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SCIENTIFUR Published by IFASA ISSN 0105-2403 Vol. 14, No. 1 INTERNATIONAL FUR ANIMAL SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATION February 1990
1. Contents
2. Notes 3. Multidisciplinary
Morphological variations of hair during the growtli of mink. Keiji Kondo. Original Report. Code 2-M. Body water Space and body water turnover in mink feinales. Asbjarn Brandt. Original Report. Code 3-5-M. Serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine radioimmunoassay values in the normal ferret. B.A. Garibaldi, M.E. Pegquet Goad J.G. Fox, R. Murray. Code 3-0.
Element concentrations in livers and kidneys of ranch mink. S.M. Stejskal, R.J. Aulerich, M.R. Slanker, W.E. Braselton, E.J. Lehning, A.C. Napolitano. Code 6-3-M.
A simple method for intravenous iiijection and blood collection in the chinchilla. B. Tappa, H. Amao, K.W. Takahashi. Code 2-3-14-0. Musciilature of the thoracic limb of the polecat (Putorius furo). Y. Cotofan, V. Hritcu, P. Cura, A. Negrea. Code 2-0.
Vascularization of postdiafragmatic digestive organs in Myocastor coypus. V. Cotofan, O. Cotofan, I. Cozariuc. Code 2-0. Study on the skull of the growing polecat (Putorius furo). V. Cotofan, C. Timofte, F. Mares, L. Balan. Code 2-0. Studies of the thoracic limb joint of the polecat (Putorius furo). V. Cotofan, V.Hritcu, P. Cura, F. Mares. Code 2-0.
Studies on the pelvic limb joints of polecats (Putorius furo). V. Cotofan, V. Hritcu, L. Balan. Code 2-0. 2 Scieiitifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990
Domestication. Evolutionary change under stress. M.J. Kohane, P.A. Parsons. Code 11-3-4-14-M-F-0.
Changes in the activity of thryptophan hydroxylase in the brain of silver foxes and wild Norway sals selected for I>ehavior. A.V. Kulikov, E.Yu. Zhanaeva, N.K. Popova. Code 3-II-4-F.
The carrellatiorin between weighing mink kits and their behavioural resporise to the stick test. S. Meller, S.W. Hansen. Code 10-11-12-M.
The effect of the run's floor area on aha: growth of nutria alid quality of their skirns, S. Niedzwiadek, J. Kowalski, D. Kowalska. Code 10-12-2-0.
Regulation of weight loss In male farm mink, H. Korhonen, M. Harri, J. Mononen. Code 6-14-5-M.
Pnfiuense of fatty acid corngasition in dried raw mink and blue fox skins on their storage aging and dressing properties. K. Rouvinen, E. Mri'ntysalo. Code 2-6-14-M-F.
Foxes as bioindisators o%the occurrenice of golychloriiisted biphenyls (PCB) in the elivironment - PM exarniinations iri 1983 arad 8987. H. Brunn, S. Georgii, K. Failing, V. Stojanowic, U. Eskens, D. Manz. Code 8-1-F.
Organochlorine and mercury residues in wild mink and otter: comparison with fish. R.E. Foley, S.J. Jackling. Code 8-l-M-0.
Home range utilization by pine marteiis. I. Storch. Code 1-0.
Titles of other publications - not abstracted
A simple technique for chronlc jugular The chinchilia: endangered whistler of the an- catheteriaation In ferrets. J.E. Mesina, des. E.K. Rice. Animal kingdom 1988; Vol. 91(1), T,J. Sylvina, L.C. Hotaling, M.E. Pecquet Goad, p. 6-7. Code 1-14-0. J.G. Fox. Laboratory Animal Science (USA), 1988; vol. 38(1), p. 89-90; ill. references. Avail- able at: US (DNAL 410.9 P94); ISSN 0023-6764. Code 3-14-0. Diet of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in agrosoenoses In Southerii Moravia. I. Kozena. Stick test reveals a minks temperament. Acta Sc. Nat. Rrno, 22(7), p. 3-24. S.W. Hansen, S. Meller. Dansk Pelsdyravl Code I-6-10-F. (Denmark), 1989; Vol. 52(1), p. 33-36: 4 ill. In DANH. Code 11-M. Directives of the "German adjudicator's associa- Martens as farm animals. On the production of tiorr for chinchillas" (DBVC) for chinchilla com- the pine marten. E. Nyholm. Deutsche Pelztier- parisotii shows. G. Clemens. Deutsche Pelztier- zuechter (Germany, F.R .), 1987; Vol. 61(8), zuechter (Ge~.many,F.R.), 1988; vol. 62(8), p. 117-119: 2 ill. In GERM. Code 1-12-14-0. p. 121-122: 1 ill. In GERM. Code 14-0.
The Chediak-Migashi Syndrome (BIHS) in Mansfield PearI Foxes (Omberg Pearl, ) and in Arctic Wlue Foxes ( ) is caused by gene mutation In homologous Ioci. Norodd Nes, gystein V. Sjaastad, Bjern Lium. Prelinzinary Report. Code 4-9-F. 2 7 Contents 3
Genetic polymorphism of IgG in mink. l. Identification of 8 allotypes. D.K. Belyaev. I.I. Fomicheva, A.V. Taranin, O.K. Baranov. Code 4-3-M.
