , nd th th th r t r n tr t r , n d b d n nd v r b r p nt n p n h nt 4 r n d b n. In th b n d , th n n th r t r n tr t r , n nr lv d tr n nt, nd t v r b th f ll nf ld n f r n nd l v , b t n nt. On n nd d nt rpr t th t r f th ll n b th , b th t r t lf bl nd n f th r t r n nd l b r t n l nt . t n th lv th n pt f n , r p t v l , d b d n nd l n t n r d tr ll pp d. h Old t nt t r f th r f b l t nt n th d . h h n r h r h d h r t t f n n, b l z d b th f t th t ll h n t h n l n . th r n b t n f r p r, b th r r v n t have th r t t r, th p pl d tr th r n t nd r d n t d. In n , th t r f th r th nd " ll," th n f h t r l h n t . h t r pl t d b G d b n fr d f th p pl n t nd th p r f ll n fr t. " h ld, th r n p pl , nd th h v ll n l n nd th nl th b nn n f h t th ll d , nd n th n th t th pr p t d ll n b p bl f r th . C , l t d n nd th r nf th r l n , th t th n t nd r t nd n n th r p h" (G n :6 . Of r , th d ff lt lr d x t n th t r f th l th r G d fr d f th p r th t n nd n ld x r f th t f th fr t f b th tr .
0 O A E O O E?
Fear of Dying—Affirmation of Living
A t t d rl r, th f r th t n l n p n n n v d bl n n f n f r t th t b d n h t n h . I nt t rr th th ht t p f rth r. It b p bl f r n t t tt h r lv t property nd, h n , n t f r l n t. t h t b t th f r f l n l f t lf—th f r f d n ? I th f r nl f ld r p pl r f th ? Or v r b d fr d f d n ? th f t th t r b nd t d p r t r h l l f ? th f r f d n r nl r nt n nd r n th l r t th l t f l f b r n ? W h v n d f l r t t t d b p h n l t nv t t n th ph n n n fr h ldh d t ld nd d l n th th n n ll th n n f t t n f th f r f d n . h t d n d n t b r tr t d t nd v d l th ld x n l r r p , n x t n th d f p h n l . S n h t d d n t n x t, t dr t nt t v n l n fr n tt r d d t . rh p th t n f nt d t th d pl n r v d d r f r rt l t th t n f t t lf n th n r t l nd b l f th t t pr rv n th h n b d . On th th r h nd, th d rn, p f ll A r n d n l f d th b th "b t f t n" f th b d p ll f r th r pr n f th f r f d n b r l fl n d th. h r nl n —t ht b th ddh , b , b th St , b M t r E h rt—t tr l v r th f r f d n , nd th t b not hanging onto life, not experiencing life as a possession. h f r f d n n t tr l h t t t b : th f r f t pp n l v n . th d n t n rn , Ep r d, " n h l r , d th n t t h r b t h n d th h r r n r " ( n rt . b r , th r n b f r f ff r n nd p n th t pr d d n , b t th f r d ff r nt fr th t f d n . Wh l th f r f d n th rr t n l, th n t f l f xp r n d p n. h f r, th n, n t f d n , b t f losing what I have: th f r f l n b d , , p n , nd d nt t th f r f f n th b f n n d nt t , f "b n l t." th xt nt th t l v n th h v n d , t f r d n . r t n l xpl n t n ll t th f r. t t b d n h d, v n t th h r f d th, b r r rt n f r b nd t l f , b
02 U E AS EC S O A I G A EI G r p n t th l v f th r th t ndl r n l v . n r f r f d n h ld n t b n pr p r t n f r d th, b t th nt n ff rt t reduce the mode of having and to increase the mode of being. A Sp n z , th th n b t l f , n t b t d th. h n tr t n n h t d nd d th th n tr t n n h t l v . h r r d r lv f th r v n f r p n n ll t f r , p rt l rl r b ndn , th l tr n th f r f d n , n th r n th n t l .
Here, Now—Past, Future
h d f b n x t nl n th h r nd n (hic et nunc). h d f h v n x t nl n t : p t, pr nt, nd f t r . In th h v n d r b nd t h t h v d n th past: n , l nd, f , l t t , n l d , h ldr n, r . W th n b t th p t, nd f l b remembering f l n ( r h t pp r t b f l n f th p t. ( h th n f nt nt l t . W are th p t n : "I h t I ." h future th nt p t n f h t ll b th p t. It xp r n d n th d f h v n th p t nd xpr d h n n : " h p r n has f t r ," nd t n th t th nd v d l ll have n th n v n th h h r h d n t n h v th . h rd p n dv rt n l n, " h r rd n r f t r ," tr d having n th f t r , j t n rt n b n tr n t n n b r ll " d t f t r ." h f nd nt l xp r n f h v n th , h th r d l th p t r f t r . h present th p nt h r p t nd f t r j n, fr nt r t t n n t , b t n t d ff r nt n l t fr th t r l t nn t . n n t n r l t d f t , b t t n t th d n n th t v rn b n . h p nt r h t r tl th l r, nv , nd br h , th lpt r th t n nd h l. Y t th r t v t, th r "v n" f h t th r n t r t , tr n nd t . It r n fl h, r n n fl h , b t t n t xp r n d n th v n. h h ld tr f r th th n r . Wr t n d n th r d r n t , b t n v n th r t v v nt t d f t . It th f r
I r tr t th d n t th f r f d n h nd h ll n t nt r nt d n f n n l bl pr bl , th p n f ff r n th t r d th n nfl t p n th h l v .
0 O A E O O E?
v r n f t t n f b n . h xp r n f l v n , f j , f r p n tr th d n t r n t , b t n th h r nd n . h here and now is eternity, . ., t l n . t t rn t n t, p p l rl nd r t d, nd f n t l pr l n d t . On p rt nt l f t n t b d , th h, r rd n r l t n h p t th p t. O r r f r n h r h v b n t r b r n th p t, th n n , r n t n b t t n th d f "h v n " th p t, th p t d d. t n n l br n th p t t l f . On n xp r n t t n f th p t th th fr hn f t rr d n th h r nd n th t , n n r r t th p t, br n t t l f (r rr t th d d, b l ll p n . th xt nt th t n d , th p t t b th p t t is th h r nd n . On n l xp r n th f t r f t r th h r nd n . h r h n f t r t t f ll nt p t d n n n xp r n th t t nl th f t r " bj t v l ," . ., n xt rn l f t, b t n t n th bj t v xp r n . h th n t r f n n t p n th n n ( n ntr t t t p n d dr n t th b f n n f th, h h d n t n d th xt rn l r l z t n " n th f t r " n rd r t th xp r n f t r l. h h l n pt f p t, pr nt, nd f t r , . ., f t , nt r nt r l v d t r b d l x t n : th l t d d r t n f r l f , th n t nt d nd f r b d t b t n r f, th n t r f th ph l rld th t h v t n rd r t t n r lv . Ind d, nn t l v n t rn t b n rt l, nn t n r r p t . h rh th f n ht nd d , f l p nd f ln , f r n nd n , th n d t t n r lv b r nd t d f nd r lv , ll th f t r f r t respect t f nt t l v , nd r b d nt t l v . t th t respect t n th n th t submit t t n th r. In th d f b n , r p t t , b t d n t b t t t. t th r p t f r t becomes submission h n th h v n d pr d n t . In th d n t nl th n r th n , b t ll th t l v b th n . In th d f h v n , t b r r l r. In th b n d , t d thr n d t n l n r th d l th t r l r l f . In nd tr l t t r l pr . h rr nt d f pr d t n d nd th t v r t n b x tl "t d," th t n t nl th ndl bl l n nv r b lt b t, n l r d n , t f r t v t b r l d b t . In dd t n, t n t nl t , "t n ." h h n t b d x ll th r f r th h n f r t n rh th p n th r r.
04 U E AS EC S O A I G A EI G
th h n , t h b r r l r. Onl n r fr h r d t h v rt n h . Y t ll r n z r l r r n z r r . Or r b l n t t r nt t b b n b l t l l z . n t d n n th n x pt d b n t d nd , h v th ll n th t r fr , h n r , n f t, nl p r l d fr r t pr n.
0
A EE h M n nd th S t
II l n, Ch r t r, nd S t
h h pt r d l th th th th t l h n nt r t th h n n th l h r t r th t "r l " p l ntr b t th n r n r t v n nd n t pl h dr t l h n , nd h n , th t n t n b br ht b t nl f pr f nd h n r n th h n h rt— f n bj t f d v t n t th pl f th pr nt n .
The Foundations of Social Character
h t rt n p nt f r th r fl t n th t t nt th t th h r t r tr t r f th v r nd v d l nd th n tr t r f th t f h h h r h p rt r nt rd p nd nt. I ll th bl nd n f th nd v d l p h l ph r nd th n tr t r social character. (M h rl r, 2, I h d d "l b d n tr t r f t " t xpr th ph n n n. h n tr t r f t ld th l h r t r f t b r th t th wish t d h t th have t d . S lt n l , th l h r t r nfl n th n tr t r f t , t n th r nt t v f rth r t b l t t th l tr t r r, nd r p l r t n , d n t th t t nd t br p th l tr t r .
h h pt r r t h v l p n pr v r , p rt l rl Escape from Freedom (1941) nd Psychoanalysis and Religion (1950), n b th f h h r t d th t p rt nt b n th r h l t r t r n th bj t.
0 O A E O O E?
S l Ch r t r v – –v S l Str t r
h r l t n b t n l h r t r nd l tr t r n v r t t , n b th l nt n th r l t n h p r n v r nd n pr . A h n n th r f t r n h n n b th. M n p l t l r v l t n r b l v th t n t f r t h n th p l t l nd n tr t r r d ll , nd th t th n, nd nd l t n r t p, th h n nd ll l h n : th t th n t , n t bl h d, ll t t ll pr d th n h n b n . h d n t th t th n l t , b n t v t d b th h r t r th ld n , ll t nd t r r t th nd t n f th ld t n th n p l t l n t t t n th r v l t n h r t d th t th v t r f th r v l t n ll b t d f t r v l t n— lth h n t h t r l ph th t p v d th f r th n d v l p nt th t h bbl d n t f ll d v l p nt. h r n h nd n r v l t n r t xtb x pl . It n t rth th t n n, h h d n t b l v d th t l t f h r t r p rt nt f r p r n r v l t n r f n t n, h n d h v dr t ll n th l t r f h l f h n h h rpl St l n d f t f h r t r nd d nd d, n h l t ll, th t b f th d f t St l n h ld n t b h r. On th th r d r th h l th t f r t th n t r f h n b n t h n —th r n n , th r v l , th r h r t r — nd th t nl th n n tr l h n t b b lt. h h t r f th h n r pr v th r n . r l p h l h n h l r n d n th pr v t ph r nd b n r tr t d t ll , r h b n pl t l n ff t v h n th pr h n f p r t l v l b n d th th pr t f th pp t v l .
Social Character and "Religious" Needs h l h r t r h f rth r nd n f nt f n t n b nd th t f rv n th n d f t f r rt n t p f h r t r nd t f n th nd v d l h r t r nd t n d b h v r l n d . S l h r t r t f lf ll n h n b n nh r nt r l n d . l r f , "r l n" I t h r d n t r f r t t th t h n r l t d th n pt f G d r th d l r v n t t p r v d r l n, b t t any group-shared system of thought and action that offers the individual a frame of orientation and an object of devotion. Ind d, n th br d n f th rd n lt r f th p t r pr nt, nd t n lt r n th f t r , n b n d r d n t h v n r l n.
0 E IGIO , C A AC E , A SOCIE Y
h d f n t n f "r l n" d n t t ll n th n b t t p f nt nt. pl r h p n l , tr , d l f ld r t n , n nv bl d, ntl p r n, r d b l l d r th r h p th r n t r , th r n t n, th r l r p rt , n r . h r r l n b nd v t th d v l p nt f d tr t v n r f l v , f d n t n r f l d r t t f rth r th r p r f r n r p r l z t. h b r f th r t b n r l n , d ff r nt fr th f th l r r l , r th th n th t th h v n r l n, nd nt rpr t th r d v t n t rt n ll dl l r , h p r, n , r , n th n b t th r n rn f r th pr t l nd th xp d nt. h t n n t n f religion or not? b t f which kind of r l n?— h th r t n th t f rth r h n d v l p nt, th nf ld n f p f ll h n p r , r n th t p r l z h n r th. A p f r l n, pr v d d t ff t v n t v t n nd t, n t t t l f d tr n nd b l f t r t d n p f h r t r tr t r f th nd v d l nd, n h t th r l n f r p, n th l h r t r. h , r r l tt t d b n d r d n p t f r h r t r tr t r , f r we are what we are devoted to, and what we are devoted to is what motivates our conduct. Oft n, h v r, nd v d l r n t v n r f th r l bj t f th r p r n l d v t n nd t th r " ff l" b l f f r th r r l, th h secret r l n. If, f r n t n , n r h p p r h l pr f n r l n f l v , th r l n f p r h r t r l n, h l h ll d ff l r l n, f r x pl Chr t n t , nl n d l . h r l n d r t d n th b nd t n f x t n f th h n species. O r p b t lf, j t th p h p nz r h r r ll . E h p n b nd d f n d b t p f ph l l nd n t l h r t r t . h r n r l r nt n th h n p n b l l t r . I h v pr p d th t th h n p — . ., h n n t r — n l b d f n d psychically. In th b l l v l t n f th n l n d th h n p r h n t tr nd n th n l v l t n t. On tr nd the ever-decreasing determination of behavior by instincts (" n t n t " d h r n t n th d t d n f n t n t x l d n l rn n b t n th n f r n dr v . Ev n t n nt nt th n ntr v r l v b t th n t r f n t n t , t n r ll pt d th t th h h r n n l h r n n th t f v l t n, th l t b h v r d t r n d b ph l n t ll pr r d n t n t . O A E O O E?
h pr f v r d r n d t r n t n f b h v r b n t n t n b pl tt d nt n , t th z r nd f h h ll f nd th l t f r f n l v l t n th th h h t d r f n t n t v d t r n t n th d r l n th n l v l t n nd r h rt n l v l th th l t d r f rth r n th d v l p nt n p t th pr t , nd v n h r f nd r t lf b t n n nd p ( . M. Y r nd A. . Y r h v h n n th r l nv t t n, 2 . In th p Homo, n t n t v d t r n t n h r h d t n . h th r tr nd t b f nd n n l v l t n the growth of the brain, particularly of the neocortex. r , t , n pl t th v l t n nt n : t n nd, th l t n l , th th t pr t v n rv tr t r nd r l t v l ll n b r f n r n t th th r, Homo sapiens, th l r r nd r pl x br n tr t r , p ll n rt x thr t th z f th t f r pr t n t r , nd tr l f nt t n b r f nt rn r n l nn t n . Considering these data, the human species can be defined as the primate who emerged at the point of evolution where instinctive determination had reached a minimum and the development of the brain a maximum. h b n t n f n l n t n t v d t r n t n nd x l br n d v l p nt h d n v r rr d b f r n n l v l t n nd n t t t , b l ll p n , pl t l n ph n n n. n th p t t t b th nd f n t n t h l p n th p t f r lf r n , r n, nd n t n—n l t th t b nd th p t f r n tr nt l th n n f v n th l v r t pr t —th h n p n d d frame of orientation nd n object of devotion n rd r t rv v . W th t p f r n t r l nd l rld— p t r f th rld nd f n pl n t th t tr t r d nd h nn r h n—h n b n ld b nf d nd n bl t t p rp f ll nd n t ntl , f r th r ld b n f r nt n n lf, f f nd n f x d p nt th t p r t n t r n z ll th pr n th t p n p n h nd v d l. O r rld n t , nd f l rt n b t r d , thr h th n n th th r nd . Ev n f th p r n , t f lf ll t p h l l f n t n. t th p h n v r b n nt r l r n —n r h t v r b n nt r l r ht. It h l b n n h f n ppr x t n t th xpl n t n f ph n n t rv th p rp f l v n . Onl t th d r th t th practice f l f fr d fr t ntr d t n nd t rr t n l t n th p rr p nd t r l t .
2 E IGIO , C A AC E , A SOCIE Y
h pr v f t th t n lt r h b n f nd n h h h fr f r nt t n d n t x t. th r h n nd v d l. Oft n nd v d l d l h v n n h v r ll p t r nd b l v th t th r p nd t th v r ph n n nd n d nt f l f fr t , th r j d nt d th . t t n b l d n tr t d th t th pl t th r n ph l ph f r r nt d b t th t nl n n , nd th r n r th t ll th r n pt r t p n nl pt d fr f r f r n . Wh n h p r n r nfr nt d th f nd nt ll d ff r nt t t l v f l f , th j d t " r z " r " rr t n l" r " h ld h," h l th n d r th lv b n nl "l l." h d p n d f r fr f r f r n p rt l rl v d nt n h ldr n. At rt n , h ldr n ll ft n p th r n fr f r nt t n n n n n , n th f d t v l bl t th . t p n t n h d f r t n l n d l th t t ll h r t . An l h v n h pr bl . h r n t n t pr v d th th p ll th l . t l n n t n t v d t r n t n nd h v n br n th t p r t t th n f n d r t n n h h n , n d n bj t f t t l d v t n, f l p nt f r ll r tr v n nd th b f r ll r ff t v —n t nl r pr l d—v l . W n d h n bj t f d v t n n rd r t nt r t r n r n n d r t n, t tr n nd r l t d x t n , th ll t d bt nd n r t , nd t n r r n d f r n n t l f . S n tr t r , h r t r tr t r , nd r l tr t r r n p r bl fr h th r. If th r l t d n t rr p nd t th pr v l nt l h r t r, f t nfl t th th l pr t f l f , t nl n d l . W h v t l b h nd t f r th real r l tr t r , v n th h n t b n f t h— nl th h n n r nh r nt n th r l tr t r f h r t r t d n t nd t nd t nd r n th v n n nd t n . v r, th r r l nd v d l x pt n t th d n nt l h r t r, th r r l nd v d l x pt n t th d n nt r l h r t r. h r ft n th l d r f r l r v l t n nd th f nd r , f n r l n . h "r l " r nt t n, th xp r nt l r f ll "h h" r l n , h b n tl p rv rt d n th d v l p nt f th r l n . h nd v d l n l n v f th r p r n l r nt t n d n t tt r th b "r l " th t n d r n th lv t b
O A E O O E?
