University Public Safety Partnerships that Advance Urban Development COALITION OF URBAN SERVING UNIVERSITIES The Coalition of Urban Serving Universities (USU) is a president-led organization committed to enhancing urban university engagement to increase prosperity and opportunity in the nation’s cities and to tackling key urban challenges. The Coalition includes public urban research universities representing all U.S. geographic regions. The USU agenda focuses on creating a competitive workforce, building strong communities, and improving the health of a diverse population. The Coalition of Urban Universities (USU) has partnered with the Association of Public and Land-grant Universities (APLU) to establish an Office of Urban Initiatives, housed at APLU, to jointly lead an urban agenda for the nation’s public universities.

ASSOCIATION OF PUBLIC AND LAND-GRANT UNIVERSITIES The Association of Public and Land-grant Universities (APLU) is a research, policy and advocacy organization representing over 230 public research universities, land-grant institutions, state university systems, and affiliated organizations. Founded in 1887, APLU is North America’s oldest higher education association with member institutions in all 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, four U.S. territories, Canada, and Mexico. Annually, APLU member campuses enroll 4.9 million undergraduates and 1.3 million graduate students, award 1.2 million degrees, employ 1.2 million faculty and staff, and conduct $43.9 billion in university-based research.

B University Public Safety Partnerships That Advance Urban Development Contents

Executive Summary iii

The Problem 1

The Solution: Engage Urban Universities 2

Step 1: Explore the Field 3

Common Attributes of Effective Public Safety Partnerships 3 Common Challenges Facing Public Safety Partnerships 4

Step 2: Identify Key Issues Challenging the Field 5

Student Safety Off Campus 5 Community Safety 9

Step 3: Effective or Promising Practices 11

Student Safety Off Campus 11 Community Safety 15

Step 4: Action Steps to Advance Practice 19

Evaluate Current Cultural Competence and Other Training Programs 19 Training Action Steps 20 Scaled Implementation Action Steps 20 Dissemination 21

Conclusion 22

References 23

Executive Summary

ublic safety concerns all communities across In the first section, we collected and compared the United States. Over the past decade, effective efforts across USU campuses, and identified P people’s sense of safety has been in decline. the following common characteristics. Yet, statistics indicate that crime overall has been decreasing, due in part to new technologies and more  They were data driven, relying on evidence for innovative strategies. At the same time, in certain decision-making. neighborhoods—usually urban—crime and fear of  They were people centered, focusing on quality of crime remain a daily truth, and the relationships life, not just crime reduction. between neighborhoods and police are as much a part of the problem as the solution.  They were plan enabled—a part of a wider multifaceted strategy to strengthen neighborhoods Consequently, many cities face several interrelated or the city as a whole. challenges: (1) people in many urban places feel less safe—physically, economically, and socially; (2) fewer In the next section, the report documents effective resources are available to address societal problems; and innovative university-community partnership (3) demographic, technological, and political changes practices across the United States focused on student are undermining past practices and conceptions safety off-campus and community safety. of how the world works; and (4) innovative practices related to real and perceived safety often Specific practices identified to improve student safety lack support, in part due to the lack of credible off-campus addressed the following: evaluations and communications about their impacts.  Student codes of conduct One powerful solution for many cities involves  Good neighbor policies engaging anchor institutions as partners in addressing real and perceived safety beyond campus  City ordinances boundaries. Such partnerships are most effective when these institutions’ anchor missions and actions  Community reporting align with their communities’ priorities. The urban  Sexual assault and misconduct university is a key anchor institution. As part of its national efforts, the Coalition of Urban Serving  Rental inspection programs Universities (USU) engaged in a four-step process to (1) identify types of community-university safety  Social media efforts partnerships and how they worked; (2) categorize Crime pattern assessments the key safety issues they addressed; (3) document  effective or promising practices for each safety issue;  Smartphone apps and (4) suggest actions available to communities and universities to address ongoing challenges.

University Public Safety Partnerships That Advance Urban Development iii For the broader category of community safety, the  Improving research about the effectiveness of USU variety of practices included the following: community safety partnerships

 Research practice partnerships  Leveraging student research

 Federally funded programs  Creating a comprehensive effective practices report  Embedded researcher programs Training action steps:  Institutes and centers for crime and safety analytics  Enhancing scenario-based training for police

 Crime prevention through environmental design  Expanding current cultural competence training to use and training community groups

 Training programs to enhance police department  Identifying opportunities for effective distance legitimacy and community trust learning programs  Enhanced community policing practices and Scaled implementation and dissemination action partnerships steps:  Police officer recruitment and retention  Pilot implementation of effective practices across innovations three to six campuses

Recognizing the urgent need for even greater efforts  Perform ongoing identification and evaluation of in many cities, the report concludes with a set of innovative and evidence-based practices possible action steps cities and universities might consider. These actions are categorized as evaluation  Advocate for resources and policy change to and research, training, and scaled implementation. advance these efforts

Evaluation and research action steps: In conclusion, this report is a first important step in identifying what universities and their partners  Carefully evaluating current cultural competence can do to address their distinct set of public safety and training programs for police challenges. There remains much work to do. The key is to recognize that keeping students safe means  Further exploring the ethical considerations making communities safer and vice versa. related to social media monitoring and use

 Expanding discussions beyond USU at meetings Partnerships are the only way forward. and conferences

iv University Public Safety Partnerships That Advance Urban Development The Problem

ublic safety concerns communities across the are undermining past practices and conceptions of United States. Over the past decade, people’s how the world works; and (4) innovative practices P sense of safety has been in decline. Findings related to real and perceived safety often lack from the Gallup polls on attitudes toward crime support, in part due to the lack of credible evaluations reveal an increase from 41 percent in 2001 to 68 and communications about their impacts. percent in 2013 of respondents saying “more” to the question, “Is there more crime in the U.S. than a year The conceptual solution described here offers a ago, or less?” Perceptions that crime is worsening way forward—one that can improve perceptions, are also very much a local issue. The percentage decrease crime, and ultimately help transform responding “more” to the Gallup question, “Is there the negative cultures that pervade neighborhoods more crime in your area than there was a year ago, most in need. And it does so by engaging anchor or less?” almost doubled, rocketing from 26 percent institutions in collaborative partnerships as part of a in 2001 to 48 percent in 2011. Yet, statistics indicate comprehensive, long-term solution that ties safety to that crime overall has been declining, due in part to sustainable, equitable urban development. new technologies and more innovative strategies.