The mink proopiomelanocortin gene: Cliaracterization of cBNA and chromosomal localization. T.M. Khlebodarova, G.I. Karasik, N.M. Matveeva, O.L. Serov, S.Y. Golovin, A.A. Bondar, V.A. Karginov, I.S. Morozov, S.M. Zelenin, N.P. Mertvetsov. Code 4-3-M.
Localization of the &2macroglobulin gene and Lpm gene family on mink chromosome 9. V.I. Yermolaev, G.I. Karasik, T.M. Khlebodarova, N.M. Matveeva, M.R. Mullakandov, A.M. Nayakschin, T.V. Shumny, N.B. Rubtsov, O.L. Serov, O.K. Baranov. Code 4-3-M. 29 Mink-mouse hybridomas that secrete mink immunoglobulin G. N.L. Galakhar, S.N. Djatchenko, I.I. Fomicheva, L.V. Mechetina, A.V. Taranin, E.S. Belousov, A.M. Nayakshin, O.K. Baranov. Code 4-3-M-0. 29 Family of Lpm genes in chromosome 9 of American mink. V.I. Ermolaev, M.R. Mullakandov, O.L. Serov, O.K. Baranov. Code 4-3-M. 30 Changes in melanin granules in the fox due to coat color mutations. M.W. Bradbury, J.D. Fabricant. Code 2-3-F.
Endocrine function of gonads and adrenals in female minks of two genotypes in postnatal ontogenesis. R.G. Gulevich, D.V. Klochkov. Code 3-4-5-M.
Separation of X and Y chromosome-bearing mammalian sperm by DNA content using flow cytometric analysis and sorting. L.A. Johnson. Code 4-2-3-5-M-F-0. 3 1
The performance traits of sables in intra- and inter-line selection of mating pairs. E.G. Snytko, I.F. Kirillushkin. Code 5-4-0. 3 1
The performance of standard mink of brown and dark brown shades. V.V. Ustimenko. Code 2-5-4-14-M.
Changeability of physiological indices in hybrids of the skunk and ferret in postnatal period. 1. Medulla. R. Szymeczko. Code 3-4-0. 32
New colour varieties of foxes at the Fur Animal Breeding Station at Tirgu-Mures. S. Sava. Code 4-F. 32
Progeny testing of AI males in fox breeding. Jesper Clausen. Code 4-F. 32
Titles of other publications - not abstracted
The cause of tail-biting among minks - Control of the breeding performance of tail sucking is a recessive hereditary chinchilla. Anonymous. Deutsche Pelztierzuechter characteristic. G. de Jonge. Deutsche (Germany, F.R.), 1987; Vol. 61(4), p. 55-56. Pelztierzuechter (Germany, F.R.), 1988; In GERM. Code 4-0. Vol. 62(3), p. 33-34; 1 ill., 2 tables. In GERM. Code 11-4-M.
5. Reproduction
Reproduction and fertility in the mink (IMustela vison). C. Sundqvist, A.G. Amador, A. Bartke. Code 5-M. 4 Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990
Long-term effects of Pinealectromy on Testicular Function, Luteinizing Mormone-Releasing Hormone Hypothalamic System, and Plasma Prolactin Levels in the Mink, la Short-Day Breeder. L. Boissin-Agasse, J.M. Jacquet, A. Lacroix, J. Boissin. Code 5-3-M.
Photoperiodic coiiitrol of endosrine function in codands of silver foxes and change in 14 during domestication. L.V. Osadchuk, L.N. Trut. Code 3-11-4-5-F.
Hormonal induetion of oestrus and pregnancy in anoestrous ferrets (Mustela putoritks furo). R.A. Mead, S. Neirinckx. Code 5-3-0.
Evidence that oestrogen exerts an equivalent negative feedback action on LH secretion in male and feinale ferrets. R.S Carroll, M.J. Baum. Code 5-3-0.
A Comparison of sperm morphoiogy and silver nitrate staining characteristics in the domestic ferret and the black-footed ferret. P.T. Curry, T. Ziemer, G. van der Horst, W. Burgess, M. Straley, R.W. Atherton, R.M. Kitchin. Code 2-5-0.
Semen characteristics and testosterone profiles in ferrets keyt in a long-day photoperiod, and the influence of hCG timing and sperm dilution medium on pregnancy rate after Iaparoseopic insemination. D.E. Wildt, M. Bush, C. Morton, F. Morton, J.G. Howard. Code 5-3-2-0.
The characteristics of oestrus in poiecats. T.V. Barmotina. Code 5-0.
Body condition and reproductive ability of female polecats in spring. G.P. Kazakova, T.V. Barmotina. Code 5-2-0.
Reproduction of male sables of different colours. A.B. Kulichkov. Code 5-4-0.
