DOCSLIB.ORG

Midwifery Nursing Science I

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Midwifery Nursing Science I By: NTN- 2020 Midwifery Nursing Science I Compiled by: NT Ndjuluwa Midwifery Nursing Science Tutor: Oniipa Campus-2020 1 | P a g e By: NTN- 2020 Unit 1: Introduction to Midwifery/overview Define related concepts: • Midwifery • Midwife/Accoucher • Community Midwifery • Traditional Birth Attendant (TBA) Discuss the History of Midwifery under: Midwifery History in Namibia pre-independence Midwifery History in Namibia post-independence The scope of practice of enrolled midwife accoucher Negligence Standard of nursing care Ethical framework: Confidentiality Right to privacy Right to information Informed consent Introduction to Midwifery Nursing Science • Midwifery Nursing Science is one of the three major field of nursing for the enrolled nurse/midwife/accoucher training programme, of which there are four major subjects. • Midwifery is one of the oldest known professions in the world • Midwifery preceded the medical and nursing professions • Midwives were the only caregivers for women in child birth What is Midwifery? • Is a field of study where the midwife is trained to offer a comprehensive service to women and families • From before pregnancy to the end of the postnatal period • Continues with the immunization program and the general care of the child until school age What is a midwife? • A person who has been regularly admitted to a midwifery educational program, duly recognized in the jurisdiction in which it is located • Has successfully completed the prescribed course of studies in midwifery and has acquired the requisite qualifications to be registered and/ or legally licensed to practice midwifery ( Sellers volume I, 1993: xxxiii ) 2 | P a g e By: NTN- 2020 What is a Traditional birth attendant? (TBA) • Is a person without midwifery training and has learnt the art of assisting the birth process from personal experience, or relatives, or neighbor or from known TBA’s in the community Midwifery subject for the EN/M/A program • It has two components namely: Theory and Practice • To pass the subject the Pupil enrolled nurse midwife PEN/M must meet requirements in both theory and practice The history of midwifery in Namibia pre-independence Work of the Missionaries • In January 1903 Catholic priests moved into the Kavango as far as Andara • In 1907 a Catholic mission established a small hospital at Gobabis, which also provided midwifery services • At Swakopmund a number of sisters from the Fransiscan order took over the health care of the community Work of the Missionaries… • They established a midwifery unit, the Antonius hospital at Swakopmund, which they placed in charge of a trained midwife from Germany • Germany had very strict regulations for the training and regulation of midwives • It was the first country in the world to introduce such legislation (Van Dyk, 1997:20) • On 14 December 1908 Dr. Selma Rainio, a Finnish doctor arrived at Oniipa • The work of Dr. Selma Rainio led to the extension of the Mission services • Between 1908 and 1909 further mission stations with health care facilities were established at Elim, Okahao and Tsandi • By 1910 midwives were appointed in several districts and had to serve as community nurses • Due to the heavy work load of doctors and nurses some indigenous men and women who had received elementary schooling at the missions, were given in-service preparation as health attendants • On 9 July 1911, the first proper hospital was opened in Owambo land, the well known Onandjokwe hospital • Onandjokwe hospital provided the first organized midwifery services in Owambo land, it played a major role in the training of midwives (Van Dyk:21) Problem of unqualified midwives and regulation of midwifery by law - The quality of the midwifery services provided by the “folk-midwives of both the indigenous and the settler communities caused a great concern - The authorities endeavored to ensure that midwifery was practiced by certified persons th - Early in the 20 century an effort was made to regulate the practice of midwifery 3 | P a g e By: NTN- 2020 History of midwifery in Namibia post independence st - On 21 March 1990, Namibia gained its independence - The new government of Namibia issued a policy statement which recognized health as a fundamental human