However, in certain neighborhoods—usually urban— crime and fear of crime remain a daily truth, and the relationships between neighborhoods and police Public safety is an essential are as much a part of the problem as the solution. Public safety is an essential feature of sustainable, feature of sustainable, healthy healthy neighborhoods and a sine qua non component of any strategy to combat distress in our urban neighborhoods and a sine qua communities. non component of any strategy As a society, we face several interrelated challenges: (1) people in many urban places feel less safe— to combat distress in our physically, economically, and socially; (2) fewer urban communities. resources are available to address societal problems; (3) demographic, technological, and political changes

University Public Safety Partnerships That Advance Urban Development 1 The Solution: ENGAGE URBAN UNIVERSITIES

he Coalition of Urban Serving Universities safety as part of a more comprehensive community (USU) is made up of the major set of public development strategy. While there is no single way T research higher education institutions in that all USU members engage, they have similar American cities. When their actions are aligned goals and mission, and seek comparable outcomes: with community priorities, they are among the improved safety and improved perceptions of safety nation’s most effective “anchor institutions.” leading to transformative investment and equitable Anchor institutions are increasingly recognized and prosperity. understood as an important component of positive urban development. A major institution “anchored to Therefore, USU engaged in a four-step process to place” uses its resources to improve the surrounding (1) understand how these types of efforts worked; area. Key to meeting that commitment is aligning (2) identify the key safety issues they address; (3) USU members’ missions and actions with their document effective or promising practices for each communities’ priorities. issue; and (4) develop an action agenda to advance improvement. Working together, USU members have discovered that they all partner to address off-campus public

2 University Public Safety Partnerships That Advance Urban Development Step 1: EXPLORE THE FIELD

n 2015, we asked USU members to submit what  UIC Police Department Good Neighbors Program, they believed to be their most effective off-campus University of Illinois at Chicago Ipublic safety partnerships. Seven efforts—all with measurable impacts on some element of safety—  Perceptions of Safety Surveys, Virginia were selected for a deeper examination. We aimed Commonwealth University to identify similarities and common challenges to  Kansas City No Violence Alliance, University of better understand how anchor institutions and their Missouri–Kansas City—collaboration among the community partners can reduce crime and increase university, law enforcement, law enforcement real and perceived public safety, to provide a national agencies, and the community to reduce violent infrastructure for scaling what works. Much research crime on community-based crime reduction efforts relies on single cases. While rich in detail, the cases are All initiatives were DATA DRIVEN (relied on evidence not structured to sort out what may be common for decision-making), PEOPLE CENTERED (focused factors effective in reducing crime or perceptions of on improving the quality of life, not just crime crime. Also, they do not provide a basis for effective reduction), and PLAN ENABLED (part of a wider systematic comparison of the impact of different strategy to strengthen neighborhoods or the city). factors in reducing crime or negative perceptions of While the projects we examined ranged from it. Such insights are essential for devising successful perception surveys to middle school essay writing strategies to be replicated at scale for transformative contests to joint agency (police-university) models, impact. among others, they shared many common attributes and challenges. The seven projects examined were the following:  Do the Write Thing, University of Massachusetts, Common Attributes of Effective Boston—a national essay contest on violence Public Safety Partnerships prevention  Local government capacity was supplemented and  Cure Violence, University of Illinois at Chicago—a expanded to address the problem at hand. health approach to violence prevention  Collaborations focused extensively on building  Memphis Police Joint Agency Model, University of trust and relationships, often in advance of Memphis—district-wide strategies for community implementing safety initiatives. revitalization and public safety in the U of M District  They used a holistic approach, which focused on the multifaceted elements of safety in distressed  Playhouse Square District Initiative, Cleveland urban places (prevention, health, education, State University—relocated several CSU economic development, housing, perceptions, departments into the district and expanded urban design, culture, etc.), not just apprehension campus police presence or suppression.

University Public Safety Partnerships That Advance Urban Development 3  They were partnership based—both across the  Providing specialized training to police city and across the university—with the university professionals to be more sensitive to community playing the convening role, and neighborhood and student needs partners helping to identify needs and solutions. In

all cases, multiple police forces were involved, and  Managing community-police relations when the more than the police was included in the effort. university police force is but one force on the Other anchor institutions also became partners. streets This is based on the belief that no single entity can  Managing persistent negative perceptions, often in solve the problems. spite of major reductions in actual crime

 Resources were shared and merged to improve  Continuously changing environments (leadership, community impact. community organizations, physical landscapes, city  All initiatives were data driven, trying to use programs and their locations) evidence to support decision-making and resource  Committing to the long-term, especially finding allocation (actionable data). Many combined data ways to connect with young children and stay with sets to measure multiple impacts, and worked with them as they mature the community to vet the indicators used.

 Leadership was committed to the goals of the During our review of these practices, we also efforts. identified a set of things a university and its partners need to know to launch and sustain these efforts, and  They clearly articulated the benefits to both the ensure they have an impact on public safety in urban community and the university. neighborhoods. The following questions should be used at the outset of any new partnership launch or  The voices of different stakeholders were included review: in the process.  How do efforts get started, and what type of  Research (by faculty and students) supported all leadership is needed for the launch? the approaches.  Is there consensus in the community about Common Challenges Facing Public safety priorities? Is there a geographic focus or a particular place that partners want to impact? Safety Partnerships  Can safety concerns be fixed? What are the  Sustaining efforts and the resources to maintain metrics of success? them as partners work to create culture shifts inside the university, in the police forces, at city  How can resources be sustained? How and when is hall, and in the community it best to approach civic leaders to support efforts?

 The blurring of boundaries between campus and  How do universities manage police-community community, creating difficulties balancing public relationships when the university police access with university needs or resources, and department is not the only one in the field? growing expectations on the part of the city and  What kinds of agreements are needed around data community for them to do more sharing? Are technical protocols required?  Maintaining relations over time and managing  How do you gather useful amounts of data that expectations provide a coherent narrative?

4 University Public Safety Partnerships That Advance Urban Development Step 2: IDENTIFY KEY ISSUES CHALLENGING THE FIELD

any complex challenges related to off-campus potential scenarios that include the following: safety remain a source of concern for both Muniversity and community partners. Student  Non-student victim and non-student perpetrator populations provide vitality and purchasing power  Student victim and student perpetrator for local businesses, but students often become easy targets for criminals, experience sexual assault,  Student perpetrator and non-student victim struggle with mental health issues in isolation, and sometimes commit serious and disorder crimes that  Student victim and non-student perpetrator further destabilize neighborhoods. Safety of non- students and businesses in these neighborhoods is Within this context, USU brought together dozens of equally important to quality of life and revitalization experts from USU member campuses and the Police goals. Each of these challenges requires innovative Foundation to address steps 2–4 outlined above (i.e., solutions to protect both the students and identify the key safety issues these types of efforts neighborhood stability. address; document effective or promising practices for each issue; and develop an action agenda to Contextually, campus-community relations fall into advance improvement). The following sections detail three broad categories. This classification influences the issues, effective practices, and action steps within off-campus issues of real and perceived campus and two broad categories: student safety and community community safety. safety. These experts selected five critical issues for student safety and two for community safety. 1. Urban integrated—universities that are fully These do not represent the gamut of challenges and integrated into the surrounding urban area (e.g., concerns across all communities, but just the issues New York University, Georgia State University, the working groups felt could collectively make a Boston University, and London School of powerful difference if addressed. Economics and Political Science).