Titles of 0thpublications - not alsstracted
Reproductive endocrinology of the mink zuechter (Germany, R.F.), 1987; Vol. 61(4), (Musfela vison). C. Sundqvist, LeG. C. Ellis, p. 56. In GERM. Code 5-3-0. A. Bartke. Endocrine Reviews, 1989; 9(2), p. 247-266; 438 ref. Code 5-3-M. Om the reproduction behaviour of chinchilla. The parturition process of the silver fox. - ~non~mo&s.Deutsche Pelztierzuechter (Germany F. Schmidt. Deutsche Pelztierzuechter F.R.), 1986; Vol. 60(7), p. 115-118; 1 ill., (Germany, F.R.), 1986; Vol. 60(6), 2 tables. In GERM. Code 5-11-0. p. 95-97; 1 ill. In GERM. Code 5-F. Oestrus and copulation of nutria. Anonymous. Note on the reproduction physiology of the Deutsche Pelztierzuechter (Germany, R.F.), chinchilla. Anonymous. Deutsche Pelztier- 1987; Vol. 61(5), p. 69. In GERM. Code 5-0.
6. Nutrition
Effect of feeding, growing and finishing balanced rations to coypus, with and withosit green forages. Oscar N. Di Marco, German G. Garrido. Original Report. Code 6-7-0.
Electrolytes in minks with nursing sickness. T.N. Clausen, O. Hansen. Code 3-5-9-M. Contents 5
Influence of dietary fat source on growth and fur Quality of mink and blue fox. K. Rouvinen, P. Niemela, T. Kiiskinen. Code 6-2-M-F.
Influence of dietary fat source on the body fat composition of mink (Mustela vison) and blue f ox (Alopez lagopus). K. Rouvinen, T. Kiiskinen. Code 6-2-M-F. Digestibility of different fats in mink and blue fox kits - influence of emulsifying agents. K. Rouvinen. Code 6-7-3-M-F.
Digestibility of different fats and fatty acids in the mink (Mustela vison). K. Rouvinen. Code 6-3- M.
The effect of heat treatment on the digestibility of starch from barley and wheat for minks. K. Bstergaard, H. Mejborn. Code 6-7-M. Industrial fish can replace large amounts of fish waste in the breediiig period. G. Hillemann. Code 7-5-M. err )?.ii Composition, nutritive value and variation in Danish feed pellets v for chinchilla. G. Jergensen, H. Mejborn, J. Nordholm. Code 6-0.
Dietary B-carotene absorption and metabolism in ferrets and rats. J.D. Ribaya-Mercado, S.C. Holmgren, J.G. Fox, R.M. Russell. Code 6-3-0.
Bile salt stimulated lipase: the enzyme is present in non primate milk. L.M. Freed, C.M. York, M. Hamosh, N.R. Mehta, J.A. Sturman, O.T. Oftedal, P. Hamosh. Code 3-5-0.
Diagnostic significance of estimating the actlvity of transketolase and thiarnin diphosphate effect in blood of fur-bearing animals during covert thiamin deficiency. S.P. Izotova, G.G. Petrova, E.Yu. Cherkashina. Code 6-3-M-F.O.
Effect of nutrition on whelping results in mink. I. Polonen. Code 6-5-M.
The influence of feed intake on incidence of "greasy mink kits". R.S. Lund. Code 6-9-M.
Titles of other publications - not abstracted Extruded maize as feed for fur animals. A. Skrede, Au. Eldegaard. Norsk Pelsdyrblad (Norway), 1989; Vol. 63(4), p. 12-13, 32; 4 tables, 2 ref.; ISSN 0369-5255. In NORG. Code 7-6-M-F-0.
7. Veterinary
The possible influence of recent vaccination on the serological reactions in mink against Aieutian Disease Virus Antigen. Christian Munck. Original Report. Code 9-M.
An approach to embryo-phoetal mortality pathogenesis in the Aleutian Disease in minks. Nicolae Pastirnac. Original Report. Code 5-9-M.
