Behavior Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology ______

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______PSYCHOLOGY (8th Edition, in Modules) ______David Myers ______PowerPoint Slides Aneeq Ahmad ______Henderson State University ______

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______Behavior Genetics and ______Evolutionary Psychology ______

Module 6 ______

______Behavior Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology ______

Behavior genetics: Predicting ______Individual Differences ______ Genes: our Codes for Life Twin Studies ______ Temperament Studies ______ Heritability Gene‐Environment Interaction ______ The New Frontier: Molecular Genetics 3

Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 6 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 1 ______Behavior Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology ______

Evolutionary Psychology: ______Understanding Human Nature ______ Natural Selection ______ An Evolutionary Explanation of Human Sexuality ______ Critiquing the Evolutionary ______Perspective

OBJECTIVE 6‐1| Give examples of differences Nature, Nurture and Human Diversity and similarities within the human family. ______

Similarities Differences ______Genes: Same set of Genes: Genetic anomalies chromosomes may make us different ______Biology: The organs and Biology: May change body function the same during development ______Brain: Same brain Brain: Asymmetry of brain architecture across genders ______Behavior: Speak different Behaviors: Speak language languages ______5

OBJECTIVE 6‐2| Describe the type of Behavior Genetics: Predicting Individual Differences questions that interest behavior geneticists. Behavior Geneticists study our differences and ______weigh the relative effects of heredity and environment. ______

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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 6 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 2 OBJECTIVE 6‐3| Define chromosome, DNA, Genes: Our Codes for Life gene, and genome, and describe their relationships. In the nucleus of a cell chromosomes containing DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) are situated. ______

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______Genes: Our Codes for Life ______

Segments within DNA constitute genes making ______proteins to determine our development. ______

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______Genome ______

Genome is the set of complete instructions for ______making an organism Containing all the genes in that organism. Thus human genome makes us ______human and the genome for drosophila makes it a common house fly. ______

______

Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 6 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 3 OBJECTIVE 6‐4| Explain how identical and Twin Biology fraternal twins differ, and ways that behavior geneticists use twin studies to understand the To study the effects of heredity and environment two sets of twins, identical and effects of environment. fraternal, have come in handy. ______

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10 ______

______Twin and Procedures ______

Behavior geneticists study the effects of shared ______and unique environments on total or partial genetic makeup. ______

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______Separated Twins ______

A number of studies have looked at identical ______twins raised separately from birth or close there after and have found a number of similarities. ______

Separated Twins ______Personality, Intelligence ______Abilities, Attitudes

Interests, Fears ______

Brain Waves, Heart Rate 12

Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 6 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 4 ______Separated Twins ______

Critics of separated twin studies note that such ______similarities can be found between strangers. However, researchers point out that differences ______between fraternal twins are greater than identical twins. ______

______

______Bob

Sacha 13

OBJECTIVE 6‐5| Cite ways that behavior

Adoption Studies geneticists use adoption studies to understand

the effects of environment and heredity. Opposed to twin studies, adoption studies suggest that adoptees (who may be biologically ______unrelated) tend to be different from their adoptive parents and siblings. ______

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______Adoptive Studies ______

Adoptive studies strongly point to the simple ______fact that biologically related children turn out to be different in a family. So investigators ask: ______

Do siblings have differing experiences? ______

Do siblings, despite sharing half of their genes, have ______different combinations of the other half genes? ______Ultimate question: Does parenting have an effect?

Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 6 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 5 ______Parenting ______

Parenting does have an effect on biologically ______related and unrelated children. ______Parenting Influences children’s ______Attitudes, Values ______Manners, Beliefs ______Faith, Politics

OBJECTIVE 6‐6| Discuss how the relative

Temperament Studies stability of our temperament illustrates the

influence of heredity on development. Temperament refers to a person’s stable emotional reactivity and intensity. Identical ______twins express similar temperaments, suggesting heredity predisposes temperament. ______

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OBJECTIVE 6‐7| Explain heritabilityʹs

Heritability application on individuals and groups, and

explain what we mean when we say genes are Heritability refers to the extent to which the differences among people are attributable to genes. self‐regulating. ______

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18 ______

Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 6 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 6 ______Group Differences ______

If genetic influences help explain individual ______diversity in traits, can the same be said about group differences? ______

______Not necessarily. Individual differences in weight and height are heritable and yet ______nutritional influences have made westerners heavier and taller than their ancestors a century ago. ______

______Nature and Nurture ______

Some human traits are fixed, like having two ______eyes, most psychological traits are liable to change with environmental experience. ______

______So genes provide choices to the organism to change its form or traits when environmental variables change. Therefore genes are pliable or ______self‐regulating. ______

OBJECTIVE 6‐8| Give and example of a

Gene‐Environment Interaction genetically influenced trait that can evoke

responses in others, and give another example Genes can influence traits which affect responses, and environment can affect gene of an environment that can trigger gene activity. activity.