2. Urban adjacent—universities that are self-enclosed Student Safety Off Campus but are located within an urban community; they Five issues rose to the top as critical for delivering may or may not have gated access (e.g., Georgia student safety, improving communities, and building Tech, Saint Louis University, Temple University, partnerships: (1) student codes of conduct; (2) and University of California, Los Angeles). sexual misconduct or assaults; (3) robberies against 3. Urban separate—universities that serve an urban students; (4) burglaries against students; and (5) mission but are not located within or adjacent social media and monitoring. to the urban area their students come from (e.g., University of Missouri–St. Louis and Emory Student Codes of Conduct University). To maintain positive town-gown relations and uphold From a university perspective, off-campus safety also secular expectations, many institutions attempt to presents a complex victim-perpetrator situation, with address student behavior both on and off campus

University Public Safety Partnerships That Advance Urban Development 5 through student codes of conduct. These codes are Sexual Misconduct and Assaults organized around the following considerations. Sexual assault is a recurring problem in American  JURISDICTION. If the transgression occurs off society, especially in campus environments. campus, institutions must decide under what Young students are away from home, or parental conditions the university will adjudicate. Some guardianship, often for the first time in their lives, schools set physical boundaries, while other and they may be exposed to a culture that promotes schools take action on any report received experimenting with alcohol and drugs, including when it appears a student has violated the binge drinking, which puts them at a particularly code of conduct. Examples of these decisions high risk of victimization. Over half of sexual assaults include student behavior while participating committed against college students involve alcohol, in study-abroad programs or other university- according to researchers at Wayne State University. sponsored events away from campus, or Critically, the number of off-campus violent crime consideration of an incident occurring on the victimizations of college students was 14 times opposite side of the street of the pre-identified greater than the number of on-campus violent crime boundary. victimizations, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics’ (BJS) National Crime Victimization  EQUITABILITY. While an institution may be Survey (1995–2000) (Hart 2003). More specifically, obligated to act when issues are brought to its 85 percent of students surveyed who were living on attention, not all cases are reported. For example, campus that were victimized report that the offense while one student may commit a crime and the occurred off campus. That number goes up to 95 school is not notified, the same crime committed percent for victimized students who were living off by a high-profile athlete would be brought to the campus. school’s attention. Additionally, sexual assault is widely regarded  CONFIDENTIALITY. Consideration must also as one of the most underreported crimes, as BJS be given to situations involving non-affiliated research indicates only 20 percent of college-aged persons, particularly those who may not want females who are victims of sexual assault report to report or participate in the code of conduct it to the police (Sinozich and Langton 2014). process, if involvement is needed to move Unfortunately, this puts university and public safety forward. The issue of confidentiality and differing officials at a disadvantage in truly understanding policies can create friction when students from the depth of the problem, and presents a clear and more than one institution are involved. pressing need for university officials to partner  INVOLVEMENT BY OUTSIDE AGENCIES, including with the community. Their approach must be both national Greek headquarters, alumni chapters, proactive (preventive) and reactive (addressing all and athletics. the needs of a victim), with a clear understanding

6 University Public Safety Partnerships That Advance Urban Development of what it means to be a victim of violent crime,  Students can make attractive targets especially especially the victim of a sexual assault: IT IS NEVER if they are impaired and less likely to be able to THE VICTIM’S FAULT THAT THEY WERE SEXUALLY defend themselves. ASSAULTED. Equally, when discussing proactive educational and preventive measures, the purpose  Students may also make attractive targets due to is to decrease the vulnerability of a potential victim, the value of items they carry on their person or in but this must not be construed as victims who a backpack. engage in risky behavior bear responsibility for the  Illegal drug sales put students at high risk for violent criminal acts of an offender. robberies, with cash and drugs being valuable targets. Robberies Against Students  Legal trade with strangers through online Students are most likely to be robbed when involved classified sites like Craigslist, OfferUp, and in leisure activities and traveling to and from school Backpage also presents some increased risk. or other places, specifically between 6 p.m. and 6 a.m., according to the NCJ National Crime Victimization Burglaries Against Students Survey, 2005 (Baum and Klaus 2005). Importantly, robberies on and near campus often trigger a campus Off-campus student housing units in urban areas, safety alert or timely warning when the threat is especially those in areas where a high percentage of an ongoing safety concern for the campus, bringing single family homes have been converted into rental more attention to student crime victims than similar units, are often at greater risk for being the target incidents in other areas of the city. These facts, in of burglaries than other areas in the city for the addition to the details below, indicate the importance following reasons: of campus-community partnerships to enhance safety for all.  There is dependency on a landlord to make the house secure when there may be little return on  College students were more likely to be violently investment in a price-competitive market. victimized off campus than on campus. This was true for both students who lived on campus  Lack of central air conditioning may provide (85 percent) and those living off campus (95 burglars easy access through poorly secured percent). Overall, about 9 out of 10 students were window units, as students may leave windows victimized off campus.1 open without using proper security measures such as window pins or security bars.  The most common locations for violent victimization including robberies against college  Student housing with multiple tenants has students were open areas or streets, public increased rewards for burglars, as students own transportation, commercial places, and friends’ small electronics, laptops, and other valuables. homes.  Highly transient student neighborhoods make  A weapon was reported in 62 percent of the stranger detection difficult, and programs like robberies reported by students (Baum and Klaus neighborhood watch groups may not support 2005).1 activities like surveillance.

 Urban campuses connected to downtown  Students hosting open parties provide opportunity entertainment districts have vibrant late-night for burglars to inspect the house and unlock activities, often creating high pedestrian flows as windows for easy access later. students leave bars after 2 a.m. walking to food  All houses vacant for extended periods are at high establishments, back to the residence halls, or to risk, so student residential areas are especially at nearby off-campus housing. risk during winter and spring breaks.

1. Data covers the period 1995–2002.

University Public Safety Partnerships That Advance Urban Development 7  Houses that have been converted into multi-units  An institution can leverage its ability to receive may have added fire escapes providing access to timely and important information by establishing second-story windows and additional doors hidden relationships with its local Joint Terrorism from the street. Task Force or Fusion Center. Many local law enforcement agencies have Real Time Crime

 Student housing units often lack risk-reduction Centers or other entities that are similar to Fusion measures like monitored alarms, large dogs, Centers. motion sensor lighting, and high-quality camera surveillance.  A university can use social media as a tool to communicate with students on safety issues, Since the burglary clearance rate remains including information about responsible drinking, consistently low, with an average of 14 percent in the designated driving, and ways to report excessive- United States, an emphasis on prevention education drinking concerns. and risk reduction is critical for young adults often living on their own for the first time. Burglaries cause substantial financial loss, loss of valuable data, Universities need to be aware of the following and serious psychological harm to the victims, and challenges when using this approach: can impact their sense of security and ability to be  It is difficult to verify and authenticate social successful in the classroom. media user information, postings, and profile Social Media Use and Monitoring information. Users could post false or misleading information that could drain university resources University communities use social media extensively as they work to address a false issue. to communicate and remain informed. Universities also use these tools to monitor and manage large  The volume of information can lead to an social gatherings, protests, and rumors. While there institution making an issue more important than it are no drawbacks to monitoring social media from really is. an operational perspective, there is the potential to create issues in terms of community perception,  There is the risk of developing an increased privacy, and misuse. When choosing a social media sensitivity to information that could in turn lead strategy, universities only monitor and act upon to an overreaction to an otherwise seemingly information which is publicly available. unimportant post. Rather than wait for information that can be verified or wait for a large Social media strategies help universities in the volume of information about a topic, institutions following ways: can find themselves reacting to very little or insignificant information. One post does not  A university can monitor planned attendance at necessarily make for an actionable issue. events and event-related gatherings to determine resource requirements to manage larger and  There is a fine line between monitoring social expected crowds, and make sure that excessive media for a legitimate purpose and monitoring alcohol abuse, unruly behavior, or other concerns individuals on social media (spying). The mere do not take place. Social media monitoring perception that this is occurring could cause software can identify threats against groups, a severe backlash and significant damage to a buildings, or individuals, as well as identify university’s relationship with its community. As imminent criminal activity. The software captures such, universities would be well served to draft the information and makes it immediately and implement policies guiding the use of social available to those that need to see it. media. They should also make education or training about such policies a priority.