A novel replicative form DNA of Aleutian disease virus: the covalently closed linear DNA of the parvoviruses. M. Lochelt, H. Delius, O.R. Kaaden. Code 9-4-M-F-0. 8 Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990
New Books Csnt,
Veterinary Preparations for Fur Animals. J. Konrad. Code 9-12-14-M-F-0. 7 4
Rabbits. U.D. Wenzel. Code 14-12-M-F-0. 75 Old Book
Silver fox farming in eastern North America. N. Dearborn. Code 14-12-F. 76
List of addresses 7 7
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION IN FUR ANIMAL PRODUCTION NOTES
SCIENTIFUR
Vol. 14, No. 1 February 1990
As announced in SCIENTIFUR Vol. 13, No. 4 We thank you for all the letters regarding rene- this issue of SCIENTIFUR is the first of hope- wal of subscriptions for SCIENTIFUR ancl fully many under the management of the Inter- IFASA. We are in the process of sending oui- national Fur Animal Scientific Association invoices for the subscription and request f'orms (IFASA). for the membership to all former subscribeis. At the same time we are also sending informa- Please note our new address! tion about IFASA and SCIENTIFUR to poten-. tially interested persons, institutions, and com- Surely many readers have been waiting for a panies. We would be very grateful, if our rea- new international journal with a professional ders would send us lists with names and addres- and attractive look. We are sorry to disappoint ses of persons, institutions and companies that you, but Rome was not built in. one day, and might be interested in IFASA and SCIEN- the same goes for fulfilment of the dream of TIFUR. IFASA - to produce a journal which subscrib- ers, contributors and advertisers find to be the We know from our budgets that the future will most attractive in the world. depend on the number of members, subscribers and advertisers, and we know from the past 13 Everybody involved has been very busy with years of SCIENTIFUR that the future can only the establishment of the new office of IFASA be ensured if all interested parties are support- and SCIENTIFUR, not to mention this first ing us. issue of the journal. Without any knowledge of the actual systems and without money it is dif- In this issue of SCIENTIFUR we have three ficult to build up the whole system. It takes advertisements from serious international com- time, but eventually it will work, and the basis panies who want to support the journal. At the for the speed with which things can happen is same time as we thank for this support, we ask the support IFASA and SCIENTIFUR gets from our readers to reciprocate the support by using members, subscribers, organizations and compa- our advertisers' products. The same can be said nies related to the fur producing industry. about the books produced and advertised by SCIENTIFUR. As you will see from the text on the inside cover, the board of IFASA is not complete. A This first issue of SCIENTIFUR under the member from the Fur Breeders' Associations management of IFASA has almost the same lay- has still not been appointed. The editorial board out as former issues and feels a little thinner. of SCIENTIFUR has not yet been established, Looking over the contents and rea.ding the text, but it will possibly happen in connection with . you will, however, find that the amount of the IFASA board meeting planned to take place information has increased. The typing is smaller in Poland in April this year. which increases the amount of information per page by approx. 25%. Hopefully this change If any readers should have suggestions for can- will be satisfactory to you, as it will allow us to didates for the editorial board as well as for the increase the information value of SCIENTIFUR council of IFASA (1 representative from each within the economic limits given. It will be country) we should be obliged to receive a letter possible for us to bring a larger number of ori- from you. ginal reports (scientific.. . and technical) and ad- 10 Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990
vertisements which together will help bring WE COUNT ON THE FUTURE - WE COUNT SCIENTIFUR closer to the final goal - to be- ON YOU. come the international fur animal iournal for everybody involved in fur animal pr6duction. To those who have not already received a spe- cial request form for membership of IFASA, please fil1 in and return the form appearing on page ? to us. Have a good time, Your edim We know these are hard times for the fur pro- ducing industry - but we also know that the future is for those who invest in it - and one of the important investments for the future is investment in IFASA and SCIENTIFUR.
ERRATUM to SCIENTIFUR Vol. 13, No. 4 D. 305. Weieht Gain and Fur Length in Nutria Fed three Balanced Diets of 16, 21 and 27 O/o of Crude Protein without Green Fora~e.
Oscar N. Di Marco & German Garrido.
We regret that the following figure was left out of the original report. Please insert it on page 307 in Vol. 13 No. 4.
The very sorry editor
l-...... -- -- ...... "' 86 -.i i ':i i .i ,i a* 1 i2 ,G' ,G' 'u t iJ Cl ,m iI l l I i i11 !..l i ! l i l l I i
...... -- .. i-'- I - l 3 4 6 ? kg Figure i. Relationship between body weight and fur length. Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990
Original Report
Morphological variations af hair during the growth of miPik
Keiji Kondo, Akemi Inoue. Fumio Nakamura and Tugio Ohsugi Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, 060 Sapporo, Japan.
Summary Introduction
In this study the morphological changes of the Generally the hair of mammals is repeatedly hair that occur during the growth of sapphire molted in order for the animal to adapt itself to mink were observed. the environment while protecting its body. The study of hair has been limited to a few types such The results obtained are summarized as follows: as human hair and wool, and there has been little research on other types of animal hair. 1. The hair of sapphire mink that were between two to six weeks old was different from In this study morphological variations of sapphire that of mink that were eight weeks old or older, mink hair during growth were observed by means and it did not show the two layer structure of of a light microscope and a scanning electron guard hair and underfur and no distinction could microscope. be found between guard hair and underfur. So the hair of the two to six week old mink was re- garded as "whelp hair". Materials and Methods 2. Although the diameter of whelp hair was about 25 pm and different from that of guard The hairs of male sapphire mink were taken eve- hair (125 pm) and underfur (14 pm), the ratio of ry other weeks from birth to pelting. The hair the medulla to the whole hair thickness of whelp samples of dorsal region were cut around the root hair was similar to that of underfur (0.45) and by a razor blade. different from that of guard hair (0.70). The specimens were mounted with Entellan New 3. The appearance of the medulla of whelp (MERCK) for a light microscopic observation. As hair in the center portion of the shaft was lattice a morphological parameter, the ratio of the me- like, similar to that of guard hair, but at the tip dulla to the whole hair thickness (diameter of region it had a ladder-like appearance, similar to medulla/diameter of the whole hair) was underfur. measured. This measurement of ratio was done on 25 hairs each of guard hair and underfur. 4. The shape of the scales of three hair types However, it was impossible to distinguish guard were all basically the same at the root and the tip hair and underfur at the age of six weeks so only region, but they were different at the middle re- whelp hair which was distinguished from an adult gion. hair was measured at this stage. 12 Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990
Measurements were done at the following loca- Table 1. Thickness of hair and medulla, and tions as shswn in Fig. 1. ratio of medulla to whole hair thickness in mink.