A genetic predisposition that makes a child ______restless and hyperactive, evokes angry responses from his parents. A stressful ______environment can trigger genes to manufacture neurotransmitters leading to depression. ______

Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 6 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 7 ______Gene‐Environment Interaction ______

Genes and environment affect our traits ______individually, but more important is their interactive effects. ______lsi Pierdomenico/Reuters/Corbis Alessia ______

Rex ______

Features ______People respond differently to Rowan Atkinson (Mr. Bean) than Orlando Bloom. 22

OBJECTIVE 6‐9| Identify the potential The New Frontier: Molecular Genetics promise and perils of molecular genetics. ______

______

Molecular genetics is a branch extension of ______behavior genetics that asks the question, do genes influence behavior? 23

______Molecular Genetics: Promises and Perils ______

Molecular geneticists are trying to identify ______genes that put people at risk for disorders. With this kind of knowledge parents can decide to ______abort pregnancies where fetuses are suspected of having such disorders ______

______But this opens up a real concern about ethical issues involving such choices. ______

Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 6 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 8 OBJECTIVE 6‐10| Describe the areas of Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Human Nature psychology that interests evolutionary psychologists. Molecular genetics studies why we as ______organisms are distinct. ______

Evolutionary psychology studies why we as ______humans are alike. In particular it studies the evolution of behavior and mind using ______principles of natural selection.

OBJECTIVE 6‐11| State the principle of natural

Natural Selection selection, and point out some possible effects

of natural selection in the development of Natural selection is an evolutionary process through which adaptive traits are passed on to human characteristics. ongoing generations because they lead animals to reproduce and survive. ______

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______Artificial Selection ______Biologists like Belyaev and Trut (1999) were able to artificially rear and domesticate wild ______foxes selecting them for friendly traits. ______L.N.

Trur,

American ______

Scientist ______

(1999)

87:

160 ‐

169 ______

Any trait that is favored naturally or artificially 27 spreads to future generations.

Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 6 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 9 ______Human Traits ______

A number of human traits have been identified ______as a result of pressures afforded by natural selection. ______Why do infants fear strangers when they become mobile? ______Why are most parents so passionately devoted to their ______children?

Why do people fear spiders and snakes and not ______electricity and guns? 28

OBJECTIVE 6‐12| Identify gender differences

Human Sexuality in sexuality.

Gender Differences in Sexuality ______Males and females to a large extent behave and ______think similarly. Differences in sexes arise with regards to reproductive behaviors. ______Question (summarized) Male Female ______Casual sex 60% 35%

Sex for affection 25% 48% ______

Think about sex everyday 54% 19%

OBJECTIVE 6‐13| Describe evolutionary

Mating Preferences explanations for gender differences in

sexuality. Natural selection has pressurized males to send their genes into the future by mating with ______multiple females because of lower cost involved. ______

______But females because of higher costs involved with pregnancy and nursing select one mature ______and caring male.

Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 6 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 10 ______Mating Preferences ______

In order for males to pass their genes into future ______they look for youthful appearance in females. Females on the other hand look for maturity, ______dominance, affluence and boldness in males. ______

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Data based on 37 cultures. 31

OBJECTIVE 6‐14| Summarize the criticisms of Critiquing the Evolutionary Perspective evolutionary explanations of human behavior, and describe the evolutionary psychologists’ Evolutionary psychologists take a behavior and work backward to explain it in terms of natural selection. responses to those criticisms. Evolutionary psychology proposes genetic determinism and undercuts morality in establishing society. ______Where genders are unequal, gender preferences are ______wide, but closely equal, preferences narrow down. ______

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______Evolutionary Psychologists Reply ______

Evolutionary psychologists argue that we need to test ______behaviors that expound evolutionary principles.

Evolutionary psychologists remind us how we have ______adapted, but does not dictate how we ought to be. ______Males and females are more alike than different, if we study these differences we can establish their causes. ______

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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 6 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 11