8 University Public Safety Partnerships That Advance Urban Development Community Safety

Beyond student safety, USU members are actively The diversity of community working with community partners to improve real safety activities and and perceived safety for non-students and area businesses as well. The diversity of community safety partnerships is significant, but activities and partnerships is significant, but experts identified two ongoing challenges as needing further experts identified two ongoing attention: police diversity and cultural competence, and livability partnerships. challenges as needing further

Police Diversity and Cultural Competence attention: police diversity and

Over the last few years, the rash of high-profile cultural competence, and police use of force incidents resulting in significant injuries or death to unarmed or non-threatening livability partnerships. individuals, often a different race than the police officer, has strained police and community relations and undermined police legitimacy in some places. For USU institutions helping their community partners demographic factors, and employee needs have worked with neighborhood and community development, this to push retention rates down (Wilson et al. 2010). has become a critical concern as well. The four issues below speak to this challenge, among many others Cultural Competence and Training Needs pertinent to urban safety. Law enforcement agencies are more diversified now than ever before, yet the culture of policing Lack of Diverse Applicant Pools practices has remained largely stagnant, which Police agencies are experiencing a decreased level affects these agencies’ interactions with diverse, of interest in law enforcement careers. Among the urban communities. Urban law enforcement many reasons may be the risk level of the occupation, requires a higher level of commitment to community the enhanced scrutiny of law enforcement, and the policing and a more community-focused mindset existence of other occupations that offer much better and approach, including the “guardian mindset” as compensation to people with similar educational articulated in the Report of the President’s Task backgrounds. While progress has been made in terms Force on 21st Century Policing (2015). of diversifying the police force, there is still work to be done. Bureau of Justice statistics show that only Community Policing Challenges to Enhance Legitimacy about 12 percent of sworn police officers are female and Community Trust and 27 percent are from a racial or ethnic minority. The Report of the President’s Task Force on 21st Racial underrepresentation, however, is more Century Policing (2015) identifies community common in smaller than larger police departments. policing as a crucial component for building There may be emerging challenges on the horizon, as community trust, but notes there is room for millennials do not seem to be choosing police work substantial improvement in the areas of community on par with prior generations. engagement, multidisciplinary approaches, and youth-police collaborations. An IACP National Policy Officer Retention Challenges Summit on Community-Police Relations in 2015 also In addition to a decreasing supply of potential officers, noted that “while thousands of departments have police forces also struggle with retention issues. Other implemented community policing programs over opportunities, compensation (including promotion the past two decades, not all have truly integrated potential), organizational health, policy and culture, community policing into their department’s culture.”

University Public Safety Partnerships That Advance Urban Development 9 Livability Partnerships even the notions of livability, equity, and community safety are contextually dependent such that the types To be an urban serving university means having of programs and partnerships which are effective community partnerships around key local livability in one community may differ greatly from what issues and efforts designed to reflect the concerns is appropriate in a different community. Differing of both partners and constituents (residents, perspectives on student social engagements (riots, stakeholders, students, faculty, and staff). Notably, protests, parties off campus), quality of the physical space (e.g., vacant buildings, graffiti, missing signage, broken glass), and perceptions of crime influence …even the notions of livability, these partnerships and must be carefully articulated and addressed. equity, and community safety Issues that surface may include inadequate are contextually dependent and affordable housing stock, food insecurity, gentrification, lack of access to essential services, such that the types of youth and family development, student engagement and service learning opportunities, educational programs and partnerships pipeline issues, community violence, enhanced which are effective in one campus-community relationships, and advocacy with local and state representatives. community may differ greatly Even with livability partnerships in place, urban from what is appropriate in a universities reported that lack of resources, past incidences of poor student behavior, organizational different community. mistrust, liability concerns, competing university priorities, and other issues often limit such partnerships and their positive community impacts.

10 University Public Safety Partnerships That Advance Urban Development Step 3: EFFECTIVE OR PROMISING PRACTICES

Student Safety Off Campus Education Center for Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Violence Prevention provides examples of community Experts and USU campuses identified several and city ordinances aimed at preventing underage promising or proven practices that address the issues drinking and better management and adjudication discussed earlier in this report. of off-campus behavior. An example of enforcement of a city ordinance can be found in the Red Tag Approaches Related to Student Codes of Conduct program at the University of Arizona, whereby the City of Tucson applies a red sticker to a residence Good Neighbor Policies for 180 days if it hosted a loud or unruly gathering that disturbed the peace of the community (https:// Some institutions have created good neighbor deanofstudents.arizona.edu/red-tag-faqs). policies, in conjunction with their off-campus, or commuter, programs and the student code of conduct. The intention behind promoting and enforcing the Community Reporting policy is to educate students on their responsibilities While most colleges and universities do not allow as community members and neighbors, and to offer private residents to have a formal role in a student mediation and communication coaching when conduct process, residents are encouraged to report approaching neighborhood situations. The institution possible legal and/or campus policy violations to local will follow up on reports of violations of the policy, or campus police. In some instances, community in hopes of resolving the issue without formal residents can report incidents directly to the office adjudication. When necessary, matters are referred to of the dean of students or the unit responsible for the student conduct office. facilitating the student conduct process. Incidents reported to local or campus police are often shared As an example, the University of Illinois at Chicago with school officials for possible student conduct works with community representatives to identify action, which may include statements or evidence private rental properties where students are known submitted by community partners. Some dean of to reside and where complaints regarding loud parties students offices designate a community liaison, who have been reported. Student community residents works directly with local residents, dealing with receive materials from the university at the start of student issues in the community. every fall semester reminding them of appropriate alcohol use, good neighbor expectations, and the Approaches Related to Sexual Assault and possible actions taken by the school via the student Misconduct conduct process should violations of the law or university policy be reported to authorities. This is Education Efforts usually done in conjunction with increased patrol by The best method to address the issue of sexual campus or local police. misconduct and sexual assault off campus is prevention. First and foremost, universities should City Ordinances be aware of the risks of and vulnerabilities to sexual The U.S. Department of Education’s Higher assaults. Campus law enforcement must collaborate

