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Host Preference and Performance of Cabbage Aphid Brevicoryne Brassicae L

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Host Preference and Performance of Cabbage Aphid Brevicoryne Brassicae L Vol. 13(52), pp. 2936-2944, 27 December, 2018 DOI: 10.5897/AJAR2018.13596 Article Number: D76434D59651 ISSN: 1991-637X Copyright ©2018 African Journal of Agricultural Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/AJAR Research Full Length Research Paper Host preference and performance of cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Homoptera: Aphididae) on four different brassica species Amlsha Mezgebe1*, Ferdu Azerefegne2 and Yibrah Beyene2 1Adigrat University, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, P. O. Box 5, Adigrat, Ethiopia. 2Hawassa University, College of Agriculture, P. O. Box 5, Hawassa, Ethiopia. Received 3 October, 2018; Accepted 4 December, 2018 Host preference and performance of cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae were studied on seven brassica varieties under Greenhouse. Nymphs, apterous and alate aphids were significantly different on day three and day 15 among tested varieties. Higher total number of aphids per plant was recorded on Brassica carinata and lower on Brassica oleracea. Alates of B. brassicae preferred more to feed and reproduce on B. carinata varieties than the other tested varieties. Developmental and reproduction periods, fecundity and longevity of B. brassicae were significantly different among tested varieties. Shortest and longest developmental period were recorded on Holeta-1 (6.4 days) and Kale (8.9 days), respectively. The aphid had the highest fecundity on B. niger (79.5 nymphs/adult) and the lowest on cabbage (62.4 nymphs/adult).The reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase, generation time, doubling time of B. brassicae were significantly different among tested varieties. The intrinsic rate of increase of B. brassicae was 0.337, 0.310, 0.286, 0.276, 0.262, 0.250 and 0.239 days-1 on Holeta-1, Yellow Dodola, Axana, Blinda, B. niger, Cabbage, and kale respectively. Varieties of B. carinata were more suitable for cabbage aphid feeding and reproduction than the other tested varieties. Key words: B. brassicae, reproduction, development, intrinsic rate of increase, fecundity, Ethiopian mustard. INTRODUCTION Cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Hemiptera: disrupting the normal plant growth and development Aphididae) is a specialized aphid on brassica plants and (Colette et al., 2008) and indirect damage through the creates problem worldwide with a significant negative transmission of viral diseases (Jahan et al., 2013). impact on brassica crops (Pontoppidan et al., 2003; Brassicaceae plants are most popular vegetable crops Bashir et al., 2013). Aphid cause direct damage by consumed all over the world and good source of bioactive causing chlorosis and leaf curling on the leaves while phytochemicals (Beekwilder et al., 2008) and they are *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: ±251913306383. Fax: ± 251(3)44452115. Author(s) agree that this article remain permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Mezgebe et al. 2937 characterized by their secondary metabolites were reared for two generations on respective host plants prior to (Glucosinolates) (Al-Gendy et al., 2010; Polat, 2010). The the experiment. Aphids were transferred in to new potted plants type and concentration of glucosinolates have been when required to maintain the high aphid density for further experiment. The potted plants were kept under green house in found to vary between Brassica species, cultivars and ambient conditions at temperature of 28.86±0.82°C and 51.43±2 between the plant parts within the same plant relative humidity. (Rangkadilok et al., 2002; Windsor et al., 2005; Zytynska and Preziosi, 2011).Variation in plant quality such as physical, chemical or biological traits influences Host preference of alate aphids of B. brassicae herbivores’ performance such as growth rates, fecundity, The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse by placing the and survivorship (Awmack and Leather, 2002; Zehnder stock culture in one side and the aphid free plants in the opposite and Hunter, 2008). side direction two meters away. Forty two brassica plants; six plants The cabbage aphid B. brassicae is a phloem sucking for each of the seven varieties with high alate cabbage aphid insects that have a strategy for manipulating toxic densities on one side were used as aphid stock culture. Winged substance from Brassicaceae crops, which is harmful to cabbage aphids were allowed to disperse and to feed on the healthy plants on another side. A total of twenty eight aphid free other brassica insects (Rebecca et al., 2011). These plants consisted of seven varieties replicated four times were used. substances are important as plant defense response and Aphid free plants were approximately equal size with only five provoked consequently after insect herbivore feeding on young, fully expanded leaves. The plants