— r th b n nr l , lth h n d r n th lv Chr t n. W h v n rd t d n t th experiential nt nt f r l n, d fr t n pt l nd n t t t n l p t. n , I t t n r t d n t "r l " n th experiential, bj t v r nt t n, r rdl f th n pt l tr t r n h h th p r n "r l t " xpr d.
Is the Western World Christian?
A rd n t th h t r b nd th p n n f t p pl , E r p nv r n t Chr t n t t pl f r t th n th n E p r nd r C n t nt n , f ll d b th nv r n f th h th n n rth rn E r p b n f , th "Ap tl f th G r n ," nd th r n th hth nt r . But was Europe ever truly Christianized? In p t f th ff r t v n r n r ll v n t th t n, l r n l h th t E r p nv r n t Chr t n t l r l h th t t t n ld p f l t d nv r n t Chr t n t fr th t lfth t th xt nth nt r nd th t f r th nt r b f r nd ft r th p r d th nv r n , f r th t p rt, n t n d l nd r r l r b n t th h r h t d d n t n h n f h rt, . ., f th h r t r tr t r , x pt f r n r n n l Chr t n v nt . In th f r h ndr d r E r p h d b n t b Chr t n z d. h h r h tr d t nf r th ppl t n f Chr t n pr n pl n th h ndl n f pr p rt , pr , nd pp rt f th p r. M n p rtl h r t l d r nd t r , l r l nd r th nfl n f t th t d nd d th r t rn t th pr n pl f Chr t, n l d n th nd n t n f pr p rt . M t , l n t n n M t r E h rt, pl d d v r l n th nt th r t r n h n t v nt nd, n t d nt ll , n b pr n nt t l t h r nd t d nt . Id f rld r l n r f pl nd t Chr t n t r v d b n Chr t n th n r v n th d f th G d f th bl b t n bl . h th l l nd n nth l l h n t f th n n , n th r ph l ph nd n th r Ut p , nt n d th l n f th th rt nth nt r , nd nd d, b t n th t M ddl A (th "M d v l n n " nd th n n pr p r n h rp
b d h d lt th th th f th t r l xp r n r pr f ndl nd r b ldl th n h Ern t l h ( 2 .
4 E IGIO , C A AC E , A SOCIE Y d v d n l n x t . h th p r t f th h nd th t n n , I t r d r . Artz r p t r :
In t , th r t d v l th n r h ld th t ll n r l n th ht f G d nd th t v n th h bl t h n nf n t rth. In n , th t ht th t r r f d n t n t f d r d t n, th t n n h ld b d f r n nd nd p nd nt f h lf r , nd th t j t h ld d t r n nd pr . In p l t , th t ht th t th f n t n f th t t r l, th t l nd t d n tr t n h ld b b d th Chr t n d f j t , nd th t th r l t n f r l r nd r l d h ld l b f nd d n r pr l bl t n. h t t , pr p rt , nd th f l r ll tr t fr G d t th h ntr l th , nd th t b d t f rth r d v n p rp . n ll , th d v l d l n l d d th tr n b l f th t ll n t n nd p pl r p rt f n r t n t . A G th d, "Ab v th n t n h n t ," r Ed th C v ll r t n n th r n f h r Imitation of Christ th n ht b f r h x t d, " tr t n t n h."
Ind d, h d E r p n h t r nt n d n th p r t f th th rt nth nt r , h d t d v l p d th p r t f nt f n l d nd nd v d l l l nd n n v l t n r , ht n h v b n n f rt n t p t n. t r n b n t d t r r t nt n p l t v nt ll n nd nd v d l nt lf hn . h h rt p r d f Chr t n z t n nd d nd E r p r t rn d t t r n l p n . v r th n pt d ff r, n b l f d f n n br n h f Chr t n t : th b l f n Chr t th S v r h v h l f t f l v f r h f ll r t r . th h r f l v , h r th t p r, h d d n t f r , h d d n t nt t r l , h d d n t nt t have n th n . h r f b n , f v n , f h r n . h l t d pl pp l d t th n p r ll t f th r h, h h d n th r lf hn . pp l d t th h rt f th p pl , v n th h fr n nt ll t l t ndp nt h t b t n d r d t b n v . h b l f n th h r f l v n h ndr d f th nd f dh r nt , n f h h n d th r pr t f l f , r b rt r th lv . The Christian hero was the martyr, f r n th h tr d t n, th h h t h v nt t v n l f f r G d r f r n f ll b n . h rt r th x t pp t f th p n h r p r n f d n th Gr nd G r n h r . h h r t n r, t b
O A E O O E?
v t r , t d tr , t r b th r f lf ll nt f l f pr d , p r, f , nd p r r ll n ll n (St. A t n p r d n h t r th th t f b nd f r bb r . r th p n h r n rth l n h pr n tt n n nd h ld n nt p r, nd h l dl d d n th b ttl f ld n th nt f v t r . r Iliad th p t ll n f nt d r pt n f l r f d n r r nd r bb r . h rt r h r t r t r being, v n , h r n th h r , having, xpl t n , f r n . (It h ld b dd d th t th f r t n f th p n h r
nn t d th th p tr r h l v t r v r mother centered t . M n d n n f n th f r t t f n t nd th f r t xpl t t v f f r n ll p tr r h l t ft r th n v t r , th pr n pl h v b th b f n h r t r. Wh h f th t rr n l bl pp d d l f r r n d v l p nt t ll pr v l n E r p ? If l nt r lv , nt th b h v r f l t ll p pl , nt r p l t l l d r , t nd n bl th t r d l f h t d nd v l bl th p n h r . E r p n rth A r n h t r , n p t f th nv r n t th h r h, h t r f n t, pr d , r d r h h t v l r : t b tr n r th n th r , t b v t r , t n r th r nd xpl t th . h v l n d th r d l f " nl n ": nl th n h n f ht nd n r n n n h n t tr n n th f f r , . ., " n nl ." It n t n r t pr v th t th h t r f E r p h t r f n t, xpl t t n, f r , bj t n. rdl n p r d n t h r t r z d b th f t r , n r r l x pt d, ft n n l d n n d , th th A r n Ind n , nd v n h r l nt r pr th Cr d r n x pt n. W th b h v r nl t rdl n ll r p l t ll t v t d, nd r th l v tr d r , th r l r f Ind , th ll r f Ind n , th r t h h f r d th Ch n t p n th r l nd t th p rt f p , th n t t r f t W rld W r nd th h pr p r th n xt r, r ll th Chr t n n th r h rt ? Or r p rh p nl th l d r r p p n h l th r t f th p p l t n r n d Chr t n ? If th r , ht f l r h rf l. Unf rt n t l , t n t . b r , th l d r r ft n r r p th n th r f ll r b th h d r t n, b t th ld n t h v r l z d th r pl n r t n t th t th h t n r nd t b v t r nd t ll p rt f th l h r t r. On h nl t r ll th ld, r z nth th h h p pl p rt p t d n th v r r f th p t t nt r —th r d n f
6 E IGIO , C A AC E , A SOCIE Y
ll n t r n t n l d n rd r t pr t t th f "th tr n t p r," r f "h n r," r f pr f t . And f r n th r x pl , n d r th fr nz d n t n l f p pl t h n th nt p r r Ol p G , h h ll dl rv th f p . Ind d, th p p l r t f th Ol p G n t lf b l xpr n f W t rn p n . h l br t th p n h r : th nn r, th tr n t, th t lf rt v , h l v rl n th d rt xt r f b n nd p bl t th t h r t r z th nt p r r t t n f th Gr Ol p G . In Chr t n lt r th n l ld t th pl f Ol p G t th n f n l h v th t r t n t n n Ob r r . If ll th rr t, h d n t E r p n nd A r n fr n l b nd n Chr t n t n t f tt n r t ? h r r v r l r n : f r x pl , r l d l n d d n rd r t p p pl fr l n d pl n nd th thr t n n l h r n . t th r t ll r p rt nt r n: p pl h r f r b l v r n Chr t th r t l v r, th lf r f n G d, n t rn th b l f, n n l n t d , nt th xp r n th t t h l v for them. th b n d l th b l f n h b th b t t t f r n n t f l v n . In pl , n n f r l : "Chr t d ll th l v n f r n n n th p tt rn f th Gr h r , t r v d b th l n t d f th n Chr t b t t t f r th imitation f Chr t." h t Chr t n b l f l h p v r f r n n r p tt t d th t n . n ll , I b l v th t h n b n r d pl nd d th n d t l v th t t n lv n r l t h v lt n n . O r pr f d b l f n l v n th t z t d r n t th p n f th n n f l n f lt f r b n nt r l th t l v .
"Ind tr l l n"
h r l nd ph l ph l d v l p nt ft r th nd f th M ddl A t pl x t b tr t d th n th pr nt v l . It n b h r t r z d b th tr l b t n t pr n pl : th Chr t n, p r t l tr d t n n th l l r ph l ph l f r nd th p n tr d t n f d l tr nd nh n t th t d n f r n th d v l p nt f h t ht b ll d th "r l n f nd tr l nd th b rn t r ."
O A E O O E?
ll n th tr d t n f th t M ddl A , th h n f th n n th f r t r t fl r n f th "r l " p r t ft r th nd f th M ddl A . h d f h n d n t , f th n t f th h n r , f n v r l p l t l nd r l n t f nd n t n n n b r d xpr n. h v nt nth nd ht nth nt r Enl ht n nt xpr d n th r r t fl r n f h n . C rl r ( 2 h h n t h t xt nt th Enl ht n nt ph l ph xpr d th "r l tt t d " th t f nd n th th l n f th th rt nth nt r : "If x n th f nd t n f th f th, f nd th t t v r t rn th Philosophers b tr d th r d bt t d v l th ht th t b n r f t." h r n h v l t n, t h h Enl ht n nt ph l ph h d v n b rth, r th n p l t l r v l t n. A v ll n t d ( t d b r , t "p l t l r v l t n h h f n t n d n th nn r nd h h t n n n th p t f religious revolution [ ph dd d]. I l nd th r t t nt r v lt t v rfl d th fr nt r f ntr nd n t n nd xt nd d b pr h n nd pr p nd ." d l h n n th n n t nth nd t nt th nt r d r b d l t r n, n d n f th h n t pr t t n t th p n f th nd tr l . t t pr v d b f r th t d n t n l t th n p n th t h d v l p d d b d th h n , thr t n n t th pr nt nt f h t r t d tr . h h n th t pr p r d th f r t b f r th d v l p nt f th " nd tr l r l n" th l n t n, b th r, f th th rl l nt n th h r h. Alth h t pp r n nn r d t r, I t d ll n th pr bl f r h l , b t p rt nt t r nd r t nd n f th d v l p nt f th n r l n nd th n l h r t r. S t h v b n r n z d rd n t t pr n pl : p tr ntr ( r p tr r h l nd tr ntr ( r tr r h l . h tr ntr pr n pl , . . h f n nd . . M r n h v h n f r th f r t t , nt r d n th f r f th l v n th r. h th rl pr n pl th t f unconditional love; th th r l v h r h ldr n n t b th pl h r, b t b th r h r ( r n th r n h ldr n. r th r n th th r l v nn t b r d b d b h v r, n r n t b l t b nn n . M th rl l v mercy nd compassion ( n br rachamim, th r t f h h rechem, th " b" . th rl l v , n th ntr r , conditional; t d p nd n th h v nt nd d b h v r f th h ld f th r l v th t h ld t h
8 E IGIO , C A AC E , A SOCIE Y
t l h , . ., h h h t nh r t h pr p rt . th r l v n b l t, b t t n l b r n d b r p nt n nd r n d b n. th r l v j t . h t pr n pl , th f n n th rl nd th l n f th rl , rr p nd n t nl t th pr n f l n nd f n n d n n h n b n b t p f ll t th n d f r r nd j t n v r n nd n. h d p t rn n f h n b n t b n t ll t n n h h th t p l ( th rl n nd f th rl n , f l nd l , r nd j t , f l n nd th ht, n t r nd nt ll t r n t d n nth , n h h b th d f th p l r t l th r nt n nd, n t d, l r h th r. Wh l h nth nn t b f ll r h d n p tr r h l t , t x t d t xt nt n th n Ch r h. h r n, th h r h th ll l v n th r, th p p nd th pr t th rl f r r pr nt d th rl , n nd t n l, ll f r v n l v , d b d th th f th rl l nt f tr t, p tr r h l b r r th th p p t th t p r l n b p r. Corresponding to these motherly elements n th r l t th r l t n h p t rd n t r n th pr f pr d t n: th r f th p nt ll f th rt n n t h t l xpl t t v tt n t n t r . It p r t n th n t r : n t r p n b t tr n f r n n t r rd n t t n l . th r t bl h d p r l p tr r h l f r f Chr t n t n rth rn E r p th t b d n th rb n ddl l nd th l r pr n . h n f th n l h r t r b n nd r p tr r h l th r t , th r th nl t bt n l v nd ppr v l. h nd th Chr t n f d r n r t r l n, " nd tr l r l n," th t r t d n th h r t r tr t r f d rn t , b t n t r n z d "r l n." h nd tr l r l n pl t l n p t bl th n n Chr t n t . It r d p pl t rv nt f th n nd f th h n r th t th r n h nd b ld. h nd tr l r l n h d t b n n l h r t r. It nt r f r f nd b n t p rf l l th r t , lt v t n f th n f lt f r d b d n , d l t n f th b nd f h n l d r t b th pr f lf nt r t nd t l nt n . h " r d" n nd tr l r l n r , pr p rt , pr f t, p r, v n th h t f rth r d nd v d l nd fr d th n th l t f t n r l pr n pl . tr n f r n Chr t n t nt tr tl p tr r h l r l n t t ll p bl t xpr th nd tr l r l n n Chr t n t r n l .
O A E O O E?
h "M r t n Ch r t r" nd "C b rn t l n"
h t p rt nt f t f r nd r t nd n b th th h r t r nd th r t r l n f nt p r r h n t th h n n th l h r t r fr th rl r r f p t l t th nd p rt f th t nt th nt r . h th r t r n b v h rd n h r t r th t h d b n t d v l p n th xt nth nt r , nd nt n d t b th d n nt h r t r tr t r t l t n th ddl l nt l th nd f th n n t nth nt r , l l bl nd d th r r pl d b th marketing character. (I d r b d th bl nd f v r h r t r r nt t n n Man for Himself.) I h v ll d th ph n n n th r t n h r t r b t b d n xp r n n n lf d t , nd n v l n t " v l " b t " x h n v l ." h l v n b n b d t n th "p r n l t r t." h pr n pl f v l t n th n b th th p r n l t nd th d t r t : n th n , p r n l t r ff r d f r l n th th r, d t . l n b th th r x h n v l , f r h h " v l " n r b t n t ff nt nd t n. Alth h th pr p rt n f ll nd h n l t n th n h nd nd p r n l t n th th r h nd pr r t f r v r , th "p r n l t f t r" l pl d v r l . S d p nd l r l n h ll p r n ll th lv n th r t, h ll th t th r p r n l t r , h n "p " th r h th r th r " h rf l," " nd," " r v ," "r l bl ," " b t " f rth r r , h t th r f l b r nd r , h t l b th b l n t , nd h th r th n th "r ht" p pl . h t p f p r n l t r r d d p nd t d r n th p l f ld n h h p r n h t r . A t br r, l p r n, r t r , r lr d x t v , ll pr f r, r h t l n r t h ff r d ff r nt nd f p r n l t th t, r rdl f th r d ff r n , t f lf ll n nd t n: t b n d nd. Wh t h p n tt t d t rd n lf th f t th t ll nd p nt f r p rf r n v n t r n t ff nt n t b bl t "p t n p r n l t r " n p t t n th n th r n rd r t h v . If t r n h f r th p rp f n l v n t r l n h t n n nd h t n n d , n lf t ld b n pr p rt n t n p t , th t , t n v l . t n d p nd l r l n h n ll n p r n l t , n xp r n
20 E IGIO , C A AC E , A SOCIE Y
n lf d t r, r th r, lt n l th ll r nd th d t t b ld. A p r n n t n rn d th h r h r l f nd h pp n , b t th b n l bl . h f th r t n h r t r pl t d pt t n, t b d r bl nd r ll nd t n f th p r n l t r t. h r t n h r t r p r n l t d n t v n h v ( p pl n th n n t nth nt r d d t h ld nt , th t b l n t th , th t d n t h n . r th n t ntl h n th r , rd n t th pr n pl : "I d r ." h th th r t n h r t r tr t r r th t l , x pt v n , d n th n th th r t t ff n f d h th t v f t, h th n h v t b d n th th r t t ff n , th h v n n n n r, b t ff r r t n l z t n , h , " n rd r t r t r j b ," r " n rd r t p th p n r n ." h h v l ttl nt r t ( t l t n l n ph l ph l r r l t n , h h n l v , nd h n n n th d r t n r th r th n n n th r. h h v th r b , v r h n n , b t n n h lf, r , n f d nt t . h " d nt t r " f d rn t t ll th r pr d d b th f t th t t b r h v b lfl n tr nt , h d nt t r t p n th r p rt p t n n th rp r t n ( r th r nt b r r , pr t v nd v d l d nt t r t d p n b r h p n th l n. h r t n h r t r n th r l v n r h t . h " ld f h n d" t n d n t f t nt h r t r tr t r th t f n t n l t nt r l n th r br l l v l nd v d f l n , h th r d r v l n , b th nt rf r th th r t n h r t r n p rp : ll n nd x h n n — r t p t t v n r pr l , f n t n n rd n t th l f th " h n " f h h th r p rt, th t n n t n x pt h ll th f n t n, nd t d b th r dv n nt n th b r r . S n th r t n h r t r h v n d p tt h nt t th lv r t th r , th d n t r , n n d p n f th rd, n t b th r lf h b t b th r r l t n t th r nd t th lv r th n. h l xpl n h th r n t n rn d th th d n r f n l r nd l l t tr ph , v n th h th n ll th d t th t p nt t th d n r . h t th r n t n rn d th th d n r t th r p r n l l v ht t ll b xpl n d b th pt n th t th h v r t r nd n lf hn b t th l f n rn v n f r th r h ldr n nd r nd h ldr n x l d h xpl n t n. h