University Public Safety Partnerships That Advance Urban Development 11 with other university resources (such as athletics, Moreover, public safety personnel (such as police, housing, crime prevention, Title IX, student code, and student watch groups, and student transportation 24-hour crisis centers) on campus to bring awareness drivers) should all be trained and deployed to watch to students on the topics of sexual assault, alcohol for vulnerable students so public safety personnel can consumption, drug use, and the risks of living in intervene and provide assistance before an offense urban communities. Universities need prevention, occurs. training, and education for all university staff and students including mandatory orientation programs If prevention falls, the following must be in place: for new incoming students. The training teaches bystanders how to safely intervene and hopefully  PROFICIENT EVIDENCE COLLECTION. Campus prevent an incident. Education on the meaning of police officials and municipal or county police “consent” is critical. Students need to understand that agencies that are near a campus must become consent is only valid if it is informed, freely given, and highly proficient in responding, collecting mutual, and can be withdrawn at any time. Consent is evidence, and investigating sexual assaults. never valid if it is given while a person is intoxicated.  WILLINGNESS TO PROSECUTE. Although it is Several other key educational efforts include teaching impossible to undo the damage to the victim students to do the following: caused by a sexual assault offender, every effort  Keep their food and drink secure (for example, must be made to identify and prosecute the never leave a drink unattended). offender if possible. This not only removes predators, but it can also deter potential future  Trust their instincts about location and offenders. individuals, as the vast majority of sexual assaults are committed by offenders known to the victim.  TRAINING. Initial-responding police officers must This works both ways. Potential offenders must be trained to be very sensitive and patient when not mistake some level of familiarity with the assisting a sexual assault victim. victim as permission or consent; and potential  SERVICES. Additionally, the ready availability of victims must be alert for persistent advances or victim advocate services, mental health counseling, unwanted contact or suggestive behavior and and crisis counseling is essential to support create immediate separation from a potential victims of sexual assault. Finally, other needs offender. that a student victim may have, such as the need  Observe basic personal safety when walking in to change housing, change class schedule, make public or exposed areas (for example, heading up for missed work, communicate with family, toward crowds and lights, crossing the street, and undergo follow-up wellness checks must be talking loudly, using campus-provided escort addressed. or transportation services, traveling in groups, informing friends, using available mobile phone Situational Prevention apps). Situational prevention approaches draw from a  Provide safety training through orientation, number of well-established criminological theories2 regular updates and warnings, published that created a framework for examining contextual information visible and available in the public and situational risks which increase the potential safety office, Title IX office, registrar, psychological for a crime to occur in a given setting (Clarke and services, student housing, fraternity or sorority Homel 1997). Situational prevention approaches coordinator’s office, and other locations around are at the root of more than 60 years of successful campus. prevention efforts related to residential housing

2 See for example Defensible Space Theory (Newman 1972), Routine Activity Theory (Cohen and Felson 1979), Rational Choice Theory (Cornish and Clarke 2002), and Clarke’s (1995) early formulation of the situational prevention model.

12 University Public Safety Partnerships That Advance Urban Development safety and more than 25 years of successful crime campus community sexual assault. They help focus prevention approaches.3 While these methods were on new areas related to environmental concern, risky initially conceived for application with general forms situations, and policy lapses that may contribute to of criminal activity (e.g., robbery and burglary), campus sexual violence. Kaufman, Mosher, Estes & Carter (2006) adapted them for use in the prevention of sexual violence, and Sense of Community and Increasing Students’ child sexual abuse in particular, based upon what is Propensity to Intervene to Stop Student Sexual Assault known about the child sex offenders’ modus operandi Research suggests that increasing sense of (i.e., patterns of perpetration). The situational community on campus and in campus communities prevention approach is designed to have particular may increase students’ willingness to intervene to relevance for application in community organizations. prevent sexual violence and other issues (McMahon It also sought to take a very complex model and et al. 2015). Put in another way, sense of community redesign it to foster ease of implementation and the may be a significant predictor of students’ willingness potential for sustainability over time. to intervene as an active bystander (e.g., Banyard 2008; Bennett et al. 2013; Edwards et al. 2014). Situational prevention approaches directed toward Practically, colleges have used sense of community the prevention of sexual violence is a relatively measures in their approach to addressing safety (e.g., recent application of this empirically supported Banyard 2008), and a number of sense of community crime prevention method (Kaufman, Tews, Schuett, items have been included in the campus climate tool & Kaufman, 2010; Kaufman, Hayes, Knox, 2010). In released by the White House Task Force to Protect fall 2015, the Department of Justice SMART office Students from Sexual Assault (White House 2014). funded two three-year grants to develop a situation These measures also have a long history of use to prevention-based approach to address campus sexual better understand the relationship between safety violence and complement existing individually and community residents’ sense of community focused approaches (e.g., education, bystander (Castellini et al. 2011; Edwards et al. 2014). intervention). Keith Kaufman, Ph.D. (PI, Portland State University) and Sarah McMahon, Ph.D. (Co- I, Rutgers) will be working with eight colleges and Bystander Intervention Approaches to Stop Student universities around the country as part of a two- Sexual Assault phase method (i.e., development and formative Bystander intervention is intended to stop sexual evaluation) to create a situation prevention-based violence or assist a victim. It is an approach that approach to combat campus and campus community conceptualizes sexual violence on campuses and sexual assault. Kaufman’s situational prevention the surrounding neighborhoods as a community approach, which was used in a four-year pilot with issue and one that is amenable to intervention Boys and Girls Clubs of America, serves as the prior to, during, or after the occurrence of sexual core project strategy, and involves working with assault (Banyard et al. 2004). Bystanders are six units on each campus to identify and address typically defined as anyone who is privy to a sexually key safety risks. The focus of safety efforts in this harassing or sexually violent or potentially violent project is both college or university campuses and situation. Potential active bystanders include friends, the surrounding communities. Kurt Bumby, Ph.D. classmates, acquaintances, staff, neighbors, onlookers, (PI, Center for Sex Offender Management) and Nan community members, and random passersby. Stein, Ed.D. (Co-I, Wellesley College) lead the second Bystander interventions typically involve identifying DOJ-funded project. They will work with three a situation of concern, determining if an intervention colleges and universities and build upon successes in is warranted (or safe to complete), and taking Dr. Stein’s “Shifting Boundaries” project with NYC some sort of action (e.g., saying something, doing middle schools. These projects and others like them something, getting help) (Banyard 2011; McMahon promise to maximize our response to campus and and Banyard 2012).