Weeks whole hair Medulla Medulla/ old (m) (pm) Whole hair xkSE xkSE
(Guard hair) 6. 25.002.3 11.221.6 0.44 1O 97.205.0 62.524.2 0.64 12 119.5k1.8 83.0k1.5 0.69 14 127.3g.9 92.323.0 0.73 16 121.3k2.0 86.8k1.6 0.72 20 126.9-Q.9 92.71.4 0.73 24 130.521.7 91.151.4 0.70 26 132.1k1.2 92.121.4 0.70 (Underfur) WHELP HAIR 6 . 25.0g.3 11.2k1.6 0.44 1O 16.3fl.6 7.3fl.4 0.45 12 13.4g.5 5.9fl.3 0.44 14 14.0fl.4 6.3fl.3 0.45 16 13.9fl.4 6.68.2 0.48 20 15.420.5 7.320.3 0.47 24 12.7fl.4 6.3fl.3 0.50 26 13.3fl.3 6.1fl.3 0.46 6 week: whole fur (whelp coat).
Fig. l. Measurement position of medul- of whelp hair. The diameter of whelp hair was la/whole fiber (b/a). different from both guard hair and underfur.
The ratio of medulla to whole hair thickness was about 0.7 for guard hair, about 0.45 for underfur Observations of hairs using a scanning electron and about 0.44 for whelp hair. The ratios of microscope (SEM) were done by the methods whelp hair and underfur are similar to each described in a previous paper (Kondo et al., 1985). Observations were made by a JSM-T20 other, but the ratio of guard hair showed higher SEM at 19Kv. values.
Results and discussion Though the thickness of the whelp hair was dif- ferent from both that of the underfur and the The thickness of hair and the ratio of medulla to guard hair, the medulla/whole hair ratio of the whole hair thickness are shown in Table 1. whelp hair was close to that of underfur. Guard hair ... a and b of the thickest part of the By the observation of medullae through a light lanceolate were measured and b/a was calculated. microscope, it was found that the medullae of guard hair are lattice type in appearance (Fig. Whelp hair and underfur ... as the thickness of 2A) and those of underfur have a ladder-like ap- the hair of both of those is uniform along most of pearance (Fig. 2B). However, the tip region of the shaft any location near the center of the hair the whelp hair has a ladder-like appearance simi- fiber was chosen at random for measurement and lar to the medulla of the underfur (Fig. 2C-a). b/a was calculated. On the other hand, the medulla in the middle region of the whelp hair was lattice-like in ap- The diameter of whelp hair in six week old mink pearance and is therefore similar to guard hair averaged 25 pm. The guard hair taken at later (Fig. 2C-b). stages of the experiment averaged a diameter of about 125 pm, and this values about five times that of whelp hair. The average diameter of Generally there are some differences between the underfur was about 13 pm or about one half that shape of the guard hair and that of the underfur. Multidisciplinary 13
Fig. 2. Light micrographs of mink hair; guard hair (A), underfur (B), whelp hair (C); tip region (a), middle region (b), and root region (c). x : Melanin granuies in clumps. li The thickness of underfur is more or less uniform like shape, that is thinner near the root and broa- from root to tip but the guard hair has a lance- der near the tip. 14 Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990
When guard hair, whelp hair and underfur were the cluimping of melanin granules in the hair carefully examined under a light microscope, it from some kinds of minks and foxes with a Che- was observed that whelp hair and guard hair have diak-Higashi Syndrome. The clumping of mela- melanin granules in clumps (arrows in fig. 2) nin granules observed in this experiment shows while underfur do not. The clumping of melanin similar morphology to that noted by Shakelford granules in whelp hair (arrow in Fig. 2C-b) is and Nes et al. larger than in guard hair (arrows in Fig 2B-b,c,). The scales of the three types of hairs were obser- Shakelford (1948) and Nes et al. (6988) reported ved with %EM(Fig. 3, 4, 5).
Fig. 3. Scanning electron micrographs of tip region of mink hair; guar underf'ur (B), and whelp hair (C).
Fig. 4. Scanning electron micrographs of middle region of mink hair; guard hair (A), under- fur (B), and whelp hair (C).
Fig. 5. Scanning electron micrographs of root region of mink hair; guard hair (A), underfur (B), and whelp hair (C).
It was found that the structure of the seales is UPPer portion of the scales have a thorn-like ap- basically the same at (he roet region in all three pearance, termed "Biamond gelal" or "Pectinate" types of hair. At the root region of the hair, the by Wildm~n*APP~~Y~~Q' and Brunner (Wildman, 1953; Appleyard, 1960; Brunner and Coman, 1974), but these thorn-shaped scales gradually broaden toward the middle of the shaft. It is the number of thorn-shaped scales that presents the only significant difference in the scales near the root of the three types of hair (Fig. 3). It seems that the number of the thorn shaped scales de- pends on the hair thickness (Table l). On the other hand, the scale pattern at the middle part is different in the three types of hair; an irregular petal for the guard hair, a thorn shape for the underfur and an irregular wave mosaic for the whelp hair (Fig. 4). But the scale pattern at the tip region shows a similar shape for all three types of hair (Fig. 5). When the whelp hair was cut longitudinally the scanning electron micrograph was shown in Fig. 6.