2 O A E O O E?
l f n rn n ll th l v l th r lt f th l f n t n l t , v n t th "n r t" t th . h f t , n b d l t th r t n h r t r n th r r th l t th lv . h p zzl n t n h nt p r r h n b n l v t b nd t n , nd t r l ttl tt h d t h t th b , f nd t t n f nt n r n th r t n h r t r ph n n n. h r t n h r t r l f tt h nt l th nd ff r nt t th n . Wh t tt r p rh p th pr t r th f rt th t th n v , b t th n p r h v n b t n . h r tt rl xp nd bl , l n th fr nd r l v r , h r xp nd bl , t , n n d p r t x t t n f th . h r t n h r t r l, "proper functioning" nd r th v n r t n , th r p nd t th rld nl r br ll . n n th n f understanding n x l v l t f Homo sapiens; manipulative intelligence t l f r th h v nt f pr t l p rp n t n l nd h n . M n p l t v nt ll n th t r n d n r b t p pl v n d r t n th t b lf d tr t v fr th t ndp nt f r n. In f t, th r br ll nt th n ntr ll d n p l t v nt ll n , th r d n r t . It n l nt t th n Ch rl r n h d n tr t d th n n nd th h n tr d f p r l nt f , l n t d nt ll t. r t n h t b r ph th t nt l h th rt th r h h d nt n l nj d nd p tr nd p t r , b t th t f r n r ft r rd h l t ll h t t f r th nt r t : "M nd t h v b nd f h n f r r nd n n r l l t f l r ll t n f f t. . . . h l f th t t l f h pp n , nd p bl b nj r t th nt ll t, nd r pr b bl t th r l h r t r, b nf bl n th t n l p rt f r n t r ." (Q t d b E. . S h h r .v. h pr r n d r b h r h nt n d n h t t r p d p th p r t n fr r n nd h rt l t pl t . It f p l nt r t th t th d t r r t n f r n h d n t t n pl n th j r t f th l d n nv t t r n th t x t n nd r v l t n r n ( n th r t l ph , f r x pl nd th t th r p pl h r d pl n rn d th ph l ph l nd p r t l t n . I r f r t h nd v d l A. E n t n, . hr, . Sz ll rd, W. nb r , E. S hrdd n r. h pr f r br l, n p l t v th n n t th r th n tr ph f t n l l f . S n t n t lt v t d r n d d, b t r th r n
22 E IGIO , C A AC E , A SOCIE Y
p d nt t pt l f n t n n , t n l l f h r n d t nt d nd n v r t r d b nd th l v l f h ld . A r lt th r t n h r t r r p l rl n v f r t n l pr bl r n rn d. h b ttr t d b " t n l p pl ," b t b f th r n n v t , th ft n nn t j d h th r h p pl r n n r f r . h xpl n h n f r n b f l n th p r t l nd r l f ld t l xpl n h p l t n h p rtr tr n t n h v tr n pp l f r th r t n h r t r — nd h th r t n h r t r nn t d r n t b t n n n l r l p r n nd th p bl r l t n pr d t h f tr n r l t n . h t r " r t n h r t r" b n n th nl n t d r b th t p . It n l b d r b d b n M rx n t r , th alienated character; p r n f th h r t r r l n t d fr th r r , fr th lv , fr th r h n b n , nd fr n t r . In p h tr t r th r t n p r n ld b ll d h z d h r t r b t th t r b l htl l d n , b h z d p r n l v n th th r h z d p r n nd p rf r n ll nd b n f l, b f h h z d h r t r nt r l l th f l n f n n th t th h z d h r t r h n r "n r l" nv r n nt. r n th f n l r v n f th n r pt f th b I h d th pp rt n t t r d M h l M b f rth n r The Gamesmen: The New Corporate Leaders n n r pt. In th p n tr t n t d M b n l z th h r t r tr t r f t h ndr d nd f ft x t v , n r , nd n n r n t f th b t r n l r p n n th Un t d St t . M n f h f nd n nf r h t I h v d r b d f t r f th b rn t p r n, p rt l rl th pr d n n f th r br l l n th th nd rd v l p nt f th t n l ph r . C n d r n th t th x t v nd n r d r b d b M b r nd ll b n th l d r f A r n t , th l p rt n f M b f nd n b t nt l. h f ll n d t , dr n b M b fr h thr t t nt p r n l nt rv th h b r f th r p t d d, v l r p t r f th h r t r t p .
pr nt d b p r n. Cf. p r ll l t d b I n M l n, The Character of Mexican Executives, t b p bl h d n.
2 O A E O O E?
p nt f nt r t n nd r t nd n , d n n f th r , n t d 0% C nt r d, nl v n n , r ft nl , b t l d p r nt f nt r t n th n t r f th n 22% h r t lf t l t nt r t, h h n t lf t n d 8 % M d r t pr d t v , n t nt r d. Int r t n r nt ll n tr nt l, t n r r t , n 8% v npr d t v , d ff d 2% j t n f r , r j t th r l rld 0%
00 %
f t r r tr n : ( d p nt r t n nd r t nd n ("r n" b nt, nd (2 f r th v t j r t th r th t l t n f th r r n t lf t n n r th r nt ll n f r n r n n r t . In pl t ntr t th p t r f h t M b ll "th l v l ":
v n , ff r t v , r t v l t l t n 0% p n bl , r , ff t n t , b t n t d pl l v n ° 0 M d r t nt r t n n th r p r n, th r l v n p b l t 40 % C nv nt n l n rn, d nt, r l r nt d 4 % v , nl v n , n nt r t d % j t n f l f , h rd n d h rt
00%
n n th t d ld b h r t r z d d pl l v n , lth h p r nt h p b n " r nd ff t n t ." All th r t r l t d h v n d r t nt r t, r nv nt n l n rn, r nl v n , r tr ht r j t n f l f — nd d tr n p t r f t n l nd r d v l p nt n ntr t t th pr n n f r br l . h " b rn t r l n" f th r t n h r t r rr p nd t th t t t l h r t r tr t r . dd n b h nd th f d f n t r
24 E IGIO , C A AC E , A SOCIE Y
Chr t n t th r hl p n r l n, lth h p pl r n t n f t h. h p n r l n d ff lt t d r b , n t n nl b nf rr d fr h t p pl d ( nd d not d nd n t fr th r n th ht b t r l n r d f r l r n z t n. M t tr n , t f r t l n , th t M n h d h lf nt d b h h r d th t hn l p t f r " nd r t n" f th rld, r pl n th f r t r t n b th G d f tr d t n l r l n. W n l f r l t : W h v d th h n nt d nd h v b dl b rv n th h n . It tt r l ttl th f r l t n h h t tt r th t h n b n , n th t t f th r r t t r l impotence, imagine th lv n nn t n th n nd t h n t b omnipotent. h p t f b rn t r l n rr p nd t r h p f l p r d f d v l p nt. t th r r ht n r l t n, n r l f t n l r p n t th rld, nd t th t th r n v d bl t tr ph nd t b , th r l n nt b th n r l n. W t b th t r f t hn nd b n t d t l v — nd t hn , n v t l l nt f r t n, h t th r f th dd f d tr t n (l th Ind n dd K l , t h h n nd n r ll n t r f th lv nd th r h ldr n. Wh l n l t ll h n n nt th h p f r b tt r f t r , b rn t h n t r pr th f t th t th h v b r h p r f th dd f d tr t n. h th h n nd f pr f, b t n n r p ll n th n th t : th t th r t ( nd v n ll r p r nt n t b ld n l r p n f v r n r n p t f r d tr t n nd d n t rr v t th n n l t n—d tr t n f ll n l r p n nd th t n r pl nt th t d l v r th t r l f r n l r p n — nd th t v rt ll n th n d n t nd th d n r f l l t tr ph . In h rt, n th n r b n d n t pl n f r th rv v l f th h n r .
The Humanist Protest
h d h n z t n f th l h r t r nd th r f th nd tr l nd b rn t r l n l d t pr t t v nt, t th r n f n h n , th t h t r t n Chr t n nd ph l ph l h n fr th t M ddl A t th A f Enl ht n nt. h pr t t
2 O A E O O E?
f nd xpr n n th t Chr t n ll n p nth t r n n th t ph l ph l f r l t n . It fr t pp t d : fr th r nt , h r p l t ll n rv t v , nd fr th M rx n nd th r l t ( nd n r h t . h r ht nd th l ft r n n n th r r t f th nd tr l t nd th d t d d t h n b n . C th l th n r , h r nz v n d r, nd n rv t v p l t l l d r , h nj n r l , f r l t d th pr bl , t n d nt l t th f M rx. h t d d ff r d n th th th ht h n b n ld b v d fr th d n r f b n tr n f r d nt th n . h r nt n th r ht b l v d th t th nl t t p th nh nd r d "pr r " f th nd tr l t nd t r t rn t pr v f r f th l rd r, th h th d f t n . h pr t t fr th l ft b ll d r d l h n , v n th h t t xpr d n th t nd t n n nth t t r . h l t b l v d th t th n d v l p nt ld n t b h lt d, th t n ld n t r t rn t pr v f r f l rd r, nd th t th nl t lv t n l n n f r rd nd r t n n t th t ld fr p pl fr l n t n, fr b n t th h n , fr th f t f b n d h n z d. S l th nth f d v l r l tr d t n nd th p t n n p r t f nt f th n n nd p l t l t n. It , l ddh , "r l " v nt th t, v n th h p n n l r nd th t t r , d t th l b r t n f h n b n fr lf hn nd r d. At l t br f nt r n r t xpl n h r t r z t n f M rx n th ht, n v f t pl t p rv r n b S v t n nd r f r t W t rn l t t r l d t h v n lth f r v r b d . A r nn C h n, Ern t l h, nd n b r f th r h l r h v t t d d r n th p t d d , l th l r xpr n f pr ph t M n . rh p th b t t d n tr t th t t fr th C d f M n d h h r t r z t n f th M n :
h S nd r ph t d d n t l n f r th d f th M h th t I r l ht x r d n n v r th rld, r r l v r th h th n , r b x lt d b th n t n , r th t t ht t nd dr n nd r j . h r p r t n th t I r l b fr t d v t t lf t th nd t d , th n n t ppr r d t rb t, nd th b rth f l f n th rld t .
26 E IGIO , C A AC E , A SOCIE Y
In th t r th r ll b n th r f n n r r, n th r j l n r tr f . E rthl d ll b b nd nt, f rt th n th r h f ll. h n pr p t n f th h l rld ll b t n th rd. n I r l t ll b v r , th ll n th th n th t r n n l d nd ll tt n n nd r t nd n f th r r t r t th t t p t f th h n nd, t r tt n: r th rth h ll b f ll f th n l d f th rd, th t r v r th (I h : .
In th d r pt n th l f h t r t n bl h n b n t d v t th lv nt r l t th t d f d nd th n l d f G d n t p r r l x r . h M n n f n v r l p , b n f nv , nd t r l b nd n . h p t r v r l t th n pt f th l f l f M rx xpr d t t rd th nd f th th rd v l f h Capital:
h r l f fr d d n t n nt l th p nt p d h r l b r nd r th p l n f n t nd f xt rn l t l t r r d. In th v r n t r f th n t l b nd th ph r f t r l pr d t n n th tr t n n f th t r . t th v t r tl th n t r , n rd r t t f h nt , n rd r t nt n h l f nd r pr d t, v l z d n h t d t, nd h t d t n ll f r f t nd nd r ll p bl d f pr d t n. W th h d v l p nt th r l f n t r l n t xp nd , b h nt n r b t t th t th f r f pr d t n n r , b h h th nt r t f d. h fr d n th f ld nn t n t f n th n l b t f th f t th t l z d n, th t d pr d r , r l t th r nt r h n th n t r r t n ll , br n t nd r th r n ntr l, n t d f b n r l d b t b bl nd p r th t th pl h th r t th th l t xp nd t r f n r nd nd r nd t n t d t t th r h n n t r nd most worthy of it. t t l r n r l f n t . nd t b n th t development of human power which is its own end, th tr r l f fr d , h h, h v r, n fl r h nl p n th t r l f n t t b . h h rt n n f th r n d t f nd nt l pr . [E ph dd d.]
M tr n l t n fr th br t xt, n t d f "bl n " n th r h n tr n l t n, p bl h d b Y l Un v r t r .
2 O A E O O E?
M rx, l M n d — nd n ntr t t Chr t n nd t th r h t h n f lv t n—d n t p t l t f n l h t l l l t n th d r p n b t n M n nd n t r r n , b t th r l f n t br ht nd r h n ntr l h p bl : " t t l r n r l f n t ." h l "that development of human power which is its own end, the true realm of freedom" ( ph dd d . M n d v th t "th pr p t n f th h l rld ll b t n th rd" t M rx th "d v l p nt f h n p r . . . [ ] t n nd." v n nd b n t d ff r nt f r f h n x t n r t th nt r f M rx d f r th r n f n M n. W th th d M rx pr d fr n t p h l l nd nthr p l l t r , h h r , h v n n r d n f th Old nd t nt nd E h rt, t th t f nd nt l "r l " t r . M rx r t : " r v t pr p rt h d t p d nd p rt l th t n bj t nl r h n h v t, h n t x t f r p t l r h n t d r tl t n, dr n , rn, nh b t d, t ., n h rt, utilized n . . . . h all th ph l nd nt ll t l n h v b n r pl d b th pl l n t n f all th n th n f having. h h n b n h d t b r d d t th b l t p v rt n rd r t b bl t v b rth t ll h nn r lth. (On th t r f having n Einundzwanzig Bogen.)"* M rx n pt f b n nd h v n r z d n h nt n : " h l are nd th l xpr r l f —th r have nd th r t r r l n t d l f . . . . Ev r th n th n t t fr n th f l f nd h n t , h r t r t n th f r f n nd lth." h " n f h v n " b t h h M rx p h r pr l th th " b ndn " f h h E h rt p , th r v n f r th n nd f r n . M rx r f r t th having mode of existence, n t t p n h, n t t n l n t d pr v t pr p rt h. h l n t l x r nd lth, n r t p v rt n f t, both l x r nd p v rt r l d p n b M rx v . Ab l t p v rt th nd t n f r v n b rth t n nn r lth. Wh t th t f v n b rth? It th t v , n l n t d xpr n f r f lt t rd th rr p nd n bj t . M rx nt n : "All h
h nd th f ll n p r fr M rx Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts, tr n l t d n Marx's Concept of Man.
28 E IGIO , C A AC E , A SOCIE Y
[M n ] human r l t n t th rld— n , h r n , ll n , t t n , t h n , th n n , b rv n , f l n , d r n , t n , l v n — n h rt ll th r n f h nd v d l t . . . r n th r bj t v t n [th r action in relation to the object] th ppr pr t n f th bj t, th ppr pr t n f h n r l t ." h th f r f ppr pr t n n th d f being, n t n th d f h v n . M rx xpr d th f r f n n l n t d t v t n th f ll n p :
t man t b man, nd h r l t n t th rld t b h n n . h n l v n nl b x h n d f r l v , tr t f r tr t, t . If h t nj rt, t b n rt t ll lt v t d p r n f h t nfl n th r p pl , t b p r n h r ll h t l t n nd n r n ff t p n th r . Ev r n f r r l t n t n nd t n t r t b specific expression, rr p nd n t th bj t f r ll, f r real individual life. If l v th t v n l v n r t rn, . ., f r n t bl , b th n f t t n f r lf l v n p r n, t r lf b l v d p r n, th n r l v p t nt nd f rt n .
t M rx d r n p rv rt d, p rh p b h l v d h ndr d r t n. th h nd En l th ht th t p t l h d lr d r h d th nd f t p b l t nd, h n , th t th r v l t n j t r nd th rn r. t th r th r hl t n, En l t t t ft r M rx d th. h h d pr n n d th r n t h n t th v r h ht f p t l t d v l p nt nd d d n t f r th t t ld t r th n h ndr d r f r p t l d l n nd th f n l r t b n. It h t r l n t th t n nt p t l t d , pr p t d t • th v r p f p t l , h d t b tt rl tr n f r d nt th p t l t p r t f t t b f l. And th h t t ll h pp n d. W t rn l d r t nd th r b tt r pp n nt , n t th n nd th t th S v t Un n, tr n f r d l nt p r l n n pt, th l f h h x n pt n, x f h n . Khr h h v, th h n pt f " l h" n , n h pl nd f l nn r l t th tr th t f th b : h f l t v th h l p p l t n th pl r f n pt n p t l v nl t n r t . S l nd n r b lt n th b r n pt f t r l . S phr f M rx rl r r t n ( h h, n th h l , r d n r t d " d l t " rr r f th " n " M rx r r t d r t l t ll th rd f th p l r t d n th W t.