3 See Kaufman et al. (2002, 2012) for details.

University Public Safety Partnerships That Advance Urban Development 13 Evidence suggests that bystander intervention  Train staff on appropriate and intended usage. programs have been associated with greater willingness and involvement in a variety of helpful  Conduct audits to verify that policies are complied bystander behavior by both college men and women with. (Banyard, Moynihan, and Plante 2007; Moynihan  Have a procedure for quick response to any et al. 2015). The Men’s Project found that men reported issues or threats. receiving training were less likely to socialize with sexually aggressive peers, consumed less  Usage of the software should be limited to those violent and pornographic media, and reported less who have been vetted by university administration sexually aggressive behavior (Gidycz, Orchowski and should be significantly restricted. Only those and Berkowitz 2011). Moynihan et al. (2015) found who have been through training and orientation that positive behavior changes of their “Bringing should be given a license to use the software. in the Bystander” in-person prevention program persisted at a one-year follow-up. McMahon, Banyard Approaches to Assessing Campus Crime Patterns and McMahon (2015) found that incoming college GIS data allow the mapping of events or locations students had experiences and skills reflective of based on geographic coordinates (often latitude practiced bystander behaviors that could be built and longitude). These maps can then be analyzed upon by college programming. to identify meaningful patterns reflected in data. Associated data may reflect a variety of Approaches to Stopping Burglaries important indicators (e.g., types of crimes). GIS and related approaches offer the opportunity to Rental Inspection Programs identify significant crime patterns. These may Landlord registration programs with a safety or have implications for taking additional campus security inspection component can increase the and campus community safety measures (e.g., standards beyond housing codes. More common in patrol patterns for campus safety officers and local the United Kingdom, these programs have been tried police at particular times of the day or night, or in in some U.S. cities, but some report they are hard to particularly dangerous campus or community hot sustain including having available inspectors to keep spots such as a street with multiple bars adjoining up with landlord demand to be in the program. This campus), or understanding the relationship between does suggest it is a promising practice. criminal behavior and campus or community physical environment (e.g., isolated areas of particular parking University of Florida, Gainesville, has a Voluntary garages or metro stops). Studies using GIS have also Rental Inspection Program for rental properties identified a variety of significant issues, including the inspected on the basis of Community Safety following: Guidelines (Certified Off Campus Housing Program).  Important differences between students’ perceptions of risk and actual crime hot spots Approaches to Using Social Media and Monitoring (Fisher 1995; Hites et al. 2013)

Social Media Policies, Training, and Audits  Clear definitions of campus crime as opposed to While social media is relatively new, there are some crime occurring very close to campus (i.e., not common-sense approaches to monitoring social identified in Clery reports) (Nobles et al. 2010) media that may soon develop into best practices.

Institutions should do the following:  The importance of examining off-campus crime impacting students as well as community  Set clear guidelines and goals of social media members (Nobles et al. 2010) monitoring. Current studies suggest the need for additional use of  Set clear and quantifiable checks to make sure that GIS approaches to enhance our understanding of the any monitoring is appropriate and furthers the following: stated goals.

14 University Public Safety Partnerships That Advance Urban Development  Distribution of crime on campus and surrounding before examining partnership approaches developed communities to address the issues identified earlier.

 Relation between particular types of crimes and Research Practice Partnerships physical environment as well as social precursors (e.g., norms that support drunkenness) (Brower The number of researcher-practitioner partnerships and Carroll 2007) in criminal justice has been increasing in recent years, while at the same time, the nature and extent  Impact of policies that may displace campus of collaboration is changing and growing as well (see crimes, but only a short distance of campus (still IACP 2004; Klofas, Hipple, and McGarrell 2010; impacting students and community members, but Rojek, Smith, and Alpert 2012). However, according no longer appearing in Clery reports) to Sanders and Fields (2009, p.58), “the powerful potential of law enforcement research partnerships

 Examination of off-campus crimes that continue has not yet been fully realized.” Nevertheless, these to impact students as well as community members partnerships have served to increase legitimacy and and may require different prevention and scientific integrity (see for example, Welsh, Braga, intervention approaches and Hollis-Peel 2012).

Smartphone Apps Federally Funded Programs A new safety tool emerging on campuses is As early as 1995, the National Institute of Justice smartphone apps. Technology applications for and the Office of Community Oriented Policing students’ smartphones include options for contacting Services of the U.S. Department of Justice sponsored a circle of friends in case of emergency or watching 39 research projects that formed partnerships over them as they walk home from campus; between police departments and universities or initiating an emergency call if they “yank” out the other research organizations. In addition, as part headphones or release their thumb from a panic of the Bureau of Justice Assistance’s Project Safe button; automatically making a call if they do not Neighborhoods, universities and police departments make it to their destination before a preset alarm partner to address gun crime and gang violence. In needs turned off; providing emergency responders many of these cases, the university or college and with a photo, GPS location, class schedule, and the law enforcement agencies enter into memoranda physical description; and allowing campuses to set up of understanding to clarify and define roles and geofences to direct 911 calls back to campus or to the responsibilities associated with the partnerships. local authority for faster response. Localized Partnerships  Cleveland State University, Ohio—Viking Shield, Cellular 911 The Embedded Researcher program involves a scientist taking up residency in effect in a local  Personal safety apps found on Peace Outside law enforcement agency. In some law enforcement Campus and Education Dive provide a list and agencies where resources are available, the law range of features in a market with many new enforcement executive hires a scientist to serve products each year. on staff to support a number of programs, conduct evaluations, or aid in providing evidence-based Community Safety information for practice, policy, or program development. The focus of these programs has typically been on crime reduction. General Approaches to Partnerships  Newark, New Jersey, Police has an embedded Urban universities have many broad partnerships research program with Rutgers University. in place that improve the safety of students and communities alike. They are briefly reviewed next,  Wayne State University and the Detroit Police

University Public Safety Partnerships That Advance Urban Development 15 Department have engaged in an effort to make procedural justice, Blue Courage, mental health, Midtown safe. cultural competence, bias, profiling, de-escalation, and constitutional use of force.  Arizona State University has partnered with Phoenix Police and the Maricopa County Sheriff’s  Cleveland State University developed training Office toassist in finding missing persons. entitled Building Mutual Respect and Community Trust, a program geared toward law enforcement University, Community, National, and International officials. To date, there have been officers trained Partnerships across four counties and in 17 departments. This program focuses on building awareness In many university-based centers, partnerships of cognitive biases and providing officers with extend not only to the local community but also to skills in how to overcome these biases to develop agencies throughout the United States and abroad. mutual respect and clarify communications with Examples are provided below: community members.  Among the most well-known and expansive  Florida International University is developing partnership programs is that of University of training to provide to student organizations (Black Cincinnati’s School of Criminal Justice, which Student Union and Greek Council). The university employs partnerships through its institutes. also conducts annual diversity training for cultural For example, the Institute of Crime Science competence. offers expertise and research translation across numerous topical areas, and in many jurisdictions  Rutgers University provides division-wide in the United States and abroad. training on cultural competence, and is seeking to make cultural sensitivity training mandatory  Southwest Texas State University, San Marcos, has by supporting a legislative effort. Rutgers is also worked with the San Marcos and the Hays County implementing Blue Courage Training, which Sheriff’s Office to developcenter a for national focuses on the Nobility of Policing. terrorism response.  Ohio State University developed the Open Doors  Additionally, George Mason University’s Center program to address implicit bias. The program was for Evidence-Based Crime Policy engages with implemented across the entire campus, not just for multiple local northern Virginia agencies on a law enforcement. variety of efforts and also extends its work to other jurisdictions locally and abroad.  Virginia Commonwealth University Police Department is a partner in the Safe Zone Ally Programs Related to Increasing Legitimacy and training (LGBTQ). Safe Zone allies wear a VCU Community Trust Police-created custom uniform pin and are identified on the VCU website. In addition, VCU Police has Training (Including Implicit Bias, Cultural Competence, also implemented transgender training for all and Specialized Programs) sworn officers. This program, which is a community Most training programs developed for administration partnership with the transgender community, across multiple agencies focus on developing enables officers to better understand the needs awareness of and sensitivity to cognitive biases of this community. VCU Police has also hosted that can influence officer decision-making during listening sessions for local law enforcement and interactions with community members. This is the the transgender community in which its members most common form of cultural competence training tell their stories of encounters with police when reported by USU member agencies. they felt that their rights had been violated, or they experienced mistreatment or faced lack of dignity  The University of Akron recently implemented and respect. VCU Police Department has also begun state training on 21st Century Policing, focusing to make policy modifications to better serve this on police-community relations, implicit bias, underrepresented portion of the community.