right - It committed itself to the WHO target of Health for All by the year 2000 and beyond - The main goal of this policy is the equitable provision of health services with primary health care as the focal point for all health care services - The new health care policy meant that there had to be a complete re-orientation to the concept of primary health care and community-based care - In addition, plans have to be formulated for slotting medical missions, non- governmental organizations and the private sector into the overall national health plan - Provision of counseling, advice and care during pregnancy, delivery and puerperium - Keep simple records of the care given - Promotion of other health related matter e.g. family planning, immunization and breast feeding - Provide first aid in emergencies which may occur in pregnancy, labor and puerperium for both mother and baby - Assist with the identification of families at risk, e.g. acute or chronic illness, alcoholism, childhood handicapped and marital problems Collaboration between midwives/ accouchers and TBA’s - Midwives train TBA’s regarding clean and safe home deliveries and notification of births - Train them in primary health care (PHC) activities - Midwives recognize TBA’s by appreciating their work - Give support to TBA’s through support visits and trainings - Involve TBA’s in community based activities such as Expanded program on immunization (EPI) - Assist TBA’s to get identification e.g. badges or uniform Cultural framework - Many of the ancient cultures had definite customs and taboos relating to childbirth and its attendants - For example only women who had had children themselves were allowed to act as midwives - Men were not allowed to be present - Certain rituals had to be performed before, during and after labour - These factors stress the importance of the midwife to know the cultural history of midwifery in her/ his country as well as the culture of the individual woman she attends in childbirth 4 | P a g e By: NTN- 2020 - Midwives working in cross-cultural situations have to be aware that the birth process has always had special significance in all cultures, since it means the continuation of the species - The midwives helping with the birth process have always had a special place in their society, and the birth process has always been associated with a variety of taboos which protect the mother and infant - In the education of the modern midwife and in the assignment of personnel to specific areas, great care has to be taken that the midwives sent are culturally acceptable and that midwives from alien cultures cultivate a particular sensitivity to cultural aspects of the birth process Searle, C. 1987: 8 Legal framework - The midwife must observe the law, and must be responsible and accountable for her/ his actions - She had to interact in a prescribed manner with mother and child, family and the society - The midwife was always held accountable for her actions - Throughout the course of midwifery history the four core elements of professional practice namely, observance of custom or laws, independent action, interdependent action and accountability are discernible in the role fulfilment of the midwife - The fact that such concepts have survived for millenia, indicates the importance of midwifery in society and the fundamental need for a code of practice - These are characteristics which are essential elements of professional practice in modern midwifery The scope of practice of Enrolled Midwife/Acoucheur • The midwife shall provide the midwifery care as stipulated in her/ his scope of practice in the Nursing professions Act The scope of practice entails: - Assessment of the health needs of the pregnant woman - Identify health needs and promotion of health care of the mother and child, by means of examination, observations, counseling and health education during pregnancy, labour and puerperium - Handling of normal pregnancy, uncomplicated labour and normal puerperium - Deliver a normal full term pregnancy, without causing danger to the mother and baby - Identify abnormalities during antenatal care, delivery and post natal care and refer the patient to a medical practitioner or Registered midwife without delay - Provide effective care to the newborn baby and mother during puerperium - Promotion and maintenance of hygiene and physical