___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ PSYCHOLOGY (8th Edition, in Modules) ___________________________________ David Myers ___________________________________ PowerPoint Slides Aneeq Ahmad ___________________________________ Henderson State University ___________________________________ Worth Publishers, © 2007 1 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Behavior Genetics and ___________________________________ Evolutionary Psychology ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Module 6 ___________________________________ 2 ___________________________________ Behavior Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology ___________________________________ Behavior genetics: Predicting ___________________________________ Individual Differences ___________________________________ Genes: our Codes for Life Twin Studies ___________________________________ Temperament Studies ___________________________________ Heritability Gene‐Environment Interaction ___________________________________ The New Frontier: Molecular Genetics 3 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 6 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 1 ___________________________________ Behavior Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology ___________________________________ Evolutionary Psychology: ___________________________________ Understanding Human Nature ___________________________________ Natural Selection ___________________________________ An Evolutionary Explanation of Human Sexuality ___________________________________ Critiquing the Evolutionary ___________________________________ Perspective 4 OBJECTIVE 6‐1| Give examples of differences Nature, Nurture and Human Diversity and similarities within the human family. ___________________________________ Similarities Differences ___________________________________ Genes: Same set of Genes: Genetic anomalies chromosomes may make us different ___________________________________ Biology: The organs and Biology: May change body function the same during development ___________________________________ Brain: Same brain Brain: Asymmetry of brain architecture across genders ___________________________________ Behavior: Speak different Behaviors: Speak language languages ___________________________________ 5 OBJECTIVE 6‐2| Describe the type of Behavior Genetics: Predicting Individual Differences questions that interest behavior geneticists. Behavior Geneticists study our differences and ___________________________________ weigh the relative effects of heredity and environment. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 6 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 6 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 2 OBJECTIVE 6‐3| Define chromosome, DNA, Genes: Our Codes for Life gene, and genome, and describe their relationships. In the nucleus of a cell chromosomes containing DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) are situated. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 7 ___________________________________ Genes: Our Codes for Life ___________________________________ Segments within DNA constitute genes making ___________________________________ proteins to determine our development. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 8 ___________________________________ Genome ___________________________________ Genome is the set of complete instructions for ___________________________________ making an organism Containing all the genes in that organism. Thus human genome makes us ___________________________________ human and the genome for drosophila makes it a common house fly. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 9 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 6 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 3 OBJECTIVE 6‐4| Explain how identical and Twin Biology fraternal twins differ, and ways that behavior geneticists use twin studies to understand the To study the effects of heredity and environment two sets of twins, identical and effects of environment. fraternal, have come in handy. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 10 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Twin and Procedures ___________________________________ Behavior geneticists study the effects of shared ___________________________________ and unique environments on total or partial genetic makeup. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 11 ___________________________________ Separated Twins ___________________________________ A number of studies have looked at identical ___________________________________ twins raised separately from birth or close there after and have found a number of similarities. ___________________________________ Separated Twins ___________________________________ Personality, Intelligence ___________________________________ Abilities, Attitudes Interests, Fears ___________________________________ Brain Waves, Heart Rate 12 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 6 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 4 ___________________________________ Separated Twins ___________________________________ Critics of separated twin studies note that such ___________________________________ similarities can be found between strangers. However, researchers point out that differences ___________________________________ between fraternal twins are greater than identical twins. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Bob Sacha 13 OBJECTIVE 6‐5| Cite ways that behavior Adoption Studies geneticists use adoption studies to understand the effects of environment and heredity. Opposed to twin studies, adoption studies suggest that adoptees (who may be biologically ___________________________________ unrelated) tend to be different from their adoptive parents and siblings. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 14 ___________________________________ Adoptive Studies ___________________________________ Adoptive studies strongly point to the simple ___________________________________ fact that biologically related children turn out to be different in a family. So investigators ask: ___________________________________ Do siblings have differing experiences? ___________________________________ Do siblings, despite sharing half of their genes, have ___________________________________ different combinations of the other half genes? ___________________________________ Ultimate question: Does parenting have an effect? 15 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 6 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 5 ___________________________________ Parenting ___________________________________ Parenting does have an effect on biologically ___________________________________ related and unrelated children. ___________________________________ Parenting Influences children’s ___________________________________ Attitudes, Values ___________________________________ Manners, Beliefs ___________________________________ Faith, Politics 16 OBJECTIVE 6‐6| Discuss how the relative Temperament Studies stability of our temperament illustrates the influence of heredity on development. Temperament refers to a person’s stable emotional reactivity and intensity. Identical ___________________________________ twins express similar temperaments, suggesting heredity predisposes temperament. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 17 OBJECTIVE 6‐7| Explain heritabilityʹs Heritability application on individuals and groups, and explain what we mean when we say genes are Heritability refers to the extent to which the differences among people are attributable to genes. self‐regulating. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 18 ___________________________________ Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 6 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 6 ___________________________________ Group Differences ___________________________________ If genetic influences help explain individual ___________________________________ diversity in traits, can the same be said about group differences? ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Not necessarily. Individual differences in weight and height are heritable and yet ___________________________________ nutritional influences have made westerners heavier and taller than their ancestors a century ago. ___________________________________ 19 ___________________________________ Nature and Nurture ___________________________________ Some human traits are fixed, like having two ___________________________________ eyes, most psychological traits are liable to change with environmental experience. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ So genes provide choices