2 O A E O O E?
h t M rx l v d t th h ht f p t l t d v l p nt h d n th r n n : h ld f h t M rx ld n t h lp d pt n tt t d nd n pt rr nt n b r th ht nd pr t . h , f r n t n , rt n th r t r n n l n t n n h p r n l t ll n h r t n r ld d b th p tr r h l b r p r t r th r th n b th p r t f l . f ll d th p tt rn f th l l n t n h n tr t n f " nt f " v r " t p n" l . t th n t l d th t n f ll n t n l t nd p nd ntl f h n ll, M rx n d th n d t pr v th t l ld necessarily d v l p rd n t th l f n . C n ntl , h t t nd d t d v l p f r l t n th t ld b nd r t d d t r n t , n t v n ff nt r l t h n ll nd n t n n th h t r l pr . S h n nt nd d n n t th p r t f p t l f l t t d th pr f p rv rt n M rx t nt n th t n t f nd nt ll d ff r nt fr p t l . If M rx h d pr n n d h d t d , t th b nn n — nd r p dl n r n —d l n f p t l , h real ld h v h d h n t b nfl nt l r v n v t r , pr v d d n n h h t r l nj t r . A t , v n th rd " l " nd " n " r pr d. At n r t , v r l t r n t p rt th t ld l t r pr nt M rx n th ht ld h v t b b d n th nv t n th t th S v t r r not l t t n n n , th t l n p t bl th b r r t , th n nt r d, n pt n r nt d l t , th t t n p t bl th th t r l nd r br l z t n th t h r t r z th S v t, l th p t l t, t . h rr pt n f l xpl n th f t th t n n r d l h n t th ht ft n fr r p nd nd v d l h r n t d nt f d th th d f M rx r h r v n pp d t th , t ft r h v n b n t v b r f th n t v nt. Wh l t p bl t nt n h r ll th r d l h n t f th p t M rx n p r d, x pl f th r th n n r v n n th f ll n p . h h th n pt l z t n f th r d l h n t d ff r d d l , nd t t ntr d t h th r pl t l , th ll h r th f ll n d nd tt t d :
• th t pr d t n t rv th r l n d f th p pl , n t th d nd f th n t
0 E IGIO , C A AC E , A SOCIE Y
• th t n r l t n t b t bl h d b t n p pl nd n t r , n f p r t n n t f xpl t t n • th t t l nt n t b r pl d b l d r t • th t th f ll l rr n nt t b h n ll b n nd th pr v nt n f ll b n • th t n t x n pt n b t n n pt n th t f rth r ll b n t b tr v n f r • th t th nd v d l t b n t v , n t p v , p rt p nt n l l f . Alb rt S h tz r t rt fr th r d l pr f th n nt r f W t rn lt r . "It bv t v r b d ," h t t , "th t r n pr f lt r l lf d tr t n. Wh t l ft l n t r n r . It t ll t nd b t n t xp d t th d tr t v pr r t h h th r t h lr d b d. t t t b lt n r v l [Gerd11]. h n xt l nd l d [Bergrutsch] n t t l n . . . h lt r l p t f d rn M n d n h d b th r t n h h rr nd h d n h h nd d h p h ll ." Ch r t r z n th nd tr l b n " nfr . . . n n ntr t d .. . n pl t . . . n d n r f l n h h n t ," h nt n :
t th t d v l p d r n z t n x r h th rt n n n p r v r M n, M n d p nd n n t h r n t d r th t h l t h d t l v nt l [geistig] x t n f h n. . . . h h v nt r d n M ddl A . n r l t f ll fr d f th ht h b n p t t f f n t n, b n v p th n n fr nd v d l , nd r d d b th ll t v t h h th b l n . . . . W th th r f f nd p nd n f th ht h v — nd h ld t b th r —l t f th n tr th. O r nt ll t l t n l l f d r n z d. The overorganization of our public affairs culminates in the organization of thoughtlessness [ ph dd d]. nd tr l t h r t r z d n t nl b l f fr d b t l b " v r ff rt" (Uberanstrengung). " r t r thr nt r n nd v d l h v l v d nl working b n nd n t human b n ."
h l t h n t v b f nd n E. r , d., Socialist Humanism. h nd th f ll n S h tz r p r tr n l t n f t t n fr Die Schuld der Philosophic an dem Niedergang der Kultur, f r t p bl h d n 2 , b t t h d fr 00 t . 131 O A E O O E?
h h n b t n t nt d nd n th pbr n n f h ldr n b h t nt d p r nt , n nt l f t r f r th r h n d v l p nt l n . " t r n, h lf bj t d t v r p t n, th d lt p r n b r nd r t th n d f r p rf l d tr t n. .. Absolute passivity, diverting attention from and forgetting of oneself are a physical need for him" ( ph dd d . A n n S h tz r pl d f r r d t n f r nd n t v r n pt n nd l x r . S h tz r, th r t t nt th l n, n t , d E h rt, th n n n , th t M n t n t t r t r nt n t ph r f p r t l t , r t fr th ff r f th rld, b t t l d n t v l f n h h n tr t ntr b t t th p r t l p rf t n f t . "If n d rn nd v d l th r r f h h n nd th l nt nt r nt t, n t th l t r n th f t th t th r f n t ntl th r p r n l r l t n th lt r f th f th rl nd, instead of being in constant living interchange with the collective and of giving it the power which drives the collective to its perfection" ( ph dd d . n l d th t th pr nt lt r l nd l tr t r dr v t rd t tr ph , fr h h nl n n n " h r t r th n th ld n ll r " th t t r n r lv n n b l f nd tt t d , nl nt t p r h. "E nt l n th n n ll b th pr n pl f t v t , h h r t n l th n n v nt r h nd , th nl r t n l nd pr t pr n pl f th h t r l d v l p nt pr d d b M n. . . . I h v nf d n n f th that this revolution will occur if we decide to become thinking human beings" ( ph dd d . It pr b bl b S h tz r th l n nd b t n n, t l t ph l ph ll , f r h n pt f "r v r n f r l f " th b f th th t p pl h v n r ll n r d th t h n f th t r d l r t f nd tr l t , d b n n t th f pr r nd n r l h pp n . r n z d th d f h n t nd th rld thr h th pr t f nd tr l z d l f t th b nn n f th nt r h lr d th n nd d p nd n f th p pl , th d tr t v ff t f b n l r , th n d f r l r nd l n pt n. p t l t d th n t f r n n f ll t v l f th t ld b r n z d b th p r t f l d r t nd r v r n f r l f . h pr nt t n f S h tz r th ht h ld n t b n l d d th t p nt n t th f t th t S h tz r, n ntr t t th t ph l pt f Chr t n t , t ph l pt . h n f th r n h tr n l ttr t d b ddh t th ht, n h h l f
2 E IGIO , C A AC E , A SOCIE Y h n n n th t v n nd r nt d b pr b n . t th n l n: "If n t th rld t , t p bl t nd t th n n n h h th nd l f M n nd f M n nd n ." h nl n n f l f l f t v t n th rld n t t v t n n r l b t th t v t f v n nd r n f r f ll r t r . S h tz r v th n r n h r t n nd b l v n t. h r r r bl n h p n th d f th ddh , E h rt, M rx, nd S h tz r: th r r d l d nd f r v n p th h v n r nt t n th r n t n n pl t nd p nd n th r t ph l pt th r dl r l t , nd th r d nd f r l t v t n th p r t f r nd h n l d r t . v r, th t h r r t n n f th l nt . r n t n , E h rt ll n n f h n nth M rx, f h r l t . h tt r f nt rpr t t n, p ll f E h rt nd M rx, pl x th t t p bl t v n d t pr nt t n f th n nth t r l n f r n t v th t th t h r th f nd r f n r l t f tt n th n t f n M n. In l t th v l I h ll n l z th d f th t h r . Ev n th r h n nn t ll r d l h n t , n th h rdl tr n nd th tr n p r n l, h n t tt t d f r ( h th th r f th t r p rt n d b th Cl b f , d n t f l t th t r d l nn r h n h n th nl lt rn t v t n t tr ph . M r v nd t l d nd "n rld n n . . . n th n th f t r l r r . . . n tt t d t rd n t r , b d n h r n r th r th n n n t ... n f d nt f t n th f t r n r t n . . . . r th f r t t n M n l f n rth, h b n d t r fr n fr d n h t h n d h b n d t r tr n h n nd t hn l l dv n nt, r t l t t d r t t d ff r ntl fr b f r h b n d b ll th f t r n r t n f th rth t h r h d f rt n th th nf rt n t —n t n p r t f h r t b t n p r t f n t . b n d t n ntr t n n th r n r th f th t t l rld t . C n h , n d n n , n ?" h n l d th t th t th f nd nt l h n h n , " p n d d d."
In l tt r t E. . b , S h tz r r t th t th "r l n f l v n x t th t rld r l n p r n l t " (Divine Light, 2, . [ 6 ] .
O A E O O E?
h t d h h rt n —t th t t t nd n n b n th t t d n t n d r th p l t l, l, nd p h l l f t r th t t nd n th f n h n . nd t th tr nd f n r h n n n r l l nt l t f ll d p b r tt pt t n d r th r l b t l th t p d ll th r t n . (It t b h p d th t th Cl b f t r p th th pr bl f th l nd p l t l h n th t r th pr nd t n f r tt n n th n r l l . v rth l th f t r n th t th th r h v tt pt d f r th f r t t t h th n n d nd r r f th h l rld, nd th t, I r t n th Intr d t n, f r th f r t t d nd d f r n th l h n , n t n n f th l b l f b t th r t n l n n f n n l . W th n th p t f r , n d r bl n b r f b n th Un t d St t nd n G r n h v r d th d nd: t b rd n t n t th n d f th p pl , f r t f r r h r rv v l, nd f r r ll b n . (I h v r d r x n d b t th rt f v h b , b t th n b r v l bl t l t t th t. M t f th th r r th t t r l n r f n pt n d n t n r l n n r n ll b n th t h r t r l l nd p r t l h n t t th r th th n r l h n th t nl t p t n r n t r l r r nd d tr n th l l nd t n f r h n rv v l, t tr ph th n h ndr d r f r bl . I nt n h r nl f f th t t nd n r pr nt t v f th n h n t n . h n t E. . S h h r h n h b Small Is Beautiful th t r f l r r th r lt f r , nd th t r t hn t b b rd n t d t r r l h n n d . "E n nt nt f l f d dl lln ," h r t , "b nf n t r th d n t f t nt f n t rld. h t n should not b th nt nt f l f h b n t ld t n nd b ll t r t t h r th t t cannot b v d nt t d . If n nt t d r b th d dl lln n r d t l, n n th t t l r t n dd t n, l l h l r dr dd t n. It d n t tt r t h h th r th dd t n pp r n r t t l r r ltr t f r , h th r t t t f t n nl n r d t r l t r l n n rt t ll , lt r ll , r nt f ll r f n d . n p n, v n f r pp d n lv r p p r. . . . If p r t l lt r , th lt r f th nn r M n, n l t d, th n lf hn r n th d n t n p r n M n nd t f lf hn ,
4 E IGIO , C A AC E , A SOCIE Y l p t l , f t th r nt t n b tt r th n t f l v f r n f ll b n ." S h h r h tr n l t d h pr n pl b d v n n h n th t r d pt d t th n d f n n nd tr l z d ntr . It p ll n t rth th t h b r r p p l r v r r— nd n t b b dv rt n p n b t b th rd f th pr p nd f h r d r . l Ehrl h nd Ann Ehrl h r t A r n th r h th n n l r t S h h r . In th r Population, Resources, Environ- ment: Issues in Human Ecology th pr nt th f ll n n l n b t "th pr nt rld t t n":
. C n d r n pr nt t hn l nd p tt rn f b h v r r pl n t r l v rp p l t d n . 2. h l r b l t n b r f p pl nd th r t f p p l t n r th r j r h ndr n t lv n h n pr bl . . h l t f h n p b l t t pr d f d b nv nt n l n h v v r n rl b n r h d. r bl f ppl nd d tr b t n lr d h v r lt d n r hl h lf f h n t b n nd rn r h d r ln r h d S 0 20 ll n p pl r t rv n t d th nn ll n . 4. Att pt t n r f d pr d t n f rth r ll t nd t l r t th d t r r t n f r nv r n nt, h h n t rn ll v nt ll reduce th p t f th rth t pr d f d. It n t l r h th r nv r n nt l d h n n f r t b nt ll rr v r bl t p bl th t th p t f th pl n t t pp rt h n l f h b n p r n ntl p r d. S h t hn l l " " t b l , p t d , nd n r n n tr n f rt l z r r j r f nv r n nt l d t r r t n. . h r r n t b l v th t p p l t n r th n r th pr b b l t f l th l rld d pl nd f th r n l r r. E th r ld pr v d n nd r bl "d th r t l t n" t th p p l t n pr bl h p t nt ll p bl f d tr n v l z t n nd v n f dr v n Homo sapiens t xt n t n. 6. h r n t hn l l p n f r th pl x f pr bl p n th p p l t n f d nv r n nt r , lth h t h n l pr p rl ppl d n h r p ll t n b t nt, n t n , nd f rt l t ntr l n pr v d v t n . The basic solutions involve dramatic and rapid changes in human O A E O O E?
attitudes, p ll th r l t n t r pr d t v b h v r, n r th, t hn l , th nv r n nt, nd nfl t r l t n. [E ph dd d.]
E. Eppl r Ende oder Wende (End r h n n th r r nt r th t b r nt n. Eppl r d r l r t S h h r , th h l r d l, nd h p t n p rh p p ll nt r t n b h th l d r f th S l r t p rt n d n W rtt b r nd nv n d r t t nt. b I r t r f th r nt t n, The Sane Society nd The Revolution of Hope. Ev n n th S v t bl r t r , h r th d f th r tr t n f pr d t n h l b n t b , v r b nn n t t th t n d r t n b v n t n n th t r th. W. r h, d d nt M rx t n th G r n r t p bl , pr p t t , rld d n b l n , h h l n n r nt l t nd v rt th d n r f rr p r bl d t th b ph r . Al , n 2 f th t t t nd n n t r l nt t , n t , nd r ph r n th S v t Un n t t d "M n nd Env r n nt." On th r nd r th r lt f th Cl b f t d , h h th n d r d n p th t nd r p tf l p r t, p nt n t th n d r bl r t f th t d , v n th h n t r n th th . (S " hn l nd l t " n th bl r ph , f r r p rt f th t n . h t p rt nt nt p r r nthr p l l nd h t r l xpr n f th h n th t n t th v r tt pt t h n t l r n tr t n t b f nd n . M f rd The Pentagon of Power nd n ll h pr v b .
6 III C nd t n f r n Ch n nd th t r f th M n
A n th pr r ht—th t nl f nd nt l h n n h n h r t r fr pr p nd r n f th h v n d t pr d n ntl b n d f x t n n v fr p h l nd n t tr ph —th t n r : I l r l h r t r l l h n p bl , nd f , h n t b br ht b t? I t th t h n h r t r can h n f th nd t n x t:
. W r ff r n nd r r th t r . 2. W r n z th r n f r ll b n . . W r n z th t th r f v r n r ll b n . 4. W pt th t n rd r t v r r ll b n t f ll rt n n r f r l v n nd h n r pr nt pr t f l f .
h f r p nt rr p nd t th r bl r th th t f r th b f th ddh t h n d l n th th n r l nd t n f h n x t n , th h n t th f h n ll b n d t p f nd v d l r l r t n . h pr n pl f h n th t h r t r z th th d f th ddh l nd rl M rx d f lv t n. In rd r t nd r t nd th t n r t b r th t f r M rx, h h lf d, n n t f n l l, b t t p n th h t r l d v l p nt th t t l b r t h n b n fr th n nd p l t l nd t n th t p pl nh n—pr n r f th n , h n , nd th r n r d. M rx f r t t p t h th r n l f h t , th t l n t d nd r bl l , that th ff r d. tr d t d tr th
O A E O O E?
ll n th t t nd d t v r th r r r n f th r r . nd t p t h th causes f th ff r n , h h h p nt t r n th n t r f p t l nd th h r t r f r d nd v r nd d p nd n th t th p t l t t pr d . h n l f th f th r r ff r n (b t n t only th r ntr b t d th n thr t f M rx r , th n l f p t l t n . th rd t p t d n tr t th t th ff r n ld b r v d f th nd t n f r ff r n r r v d. In th f rth t p h h d th n pr t f l f , th n l t th t ld b fr f th ff r n th t th ld t , f n t , h d t pr d . r d th d f h l n nt ll l r. t nt n lt d r d b th ff r d nd th r r that th ff r d. t th r ll n t r what th ff r d from. h p h n l t l f r t t t h lp p t nt v p th r ll n b t th r ff r n nd l rn h t th r ll b n r ll n t f. h d n f th n t r f nd v d l r t l ll b n tt r f nt rpr t t n, nd v r nt rpr t r n d ff r. h p t nt n p t r f h t th ff r fr ll th l t r l bl d t f r d n . h n f th p h n l t pr t h lp p t nt r f th causes f th r ll b n . A n n f h n l d , p t nt n rr v t th n xt t p: th n ht th t th r ll b n n b r d, pr v d d t r d n th. In r d v th nt t l ft th r pr n f rt n nf nt l v nt . r d t n l p h n l nt ll n t t r n th n d f r th f rth p nt, h v r. M n p h n l t t th n th t, b t lf, n ht nt th r pr d h r t v ff t. Ind d, th ft n th , p ll h n th p t nt ff r fr r r b d pt , h h t r l r b n l pt . t I d n t b l v n th n l t n n b h v d b p r n h ff r fr n r l ll b n nd f r h h n n h r t r n r , unless they change their practice of life in accordance with the change in character they want to achieve. r n t n , n n n l z th d p nd n f nd v d l nt l d d , b t ll th n ht n d ll pl h n th n h l th t n th pr t l t t n th r l v n n b f r rr v n t th n ht . v pl x pl : n h ff r n r t d n h r d p nd n n h r f th r, v n th h h h n ht nt d p r f th d p nd n , ll n t r ll h n nl h h n h r pr t f l f , f r n t n p r t fr h r f th r, d n t pt h f v r , t th r nd p n th t th pr t l t p
8 CO I IO S O UMA C A GE A E EA U ES O E EW MA t rd nd p nd n pl . Insight separated from practice remains ineffec- tive.
The New Man
h f n t n f th n t t n r th r n f n M n, b n h h r t r tr t r ll xh b t th f ll n l t : • W ll n n t v p ll f r f h v n , n rd r t f ll b . • S r t , n f d nt t , nd nf d n b d n f th n h t n is, n n n d f r r l t dn , nt r t, l v , l d r t th th rld r nd n , n t d f n n d r t h v , t p , t ntr l th rld, nd th b th l v f n p n . • A pt n f th f t th t n b d nd n th n t d n lf v n n t l f , b t th t th r d l nd p nd n nd n th n n n b th nd t n f r th f ll t t v t d v t d t r n nd h r n . • n f ll pr nt h r n . • th t fr v n nd h r n , n t fr h rd n nd xpl t n . • v nd r p t f r l f n ll t n f t t n , n th n l d th t n t th n , p r, ll th t d d, b t l f nd v r th n th t p rt n t t r th r r d. • r n t r d r d, h t , nd ll n h n p bl . • v n th t r h p n d l nd th t ll n , b n h r h d t t th t d n t r r ll n . • v l p n n p t f r l v , t th r th n p t f r r t l, n nt nt l th ht. • Sh dd n n n r nd pt n th tr l t t n nh r nt n h n x t n . • M n th f ll r th f n lf nd f n f ll b n th pr l f l v n . • Kn n th t t r h th l d pl n nd r p t f r r l t r n r . • Kn n , l , th t n r th h lth th t d n t r n tr t r , b t n n , t , th d ff r n b t n tr t r n ttr b t f l f nd " rd r" n ttr b t f n l f , f th d d.