comfort, and the re-assurance of the mother and child 5 | P a g e By: NTN- 2020 - Promotion of exercise, rest and sleep - Control, promotion and maintenance of respiratory functions, intake and output, blood pressure, temperature, pulse rate and fetal heart rate of the baby - Promotion, maintenance and improvement of the nutritional status of the mother and child - Promotion of breast feeding - Provision of information on health and family planning - Identifying and establishing a working relationship with traditional birth attendants and community leaders to improve health services in the community - Plan health care and health promotion activities of mother and child in health facilities as well as in the community - Care for the dying patient and still born infants Standards of nursing care Definition: • A standard is a desirable and achievable level of performance against which actual practice is compared (ICN,1984:24 ) • An object
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Museum Matters 27
    25 Years of Making Museums Matter 1990-2015 MEMBERSHIP FORM Contact Information Name: _______________________________________________ Institution: _______________________________________________ Postal Address: _______________________________________________ Physical Address: _______________________________________________ Cell: _______________________________________________ Tel: _______________________ Fax: ___________________ Email Address: _______________________________________________ Membership information Individual N$120.00 Associate N$200.00 Museum/Institution N$400.00 Please note that Associate Members are museums still in development and not yet open to the public Is this a (Choose one): New Membership Membership Renewal Payments can be made to: Museums Association of Namibia, Standard Bank, Gustav Voigts Centre Branch, Windhoek, Acc. No. 246311029 (Savings Acc.) Please reference the invoice number or the name of the museum with the payment and fax a copy of your deposit slip to 088629688 or 061-302236 as proof of payment. Alternatively you can email it to [email protected] FOR OFFICE USE ONLY: Membership category: ______________ Membership number: _______________ Payment type: ________ Payment Date: _____________ 1 25 Years of Making Museums Matter 1990-2015 From the Editor… CONTENT Page 3: Bulletin Board Features Page 4: World War I Centenary Page 5: “Efkharisto” Page 7: Transforming a Town, Transforming a Museum Page 9: A Sneak Peek Page 11: Exhibition Design and Planning Page 13: Donations Enhance Visual Art Collection Page
    [Show full text]
  • Connection and History Between Finland and Oniipa
    CONNECTION AND HISTORY BETWEEN FINLAND AND ONIIPA Finland and Namibia have enjoyed a good lasting relationship. Recently in the year 2019, the Embassy of Finland in Namibia hosted a remarkable celebration to mark 150 years of Finland and Namibia friendship. However, the notable connection between Finland and Namibia with Oniipa in particular, started through missionary work. ARRIVAL OF MISSIONARIES IN NAMIBIA The first group of missionaries, among them Martti Rautanen, nicknamed Nakambale, set foot on the sand of Walvis Bay on 14th February 1869. Then they spent a year in Otjimbingwe, where Martti Rautanen met a lady by the name Frieda, who was only 15 at the time. The missionaries then continued to Owamboland, and first settled in a village called Omandongo, on 9th July 1870. From Omandongo, the missionaries spread to Olukonda-Oniipa and other Kingdoms. The main building in Olukonda is today the Nakambale Museum, as Nakambale Martti and Frieda Rautanen with family lived here for most of their life. Nakambale died in 1926, Frieda in 1937, and they are buried in Olukonda, with some of their children. ARRIVAL AT ONIIPA POPULARY KNOWN AS A HOME FOR THE FINNISH In 1887, the Aandonga late King Kambonde ka Mpingana allocated them a piece of land in Oniipa, 8 km north of Olukonda, but due to staff shortage only in 1889 Frans Hannula started building a house, joined later by Albin Savola. The old main building from 1891 is still there, and used as a guesthouse. MAJOR WORK BY THE MISSIONARIES Besides preaching and teaching the Bible, they started learning Oshindonga and soon started writing elementary school books and grammar, and started translating passages from the Bible, and also hymns.