16 University Public Safety Partnerships That Advance Urban Development  University of Illinois at Chicago Police Department campus community they serve through interaction, has created a Procedural Justice training program. communication, and mutual education. EPIC will Procedural justice is the process used by police be a candidate for the Webber Seavey Award in officers where citizens are treated fairly and with 2016 through the International Association of proper respect. Police officers gain acceptance Chiefs of Police. The program was designed to when they are viewed by the public as fairly develop and maintain open lines of communication distributing police services across people and between the UPD and its diverse campus communities. Legitimacy refers to when a citizen community. The goals of the program include feels that a police officer should be deferred increasing trust, building and enhancing personal to, complied with, and trusted. It has been relationships, providing mutual education, stated that positive citizen experiences lead to identifying and addressing misconceptions and positive evaluations of the police. The goal of the stereotypes, expanding awareness, and improving procedural justice and police legitimacy training understanding of law enforcement practices and is for officers to understand the core concepts methodologies. The members of the UPD come of procedural justice and legitimacy in order to from a variety of different cultures and ethnicities. build better relationships with the communities Through EPIC, this diverse group of UPD that they serve and the people whom they work employees is dedicated to addressing any concerns, with. The four core principles of procedural clarifying confusion surrounding current events, justice and legitimacy are (1) giving others a voice addressing disagreements about law enforcement (listening), (2) showing neutrality in decision activities, and helping break down stereotypes making, (3) ensuring respectful treatment, and (4) and misconceptions. While maintaining mutual demonstrating trustworthiness. respect, community members and UPD employees will share perceptions and address cultural Community Policing disparities using mutual education and critical thinking.  Cleveland State University created a program  Rutgers University, like many other agencies, has titled Building Mutual Respect and Community implemented an Early Warning System (EWS) Trust; 90 percent of the officers that have attended that assists with identifying problem employees. this program strongly recommend the training for Many agencies use the EWS as part of the tracking fellow officers. To date, this program has involved mechanism for officer involved use of force training for 17 police departments. and community member complaints involving  California State University Fullerton Police police department employees. Rutgers also has a Department saw a real and fundamental need dedicated community policing unit responsible to reconnect with its community. CSUF created for serving as police liaisons to various university and introduced a new community outreach units, other community organizations, and program called EPIC (Encouraging a Positive and governmental divisions, among many other tasks. Interactive Community) to maintain and enhance  Ohio State Police Department has implemented the positive relationship between members of the a metric scorecard that includes tracking the university police department and the diversified positive contacts with the community.

University Public Safety Partnerships That Advance Urban Development 17  The University of Akron employs students to agency applicants nearing retirement (experienced manage a Campus Patrol program. The university and mature). uses this program as a feeder for careers in law enforcement, probation, and corrections, and  Rutgers University sends out notifications to a the department website is used to generate variety of minority police organizations such as the anonymous reporting of citizen complaints. U of A National Organization for Black Law Enforcement also has a written policy on department handling Executives (NOBLE) and the New Jersey Asian of complaints, the investigative process, and the American Law Enforcement Officers Association. outcomes. The University of Akron allows for Being one of the most diverse institutions in the anonymous complaints about officers. country, Rutgers University also uses its internal network to recruit students (current and former),  VCU Police Department has also created a which include women and other underrepresented Perception of Safety survey that measures groups in law enforcement. Rutgers also maintains community members’ perception of safety. Ninety- contacts with diverse community organizations seven percent of the community members report and educational institutions and participates in feeling “safe or very safe” on campus. Based on career days at urban educational institutions. the community feedback provided, VCU Police The university’s hiring directive is focused on Department creates strategic deployment plans for community policing, paying attention to attracting patrol operations. candidates representative of the community characteristics. Finally, officers play a role in  Florida International University Police mentoring local youth and engage community Department currently has officers dedicated members in the application process. to housing, and the Biscayne Bay Campus has community policing officers. These officers interview and are selected for these assignments. Programs Related to Retention of Officers These assignments are considered as specialized units which offer an improved compensation  The University of Akron worked with the and benefits package consistent with the current Fraternal Order of Police to assist in wage Collective Bargaining Agreement. These officers negotiation, fitness programs, and educational employ community policing philosophies within incentives, leading to recruitment of officers from their respective communities. other agencies.

 Florida International University has a program to Recruiting and Hiring More Diverse Police enrich the work environment and mobility across Officers units or upward in the organization.

 The University of Akron has recently adopted a  Rutgers University offers a range of opportunities new hiring policy noting that those involved in including serving on loan at the prosecutors’ the hiring program will be representative of race, offices. gender, and ethnic groups of the university. The  The University of Illinois at Chicago offers tuition university also employs students in a campus waivers and encourages bottom-up as well as top- patrol program to expose them to careers in down communication. criminal justice, and many former students used the skills learned to launch careers in police and Crime Prevention Partnerships sheriff’s departments, corrections, and probation. University of Washington Tacoma and Tacoma  Florida International University recruits through Police Department implemented a survey of Crime Dade County Association of Chiefs of Police, Prevention through Environmental Design and a noting an interest in recruiting from a more liaison program. diverse applicant pool, as well as recruiting outside

18 University Public Safety Partnerships That Advance Urban Development Step 4: ACTION STEPS TO ADVANCE PRACTICE

SU working groups and the PTF21CP and 95 percent strongly agree that the skills and identified several action items that provide concepts taught in the course are relevant to current UUSU members the opportunity to become needs. However, although the perceived benefit integral partners with the law enforcement of these programs is high, there is little research community and distressed urban neighborhoods or demonstrating that these programs actually result districts in the efforts to improve police-community in decreased bias in policing. The opportunity exists relations, student safety off campus, safety for USU members to assist with determining the perceptions impacting community development, and extent to which these training programs result in the administration of justice. These opportunities improvements in actual police practices. revolve around the use of our academic skills, community partnerships experience (including Improve Evaluation Metrics and Measures safety), and public safety expertise to assist with the Initiative evaluation of existing programs and the development of more effective programs emerging from evidence- Use a five-step approach to develop a reliable tool to based practices. They are not standardized evaluate the effectiveness of programs and improve recommendations but offer a menu of ideas to the evidence base for understanding what works. universities and cities to advance practices that can help them address their distinct public safety 1. Conduct a follow-up survey of USU members to challenges. assess which practices are already in regular use. 2. Create a new scorecard for university-community These action items can be organized around the safety partnerships. following: evaluation and research, training, scaled implementation, and dissemination. 3. Better link USU research experts with the police and safety community.