O A E O O E?
• v l p n n n t n, n t n p fr nt l r bl r t n b t th nt p t n f r l p b l t , n t d th nt l r bl r t n . • t d v n th r , b t l n t b n d v d b th r n b ll d nn nt, b t n t n v . • Kn n n lf, n t nl th lf n n , b t l th lf n d n t n — v n th h n h l b r n n l d f h t n d n t n . • S n n n n n th ll l f , h n v n p th f n r n n t r , bd n t, xpl t n t, r p n t, d tr n t, b t tr n , r th r, t nd r t nd nd p r t th n t r . • r d th t n t rb tr r n b t th p b l t t b n lf, n t b ndl f r d d r , b t d l t l b l n d tr t r th t t n nt nfr nt d th th lt rn t v f r th r d , l f r d th. • Kn n th t v l nd d tr t v n r n r n n f f l r t r . • Kn n th t nl f h v r h d p rf t n n ll th l t , b t b n th t th b t n t "r h th l," n th n l d th t h b t n nl n th r f r f r d, f h v n . • pp n n th pr f v r r n l v n , h t v r th f rth t p nt th t f t p r t n t r h, f r l v n f ll n n t f t r th t th n rn f r h t n ht r ht n t tt n h l ttl h n t d v l p. t h t p pl l v n n nt p r r b rn t , b r r t nd tr l — h th r n t " p t l t" r " l t" v r n— ld d t br thr h th h v n f r f x t n nd t n r th b n t r n t th n th p f th b . In f t, t ld r r b b t lf, n th t ht ppr pr t l b t tl d " h Art f n ." t n b h v b n p bl h d n r nt r b t th r d t ll b n , h lpf l, nd n th r d h r f l b th r fr d l n , xpl t n th n r t th t t r t p pl h t p th r l . S v l bl b th t ht b h lpf l t n n th r nt r t n th pr bl f h v n ll b n r l t d n th bl r ph .
40 I t r f th S t
A New Science of Man
h f r t r r nt n th p bl r t n f th n t t b r f th l t n r nt bl d ff lt th t h n tt pt t f . h d r n f th d ff lt pr b bl n f th n r n th t l ttl ff rt d t th n r h n . M n th n : "Wh tr v f r th p bl ? t r th r t f th r r t r n ll l d t th pl f f t nd h pp n th t r p nd t ." h h n n l d p r t p t n th f pt r n t n r l . t th h h v n t v n p h p n d nl f th r h rdh d d r l t , h d ll ll n , nd f ll ppr t th d ff lt . h br t r th d t n t n b t n awake nd dreaming " t p n ." nt n nl f f th d ff lt th n tr t n f th n t h t lv : • It ld h v t lv th pr bl f h t nt n th nd tr l d f pr d t n th t t t l ntr l z t n, . ., th t nd n p n f f th ld f h n d t p r, r l l , t hn l l "f th l n f ." • It ld h v t b n v r ll pl nn n th h h d r f d ntr l z t n, v n p th "fr r t n ," th t h b l r l f t n. • It ld h v t v p th l f nl t d r th f r l t v r th, th t r nn n th r f n d t r.
4 O A E O O E?
• It ld h v t r t r nd t n nd n r l p r t n h h n t t r l n b t th r, p h t f t n r ff t v t v t n . • It ld h v t f rth r nt f pr r nd, t th t , pr v nt th pr r fr b n d n r t th h n r b t pr t l ppl t n. • It ld h v t r t nd t n nd r h h p pl xp r n ll b n nd j , n t th t f t n f th x pl r dr v . • It ld h v t v b r t t nd v d l th t n th d p nd nt n b r r t f d th . • It t r t r p b l t f r nd v d l n t t v n l v n , r th r th n n b n ( h r t h rdl x t n r n . A n th d v l p nt f t hn d ff lt d n r nt bl , th d ff lt l t d b v n r nt bl n . t th d ff lt f t hn r n t n r nt bl b n n h d b n t bl h d th t pr l d th pr n pl f b rv t n nd n l d f n t r nd t n f r ntr ll n t ( r n n: Novum Organum, 620 . h "n n " f th v nt nth nt r h ttr t d th t br ll nt nd n th nd tr l z d ntr p t th d , nd t l d t th f lf ll nt f th t hn l Ut p th h n nd h d b n dr n f. t t d , r hl thr nt r l t r, n d n nt r l d ff r nt n n . W n d n t S n f M n th b f r th Appl d S n nd Art f S l n tr t n. Technical Utopias—flying, f r x pl —h v b n h v d b th n n f n t r . h human Utopia f th M n — n t d n h n nd l v n n l d r t nd p , fr fr n d t r n t n nd fr r nd l tr l — n b h v d, pr v d d p nd th n r , nt ll n , nd nth n th r l z t n f th h n Ut p h v p nt n th r l z t n f r t hn l Ut p . On nn t n tr t b r n b r d n l rn n nn t n tr t h n t t b r d n th pr ph t . Wh th r h h n fr th pr f n t r l n t n l n ll t pl , n b d n t ll. If t d , ht t ll h v h n f r rv v l, b t h th r t ll d p nd n n f t r: h n br ll nt, l rn d, d pl n d, nd r n n nd n r ttr t d b th n h ll n t th h n nd, nd b th f t th t th t the goal is not control over nature but control over technique and over irrational social
42 EA U ES O E EW SOCIE Y forces and institutions that threaten the survival of Western society, if not of the human race. It nv t n th t r f t r d p nd n h th r, v n r n f th pr nt r , th b t nd ll b l z t d v t th lv t th n h n t n f M n. r n th n h rt f th r n rt d ff rt ll h lp t lv th pr bl lr d nt n d h r , nd t h v th l d d b l . l pr nt th h n r l " l z t n f th n f pr d t n" h v t rn d t t b l t nd n t h bb l th nl v r n p th b n f l . " t t r h p f th pr l t r t" r f n " nt ll t l l t " n l n b l nd l d n th n th n pt f th "fr r t n " r, f r th t tt r, f th "fr " n t n . E rl r l t nd n t , fr M rx t n n, h d n n r t pl n f r l t r n t t th th r t n f l . l f r th t ll b th b f b n ll n t r th t n d n , d l , t d , nd xp r nt th t begin to bridge the gap between what is necessary and what is possible. h ll v nt ll nt t l r l , l n r n pl nn n nd t h rt t r pr p l f r f r t t p . h pr bl th ll nd th h n t p r t f th h r n th b d , h n p pl n v n nd lt n l r n z h t n b d n t p b t p n n r t t h v t, th ll b n t f l n r nt nd nth n t d f fr ht. If th n nd p l t l ph r f t r t b b rd n t d t h n d v l p nt, the model of the new society must be determined by the requirements of the unalienated, being-oriented individual. h n th t h n b n h ll n th r l v n nh n p v rt — t ll th n pr bl f th j r t f p pl —n r b f r d— r th ffl nt f th nd tr l rld—t b Homo consumers b th nh r nt l f p t l t pr d t n, h h d nd nt n r th f pr d t n nd, h n , nf r r n n pt n. If h n b n r v r t b fr nd t f d n nd tr b p th l l n pt n, r d l h n n th n t n r : we must put an end to the present situation where a healthy economy is possible only at the price of unhealthy human beings. h t t n tr t h lth n f r h lth p pl . The first crucial step toward this goal is that production shall be directed for the sake of "sane consumption."
4 O A E O O E?
h tr d t n l f r l " r d t n f r use n t d f f r profit" n ff nt b t d n t l f h t nd f r f rr d t : h lth r p th l l. At th p nt t d ff lt pr t l t n r : Wh t d t r n h h n d r h lth nd h h r p th n ? Of n th n n b rt n: t f r t z n t n h t th t t d d b t— v n f t is th b t— t f th t n. r r t ntr l th t ld f r bl bl n pt n ld nl p pl ll th r n pt n h n r . S n n pt n n
t pl nl f n v r n r n n b r f p pl want t h n th r n pt n p tt rn nd th r l f t l . And th p bl nl f p pl r ff r d t p f n pt n th t r ttr t v th n th n th r d t . h nn t h pp n v rn ht r b d r , b t ll r r l d t n l pr , nd n th th v rn nt t pl n p rt nt r l . h f n t n f th t t t t bl h n r f r h lth n pt n, n t p th l l nd nd ff r nt n pt n. In pr n pl , h n r n b t bl h d. h U.S. d nd r Ad n tr t n ff r d x pl t d t r n h h f d nd h h dr r h r f l, b n t d t r n t n n th xp rt p n n f nt t n v r f ld , ft n ft r pr l n d xp r nt t n. In l r f h n, th v l f th r d t nd rv n b d t r n d b p n l f p h l t , nthr p l t , l t , ph l ph r , th l n , nd r pr nt t v f v r l nd n r r p . t th x n t n f h t l f f rth r n nd h t l f d n r r d pth f r r h th t n p r bl r t r th n th t n r f r r lv n th pr bl f th A. r r h n th n t r f n d th t h h rdl b n t h d ll h v t b d n b th n n f M n. W ll n d t d t r n h h n d r n t n r r n h h r th r lt f lt r l pr r h h r xpr n f th nd v d l r th h h r nth t , f r d p n th nd v d l b nd tr h h " t v t " nd h h "p v t " h h r r t d n p th l nd h h n p h l h lth. In ntr t t th x t n A, th d n f th n h n t b d f xp rt ld n t b pl nt d b f r , b t ld rv nl d l n , t b b tt d t th t z n f r d n. W h v lr d b v r h r f th pr bl f h lthf l nd nh lthf l f d th r lt f th xp rt nv t t n ll h lp t n r t r n t n f ll th r n nd p th l l n d . pl ld th t t n pt n n nd r p v t th t th n d f r p d nd
44 EA U ES O E EW SOCIE Y n n , h h n nl b t f d b n r , r fl t r tl n , th nn r fl ht fr n lf th ld b r th t l n f r th n xt th n t d r th n t d t t nl n f pr t t n n lf fr b n l t n lf r t n th r p r n. h v rn nt n r tl f l t t th d t n l pr b b d z n th pr d t n f d r bl d t nd rv , nt l th n b pr f t bl pr d d. A l r d t n l p n n f v r f n n pt n ld h v t p n th ff rt . It t b xp t d th t a concerted effort to stimulate the appetite for sane consumption is likely to change the pattern of consumption. Ev n f th br n h n dv rt n th d th t nd tr n r v d d— nd th n nt l nd t n— t d n t nr n bl t xp t th ff rt t h v n ff t th t n t t f r b h nd th t f nd tr l pr p nd . A t nd rd bj t n t th h l pr r f l t v n pt n ( nd pr d t n rd n t th pr n pl f "Wh t f rth r ll b n ?" th t n th fr r t n th n r t pr l h t th nt, nd h n th r n n d f r " l t v " pr d t n. h r nt b d n th pt n th t n r nt h t d f r th , h h , f r , bl t ntl ntr ( n th f dr , r p rh p v n r tt , n b d ld th r nt . h p rt nt f t th t th r nt pl nl n r th t th h f th n r r n f t r d b th pr d r. In p t f p t n br nd , th v r ll ff t f dv rt n t t l t th r v n f r n pt n. All f r h lp h th r n th b nfl n v th r dv rt n th b r x r nl nd r l th d btf l pr v l f h n b t n v r l p t n br nd . On f th t nd rd x pl ff r d b th h r th t th n r h r ll p rf l th f l r f th rd p n "Ed l." t th Ed l l f d n t lt r th f t th t v n th dv rt n pr p nd f r t propaganda to buy automobiles—from h h ll br nd pr f t d, x pt th nf rt n t Ed l. rth r r , nd tr nfl n t t b not pr d n d t th t ld b r h lthf l t h n b n b t l pr f t bl t nd tr . Sane consumption is possible only if we can drastically curb the right of the stockholders and management of big enterprises to determine their production solely on the basis of profit and expansion. S h h n ld b ff t d b l th t lt r n th n t t t n f W t rn d r ( lr d h v n l th t r tr t pr p rt r ht n th nt r t f th p bl lf r . Wh t tt r th p r t d r t pr d t n, n t n r h p f p t l. In th l n r n, th t t f
4 O A E O O E?
th n r ll d d h t t b pr d d, n th t v p r f dv rt n nd d. E th r th x t n nt rpr ll h v t nv rt th r f l t n rd r t t f th n d nd , r h r th t n t p bl , th v rn nt t p nd th p t l n r f r th pr d t n f n pr d t nd rv th t r nt d. All th h n n nl b d r d ll , nd th th n nt f th j r t f th p p l t n. t th nt t n f r f n t , n th t d ff r nt fr pr nt d p t l t fr th S v t ntr l z d t t p t l nd fr th S d h t t l lf r b r r . Obv l , fr th v r b nn n th b rp r t n ll th r tr nd p r t tr t f ht h h n . Onl th t z n v r h l n d r f r n n pt n ld br th rp r t n r t n . On ff t v th t t z n n d n tr t th power of the consumer t b ld l t nt n r v nt th t ll th thr t f " n r tr " p n. A , f r n t n , th t 20 p r nt f th A r n r n n p p l t n r t d d n t t b pr v t t b l n r , b th b l v d th t, n p r n th x ll nt p bl tr n p rt t n, th pr v t t b l n ll t f l, l ll p n , nd p h l ll d n — dr th t r t n rt f l f l n f p r, n r nv , nd h lp n t r n fr n lf. Wh l nl n n t ld d t r n h r t n n thr t t ld b t th t b l nd tr — nd, f r , t th l p n — l rl f h n r tr r t h pp n, n t n l n nt r d r nd t b l pr d t n ld b n r tr bl . Of r , n b d nt th A r n n t b n r tr bl , b t h thr t, f t n b d r d bl ( t p n r f r n nth, f r n t n , ld v n r p rf l l v r t nd h n n th h l t f pr d t n. h r t dv nt f n r tr r th t th d n t r r v rn nt t n, th t th r d ff lt t b t ( nl th v rn nt r t t th t p f f r n t z n t b h t th d n t nt t b , nd th t th r ld b n n d t t f r th rd f p r nt f th t z n t br n nf r nt b v rn nt r . r, nd d, 20 p r nt n r t ld b xtr l ff t v n nd n h n . C n r tr ld t thr h p l t l l n nd l n n rv t v ll l b r l nd "l ft" h n t ld p rt p t , n
46 EA U ES O E EW SOCIE Y
n t v t n ld n t th ll: th d r f r n nd h n n pt n. A th f r t t p t ll n ff n r tr , th r d l h n t n r v nt l d r ld n t t th b nd tr ( nd th th v rn nt f r th d nd d h n . h r th d ld b b ll th th t d n n t t n t v rt r nd r r tr . h pr bl n ll th l n n th n r r f ( th r p rtl n n pr t t n t n r nd (2 th r p t nt l p r, n th humanist minded consumers are organized. Such a n r v nt ld b n f t t n f n n d r : th nd v d l ld xpr th lv d r tl nd tr t h n th r f l d v l p nt n n t v nd n n l n t d f h n. And ll th ld b b d n p r n l xp r n , n t n p l t l l n . t v n n ff t v n r v nt ll n t ff l n th p r f th b rp r t n r n r t t n . r v n th r n nt f d r th t t ll x t d d t ld t t hn r t f , t t f ll f d, nth n n r b t —th v r t p f t th t h f r d nd r th n f " n "— nl th nt rp r t n b h ld n th v rn nt ( h h b tr n r d l nd n th p p l t n (v th ht ntr l thr h br n h n br n. h Un t d St t h tr d t n f rb n th p r f nt nt rpr , xpr d n t nt tr t l . A p rf l p bl nt nt ld v th t th p r t f th l b ppl d t th x t n rp r t p rp r , th t th p rp r ld b br n p nt ll r n t . To achieve a society based on being, all people must actively participate in their economic function and as citizens. Hence, our liberation from the having mode of existence is possible only through the full realization of industrial and political participatory democracy. h d nd h r d b t r d l h n t . Industrial democracy pl th t h b r f l r nd tr l r th r r n z t n pl n t v r l n th l f f th r n z t n th t h f ll nf r d nd p rt p t n d n n , t rt n t th l v l f th nd v d l n r pr , h lth nd f t r (th h lr d b n f ll tr d b f S d h nd A r n nt rpr nd v nt ll p rt p t n n d n n t h h r, n r l p l l v l f th nt rpr . It nt l th t th pl th lv , nd n t r pr nt t v f tr d n n , r pr nt th r r n th r p t v b d f d t r n t n. Ind tr l d r n