    [Show full text]
  • I the EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH
    THE EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH IN NAMIBIA (ELCIN) AND POVERTY, WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO SEMI-URBAN COMMUNITIES IN NORTHERN NAMIBIA - A PRACTICAL THEOLOGICAL EVALUATION by Gideon Niitenge Dissertation Presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in PRACTICAL THEOLOGY (COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT) at the University of Stellenbosch Promoter: Prof Karel Thomas August March 2013 i Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za DECLARATION I, the undersigned, hereby declare that the work contained in this dissertation is my own original work and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part been submitted it at any university for a degree. Signed: _______________________ Date_________________________ Copyright © 2013 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved ii Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za DEDICATION I dedicate this work to the loving memory of my late mother Eunike Nakuuvandi Nelago Iiputa (Niitenge), who passed away while I was working on this study. If mom was alive, she could share her joy with others to see me completing this doctoral study. iii Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za ABBREVIATIONS AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ARV Anti-Retroviral Treatment AFM Apostolic Faith Mission ACSA Anglican Church of Southern Africa AAP Anglican AIDS Programme AGM Annual General Meeting AMEC African Methodist Episcopal Church CAA Catholic AIDS Action CBO Community-Based Organisation CCDA Christian Community Development Association CAFO Church Alliance for Orphans CUAHA Churches United Against
    [Show full text]
  • H-Diplo JOURNAL WATCH, J to Z H-Diplo Journal and Periodical Review Third Quarter 2015 20 July 2015
    [jw] H-Diplo JOURNAL WATCH, J to Z H-Diplo Journal and Periodical Review Third Quarter 2015 20 July 2015 Compiled by Lubna Qureshi, Stockholm University The Journal of African History, Vol. 56, Issue 2 (July 2015) http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?decade=2010&jid=AFH&volumeId=56 &issueId=02&iid=9768037 New Economic Histories • Johan Fourie and Erik Green, “The Missing People: Accounting for the Productivity of Indigenous Populations in Cape Colonial History,” 195. • Jutta Bolt and Erik Green, “Was the Wage Burden Too Heavy? Settler Farming, Profitability, and Wage Shares of Settler Agriculture in Nyasaland, c. 1900-60,” 217. Crafting Political Identities in the Era of Decolonization • Elizabeth Foster, “’Entirely Christian and Entirely African’: Catholic African Students in France in the Era of Independence,” 239. • Jill Rosenthal, “From ‘Migrants’ to ‘Refugees’: Identity, Aid, and Decolonization in Ngara District, Tanzania,” 261. • Justin Willis, “The Southern Problem: Representing Sudan’s Southern Provinces to c. 1970,” 281. Enduring Violence • David Crawford Jones, “Wielding the Epokolo: Corporal Punishment and Traditional Authority in Colonial Ovamboland,” 301. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc- nd/3.0/us/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA. H-Diplo Journal Watch [jw], A-I, Third Quarter 2015 ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Journal of American-East Asian Relations, Vol. 22, Issue 1 (2015) http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/18765610/22/1 • Michael A. Schneider, “Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Official Gazette Offisiele Koerant
    OFFICIAL GAZETTE of South VI est f\fricao Published by 1\uthority. •• OFFISIELE KOERANT van Suidwes-f\frika. lHtgegee op gesag. 1/- .Monday, 2nd December, 1940. WINDHOEK Maandag, 2 Desember 1940. No. 872 C 0 .N T E M 'i' S • INHOUD. Page. Btadsy. Proclamation - P~rokla.masie- No. 36. Fencing Costs Pr-oclamation No. 55 of No. 36. Omheiningskoste Proklamasie No. 55 van 1939: Amendment of . 3024 1939: W.Jsiging van 3024 Government Notices- Goewermentskennisr;ewings - No. 1777 (Union). Objecti-onabl<e Literature, No. 1777 (Unie). Aanstootlike Literatuur: List No. 8 . 3024 Lys No. 8 3024 No. 1782 (Union) . Emergency Finance Regulations: No. 1782 (Unie). Buitengewone Finansi-e Regula~ Amendment of . 3025 sies: W_ysiging van . 3025 No. 1783 (Union). Emergency Finance Regulations: No. 1783 (Unie). Buitengewone Finansie Regula­ Restriction on Reoeiving of payments in sics: Beperkings op ,petalings in Unilie­ Uni-on Currency for Exports .· . 3027 geld vir uitvoer·e . ·. 3027 No. 1789 (Union). Emergency Finance Regulations: No. 1789 (Unie). Buiteng-ewon·e Finansi•e Regula­ Exemption of Securiti-es, eic. 3027 sies: Vryste!ling van geldwaardjge papiere 3027 No. 1803 (Union ). National Emergency .Regula­ No. 1803 (Unie). Landsnoodtoestandregulasi·es : tions: Control of Exports 3029 Beheer van . Uitvoer . 3029 No. 1804 (Union). National Emergency Regula­ No. 1804 (Unie). Landsnoodtoestandregulasies: tions: Control of Imports, (Aluminium) . 3030 Beheer van Invoer, (Aluminium) . 3030 No. 1806 (Union). National Emergency Regula- No. 1806 (Unie). Landsnoodtoestandregulasi·es: tions: Contro l of Exports . 3030 Beheer van Uitvoer . 3030 No. 165. Motor Vehicle Authodies: Appointment No. 165. Motorvoertuig Outoriteite : Aanstelling as a,nd cancellation of appointment as .
    [Show full text]
  • Hameiden Hidastamat. Kjolarna Till Trots
    Kjolarna till trots Finlands första kvinnliga läkare Hameiden hidastamat Suomen ensimmäiset naislääkärit 23.9.2010 – 14.8.2011 INNEHÅLL / SISÄLLYSLUETTELO Förord / Esipuhe, Henna Sinisalo (H.S.) 4 Kjolarna till trots / Hameiden hidastamat, H.S. 5 Finska Läkaresällskapet 1835–2010, Sten Björkman (S.B.) 7 Rosina Heikel, 1842–1929, H.S. 9 Rosina Heikels smycke / Rosina Heikelin koru, H.S. 11 Karolina Eskelin, 1867–1936, H.S. 12 Laimi Leidenius, 1877–1938, H.S. 14 Selma Rainio (Lilius), 1873–1939 , H.S. 17 Rosa Lilja-Johnson, 1884–1945, H.S. 20 Zaida Eriksson-Lihr, 1895–1974, H.S. 22 Göta Tingvald-Hannikainen, 1896–1982, H.S. 25 UTSTÄLLNINGSPUBLIKATION / NÄYTTELYJULKAISU Redigerad av / toimittanut: Henna Sinisalo Översättning / käännös: Alexandra Tuominen Layout: Timo Huvilinna Utgiven av Helsingfors universitetsmuseum Julkaisija Helsingin yliopistomuseo 3 FÖRORD elsingfors universitetsmuseums nya utställning Kjolarna till trots – Finlands första kvinnliga läkare pågår 23 september 2010 – 14 augusti 2011. Utställningen firar Fin- Hska Läkaresällskapets, landets tredje äldsta förening, 175 årsjubileum, men är också en hyllning till de envisa och skickliga kvinnliga läkare som under historiens lopp till stor del hamnat i skuggan av sina manliga kollegor. Denna publikation behandlar utställningens teman på ett djupare plan än vad som varit möjligt att förverkliga inom ramarna för den egentliga utställningen. Utställningen belyser de utmaningar som de kvinnliga pionjärerna inom medicin ställdes inför under sina studier, i arbetslivet och i vardagen och tar besökaren till slutet av 1800-talet och början av 1900-talet då kvinnorna för första gången tog plats i den akademiska världen och började utöva läkaryrket bredvid männen. I utställningen presenteras Rosina Heikel, som avlade medicine examen på 1870 talet och därmed blev den första kvinnliga läkaren såväl i Finland som i Norden, och sex andra kvinnor, vars olika livsöden och karriärval ger en bild av hur en akademisk kvinnas liv såg ut för 100 år sedan.