Evaluation and Research Action 4. Identify or create a set of better success Steps measurement tools, including perception measurements and correlations between trust of Evaluate Current Cultural Competence and Other police and other factors. Training Programs 5. Develop replicable tools to assess program Surveys evaluating the quality of the programs effectiveness and provide clearer evidence on what described earlier suggest that they are perceived to initiatives have been most effective. be beneficial by those completing the training. For example, nearly 90 percent of those completing the Ethical Considerations of Social Media Use Building Mutual Respect and Community Trust program developed by Cleveland State University Explore and assess the ethical considerations related strongly recommend the course to fellow officers, to social media monitoring and use.

University Public Safety Partnerships That Advance Urban Development 19 Tap into Research and Experts Commission and researchers from Washington State University. Use existing meetings and conferences beyond USU, and invite experts to USU events to advance our knowledge on this subject. Identify meetings for any Expand Specific Cultural Competence Training to of the five topic areas (i.e., student codes of conduct, Other Key Groups sexual misconduct or assaults, robberies against Although many USU member agencies promote students, burglaries against students, and social cultural competence training around LGBTQ issues, media and monitoring) and engage in some way, such the opportunity exists to expand this training to as by submitting a roundtable or panel proposal. other key community groups such as racial and ethnic groups, fraternity and sorority organizations, Improve Research on Effectiveness religious groups, and groups of people with mental illness. One example of this opportunity is currently We need better research about what university in development at Florida International University. community safety partnerships activities have been In collaboration with student organizations, the FIU shown to be effective, and then disseminate findings. Police Department is developing law enforcement training programs with members of these student Leverage Student Research organizations as stakeholders and trainers. This training will entail these student groups providing We need to tap into our student body to do literature overviews of their organizations including local and reviews, perhaps one on each subarea. USU could national issues of concerns and the organizations’ develop a mock request for proposal, and tap into signature events. This initial program focuses on classes or credits to develop these products. the Black Student Union and National Pan-Hellenic Greek Council. Develop Livability and Community Safety Partnerships Report Scaled Implementation Action Steps Produce a comprehensive effective practice report on the intersection of livability and community safety, Piloted Implementation of Promising or Effective one that explains each subarea and shows how others Practices have been successful. Work with USU members to design and implement a pilot initiative of selected promising or effective Training Action Steps practices identified by this report in three to six campus partnership communities. Include carefully Develop and Implement Novel, Evidence-based designed evaluation systems to further develop a Training Programs group of evidence-based best practices. Use the results of the pilot initiative to create a One action item proposed by the PTF21CP was strategy for wide adoption of efforts to other USU enhancing scenario-based training, social interaction communities—and beyond. This should include skills, and the dissemination of interactive distance working with other partner organizations such as learning programs for law enforcement. As academic the Police Foundation, International Association institutions, USU members are ideal partners for of Chiefs of Police, National Organization of Black assisting with the development of enhanced scenario- Law Enforcement Executives, International City based training that improves social interaction Managers Association, and the United States skills and identifying opportunities for developing Conference of Mayors. effective distance learning programs. One example of enhanced scenario-based training programs is the Tactical Social Interaction training developed by the Washington State Criminal Justice Training

20 University Public Safety Partnerships That Advance Urban Development Advocate for Federal and State Policy Changes Create a formal national Where policies must be changed in order to scale adoption of effective practices, work with partner community of practice among organizations to provide compelling information in support of those changes. This might include state urban universities around hiring standards for police, community policing standards related to funding, and crime prevention community safety partnerships improvement standards related to subsidized housing. that emphasizes regular Perform Ongoing Identification and Evaluation of information sharing. Innovative and Evidence-based Practices

Regularly collect and review additional innovative practices from USU members related to community Advocate for Funding for Pilot, Training, safety partnerships, repeating the process used to Dissemination, and Evaluation Efforts gather these initial innovations. The process should emphasize the need for innovations supported by Approach DOJ, HUD, NIH and CDC, and other research and evaluations, where possible, but should federal agencies, private foundations, and community not exclude other promising practices. development intermediaries (e.g., Local Initiatives Support Corporation, Living Cities) to provide resources. Dissemination Create a formal national community of practice Advocate for Additional Funding for Orientation among urban universities around community safety Programs partnerships that emphasizes regular information sharing. This might include regular meetings, Pursue funding for orientation programs that teach publications, a website, funded research, and other students what they need to know about off-campus activities designed to enhance understanding living as well as student legal services to support off- and implementation of effective practices that campus living. These programs increase safety but benefit both the off-campus communities and the often receive insufficient funding on campus. universities. A formal description and work plan should be created in 2017, and the plan should include a list of priority initiatives.

University Public Safety Partnerships That Advance Urban Development 21 Conclusion

his report is a first important step in identifying what universities and their The key is to recognize that T partners can do to address their distinct set of public safety challenges. There remains much work to keeping students safe means do. The key is to recognize that keeping students safe means making communities safer and vice versa. making communities safer Partnerships are the only way forward. and vice versa.

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24 University Public Safety Partnerships That Advance Urban Development CONTRIBUTORS

Dr. Keith Motley, Chancellor Emeritus, University of Massachusetts Boston, Past Chair, USU Strengthening Communities Strand David Cox, University of Memphis Shari Garmise, USU/APLU Ken Stapleton, Consultant

STUDENT SAFETY WORKING GROUP James Whalen, University of Cincinnati (Team Leader) Alexander Casas, Florida International University Eric Green, University of Akron Joseph Han, Cleveland State University Jennifer Hartman, University of North Carolina at Charlotte Shaina Lawrence, Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis Tito Luna, Virginia Commonwealth University Starla Officer, Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis Jamie Pontius-Hogan, California State University, Fresno Christine Reed Davis, University of North Carolina at Charlotte William Rodriguez, University of Illinois at Chicago

LIVABILITY PARTNERSHIPS Robyn McDougle, Virginia Commonwealth University (Team Leader) Cathy Akens, Florida International University Jeff Brown, University of Illinois at Chicago John Giarrusso, The State University of New York at Albany Joseph Han, Cleveland State University Lisa Kao, California State University, Fresno Keith Kaufman, Portland State University Matthew Kelley, University of Washington–Tacoma Rita Ledesma, California State University, Los Angeles Thomas Stucky, Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis Volkan Topalli, Georgia State University Richard Wright, Georgia State University

POLICE DIVERSITY AND CULTURAL COMPETENCE Ed Lambert, University of Massachusetts Boston (Team Leader) Karen Amendola, Police Foundation Ashley Brown, University of Massachusetts Boston Jennifer Curwick, California State University–Fresno Leah Daigle, Georgia State University Andrew Fox, University of Missouri–Kansas City Joseph Han, Cleveland State University Toya Like-Haislip, University of Missouri–Kansas City Blake Norton, Police Foundation Stephen Ross, University of Washington–Tacoma John Venuti, Virginia Commonwealth University J. Frank Wiley, The State University of New York at Albany Marshawn Wolley, Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis