41-Ii Came from O Sp

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41-Ii Came from O Sp Alexander Markin Gefahr aus dem Weltall It Came from Outer Space U.S.A. 1953 s/w, 3D 81 min R: Jack Arnold P: William Alland (für Universal) B: Harry Essex (nach der Story „The Meteor“ von Ray Bradbury) K: Clifford Stine M: Irving Gertz, Henry Mancini, Herman Stein D: Richard Carlson (John Putnam), Barbara Rush (Ellen Fields), Charles Drake (Sheriff Matt Warren), Joe Sawyer (Frank Daylon), Russell Johnson (George) John Putnam ist ein gutaussehender unverheirateter Schriftsteller und Amateurastronom, der in der Wüste lebt, wo er nachts ungestört den Sternenhimmel mit einem Fernrohr erforschen kann. Eines Abends beobachtet er zusammen mit seiner Freundin, Schullehrerin Ellen, wie ein riesiger Meteorit auf die Erde fällt. Dann befinden sich die Zuschauer plötzlich im Meteoritenkrater. Man sieht ein gigantisches außerirdisches Raumschiff und dessen Motor, der an das übliche Emblem des Atoms erinnert. Für einen Moment geht das Licht aus, und man hört nur ein seltsames schweres Atemgeräusch und beängstigende Synthesizer-Klänge. Plötzlich erscheint aus dem Dunkel ein großes Auge, und man kann die undeutlichen Züge eines Ungeheuers erkennen. Die Kamera wechselt daraufhin plötzlich die Perspektive, und der Zuschauer sieht die Welt durch die Augen des Ungeheuers! Sein Blick gleitet über die Wüste... Der Krater raucht noch, als John und Ellen ihn am nächsten Morgen mit dem Hubschrauber erreichen. „Wie wunderschön!“ ruft Ellen entzückt aus. Unten im Krater bemerkt John ein außerirdisches Raumschiff, doch als er sich dem Schiff zu nähern beginnt, begräbt ein plötzlicher Steinschlag das Schiff unter sich. Somit ist Putnam der Einzige, der das Raumschiff gesehen hat. Vergeblich versucht er die übrigen Bewohner der Kleinstadt (die bezeichnenderweise den Namen Sand Rock hat) davon zu überzeugen, dass ihm tatsächlich Aliens begegnet sind. Weder der Leiter des lokalen Observatoriums, Dr. Snell, noch der Sheriff Matt Warren glauben ihm. Da er in seiner Heimatstadt sowieso als Sonderling gilt, wird er nur ausgelacht. Inzwischen beginnen die Aliens, die Einwohner der Stadt zu entführen und diese durch zombieähnliche Doppelgänger zu ersetzen. Als auch Ellen den Außerirdischen zum Opfer fällt, entscheidet sich John, Kontakt mit den Aliens aufzunehmen. Dadurch erfährt er, dass die Aliens gar keine bösen Absichten haben. Während einer Forschungsreise durch das Weltall mussten sie aufgrund eines Defekts am Motor auf der Erde notlanden. Nun möchten sie eigentlich nur ihr Raumschiff reparieren und wieder wegfliegen, da die Erdbewohner, die „alles zerstören, was sie nicht verstehen“, zur Kommunikation mit der hochentwickelten außerirdischen Zivilisation noch nicht bereit sind. Auch wenn das Sujet von It Came from Outer Space von Jack Arnold nach einer Story von Ray Bradbury naiv, wenn nicht sogar absurd erscheint, war dieser Film nur einer von vielen ähnlichen phantastischen Filmen, die seit Anfang der 1950er Jahre die amerikanische Leinwand eroberten. In diesen Filmen begegnen die Erdlinge Aliens aller Art, die ihnen sehr oft feindlich gesonnen sind und die Erde erobern wollen; so War of the Worlds (Krieg der Welten; R.: Bryan Haskin, 1953); Invaders from Mars (Invasion vom Mars; R.: W.C. Menzies, 1953); Invasion of Body Snatchers (Die Dämonischen; R.: Don Siegel, 1956); The Blob (Blob – Schrecken ohne Namen; R.: I.S. Yeaworth, 1958). Nur selten sind diese auf Fremde gut zu sprechen. Sind die Aliens den Menschen jedoch gut gesinnt, möchten sie die Menschen vor der Gefahr der Atomwaffen warnen und ihnen gegenseitigen Respekt lehren, wie etwa in The Day the Earth Stood Still (Der Tag, an dem die Erde still stand; R.: Robert Wise, 1951). In anderen Fällen kämpfen die Protagonisten dieser Filme gegen infolge der Atomtests entstandene, unter der Erde oder im Ozean lebende Mutanten, wie in Them! (Formicula; R.: Gordon Douglas, 1954) oder in It Came from Beneath the Sea (Das Grauen aus der Tiefe; R.: R. Gordon, 1955), oder gar gegen riesige lebendige Karotten, wie in The Thing (Das Ding aus einer anderen Welt; R.: Christian Nyby, 1951). Schon in der Mitte der 1960er hat die amerikanische Publizistin Susan Sontag in ihrem Essay über „Die Katastrophenphantasie“ (1965) diese Filmgattung abgesondert und als „Fifties Science Fiction Cold War Paranoia Movies“ bezeichnet. Die Konventionen der am Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts entstandenen literarischen Gattung der Science Fiction, deren thematische Komplexe sich um die Verhältnisse zwischen Wissenschaft, Technologie, Politik und Gesellschaft drehen, eigneten sich am besten dafür, die Schlüsselängste des Kalten Krieges, wie Angst vor der Atombombe und der totalen Vernichtung Amerikas, kommunistischer Invasion und östlichen totalitären Regimen, in allegorischer Form auszudrücken. Während