    [Show full text]
  • The Silence of Colonial Melancholy
    The Silence of Colonial Melancholy: The Fourie Collection of Khoisan Ethnologica by Ann Wanless Volume 1 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Johannesburg 2007 1 Abstract Between 1916 and 1928 Dr Louis Fourie, Medical Officer for the Protectorate of South West Africa and amateur anthropologist, amassed a collection of some three and a half thousand artefacts, three hundred photographs and diverse documents originating from or concerned with numerous Khoisan groups living in the Protectorate. He gathered this material in the context of a complex process of colonisation of the area, in which he himself was an important player, both in his official capacity and in an unofficial role as anthropological adviser to the Administration. During this period South African legislation and administration continued the process of deprivation and dehumanisation of the Khoisan that had begun during the German occupation of the country. Simultaneously, anthropologists were constructing an identity for the Khoisan which foregrounded their primitiveness. The tensions engendered in those whose work involved a combination of civil service and anthropology were difficult to reconcile, leading to a form of melancholia. The thesis examines the ways in which Fourie’s collection was a response to, and a part of the consolidation of, these parallel paradigms. Fourie moved to King William’s Town in South Africa in 1930, taking the collection with him, removing the objects still further from their original habitats, and minimising the possibility that the archive would one day rest in an institution in the country of its origin.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (ELCIN)
    The role of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (ELCIN) as a pioneer of social development through Education in Ovamboland (1870‐1970): A Church Historical Study Eino M. Nangula Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Theology in Church History in the Faculty of Theology University of Stellenbosch Supervisor: Prof. R.R. Vosloo December 2013 I Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the authorship owner thereof (unless to the extent explicitly otherwise stated) and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Date: ................................................ Copyright © 2013 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved II Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract This study is a historical investigation of the role of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (ELCIN) regarding social development with special attention to education as an agency of social change. ELCIN is the largest Lutheran church in Namibia, which was born out of the Finnish missionary activities after their arrival in the former Ovamboland in 1870. The Finnish missionaries became the first missionaries to do mission work in Ovamboland. This qualifies them to be regarded as pioneers of social development and of the transformation of society through education among the Ovambo people. ELCIN’s humble beginnings started as a mission field and developed into mission congregations; thereafter as a mission church and finally as independent church in 1954. The study shows that since its inception ELCIN has been committed to serve her members holistically (spiritually and socially).
    [Show full text]
  • Art of the Intangible History
    ART OF THE INTANGIBLE HISTORY Maiju Matilda Löytty Negotiating the possibilities of arts-based research for learning processes in Finnish-Namibian Museums Maiju Matilda Löytty Art of the Intangible History: Negotiating the possibilities of arts-based research for learning processes in Finnish-Namibian Museums Master’s Thesis for Master of Arts Nordic Visual Studies and Art Education Department of Art Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture 2018 Keywords: Museum, arts-based research, post-colonial theories, Namibia Thesis supervisor: Tiina Pusa Thesis advisor: Kaija Kaitavuori Language of thesis: English 122 pages Copyright © 2018 Matilda Löytty ABSTRACT This thesis is a qualitative, arts-based research which examines learning processes about case-study museums about Finnish – Namibia cultural history. It elaborates the shared history, meaning the missionary work done by Finland in Namibia since in 1870 and certain post-colonial theories related to this history. It discusses museums as knowledge- shaping arenas and self-directed learning environments. The thesis explores the possibilities which contemporary artistic practices bring forth for discussing cultural history, post-colonial theories and museums as learning environments. It analyses what kind of visual images, meanings and social and cultural contexts are embedded in the setting. Practices of looking, certain subject positions, and power relations regarding cultures and cultural contexts are examined. The research discusses theories of knowledge and how an artist/researcher learns through encountering the complex systems of a cultural history museums through art- making. The case-studies, relevant literature and contemporary art processes during the research process contribute to a discussion around the concept of history and the fluid and rhizomatic nature of knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ovambo in Context: the People, Their Land And
    Chapter One THE OVAMBO IN CONTEXT: THE PEOPLE, THEIR LAND AND EUROPEAN COLONISATION The Ovambo People The Ovambo are part of the larger Southwestern Bantu group (Murdock 1959), and consist of 12 culturally related peoples - originally kingdoms - which occupy the international border regions of southern Angola and northern Namibia. In northern Namibia reside the Ovakwanyama, Ondonga, Ukwambi, Ongandjera, Ombalantu, Ukwaludhi, Uukolonkahdi and Eunda (Hahn 1928:1; Tuupainen 1970:12). The Ovakwanyama, Evale, Dombondola, Kafima and Ombadja1 (a divided kingdom under two different ruling clans), inhabit the southern Angolan region (Estermann 1976:51, 117) (see Map 1). Of the 12 peoples, the Ovakwanyama and the Ondonga (occupying eastern Ovamboland) are larger and more prosperous than the smaller Ovambo groups to the west. They are also better documented in the source literature (Loeb 1962:18). Demographic information for the Ovambo does exist, although it tends to be extremely scanty and fragmentary in character, and of somewhat questionable accuracy. For example, a population census was carried out by the South African Administration in the early 1920’s, and on the basis of the results Hahn (1928:2) estimates a total Ovambo population of 150,000 in northern Namibia, compris- ing 65,000 Ondonga, 55,000 Ovakwanyama, 8,000 Ukwambi, 6,100 Ukwaludhi, 5,100 Ombalantu and 600 Eunda. Some 50 years earlier, the Finnish missionary Peltola (quoted in Hiltunen 1986) numbered the pop- ulation at around 100,000, but Hiltunen does not mention his sources for this figure. According to Bruwer (1966), the Kwanyama population in 1960 was apparently 87,511 for the Namibian region, while in south- ern Angola they numbered around 200,000 (Rodin 1985:7).
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    Journal of Namibian Studies, 21 (2017): 65 – 87 ISSN: 2197-5523 (online) Sh ikongo shaKalulu, Nakambale and shared m emories . Olukonda historic mission station as a cultural memory and heritage site Kim Groop* Abstract In 1992, the old Finnish mission station Olukonda in the Oshikoto Region of northern Namibia was declared a national heritage site. This was the first such heritage declaration after Namibia gained its independence in 1990. In this article, I examine the Olukonda station from a historical and cultural memory perspective. The legendary missionary Martti Rautanen – or Nakambale – resided at the site between 1880 and his death in 1926, and he is buried at Olukonda together with most of his family members. Olukonda is the site where the relationship between the king(s) and the missionaries was tested, shaped, and consolidated. At Olukonda Finnish- missionary Lutheranism was gradually adopted by Ondonga society, and eventually Olukonda would become a site which the Ovambo would view as a part of their own heritage. In the article, I discuss remembrance and forgetting, time demarcations, and the different understandings of decisive events of the past. I argue that Olukonda is the main site which nurtures the memory of the Lutheran past in northern Namibia, but also that, at Olukonda, various mission and church related memories intermingle with nationalism and Ovambo culture. Olukonda as a Lutheran mission station The work of the Finnish Missionary Society 1 in Namibia dates back to the year 1870 when six missionaries and two carpenters arrived at Omandongo in the Ondonga kingdom. The missionaries responded to an invitation by King Shikongo shaKalulu which was communicated through the Rhenish missionary Hugo Hahn some years earlier.
    [Show full text]
  • Healthcare and Warfare: Medical Space, Mission and Apartheid in 20Th Century Northern Namibia
    Healthcare and Warfare: Medical space, mission and apartheid in 20th century northern Namibia Catharina Nord Linköping University Post Print N.B.: When citing this work, cite the original article. Original Publication: Catharina Nord , Healthcare and Warfare: Medical space, mission and apartheid in 20th century northern Namibia, 2014, Medical history, (58), 03, 422-446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2014.31 Copyright: Cambridge University Press (CUP) http://www.cambridge.org/uk/ Postprint available at: Linköping University Electronic Press http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-90237 Healthcare and Warfare. Medical space, mission and apartheid in 20th century northern Namibia Catharina Nord, Associate Professor NISAL, Linköping University, Sweden Version accepted for publication In Medical History May 2014 Abstract In the year 1966, the first government hospital, Oshakati hospital, was inaugurated in northern South West Africa. It was constructed by the apartheid regime of South Africa which was occupying the territory. Prior to this inauguration, Finnish missionaries had, for 65 years, provided healthcare to the indigenous people in a number of healthcare facilities of which Onandjokwe hospital was the most important. This article discusses these two agents’ ideological standpoints. The same year, the war between the South West African guerrillas and the South African state started, and continued up to 1988. The two hospitals became involved in the war; Oshakati hospital as a part of the South African war machinery, and Onandjokwe hospital as a “terrorist hospital” in the eyes of the South Africans. The missionary Onandjokwe hospital was linked to the Lutheran church in South West Africa, which became one of the main critics of the apartheid system early in the liberation war.
    [Show full text]