were labeled and the plant (Muhammad et al., 2009; Bones et al., 2011). randomly arranged on the opposite side in four rows. The number Glucosinolates are strong stimulant substances for of nymphs, winged and non-winged adults on each plant were cabbage aphid, and used as signal to select its host recorded three and fifteen days after the plants were exposed. plants (Gabrys and Tjallingii, 2002). The toxic effect of the plant substance on cabbage aphid B. brassicae is Performance of B. brassicae avoided by elimination, detoxification, sequestration methods and behavioral responses of the aphid (Hopkins Two seeds of each variety were sown on a plastic pot and thinned et al., 2009). Mirmohammadi et al. (2009) and Aziz et al. to one plants per pot two weeks after germination. To have a same age (<24 h) of the first nymphal stage; one young apterous adult (2016) studied the effect of B. napas and B. oleracae was randomly collected from the stock culture and placed on the cultivars on the performance of cabbage aphid. However, undersurface of the leaf on each plants. After 24 hours, one the effect of Ethiopian mustard varieties on the newborn nymph was left on the leaf and excess nymphs and adults performance of cabbage aphid has not been studied. The were removed. Then all experimental pots were caged individually variation on quantity and quality of phytochemicals and arranged in completely randomized design with ten among plant genotypes, tissues and ontogenetic stages replications. Period for first, second, third and fourth instar, nymph developmental period, pre-reproductive, reproductive period, post- has an effect on insect performance (Ode, reproductive period, adult longevity, lifetime and fecundity were 2006).Therefore, the aim of the present study was to calculated. evaluate the effect of different brassica species on the preference and performance of cabbage aphid B. brassicae in Ethiopia. Statistical analysis Number of aphids per plant, developmental and reproduction period, intrinsic rate of natural increase, generation time, number of MATERIALS AND METHODS offspring per female and survivorship (%) on each tested varieties were subjected to PROC GLM analysis of variance procedure in Host plant material SAS software version 9.0 (SAS Institute, 2002). Means were compared using Tukey’s test at p=0.05. The preference and performance of cabbage aphid was studied on Age specific life table were calculated for cabbage aphids on seven different brassica varieties; six varieties from three species seven different brassica varieties. Parameters were calculated (two varieties from each species) and one local variety of B. niger using Euler–Lotka Equation (Begon et al. 2006). The intrinsic rate (red mustard) (Table 1). Seeds of the brassica were sown on plastic of natural increase was calculated with the following equation. pots (15:15:10 cm height, bottom and top diameter respectively) -rmx* containing 3:2:1 proportion of soil, sandy and manure, respectively ∑ Lxmxe =1 to ensure the fertility of the soil for the plant growth and development. The pots were kept under the greenhouse of the, College of Agriculture, Hawassa University. Lx = lx+lx+1 and x* = pivotal x= xl+ xl+l 2 2 Aphid source and rearing Where, lx is the fraction of individuals of the initial cohort alive at The aphid B. brassicae was collected from infected cabbage plants age x, mx the number of female progeny produced per female in x at Hawassa and introduced to each of the corresponding varieties and rm the intrinsic rate of natural increase. The net reproductive planted on pot as stock culture. The plants were kept inside cages rate (Ro = ∑ Lxmx), generation time (T = lnRo /rm), population covered with fine net to prevent aphids from escaping and doubling time (DT = ln2 /rm) and finite rate of increase (λ = exp.(rm)) parasitoids and predators of the aphid from entering. The aphids were calculated. 2938 Afr. J. Agric. Res. Table 1. Brassica varieties used for the experiment and their sources. Varieties Species Source Yellow Dodolla B. carinata Holeta research Center Holeta-1 B. carinata Holeta research Center Cabbage B. oleracea var. capitata Copenhagen Market Kale B. oleracea var. Aciphala Local Market Axana B. napus Kulumsa Research Center Blinda B. napus Kulumsa Research Center Red mustard B. niger Local Market Table 2. Numbers of alate, nymph and apterae of cabbage aphid on seven brassica varieties after three and fifteen days of infestation. Number of aphids per plant Varieties Day 3 Day 15 Alate Nymph Total Alate Apterae Nymph Total Holeta-1 15.8a 29.0a 44.8a 67.50a 183.3a 642.5a 893.3a Yellow dodola 13.3b 26.3a 39.5b 65.50a 157.3ab 568.0ab 790.8ab Axana 10.5c 17.0b 27.5c 49.50ab 133.3bcd 510.5bcd 693.3bcd Blinda 9.3cd 12.8c 22.0d 46.50b 143.5abc 538.5bc 728.5bc Cabbage 8.3cd 11.8c 20.0d 33.25bc 108.8cd 451.8cd 593.8de Kale 7.8cd 10.0c 17.8d 29.50c 97.8d 424.8d 552.0e B. niger 8.0cd 12.0c 20.0d 39.25bc 112.3ab 507.5bcd 659.3cd Means in the same column followed by the same letters do not differ significantly at P=0.05 (Tukey’s test).
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