4 O A E O O E?
l th t th nt rpr n t nl n n nd t hn l n t t t n, b t l n t t t n n h l f nd nn r f f n t n n v r b r b t v nd, th r f r , nt r t d. h pr n pl ppl t th pl nt t n f political democracy. r n r t th th r t r n thr t f t tr n f r d fr p v " p t t r d r " nt n t v "p rt p t r d r "— n h h th ff r f th n t r l nd p rt nt t th nd v d l t z n th r pr v t ff r r, b tt r, n h h th ll b n f th n t b h t z n pr v t n rn. p rt p t n n th n t , p pl f nd l f b r nt r t n nd t l t n . Ind d, tr p l t l d r n b d f n d n n h h l f j t th t, interesting. t v r n t r h p rt p t r d r — n ntr t t th "p pl d r " r " ntr l t d r "— nb r r t nd r t l t th t v rt ll x l d th r n f d . v n th th d f r p rt p t r d r pr b bl f r r d ff lt th n th l b r t n f d r t n t t t n n th ht nth nt r . M n p t nt p pl ll b r r d t r nt n ff rt t d v th n pr n pl nd th pl nt n th d f r b ld n th p rt p t r d r . A j t n f n p bl t n f r h v n th nd, I h ld l t r t t n I d r th n t nt r n The Sane Society: th t h ndr d f th nd f f t f r p ( f b t f v h ndr d b r h b r t d, t n t t t th lv p r n nt b d f d l b r t n nd d n n th r rd t b pr bl n th f ld f n , f r n p l , h lth, d t n, nd th n t ll b n . h r p ld b v n ll p rt n nt nf r t n (th n t r f th nf r t n d r b d l t r , ld d th nf r t n ( th t th pr n f t d nfl n , nd ld v t n th ( nd, v n r rr nt t hn l l th d , ll th r v t ld b ll t d th n d . h t t l t f th r p ld f r " r ," h d n , l n th th f th r p l t l r n , ld h v r l nfl n n l l t n. "Wh th l b r t pl n ," t ll b d, " h n p n n p ll n p rf r th t f l t n th h l p p l t n p n n n n ll h rt t ?" h bj t n t h p n n f th t pr bl t l p t f th xpr n f p n n. Wh t th " p n n" n h h th p ll r b d b t th v p r n h th t th
48 EA U ES O E EW SOCIE Y b n f t f d t nf r t n, r t l r fl t n, nd d n? r th r r , th p pl p ll d n th t th r " p n n " d n t nt nd, th , h v n ff t. S h p n n nl n t t t p pl n d t v n nt th t ll n th n b t th nd rl n tr nd th t ht l d t th pp t p n n f r t n r t h n . S l rl , th v t r n p l t l l t n n th t n th h v v t d f r nd d t , th h v n f rth r r l nfl n n th r f v nt . In r p t , v t n n p l t l l t n v n r th n th p n n p ll b f th d ll n f th n n b h pn t t hn . El t n b n x t n p p r , th th h p nd p r t n f th nd d t —n t p l t l — t t . h v t r n v n p rt p t n th dr b v n th r v t t th nd d t th h th d . Ev n th h l r p rt f th p p l t n r f t th t r , t p pl r f n t d b th d rn n p t l n h h p l t n , r th r th n l d t r , f ht n th r n . At l t t r r nt r nv lv d n th f r t n f n n nv t n: adequate information and the knowledge that one's decision has an effect. Op n n f r d b th p rl nl r d n t xpr h r h r nv t n, b t r , n l t xpr n pr f r n f r n br nd f r tt v r n th r. r th r n th p n n xpr d n p ll nd n l t n n t t t th r t, r th r th n th b t, l v l f h n j d nt. h f t nf r d b j t t x pl f p pl b t j d nt , . ., people's decisions are far superior to the level of their political decisions (a) n th r pr v t ff r ( p ll n b n , ph S h p t r h l rl h n nd (b) h n th r b r f j r . r r pr d f v r t z n , h h v t d n n th t r ft n v r ntr t nd d ff lt t nd r t nd. t th p n l b r t ll p rt n nt nf r t n, h v th h n f r xt nd d d n, nd n th t th r j d nt d d th l f nd h pp n f th p r n th r nd t d t j d . h r lt th t, b nd l r , th r d n h r t d l f n ht nd bj t v t . In ntr t, n nf r d, h lf h pn t z d, nd p rl p pl nn t xpr r nv t n . W th t nf r t n, d l b r t n, nd th p r t n d n ff t v , d r t ll xpr d p n n h rdl r th n th ppl t p rt v nt. Active participation in political life requires maximum decentralization through- out industry and politics. f th n nt l f x t n p t l , nt rpr nd v rn nt r v r l r r nd v nt ll b nt th t r
4 O A E O O E?
d n t r d ntr ll fr th t p thr h b r r t h n . On f th r t f h n t t th t th pr f ntr l z t n h ld t p nd l r l d ntr l z t n t pl . h r r v r l r n f r th . If t tr n f r d nt h t M f rd h ll d " h n " (th t , f th h l f t , n l d n t p pl , l l r , ntr ll d r t d h n , f l t n v d bl n th l n r n b (a) p pl b h p, l th r f lt f r r t l th n n , f l p rl , r p v , nd n r l l n f r l d r h " n " h t t d — nd v r th n l they d n t n , nd (b) th " h n " n b p t n p r t n b n b d th t t, pl b p h n th pr p r b tt n . h h n , l n t b l , nt ll r n t lf: . ., th p r n b h nd th h l f th r h nl t p h th r ht b tt n , n th t r n nd th br n , nd p tt nt n t f th r l rl pl d t l h t n r r th r h n r t n h l , n th h n r th n l v l f b r r t d n tr t n. Ev n p r n f d r nt ll n nd b l t n l r n t t n h r h n th t f p r. G v rn nt f n t n t n t b d l t d t t t — h h r th lv h n l r t —b t t r l t v l ll d tr t h r p pl n t ll n nd j d h th r nd, h n , n t v l p rt p t n th d n tr t n f th r n n t ff r . n tr l z t n n nd tr t v r p r t ll t n th n v n nt rpr nd br p th nt rp r t n nt ll nt t . Active and responsible participation further requires that humanistic manage- ment replace bureaucratic management. M t p pl t ll b l v th t v r nd f l r l d n tr t n t n r l b "b r r t ," . ., n l n t d f r f d n tr t n. And t p pl r n r f h d d n n th b r r t p r t nd h t p rv d ll ph r f l f , v n h r t n t t b bv , n ph n p t nt nd h b nd f r l t n h p . h b r r t th d n b d f n d n th t (a) d n t r h n b n f th r th n nd (b) d n t r th n n nt t t v r th r th n l t t v t r , n rd r t nt f t n nd ntr l r nd h p r. h b r r t th d v rn d b t t t l d t : th b r r t b th r d n n f x d r l rr v d t fr t t t l d t , r th r th n n response to the living beings who stand before them; th d d rd n t h t t t t ll t l l t b th , t th r f h rt n th r 0 p r nt f th h d n t f t
0 EA U ES O E EW SOCIE Y
nt th t p tt rn. r r t f r p r n l r p n b l t nd r f b h nd th r r l th r r t nd pr d l n th r l lt t r l , n t n th r l lt t th l f th h n h rt. E h nn n xtr x pl f b r r t. E h nn d d n t nd th h ndr d f th nd f t th r d th b h h t d th h n th r h t d n r l v d n n . E h nn "d d h d t ": h d t f l h n h nt th t th r d th h j t d t f l h n h h r d pl th xp d t n th r r t n fr G r n . All th t tt r d t h t b th r l h f lt lt nl h n h h d d b d th . t t d (d n h n b th th t h f lt lt n nl t nt : f r h v n pl d tr nt h ld, nd f r h v n d b d rd r t t h lt r d r n n r r d. h d n t pl th t th r n t n l nt f d n E h nn nd n n th r b r r t , . ., th t f t n f ntr ll n th r l v n b n . t th d t tr nl nd r t th pr r l nt n b r r t : th r l f h n r p n nd th r r h p f r l . I n t n th t ll b r r t r E h nn . In th f r t pl , n h n b n n b r r t p t n r n t b r r t n h r t r l l n . In th nd pl , n n th b r r t tt t d h n t t n v r th h l p r n nd ll d h r h r h n d . Y t th r r n E h nn n th b r r t , nd th nl d ff r n th t th h v n t h d t d tr th nd f p pl . t h n th b r r t n h p t l r f t d t r t ll p r n b th r l r r th t th p t nt b nt b ph n, th t b r r t t n d ff r ntl th n E h nn d d. th r d th l r r h d d t l t l nt t rv , r th r th n v l t rt n r l n th r b r r t d . h b r r t tt t d x t n t nl n d n tr t r t l v n ph n , n r , h l t h r , pr f r — ll n n h b nd n r l t n t th r v nd n n p r nt n r l t n t th r h ldr n. On th l v n h n b n r d d t n b r, th tr b r r t n t t f tt r r lt , n t b th r dr v n b r lt f n t d n r t t th r d d , b t b th f l n h n b nd t th r bj t . Wh l l v l th n th d t , th b r r t r r d n r , b n th th r n t v n nfl t b t n n n nd d t : th r n n d n th r d t h n b n bj t f p th nd p n d n t x t f r th .
O A E O O E?
h ld f h n d b r r t, h pr n t b nfr ndl , t ll x t n ld t bl h d nt rpr r n h l r r n z t n lf r d p rt nt , h p t l , nd pr n , n h h n l b r r t h n d r bl p r v r p r r th r p rl p pl . h b r r t n d rn nd tr r n t nfr ndl nd pr b bl h v l ttl f th d t tr , v n th h th t pl r fr h v n p r v r p pl . t n, f nd n th th t b r r t ll n t th n — n th r , th system: th b l v n it. h rp r t n th r h , nd t r l r r d b th r l r "r t n l." t n th r th ld n r th n b r r t n x t n t f p rt p t r d r , f r th b r r t p r t n p t bl th th p r t f t v p rt p t n b th nd v d l. h n l nt t t d v pl n f r n f r f n nb r r t l r l d n tr t n th t d r t d b r p n (th t r fl t "r p n b l t " t p pl nd t t n r th r th n b th r ppl t n f r l . nb r r t d n tr t n is p bl pr v d d t nt nt th p t n t l p nt n t f r p n n th d n tr t r nd d n t f t h f n z n . S n t bl h n t f b n d p nd n n th r r . In ff r n th f ll n t n , I n l t r n l t n th ntr r , I n r d b th f t th t l t ll f th t n h v b n d n n f r r n th r b h n t r t r . • All brainwashing methods in industrial and political advertising must be prohibited. h br n h n th d r d n r n t nl b th p l t b th n th t n th r n d n r nt, b t b th l d t h p l t l r pr nt t v ld n th r n d n r nt if r n f ll ntr l f r nd . t r not n f ll ntr l f r nd b h pn d th d r d t pr p nd z . b t th v r n r n d n r, we must prohibit the use of all hypnoid forms of propaganda, for commodities as well as for politicians. h h pn d th d d n dv rt n nd p l t l pr p nd r r d n r t nt l h lth, p f ll t l r nd r t l th n n nd t n l nd p nd n . I h v n d bt th t th r h t d ll
In rd r n t t v rb rd n th b I r fr n fr t n th l r l t r t r th t nt n l r pr p l . M n t tl b f nd n th bl r ph .
2 EA U ES O E EW SOCIE Y
h th t th d d b dr dd t n nl fr t n f th d d n b r th d f br n h n , fr bl n l t n t h h pn t d v n t nt r p t t n r th d fl t n f r t n l th ht b th pp l t x l l t ("I nd , fl " . h b b rd nt th p r l t v th d n dv rt n , nd t f ll n t l v n r l , t lt f n . h lt n r n nd th n f r l t p r th nd v d l v r h r nd d l t n t : d r n n h r f t h n t l v n, r h n dr v n n h h , r n th p l t l pr p nd f nd d t , nd n. h p rt l r ff t f th t v th d th t th r t n t ph r f b n h lf , f b l v n nd n t b l v n , f l n n n f r l t . St pp n th p n f t n ll h v thdr l ff t n n r th t ll b l ttl d ff r nt fr th thdr l pt dr dd t xp r n h n th t p t n dr . • The gap between the rich and the poor nations must be closed. h r l ttl d bt th t th nt n t n nd f rth r d p n n f th t p ll l d t t tr ph . h p r n t n h v d t pt th n xpl t t n b th nd tr l rld G d v n f t. Ev n th h th S v t Un n t ll xpl t n t n t ll t t t n th l n l t nn r, t nd r nf r th pr t t f th l n l p pl p l t l p n n t th W t. h n r n l pr th b nn n — nd b l— f th l n l p pl d nd t nd th t th t r r th t ll r t r l h p nd b nd tr l pr d t d r. In th , th tn r b l f th b nn n f th nd f th l n l p pl p l t l nd l t r d n t n b th W t. Wh t ll h pp n f n th n r l d n t l th p? E th r p d ll pr d nt th f rtr f th h t t r f n ll dr v th p p l t n f th p r n t n nt h d p r th t th , p rh p th th h lp f p th z r fr th nd tr l rld, ll t t f d tr t n, v n ll n l r r b bl l p n , th t ll br n h th n th h t f rtr . h t tr ph p b l t n b v rt d nl f th nd t n f h n r, t rv t n, nd n r br ht nd r ntr l— nd t d th t, th h lp f th nd tr l n t n v t ll n r . h th d f r h h lp t b fr fr ll nt r t n pr f t nd p l t l dv nt n th d f th r h ntr th n l th t th t b fr fr th d th t th n nd p l t l pr n pl f p t l r t
O A E O O E?
b tr n f rr d t Afr nd A . Obv l , the t ff nt f r n h lp t b v n ( p ll , f r n t n , n t r f rv tt r f r n xp rt t d t r n . t nl th h n l f tr xp rt n rv th , nd v d l h h v n t nl br ll nt br n b t h n h rt th t p l th t th pt l l t n. In rd r f r th xp rt t b ll d n, nd th r r nd t n t b f ll d, th h v n r nt t n t r tl n, nd n f l d r t , f r n (n t f p t t r . C r n n r n n t nl f r r f ll b n n th rth b t l f r r d nd nt . Ind d, n th n r t ll n b t r lf hn th n th t n pl nd r n th r t r l f th rth, p n n th rth, nd pr p r n n l r r. W h t t n t t ll t l v n r n d nd nt th pl nd r d rth th r h r t . W ll th nn r tr n f r t n t pl ? n n . t n th n th rld h ld n th t th t t th l h b t n p r nd r h n t n ll b n n bl . • Many of the evils of present-day capitalist and communist societies would disappear with the introduction of a guaranteed yearly income.* h r f th d th t ll p r n , r rdl f h th r th r r n t, h ll h v th n nd t n l r ht n t t t rv nd n t t b th t h lt r. h h ll r v n t r th n b ll r r d t t n th lv —b t n th r h ll th r v l . h r ht xpr n n pt f r t d , th h v r ld n r , d nd d b Chr t n t nd pr t d n n "pr t v " tr b , th t h n b n h v n unconditional right to live, regardless of whether they do their "duty to society." It r ht r nt t r p t , b t n t t r f ll b n . h r l f p r n l fr d ld b tr nd l nl r d b h l n p r n h n ll d p nd nt n n th r ( . ., n p r nt, h b nd, b ld n l n r b f r d t b t t th bl l f t rv t n ft d p r n nt n t pr p r f r d ff r nt l f ld d pr v d d th r ll n t th r f f l v n n d r f p v rt f r t . M d rn lf r t t h v pt d th pr n pl — l t . . . h h t ll n "n t r ll ." A b r r t ll " d n t r " th p pl , t ll ntr l nd h l t th . t r nt d n ld r r n "pr f" f n d f r n p r n t t
I pr p d th n n The Sane Society; th pr p l d n d 60 p ( d t d b A. h b ld bl r ph .
4 EA U ES O E EW SOCIE Y
pl r nd n f f d. h n b r r ld b n d d t d n t r lf r pr r th t nh r nt t nd t v l t n f h n d n t . h r nt d rl n ld n r r l fr d nd nd p nd n . r th t r n, t n pt bl t n t b d n xpl t t n nd ntr l, p rt l rl th v r f r f d t t r h p. It h r t r t f th S v t t th t v n t n f r th pl t f r f fr d (f r x pl , fr p bl tr n p rt t n r fr l h v b n n t ntl r j t d. r d l rv th x pt n, b t nl pp r ntl , n h r th fr rv n r p n t l r nd t n: n t b t r v t. C n d r n th pr nt d t f r nn n l r lf r b r r , th t f tr t n ph l, p ll p h t , lln , r n l t , nd dr dd t n ( ll f h h r l r l f r f pr t t n t r n nd b r d , t l l th t th t f pr v d n n p r n h nt d t th r nt d nn l n ld b l th n th t f r pr nt t f l lf r . h d ll pp r nf bl r d n r t th h b l v th t "p pl r b ll l z b n t r ." h l hé h n b n f t, h v r t pl l n th t rv r t n l z t n f r th r t n n t rr nd r n th n f p r v r th h r h lpl . • Women must be liberated from patriarchal domination. h fr d f n fr p tr r h l d n t n f nd nt l f t r n th h n z t n f t . h d n t n f n b n b n nl b t x th nd r n v r p rt f th rld h n rpl n r lt r p r tt d th h r n nd xpl t t n f r r , th r n z t n f r , nd th b ld n f p rf l t t t . S n th n, n t nl M ddl E t rn nd E r p n t b t t f th rld lt r h v b n n r d b th " t d l " h bd d th n. h v t r f th l v r th f l f th h n p b d n th n n p r nd th l t r h n th b lt. h r b t n th x ld th r b t n th l , b t t f r r r pl t d, n n h v n d d n n t nl r n b t b t l th r , l v r , l v r . h f r f th r b t n th x r ft n v rt nd br t l, r ft n h dd n.
I h v d d th rl " tr r h t " nd th l t r t r r l t d t t n The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness.
O A E O O E?
W n ld d t p r r f r , b t f ht b th th r n p n , th r h f n b n r d l f th n. h bj t n f n h lf f th h n r b th th r h d n , nd t ll d , n h r t b th x : th n th h r t r t f th v t r, th n th f th v t . r l t n b t n n nd n, v n t d , nd v n n th h n l pr t t n t l pr , fr fr th r th r, n n, f f l n p r r r, n n, f f l n nf r r. ( r d, th n t n n b l v r n l p r r t , nf rt n t l d th t n n f p rl n d t th r ll d r r t th t th h v n p n , nd th t n r n r b f th r ll d n v r l "f r f tr t n." Wh t r d l n th n th ph n n n r pt f th r b t n th x , n t b l l nd n t l d ff r n h. M n d t h h h n ntr l v r n r bl n r p ntr l v r th r p rl p p l t n . A n x pl , n d r th l r t b t n th p t r f th bl n th A r n S th h ndr d r nd th t f n t th t t , nd v n p t t d . l nd n r p r d t h ldr n th r pp d t b t n l, n v , th t n f r l t , th t th r n t t b tr t d th n d n th r pp d t b rr p n bl , b t h r n . ( r d dd d t th t l th t n h d l d v l p d n n [ p r ] th n n nd r r n r t . h x r f p r v r th h r r th n f x t n p tr r h , t th n f th d n t n f n n nd tr l z d n t n nd f h ldr n nd d l nt . h r n v nt f r n l b r t n f n r n f n b t thr t t th pr n pl f p r n h h nt p r r t ( p t l t nd n t l l v —th t , f th n l rl n b l b r t n th t th d n t nt t h r th n p r v r th r r p , h th p r v r th l n l p pl . If th v nt f r th l b r t n f n n d nt f t n r l nd f n t n r pr nt t v f " nt p r," n ll h v d v nfl n n th b ttl f r n t . l b r t n h n h v lr d b n d . rh p l t r h t r n ll r p rt th t th t r v l t n r v nt n th t nt th nt r th b nn n f n l b r t n nd th d nf ll f n pr . t th f ht f r th l b r t n f n h nl j t b n, nd n r t n nn t b v r t t d. h r h l r l t n
6 EA U ES O E EW SOCIE Y t n ( n l d n th r x l r l t n h b n b d n th r ll d p r r t , nd th h v lr d b n t f l t n f rt bl nd nx v — —v th n h r f t pt th th f l p r r t . Cl l r l t d t th n l b r t n v nt th nt th r t r n t rn f th n r n r t n . h nt th r t r n h d t p n th l t xt n , thr h n b r f h n , n f th r b l n t th " t bl h nt" h v nt ll b " d" n. t th t r h h n n th l b n h d t f th ld r h p f p r nt l nd th r th r t , nd t rt n th t th ld " " f th r t ll n t r t rn. r ll l n th n p t n fr th r t th l b r t n fr lt b t x: x rt nl t h v d b n n p bl nd nf l. v r p pl d ff r n th r p n n r rd n th r l t v r t f th n f t f th x l r v l t n, n th n r : x n l n r fr ht n p pl t n n l n r b d t d v l p n f lt, nd th r b t f r b n. • A Supreme Cultural Council, charged with the task of advising the govern- ment, the politicians, and the citizens in all matters in which knowledge is necessary, should be established. h lt r l n l b r ld b r pr nt t v f th nt ll t l nd rt t l t f th ntr , n nd n h nt r t b nd d bt. h ld d t r n th p t n f th n , xp nd d f r f th A nd ld l t th p pl t b r p n bl f r d n t n nf r t n. h r b t nt l n n n h th t t nd n r pr nt t v f v r br n h f lt r r , nd I b l v t ld b p bl t f nd th r ht b r f r h n l. It f d v p rt n , f r , th t th n l h ld l r pr nt th h r pp d t t b l h d v : f r n t n , th "r d l " nd "r v n t " n n , h t r , nd l . h d ff lt n t n finding th n l b r b t n choosing th , f r th nn t b elected b p p l r v t , n r h ld th b pp nt d b th v rn nt. Y t th r f l t n th b f nd. r n t n , t rt th n l f thr r f r p r n nd r d ll nl r th r p t t f ll z f, , f ft t h ndr d p r n . h lt r l n l h ld b pl f n n d th t t ld b bl t n p l t d f v r pr bl . • A system of effective dissemination of effective information must also be established.
O A E O O E?
Information r l l nt n th f r t n f n ff t v d r . W thh ld n nf r t n r f l f n t n th ll d nt r t f "n t n l r t " t b nd d. t v n th t h ll t t thh ld n f nf r t n, th pr bl r n th t t pr nt th nt f r l nd n r nf r t n v n t th v r t z n l t z r . And th h ld tr n t nl f r th v r t z n. A h b n h n b nd ntl , t l t d r pr nt t v , b r f v rn nt, th d f n f r , nd b n l d r r b dl nf r d nd t l r xt nt misinformed by the falsehoods that various v rn nt n pr d, nd th n d r p t. Unf rt n t l , t f th p pl , n t rn, h v t b t p r l n p l t v nt ll n . h h v l ttl p t t nd r t nd th f r p r t n b n th th rf nd, h n , t nd j d nt b t f t r d v l p nt , n t t p f th r lf hn nd d h n t , f h h h v h rd n h. t v n t b n h n t nd nt ll nt b r r t n t n h t lv th pr bl f rld f n t tr ph . W th th x pt n f f " r t" n p p r , v n th f t l nf r t n n p l t l, n , nd l d t xtr l l t d. h ll d r t n p p r nf r b tt r, b t th l nf r b tt r: b n t p bl h n ll th n p rt ll b l nt n h dl n , n dd t n t r t n h dl n th t ft n d n t nf r th th r p n n t xt b b n p rt n n th r d t r l , r tt n nd r th v r f n l r n bl nd r l z n l n . In f t, th n p p r , th z n , t l v n, nd r d pr d d t : news, fr th r t r l f v nt . Onl n l bl , nd th n d d t r n h h v nt r n , h h r n t. At th v r b t, nf r t n r d d , n rn nl th rf f v nt , nd b r l v th t z n n pp rt n t t p n tr t thr h th rf nd r n z th d p r f th v nt . A l n th l f n b n , n p p r nd z n n h rdl b pr v nt d fr pr nt n h t ll ( n v r d r f n r p l n th r p bl t n nd d n t nt n z th dv rt r . h nf r t n pr bl t b lv d n d ff r nt f nf r d p n n nd d n r t b p bl . A n x pl f h I nt n nl n : th t n f th f r t nd t p rt nt f n t n f th S pr C lt r l C n l ld b t th r nd d n t ll th nf r t n th t ld rv th n d f th h l p p l t n nd, p rt l rl , ld rv th b f r d n n th f t f
8 EA U ES O E EW SOCIE Y
r p n r p rt p t r d r . h nf r t n h ld nt n b f t nd b lt rn t v n ll r n h h p l t l d n t pl . It f p l p rt n th t n f d r nt th n r t p n n and th j r t p n n ld b p bl h d, nd th t th nf r t n ld b d v l bl t v r t z n nd p rt l rl t th f t f r p . h S pr C lt r l C n l ld b r p n bl f r p rv n th r f th n b d f n r p rt r , nd, f r , r d nd t l v n ld h v n p rt nt r l n d n t n th nd f nf r t n. • Scientific research must be separated from application in industry and defense. Wh l t ld b h bbl n f h n d v l p nt f n t n l t t th d nd f r n l d , t ld b xtr l d n r f pr t l r d f ll th r lt f nt f th n n . A h b n ph z d b n b rv r , rt n d v r n n t , n br n r r , n p h dr , nd n n th r r n nd ll b d t th r t d f M n. h n v d bl l n nd tr l nd l t r nt r t r fr t f ll n th r t l d v r th f t. r f t nd l t r xp d n t t d t r n th ppl t n f nt f r r h. h ll r r ntr l b rd, h p r n ld b n r f r th pr t l ppl t n f n n th r t l d v r . dl t , h ntr l b rd t b — l ll nd p h l ll — pl t l nd p nd nt f nd tr , th v rn nt, nd th l t r . h S pr C lt r l C n l ld h v th th r t t pp nt nd p rv th ntr l b rd. • Wh l ll th t n d n th f r n p ll b d ff lt n h t r l z , r d ff lt b l t n r nt bl th th dd t n f n th r n r nd t n f n t : atomic disarma- ment. On f th l nt n r n th t t n d l r r nt nd tr . Ev n t d , th Un t d St t , th r h t ntr n th rld, t rt l t xp n f r h lth, lf r , nd d t n n rd r t rr th l d f t d f n b d t. h t f l xp r nt t n nn t p bl b b rn b t t th t n t lf p r b th pr d t n f h rd r th t f l nl n f d . rth r r , th p r t f nd v d l nd t v t nn t l v n n t ph r h r th l t r b r r , n n n p r v r d , nt n t f rth r f r nd b rd n t n. O A E O O E?
The New Society: Is There a Reasonable Chance?
C n d r n th p r f th rp r t n , th p th nd p r l n f th l r f th p p l t n, th n d f p l t l l d r n l t ll ntr , th thr t f n l r r, th l l d n r , n t t p f h ph n n th r h n th t l n ld pr d f n n l r p rt f th rld, is there a reasonable chance for salvation? r th t ndp nt f b n d l, th r n h h n n r n bl h n b n ld b t th r f rt n h n th dd r pr nt nl 2 p r nt h n f nn n , r l r nv t nt f p t l n . b n v nt r th th p r h n f n. t h n t tt r f l f nd d th, "r n bl h n " t b tr n l t d nt "r l p b l t ," h v r ll t b . f n th r f h n n r b n d l, nd t l h r f r n ppr t n f th r l p b l t f r lv t n: n th h l n rt f d n , f r x pl . If p r n h v n th b r t h n f r rv v l, n r p n bl ph n ll , " t v p th ff rt," r ll nl p ll t v . On th ntr r , v r th n n v bl d n t v th p r n l f . C rt nl , t nn t xp t n th n l . d n pr nt d t h n f r lv t n fr th t ndp nt f b tt n r b n r th r th n fr th t ndp nt f l f h r t r t f th p r t f b n t . h r l ttl d n th rr ntl f h n bl t hn r t v th t th r n th n r l r n n p n r lv b th r r f n, n n t f l n , nd th t v n f th r , p rh p t hn r t f n t b b d, ft r ll. t th hf l th n n . hn r t f t n r l l d t t tr ph . h n z d M n ll b d th t h ll n t b bl t t n v bl t n th l n r n, nd n th h rt r n ll n t b bl t r fr n fr th d l f n l r r b l l p n . Y t th r r f f t r th t n v n r nt. h f r t th t r n n b r f p pl n r n z th tr th th t M r v nd t l, Ehrl h nd Ehrl h, nd th r h v t t d: th t on purely economic grounds n th , n tt t d t rd n t r , h n l d r t , nd p r t n r n r f th W t rn rld n t t b p d t. h pp l t r n, v n d fr n t n l nd th l n d r t n , b l z th nd f n t f p pl . It h ld n t b t n l htl , v n th h, h t r ll , n t n h v n nd n t d n t th r v t l nt r t nd v n n t th dr v f r
60 EA U ES O E EW SOCIE Y
rv v l. h ld d b th p pl r p r d d b th r l d r , nd th p r d d th lv , th t th h b t n "t b r n t t b " d d n t nfr nt th . d th r n z d th tr th, h v r, th n r l n r ph l l r t n ld h v t n pl : th r r n f v t l thr t ld h v b l z d ppr pr t d f n t n. An th r h p f l n th n r n d pl f d t f t n th r pr nt l t . A r n n b r f p pl f l la malaise du siecle: th n th r d pr n th r n f t, n p t f ll nd f ff rt t r pr t. h f l th nh pp n f th r l t n nd th pt n f th r "t th rn " th f l th r p t n , th n n l n f th r l v . M n f l ll th v r l rl nd n l th r f l t l l rl , b t r f ll r f t h n n l p t t nt rd . S f r n rld h t r l f f pt pl r p bl f r nl ll l t , nd th r n d nt ll n b th n th h d p r nd th t th h d t th n nd t t n rd r n t t l th r p r. d , th pt l f f n pt n th t f th h l ddl l , h h n ll nd p l t ll h n p r nd l ttl p r n l r p n b l t . h j r p rt f th W t rn rld n th b n f t f th n r t p f h pp n , nd r n n b r f th h b n f t fr t r f nd n t nt n . h r b nn n t d v r th t h v n h d n t r t ll b n : tr d t n l th l t h n h b n p t t th t t— nd b n nf r d b xp r n . Onl n th h l v th t th b n f t f ddl l l x r d th ld ll n r n nt h d: n th l r ddl l n th W t nd n th v t j r t n th " l t" ntr . Ind d, th b r h p f r "h pp n thr h n pt n" n h r r l v th n n th ntr th t h v n t t f lf ll d th b r dr . On f th r v t bj t n t th p b l t f v r n r d nd nv , n l th t th r tr n th nh r nt n h n n t r , l d d l f t ht p n f rth r x n t n. Gr d nd nv r tr n n t b f th r inherent intensity b t b f th d ff lt n r t n th p bl pr r t b lf th th lv . Ch n th l l t , th v l th t r th r ppr v d r d ppr v d, nd th h n fr lf hn t ltr ll l t f t d ff lt . h rr v n t th pr th t th b n r nt t n tr n p t nt l n h n n t r . Onl n r t pl t l v rn d b th
6 O A E O O E?
h v n d , h l n th r ll n r t pl t l v rn d b th b n d . E th r n b d n nt, nd h h n d d p nd n th l tr t r . In t r nt d nl t rd b n , th h v n t nd n r t rv d nd th b n d f d. In t l r , h n r nt t n t rd h v n , th r v r r . t th n d f x t n l lr d pr nt—th h r pr d. S l b l f h n t lr d l b f r h nv r n. h h n fr h v n t b n t ll t pp n f th l , h n n nn t n th l h n th n n r d nd th ld d r d. d , th n t t n f n M n d ff r nt fr th ld th fr th rth t t n f h n f d r t n. On t p n th n d r t n ll b f ll d b th n xt, nd t n n th r ht d r t n, th t p n v r th n . Y t n th r n r n p t t n d r n th t, p r d x ll , n rn th d r f l n t n th t h r t r z th j r t f th p p l t n, n l d n t l d r . A p nt d t n th rl r d n f th " r t n h r t r," th r d t h v nd t h rd h b n d f d b th t nd n t r l f n t n ll, t x h n n lf d t h —n th n . It r f r th l n t d, r t n h r t r t h n th n t f r th h rd n h r t r, h h fr nt ll h ld n nt p n , nd p rt l rl t . A h ndr d r , h n th j r p rt f th p p l t n n t d f " nd p nd nt ," th r t t b t l t h n th f r f nd r t n t l f pr p rt nd n nd p nd n . M rx l v d t t h n th r n l th nl l r d p nd nt l nd, M rx th ht, th t l n t d n . d , th v t j r t f th p p l t n dependent; v rt ll ll p pl h r r employed ( rd n t th 0 U.S. C n r p rt, nl .82 p r nt f th t t l r n p p l t n v r xt n lf pl d, . ., " nd p nd nt" nd— t l t n th Un t d St t — t th bl ll r r r h t ll nt n th tr d t n l ddl l h rd n h r t r, nd h , n ntl , r l p n t h n th n t d r l n t d ddl l . All th h t p rt nt p l t l n n : h l l tr v n f r th l b r t n f ll l — . ., tr v n f r l l t — t d t pp l t th " r n l ," . ., th n l r r t d th r n l ( n r l t v t r v n r f n r t th n t h ndr d r . In rd r t n p r, th l d r t p rt n d t n th v t f n b r f th ddl
62 EA U ES O E EW SOCIE Y
l , nd n rd r t h v th l, th l t p rt h v h d t t b th r pr r fr n th l t v n t n ff r n l b r l r f r . On th th r h nd, b d nt f n th r n l th l v r f h n t h n , l n r l nt n z d th b r f ll th r l , h f lt th t th r pr p rt nd pr v l r n t b t n b th r r . d , th pp l f th n t t ll h ff r fr l n t n, h r pl d, nd h pr p rt n t thr t n d. In th r rd , t n rn th j r t f th p p l t n, n t r l n r t . It d n t thr t n t t n b d pr p rt , nd f r n n rn d, t ld r th t nd rd f l v n f th h r p r. h l r f r t p x t v ld n t h v t b l r d, b t f th t r d, th ld n t nt t b b l f t p t. rth r r , th d l f th n t r ll p rt l n : n n rv t v h v n t l t th r th l nd r l d l (Eppl r ll th "v l n rv t v " , nd th h ld tr f n l b r l nd l ft t . E h p l t l p rt xpl t th v t r b p r d n th th t t r pr nt th tr v l f h n . Y t b h nd ll p l t l p rt r nl t p : those who care and those who don't care. If ll th n th p th t r ld r d th lv f p rt l h nd r l z th t th h v th l , th p b l t f h n ld t b n d r bl r t r p ll n t t z n h v b l nd l nt r t d n p rt l lt nd p rt l n . pl t d r rn n f r h n b n h h v d nd nv t n nd th r t t rd n t th r nv t n . G v n v n th h p f l f t r , h v r, th h n f r n r
h n . nd l h n r n l . O r nl h p l n th n r z n ttr t n f n v n. pr p th r th t r f r th t d n t h n th t l n th l n r n b t d n t rr th t th p ll n f r f tr n t v t n. h " t p n" l r r l t th n th "r l " f t d l d r . h r l z t n f th n t nd n M n p bl nl f th ld t v t n f pr f t, p r, nd nt ll t r r pl d b n n : b n , h r n , nd r t nd n f th r t n h r t r r pl d b th pr d t v , l v n h r t r f b rn t r l n r pl d b n r d l h n t p r t. Ind d, f r th h r n t th nt ll r t d n th t r l n th r l t n th t f nv r n t h n t "r l t " th t r l n, th t d nd n t t t n , "r l t " l n pr p r d b
6 O A E O O E?
th v nt f n nth t r l t , fr th ddh t M rx. W r n t nfr nt d th th h b t n lf h t r l nd th pt n f th Chr t n n pt f G d. S l l f t lf— n ll t p t n r , n l r , n p r n l r l t n — ll b th xpr n f th "r l " p r t, nd n p r t r l n ll b n r . h d nd f r n , n nth t , n n n t t t n l z d "r l t " n t n tt n th x t n r l n . It d n, h v r, th t th n C th l Ch r h, b nn n th th n b r r , t nv rt itself to the spirit of the gospel. It does not mean that the " l t ntr " t b "d l z d," b t th t th r f l h ll b r pl d b n n h n t l . t r M d v l lt r fl r h d b p pl f ll d th v n f th City of God. M d rn t fl r h d b p pl r n r z d b th v n f th r th f th Earthly City of Progress. In r nt r , h v r, th v n d t r r t d t th t f th Tower of Babel, h h n b nn n t ll p nd ll lt t l b r v r b d n t r n . If th C t f G d nd th E rthl C t r thesis nd antithesis, n synthesis th nl lt rn t v t h : th nth b t n th p r t l r f th t M d v l rld nd th d v l p nt f r t n l th ht nd n n th n n . h nth The City of Being.
64 bl r ph
In l d d n th bl r ph r ll b t d n th t xt, lth h n t ll r d n th pr p r t n f th r . p ll r nd d f r ll t r l r d n r r d th n l t r nd t r d n t b f r r d r th l t d t .