im realen Leben Amerikaner strahlungssichere Bunker bauten und sich mit den Lehrfilmen über das richtige Benehmen im Fall des Atombombenangriffs der Sowjets auseinandersetzten, wüteten auf der Leinwand von der Strahlung geborene Monstren und Mutanten – riesige Spinnen, Kraken und der Schrecken von Amazonas. Während 1947 in Hollywood das wieder ins Leben gerufene House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC), das von der paranoiden Idee der Red Scare getrieben war, dass Agenten des Kommunismus in alle Bereiche des amerikanischen Lebens eingedrungen waren, gegen das Andersdenken kämpfte (es wurden schwarze Listen der verdächtigen Drehbuchautoren, Regisseure und Schauspieler zusammengestellt), kämpften die Helden der phantastischen Filme gegen die Feinde, die offensichtlich die Züge des politischen Gegners trugen. Diese Feinde stammten vom roten Planeten Mars (War of the Worlds; Invaders from Mars), oder sie waren wie die gigantischen Ameisen in Them! rot (die Farbe Rot assoziierte man damals fast automatisch mit dem Kommunismus). Sie beeinflussten vor allem diejenigen, die in der Öffentlichkeit für kommunistische Propaganda am anfälligsten galten – Intellektuelle und Arbeiter und diejenigen, welche die „schwächsten Gehirne“ hatten: Kinder und Frauen. Sie handeln hinterlistig, bilden illegale Zellen und sammeln sich in Geheimgesellschaften, wo sie ihre verschwörerischen Pläne der Eroberung der freien westlichen Welt besprechen. Sie können sich überall aufhalten und zu jeder Zeit die Macht ergreifen. Sie fressen Körper und Gehirne. Sie pflanzen in die Körper der würdigen Bürger rote Kristalle ein, welche diese Bürger in mörderische Roboter verwandeln. Sie möchten, wie die Kommunisten in der Sowjetunion oder China, alle gleich machen. Zu unselbständigen und willenlosen Zombies sozusagen, zu Pflanzen, zu Mechanismen, die nur nach Regeln der Funktionalität handeln. Sie selbst haben keine Gefühle, und sie berauben auch die Menschen ihrer Gefühle und Emotionen. „Ohne Liebe, Lust, Ehrgeiz, Glaube ist das Leben so viel einfacher!“ – so ihr Credo. Genau dieser Anblick der emotionslosen Menschen macht diese Filme so erschreckend. Wenn in It Came from Outer Space die Kamera das Gesicht des von Aliens zombierten Arbeiters namens George aufnimmt, der regungslos und ohne zu blinzeln in die Sonne starrt, schockiert diese Szene die Zuschauer viel mehr als diejenige, in der man das Gesicht des Aliens sieht. Ohne Emotionen und Gefühle ist ein Mensch kein Mensch, kein Individuum mehr. Und wenn die Leute nicht mehr unabhängig handeln können, ist auch die Idee von Amerika als Gesellschaft der autonomen Individuen gefährdet. Doch die Angst vor dem Kommunismus war nur eine Seite der Medaille. Die ersten Sci-Fi Filme waren auch ein Seismogramm der Konflikte innerhalb von Amerika. Sie widerspiegelten die Ängste der weißen patriarchalen Vormachtstellung, die durch diverse Bedrohungen wie dem Aufschwung der afro-amerikanischen Bürgerrechtsbewegung (civil right movement) oder die vom Zweiten Weltkrieg geförderte Emanzipation der Frauen an der Heimatfront ins Schwanken geraten war. Es gab einen Kontrast zwischen der in der Öffentlichkeit proklamierten Stabilität des American Way of Life und dem innerlichen Zweifel an dieser Stabilität. Umso bemerkenswerter ist die ironische Dissonanz der Eröffnungsszene von It Came from Outer Space: Während ein Voice Over von der „vorhersehbaren und sicheren Zukunft“ des kleinen provinziellen amerikanischen Städtchens Sand Rock spricht, bewegt sich die instabile Kamera langsam durch die leblose verwüstete Landschaft zu einem steilen Abhang. Von dort aus erblickt man die abendlichen leeren Straßen der kleinen Stadt. Freilich ist die Benutzung von Voice Over eine typische Konvention des Film noir, jenes Filmstils, der sich wenige Jahre vor dem Beginn des Science Fiction-Booms in Hollywood etabliert hat. Nicht zuletzt entsteht die für die ersten Filme des Science Fiction-Zyklus bezeichnende Atmosphäre der Paranoia und Angst, weil diese Filme Noir-Erzähltechniken übernehmen, wie Voice Over, Rückblenden, Low-Key- Beleuchtung, kräftige Kontraste, Schattenspiele, Weitwinkel-Aufnahmen. Dazu ist der typische Held, der die seltsamen Ereignisse in seiner Stadt oder die Verbrechen des Aliens zu erklären und aufzudecken versucht, (wie der Protagonist des Film noir) oft ein Einzelgänger oder Außenseiter, zwar nicht immer ein Detektiv oder Polizist, sondern, die neuen Errungenschaften der Technik zelebrierend, ein Wissenschaftler. Einer seiner Gegenspieler ist häufig eine dämonische Frau, die der Femme fatale des Films noir ähnelt. So versucht in der düstersten Szene von It Came from Outer Space Ellens Doppelgängerin in einem erotisch aufreizenden schwarzen Abendkleid den Protagonisten in eine Schlucht zu stürzen. Als dies misslingt, greift
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