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A r n, 4 t b l , p rt n f, 4, 2 , Abr h , 40, 8 60, 4 , 46 4 t v t , 4, 2 , , 60, 2 , 8 8 , 0, 2, , 4 d r, r nz v n, 26 h f n, . ., 8 dv rt n nd pr p nd , 0 , , 42 4 , 2 l n, r n : v Or n , n t n , d h , 4, , 6, l , 48 l n t n, 4, 6, 8 , 2 , 28, 2, 4 , 8 86, 0, 2, 0 , r, Ed r, 8 2 2 , 28, , 62 l r, C rl, 8 p v t b h v r , , nt n , 0 4 l r, , b n ( d f x t n , , 20, 2 , 8 , 40 nd th r t , 0, A n , St. h , , 48, 6, , 2 , 0 b bl l n pt, 40 4 n., 0 p ( l t nt Old Ar t pp : 4 t nt n d l xp r n , Ar t tl , , 6, 24 , , 0 0 x t n th Artz, r d r ., h r nd n , 0 04 nd f th, A r, Alf n , , n., 0 , 0 fr d nd r th, A t n , St., 0 , 6 , 2 22, 62 6 , 64 66, 8 0, th r t , x r f, 0 , 64, 66, 40, 6 h pp n nd 68, , 8 , 0 , 20, 2 , , pl r , 8 82, p , 6, nd h ldr n, , 0, 2, 40 nd h v n , d ff r n 8, 62 6 , 66, 8, , 6 x l b t n, 2 , , 8 , 86 8 pr h b t n , 64 6 l nd h v n , x t nt l, 6 0 b r r p tr r h l t nt r t, 2 , 26, 28 2 , 82, pr p rt r b ll n nd r v l t n n l d , 4 n l d f
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b n ( d f x t n nt. p t l ( nd n d f r h n nt. r l t , , 20, 2 22, 26, , 4, n h n , n d f r 0 2, 8 , n l n nd tr l t nd p h, 20, 2 nd C v ll, Ed th, l rn n , 2 26, 82 l f , h ldr n, 68, 82, th r t v r ff r t n f, 4, , 2 , 8 , 86, nd d n t n f, , 0 , 2, 88, 02 0 , 40 ph l ph l 8, 6 , 6 66, 8, , 6 nd n rn f, 2 , 22 nd r d n , l v , , , 8 2 , 0 nd r b r n , 26 28, Ch n , , 6, 6 , 6 2 , 04 r t , 88 8 , 0, , Ch , , 42, 4 nd x, , 4, Chr t n t , 46, 6 , 8 , 6, 4 , l d r t nd n n, , 2 , 24 26, 28, 4 rl Chr t n 8 , 86, 0 4, , 4 nd h r h f th r , 4 4 passim ll b n nd j , , , 6 , 0 , h r nd rt r , , , 0, 4 , 04, , 6 see 6 d l , , 8 , also t v t ddh E h rt, p r d , 6 n l , M t r , l v l v n M rx, pr p rt , r j t n f, 4 46, 4 , K rl 48 4 r t t nt r v lt, 8, nv n t , E l , 2 n, n pt f, 0 see also nz, E., bl G d, n pt f bl , 4, 4 see also t nt n C th l Ch r h Old t nt Chr t (St. hn Chr t , l n , nd ., 4, 4 4 48 passim, Ch r h ll, S r W n t n, 8 l h, Ern t, 4n., 26 l r, , , 42 The Cloud of Unknowing, 26, 4, 6, 6 hr, l , 22 Cl b f r p rt see M d , . n f , St., 4 . M r v , M. ., t l, r nt n , . ., n. Ed rd ddh , , 84, 8 , , 64 b n C h n, r nn, 26 nd h v n , n pt f, , , 0, n t n , d , 2, 4, 2 , 6 , 6 , 84, , 02, dv rt n nd ddh , 22, 2 n., 48 nd n., 8 , , pr p nd , 0 , 4 , 46, 26, n, 4, , 6, 2 d r, M h , 2 n. n , , , 6 , 84, 0, 2 , b r r , 2, 4, , , , 42, 4 rl n t t , 48 0 2, M rx t th ht p rv rt d b , , 26, 2 , 0, see also p t l ( nd n d f r h n , 4, 6, n pt n , 4 42, 4 4 , 46 4 n pt n ( nd n d f r h n , , " r t n h r t r," 60, 20 2 , 2, 4, , 2 , , 6 , 8 , 0 , 22, 62, 6 see also n pt n 4 42, 4 4 , 2 , 6 62
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n pt n ( nd n d f r E h nn, Ad lf, h n nt. E n t n, Alb rt, 22 see also h v n , t n nd En l , r dr h, 2 The Holy Family, n pt n 8, Cr d , 6 Enl ht n nt, 4, 8, 2
r n, Ch rl , 22 Ep r , , 02 d S S r ll , 4 Eppl r, E., 6, 6 d th, , 6, 02 0 d r f r rt l t , 6 , 02 see also f th, , 04 r f f n t , 6 , 8 l d , M. ., E rn r, K nr d, 48n. d M , l d, n l t n, , 4 d pr n, 4, , 2, 6, 6 E r, ., 22n. d tr t v n , , 6, 66, , 40 see fr d nd r th, 2 22, 8 , 40 also l , d n r t r b ll n nd br n b nd , , 6 , 64 66, nd r v l t n r 6 f r f, 88, 8 see also n rt , , 02 t v t r b ll n nd r v l t n " n t , tt r f," 48 ( d n Ar p t , 6 r n h v l t n, 8 r l , nj n, 26 r d, S nd, , 22, 68, , 82, dr dr dd t n, 4, 2 , 4, , 8, 6 r n f n n r l t , 26, , 4, M r , , 8, 2 r , Er h: The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness, , 60, 82n., n. E h rt, M t r, , 40 4, 02, 4, The Art of Loving, 8 The Dogma of b n nd h v n , n pt f, Christ, 4 Escape from Freedom, , , , 4, 4 4 passim 6, , 4n., 88 nd n., 0 n. The 4, 6, 02, 28, G d, Forgotten Language, 4 n., 8 Man n pt f, 6, 0, , 2 for Himself , 0, 20 Marx's l , d n r t , 2, , 2 , 2 , Concept of Man, 28 2 , 28n. "On 4, , 4, 60 th t t n nd n r f n h n , n d f r, 2, 8, h l ," n. Psychoanalysis 68 6 , 84, 8 , 4 42, 44, and Religion, 0 n. The Revolution of Hope, 6 The Sane Society, 6, d t n, 0, 2, 4, 8 48, 4 nd n. "S x nd , , 6, 22, , 8 , 8 , 8 , Ch r t r," 4 Socialist Humanism, 20, 2 f nd , 8, , n. You Shall Be as Gods, 4 n., " d nt t r ," 2 see also 6 nd n., 0 th r t , x r f n , n r, 4 n., 4 , 0 Ehrl h, Ann ., 6, 60 Ehrl h, l ., 6, 60 G r n , 8 , 84, , 6, ,
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G d, n pt f, 6, 40, 4 , 44, 46, 0, h v n ( d f x t n nt. , 2, , 0 , 4 n d l, t , 0 0 nd f th, , 6 , h pp n nd pl r , 2 6 G th , h nn W lf n v n, 6, passim, 2 , 4 , 42, , n r t , 88 0, 02 0 , 8 v rn nt nd p l t , 2, 8, 2, n l d , , 4, 2 n l n 6 , 68 6 , 8, , 0 passim, nd p h, 20, 28 2 , 66 6 2 , 6 n t n , ntr l nd l rn n , 24 2 , 82 f, 2, 2 , 8 d r , l n l n , 4, 8 86, 8 , 2 p rt p t r , 4 0, 8 p v t , , , 2 , 8, , 60, r b ll n nd r v l t n, 62, 6 , , 04 nd r d n , 2 , 0 84, 8 , 0 see also th r t , nd x, 4, 2 , 6 , , 4, , , x r f b r r r see also l n t n th r t , x r f ddh E h rt, Gr , n nt: th l , 88, 8, M t r l v 6 ph l ph nd th ht, l v n M rx, K rl p tr r h l , , 2 , 2 , 4, , , 02 t Gr dd , G r , 4 h lth, , , 6 , 64, 82, bb, . 0., 82 h pp n nd pl r : n b n , h d n , 2 passim, 8 82, 4 passim 40 (see also l, G r W. ., 2 22 t v t ll b n nd j n nb r , W rn r, 22 h v n , 2 6 passim 2 , 4 , 42, , (see also p v t r l t , 2 22 h r , 40, 88 8 , 0, 8, 6, r h, W., 6 , M x, 28 h v n ( d f x t n , 0 nd , 6, 8 , 2 t n nd n pt n, 22 2 , 24 2 , 28, 2, 6 , bb , h , 4 64 66, 68, 2 , 86, 88, 0 (see r, 8 , 6 also n pt n pr p rt h n ( nd l h n , 6, 4, nt n , 0 4 nd b n , , 4, 8, 2 26 pr nt d h n t , 40 nd b n , r d l, 8, 8, 2 6, 0 2 d ff r n b t n, 2 , , 82, see also M rx, K rl 86 b bl l n pt, 40, 4 , 4 , 44, nz r, M x, 2 4 , 4 , 48, 4 (see also t nt Old t nt n Ib n, nr : Peer Gynt, 8 d l xp r n , 24 , 0 0 Ill h, Iv n, 4 d th, f r f, nd d r f r rt l t , d r f r, 66, 6 , 02 rt l t , 66, 6 , 02 0 n : l t , 6 r nt d d pr n, 4, , 2, 6, 6 rl , 4 d tr t v n , , 6, 66, 86, 40 nd tr l t ( nd " b r n (see also l , d n r t r r l n" , , 2, 6, , 8, 04, x t nt l h v n , 6 0 x t n , 2 pr t t n t, 8,
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nd tr l t ( nd " b r n n , W nfr d, 6n. r l n" nt. l n nd p h, 2 , 2 26, 2 6, 4 48, 4 , 2 , 28 2 , 66 6 see also p t l l rn n , 24 26. 6 , 82 r d n , n pt n n h n , 2 0 see also d t n n d f r n l d n n n r t , 88 0, 02 0 , 8 n n, l , 0, 4 nt r t, 2 , 26, 28, 64, 82, l f , ff r t n nd l v f, 4, , I l , 6 , 8 20, 8 , 86, 0, 02 0 , 40 nd d r f r rt l t , 66, 6 , b , E. ., n. 02 : b n nd h v n , n pt f, b z, h l , , 6n. , , 46, 4 , 6, 0 , 02 l n l n , 4, 8 , 8 , 2 "h r " f l v , 8 , n d l, l v l v n : t n nt f r n, see also Chr t n t 0 n b n , 8, , , t nt , 0, 2, 66, 84, 8 , 8 , , h n n b n S , 44 04, , 8 , f h ldr n, j see ll b n nd j , , 8 f th rl th rl , d , 40 44 passim; b n nd 8 n h v n , , 8 , 8, h v n , n pt f, , 4, 6 , 8 , , 0, , 00, 0 , 8 d v . 8 , 0, , 6, , , 28 G d, xp r n , 2 see also rr n pt f, 6, 40, 4 , 4 d x v nt, 6 M n d , C d b , nr d , 0 f, 26, 28 M n , 6, th r, M rt n, 8, 42 4 , 4 n., 44, 46, 6, 26 2 , 42 Sh bb t, 4 4 , 6 l d, M b , M h l, 8 n., 2 24 4 , 42, 44, 46, 8 , 6 see also Old M n d , C d f, 26 2 , 28 t nt "M n nd Env r n nt," 6 n , C rl G t v, M r , rb rt, 62 t n, St., 48 " r t n h r t r," 60, 20 2 , 62, 6 K nt, I n l, 4, 0 rr , , 8, 8, , Khr h h v, t , 2 rt r , 8 , 8, , 6 n l d n n , 4, 2 M rx, K rl, 4, 22n., 4 , 2, 26 0 r l t , , 20 2 , 2 22, 26, , passim, , 4 , 64 nd 0 , 8 , S pr l n t n, 2 , 28, 8, 62 C lt r l C n l, t bl h nt f, b n nd n n r l t , n pt , 8 f, 4, , 4, 8, , 28 2 , K tl r, Arth r, 8 Capital, 2 , 28 Economic Kr p t n, . A., 84n. and Philosophical Manuscripts, 68, 6 , 8, 28n., 28 2 Grundrisse, M ttr , l n Offr d , 4 8 The Holy Family, 8, I E
M rx, Karl-cont. h lp , Ed nd S., 84n. d p rv rt d b n t t, n, nd l t , , 26, 2 , 0 l t , 2 M x C nf r, St., 0 pl r see h pp n nd pl r M , Elt n, 82 p l t see v rn nt nd p l t M d , . ., , 2 , 6 pr t v t , , , 22, , 2, r , see r b r n 6 , 6 , 4 M r v , M. ., , , 6, 60 r th , 8 M ddl A , , , 4, 8, 2 , 6 pr p rt , 2, 6 , 66, 6 , 8 , 2 , M th, t r, 2, 6n. 4, 28 p pl tr t d , 8, M l n, I n , 2 n. 8 , 60 6 , 6 r j t n f, M r n, . ., 8 4 46, 4 , 48, M , 40, 4 , 4 , 8 , 0, r t t nt r v lt, 8, M f rd, , 6, 0 Q nt, ph ., 4 4 passim n t r , 6, 8 , 40 see also l , d n r t r d n , 2 0 t nt, 44 4 passim, 6, 28 r l t , n l d f, 20, 2 , 22, 26, see also Chr t n t , 4, 0 , 8 , see also n l r p n nd d n r f r, 2, ddh E h rt, M t r 8, 8 , 2 , 2 , , 4, , M rx, K rl 60 r b ll n nd r v l t n, 62, 6 , n p n M h t r , 4 n. 64 66, , 8 , 84, 8 , 0, 6 see also h ldr n Old t nt, 40 44, 48, 6, 28 d tr t v n x n f l , 6 nd n.; r l n, 62, 68 6 , , 6 f th, "b rn n b h," p r d x f, 0 f r , 2 n d l , th ll, 00, 0 G d, 8, , , l f ft r d th, n pt f, 6, 40, 4 , 4 , 0 6 t , 4 n, n pt f, r f b l, 0 64 6 , 0 see also ddh Ol p G , Chr t n t nd I l Or n , 0 d r l n, " b rn t " " nd tr l" see r n d , 2 nd tr l t ( nd " b rn t p v t , , , 2 , 8, , 60, , r l n" 04 0 see also l n t n "r l t ," dl h n t n n p tr r h l t , 8 , 8, n t t t n l n nth t , . 6 , d n t n f n nd th r 64 l b r t n, , 8, 6 , 6, , r l n d , f lf ll nt f, 0 4, 6 64 l, St., 2 r b r n , 26 28, 0 , 04 t l, Ed rd, , , 6, 60 n n , , 4 , 8
80 I E r v l t n, see r b ll n nd r v l t n l nt. rd , v d, p rv rt d, 26, 28 2 , 0 see n C th l Ch r h, 6, 2 , 46, also n pt n M rx, K rl 64 6 , 00, 4, 8, , 64 see l d r t nd n n, , 20, 8 , 86, also A n , St. h 0 4, , 4 Chr t n t S b rt, W rn r, n. n E p r , , 84, 4 S rl d, ., 48n. , 6 , 84, 0 see also Un n f Sp n z , n d t d , 4, 6 , 8, S v t S l t p bl , , 0 St l n, ph, 0 r f , 8 84, 8 , 8 , 8, , 6 St rn r, M x, S d , M r d , 4 S z , . ., 4 , 0, 6 S h t r, v d E., 66 S d n, 46, 4 S h ll n , Ott , 4 n., 48n. Sz ll rd, , 22 S hrOd n r, E., 22 S h lz, S r d, 4 l d, 4 , 42, 44, 46, 8 , 6 S h h r, E. ., , 22, 4 , 6 n , . ., n. S h h r, ., 4 n. " hn l nd l t ," 6 S h p t r, ph, 4 t l v n, 4, 2 , see also S h tz r, Alb rt, 2, 4, , n t n , d nt f r r h nd th ht, 22, 46, nn n, Alfr d, rd, 4, , 6 22, 42, rt ll n, 48 r t , 88 0, , 42, 4 h b ld, b rt, 4 nd n. x: n b n d , , 4, n h r , nr v d, 4 h v n d , 4, 2 , 6 , , 4, , t , 0 0 , ppr n nd t , h rd, 84n. br n f t b , 62 6 , 64 66, v ll , Al x d , 8 S l G r , 2 n n , Art r , 2 n, n pt f, 64 6 , 6 , 6 0 Un n f S v t S l t p bl , , l h r t r, 64, 80, 8 , 8, 8 , 0, 6, 4 , 46, , 0 " r t n h r t r," 60, 4 see also n 20 2 , 62, 6 n d f r h n , 8, , 8, 2 64 nd "r l " n d , 0 4, 6 64 Un t d St t , 6 , 84, 6, 2 2 , see also th r t , x r f 44, 46, , 6, , 62 h n p tr r h l t Ut l t r n , 4 r b ll n nd r v l t n Utz, A. ., 4 , 4 n., 48 l , 2, , 6 62, 8, , 0, 2 26, 2 , 0, 6, 4 , 6 , d , 6 62, 64 M rx t th ht tn W r,
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r, , 8 , 8 , 8 , 6 , 42, r , 4, 8 , 82, 8 , , 42 l r, , , 42 n l r " r t n h r t r," 60, 20 2 , p n nd d n r f r, 2, 8, 62, 6 8 , 2 , 2 , , 4, , 60 W rld W r, r t, 8 , 8 , 6 W b r, M x, 4 , n. W rld W r, S nd, 8 , 6, ll b n nd j , , , 6 , , 0, 4 , 04, , 6 l Y r , A. ., 2 h pp n nd pl r Y r , . M., 2 n: l d n t n nd th, 6 6 , 84, 8 , 6, l b r t n f, , 8, , 6 , 6, , th rl l v , 8 n ddh , 4, , 6,
82