The interior of the hair shaft is divided into nu- merous cavities, indicating the insulation effect is high. Granular materials of various sizes and shapes like melanin granules were found in clumps and seemed to be embedded in the walls of the medulla (arrow in Fig. 6B). It is considered that the clumping of granular materials found by a scanning electron microsco- pic observations corresponds to that (arrows in Fig 2) observed under a light microscope. The results obtained from above observations using a SEM and a light microscope show that whelp hair is different morphologically from guard hair and underfur.
Acknowledgements.
We are indebted to Miss Y. Nomura, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, for the elec- tron microscopic examination.
References
Appleyard, H.M., 1960. Guide to the identifica- Fig. 6. Scanning electron micrograghs of tion of animal fibers. Wool Industries thick longitudinal section of whelp Research Association. Leeds. hair in mink. Brunner, H. and Coman, B., 1974. The identifi- B: Msrgnif icatioa of (a); melanosorne cation of Mammalian hair. Inkata Press embedded i11 medulla. Proprietary Limited, Melbourne. Kondo, K., Araki, E. and Ohsugi, T., 1985. An observation of the morphology of the me- dulla in mammalian hairs using a scanning Shakelford, R.M., 1948. The nature of coat color elecron microscope. J. Mammal. Soc. difference in minks and foxes. Genetics, Japan, 10, 115-121. 3 11-226. Nes, J., Einarsson, E.J. and Lohi, O., 1988. Beau- tiful Fur Animals - and their colour gene- Wildnzan, A.B., 1954. The microscopy of animal tics. Scientifur, Denmark, pp. 51, 165- textile fibers. Wool Industries Research 166. Association, Leeds. 16 Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990 Beau Fur Anima our genetics
K\. Norodd Nrs, i J Eiiiiii-ssoii .iii
271 pages and more than 300 unique colour pictures. Price: Dkr. 260,- + postage equal to appr. 40,- US$ + postage.
Beautiful Fur Animals - and their colour genetics is intended as a reference book for fur farmers and fur merchants and a textbook or manual of studies about qualitative genetics. The book is a result of an age-long collaboration between the authors Norodd Nes and Einar Einarsson from Norway and Outi Lohi from Finland/Denmark. Stanislaw Jarosz from I'olznd and Reinhard Scheelje from West Germany have both contributed to thc chapters con- cerning nutria and chinchilla. The authors have done a great deal of research into qualitative genctics of fur bearing ani- rnals. They have also worked closely with practical fur breeding. The book is thcrefore written especially for people in praxis but it will also be a useful textbook and inspiration for additional reading into qualitative genetics or fur aniinals in general for most levels.
"Beautiful Fur Anirnals - arid their colour gent.ties" is illustratcd with about 300 uniyue colour pictures of rniitants in different species of farined fur aniinals, cornbinations of rnutailts and iritcr specific hybrids. As a result of a thorough investigation of previous literature it even incliiclcs historical documentatiori of the origins of the mutants. As an illustration of the iiiultiplicitv of riatural fur colours, this book is outstandirig in clocii- ~nc~itingthc enorinous potential of applicd qualitative genetics which can b(, used to renew ariti enriclz life for the pleasure of fiir producers and consurncrs alikc. Eecause of the thorough descriptiori of primary mutant types, thtlir cornbinations and the effect of colour genes in inter specific hybrids, the book caii be used in ediication and in private studies and it is also a wonderful picture book for animal lovers. The book is published by SCI EN1'II:UIi. the information serviec. of thc Fiir Aimal Division of Scandinavian Association of Agricultural Scientists and the first Norwcgian cdition was pre- sented at the 40th anniversary of tlie association in September 1987 Besides the Nordic lang~iagcs,Noiwegian, Finnish, Swedish and Danisli tlic book is trans- iated into English to express thc desire of the fur brceders' organizations of the four Nordic countries to support international collaboration bctwccn ~~eopleworking with fur animals. The Scandinavian Board of Fiir Fai-ni 01-ganizationshas made this woi-k possiblc with pr(,- piiblication orders.
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Original Report
Body water Space and body watáir aulesover in mink Gemalles
Asbjm Brmdt National Institute of Anirnal Science Foulurn, P.O.Box 39, DK-8830 Tjele
Abstract Pregnant or growing animals are in general in a positive water balance as a result of the high The applicability of the isotope tracer dilution metabolism. technique applying tritiurn labelled water for the A number of normal physiological and pathologi- determination of total body water space, total cal conditions result in a negative water balance. body water turnover rate and estimating total Water loss exceeding 1520% of the total water body fat and fat-free wet body weight in mink volume will be fatal. females of different states of hydration was in- vestigated. When considering the water balance in mink females, the interesting point is the lactation The results demonstrated that the technique gave period during which the development of nursing values comparable to those of other larger mam- sickness is common among high yielding females. malian species and that it was manageable as an The disease is characterized by anorexia, somno- in vivo method in mink. Thus female mink with lensia, dehydration, and cachexia (Brandt, 1983; nursing sickness symptoms were extremely dehy- Brandt, 1984; Brandt & Henriksen, 1987). drated and the amount of estimated fat was neg- ligible, both states being in agreement with the In the present report, the applicability of the patho-physiological state of nursing sickness and isotope tracer dilution technique applying tritium the necropsy. labelled water (TOH) for the determination of total body water space, total body water turnover Introduction rate and estimating total body fat and fat-free wet body weight (FFWW) in mink females was The use of isotope tracer dilution technique is a evaluated. recognized in viv0 method for the determination The results were compared to those of larger of the different body components (Ried, 1967). mammalian species and mink females of different The method is also applicable for the determina- states of hydration and with nursing sickness tion of total body water space (TBWS) and total symptoms. body water turnover rate (TBWR) in larger ani- mals (>loog), where the coefficient of variation is less than 5%. Materials and methods The water content of the adult animal is in ge- On May the 18th 1986, eight Pastel mink females neral constant and constitutes a fixed proportion with different physiological characteristics were of the fat free body weight which means that the selected for the investigation and submitted to animal is in water balance. different treatments as shown in Table 1. 18 Sientifaer, Vcsll. 114, Fbo. II, 1990
1. Total body water space (TBWS), total body water turnover rate (TBWR) and total body fat (TBF) of minik females determinded by TOH-dilution method.
Female no. 123454 7 8
Number of kits 0066666 6 Body weight (BW) (g) 871 933 791 724 531 584 946 642 Nursing sickness - - symptoms - - 9 C Emaciation - -++t-+- - Weaned ++++- - Treated with 40 ml - isotonic saline i.p. - + - + - G -I-
TBWS (ml) 556 653 518 549 398 402 614 456 O/o of body weight 64 70 66 75 75 69 65 71 ......
TBWR 6 h.* .20 .34 .%i .40 .l0 -23 .l8 .36 (day-') 24 h. .24 .30 .28 .43 - - .l7 .35 48 h. .20 - .30 .46 - - -18 - ......
TBF (g) 111 40 83 O O 34 107 19 % of body weight 13 5 10 0 O 6 11 3
" Determined 6, 24 and 48 hours after equilibrium.
One hour after the intra peritoneal injection of TIie total body water space (TBWS) was calcu- isotonic saline solution the females were weighed. Iated wing the forrnula: TBWS = (SD x V13 / The animals were then anaesthetized (2.5 ml Al- SE) - VD where SD = the specific concentration thesin/kg b.w., i.~.),and 2 ml isotonic saline of the dose, VD = volume of the dose, SE = the solution added 100 p Ci TOH was injected intra equilibrium specific concentration of isotope peritoneally. water. The state of total labelling (equilibrium) was presumed to have taken place within a few mi- The total body water turnover rate (TRWR)was nutes after the injection. calculated using the formiala: TBWR = (In(SI/ S2))/(12-tl) where $1 and $2 = the initial and Blood samples of 1 ml were taken by v. jugularis final specific %OH concentration, 12-11 = the puncture 0.5, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours after tke time laps from the initial and terminal sample injection of the isotope and submitted to the taken and In - the natural logarithrn. following treatment: Two hundred myl blood and 200 p1 trichloroace- As the proportions between water, protein and tic acid (1.2 mol/l) were pipetted into a 2.5 ml minerals are conswnt in the mature animal, Pace test tube. The tube was corked, shaken vigorously and Ratburn have suggested 0.732 as an average for l min. using a vortex mixer and centrifuged inter species value for the proportion between (6000 x G in 10 min.). total body water space (TBWSP) and fat-free wet The supernatant (200 hl) was transferred to a 10 body weight (FFWW): FFW - TBWS/0.732. ml ~ci~tillationvial containing 10 ml Agua Luma prior to vigorous mixing in shaker and counted in Therefore the amount of body fat a LKB cooling scintilation counter with external could be calculated: TBF BW - FFWW, where standard. BW is the bady weight. The results were the means of complete double Results determinations of each sample. The animals were euthanized by an overdose of The results are shown in Table I. As a result of Mebumal-Na. tke animals' performance it was not possible to Multidisciplinary 19
take all samples, and as a concequence females possible to compare the values to e.g. direct no. 5 and 6 were euthanized due to severe nur- methods. The magnitude of the values were corn- sing sickness. The autopsy revealed severe ema- parable to those estimated in other larger mam- ciation, lack of body fat and dehydration. mals (Ried, 1967). Discussion As could be anticipated the mink females with nursing sickness symptoms were extremely dehy- Due to the nature of the pilot investigation the drated - about 20% lower depending on the fat- number of observations were not relevant for free dry weight. In general, a water loss excee- statistical analysis and the following discussion ding 15-20% of the total water volume is con- was based on simple comparison between the sidered fatal. Also the amount of estimated fat animals. was negligible, both states being in agreement with the patho-physiological state of nursing Applying the dilution principle using tritium sickness and the necropsy. labelled water (TOH) for the determination of the total body water space (TBWS) is based on the The reason for the lactating females not showing assumption, that TOH will dilute in the same a larger TBWR than the non-lactating can be manner as water (HOH) in the body water corn- explained by the relative low milk yield was a partments. result of the manipulations and the terminal stage In general, the method results in higher TBWS of the lactation. values compared to measuring TBWS by desicca- tion. In conclusion the investigation demonstrated the The error is due to evaporation from the skin, the applicability of the isotope tracer dilution tech- mucous membranes, expiration and the incorpo- nique applying tritium labelled water foir the ration of TOH in non-aquous substances (Holle- determination of total body water space, total man & Dieterich, 1975). body water turnover rate and estimating the total The total water space can be divided into the body fat and the fat-free body weight in inink extra and intra cellular compartments. The size of females of different states of hydration. these compartments is not constant, but depen- dent on the prevailing osmotic pressure. The effect of injecting isotonic saline solution Ref erences was an expansion of the extra cellular compart- ment with a concomitant raise in the TBWS. The Brandt, A. 1983. Drikkevand til mink - kontrol dynamic is reflected in the results when compar- og forbedring af drikkevandskvaliteten. ing the pairs in each treatment group. Dansk Pelsdyravl, 46(8), 392-432. The injection of the isotonic saline solution also Brandt, A. 1984. Minkens vandbehov og vceske- causes an enhanced water turnover measured as balance. Dansk Pelsdyravl, 47(6), 355-357. total body water turnover rate (TBWR). Brandt, A. & Henriksen, P. 1987. Forebyggelse af diegivningssyge hos mink. NJF's yearly As mentioned the total body fat (TBF) can be meeting, Troms~,Norway. 6 pp. estimated on the assumption that the TBW:FFWW Holleman, D.F. & Dieterich, R.A. 1975. An eva- of mature female mink is constant, where FFWW luation of the tritiated water method for is the fat-free wet body weight. estimating body water in smal1 rodent. This estimation can only be correct if the varia- Cand. J. Zool., 53, 1376. tion (the value) of FFWW is known for normal Pace, N. & Ratburn, E.N. 1945. Studies on the Pastel mink females and assuming that the animal body composition. III. The body water is in a neutral water balance. The latter should in chemically combined nitrogen content in general be the case if the animal drinks ad libi- relation to fat content. J. Biol. Chem., tum without being exposed to environmental 158, 685. circumstances that may alter the water balance. Ried, T.J.(chairrnan). 1967. Body composition in As previous investigations on TBWS, TBWR, animals and man. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. FFWW and TBF in mink were lacking, it was not Publ. 1598. Washington D.C. 26 Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990
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Preliminary Report
The Chediak-Higashi Syndrome (CHS) in Mansfield Pearl Foxes (Omberg Pearl. Vulpes vul~es)and in Arctic Blue Foxes (Alopex ) is caused by gene mutation in homologous loci Norodd Nes, Department of Animal Husbandry and Genetics, 0ystein V. Sjaastad, Department of Physiology and Nutrition, Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway Bjern Lium,Department of Pathology, National Veterinury Institute/ Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway
The Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) has been indicates mutations in homologous loci. This demonstrated in humans, mink, cattle, mice, hypothesis could be tested by an inter-species killer whales, cats (see Padgett, 1979), in the crossing between Arctic blue (gg) and Omberg silver fox mutant Omberg Pearl (=Mansfield pearl (Mansfield pearl, SS). The gene symbols g pearl, Vulues vulues, Nes et al., 1985) and also in and s are according to the Scandinavian gene the blue fox mutant called Arctic blue (Alouex symbol system (Nes et al., 1983). lanovus, Nes et al., 1983, Sjaastad et al., 1989). In all species in which CHS has been demonstrat- ed, expect the killer whale where genetic data Results to be expected: are unavailable, the disorder is known to be in- herited as an autosomal recessive trait. 1. If the genes which have mutated are plac- ed in homologous loci in the two species: The disease was first reported in humans by All cubs should have a light fur colour, Beguez-Cesar in 1943. He described abnormally other CHS traits and be sterile. large granules in the leucocytes of some children 2. If the mutated genes were present in dif- in a Cuban family, CHS-individuals have pale- ferent loci: coloured eyes and hairs caused by a clumping of All cubs should be Blue frost, which melanin in big, irregular granules. means a nearly black fur colour, no signs of CHS and be sterile. Prominent features of this anomalous condition is a bleeding tendency and a low resistance to bac- Four Arctic blue females were inseminated with terial and vira1 diseases. Most of the children semen from an Omberg pearl male. One of the having CHS die before the age of 10 years. The females gave birth to a litter of 3 inter-species bleeding tendency has been shown to be due to a hybrid cubs, one of which was stillborn. The platelet storage defect. The content of serotonin, others were apparently viable, but both died after ADP (adenosine-diphosphate) and ATP (adeno- 1-2 days from lack of milk. sine-triphospate) in the platelets is greatly reduced. The cubs, the stillborn one included, had a light yellow-grey fur colour. The melanin in the hairs Both the Omberg pearl/Mansfield pearl and the was unevenly distributed and to a large extent Arctic blue fox exhibit the clinical signs and the agglomerated into irregular granules. Such a me- changes in melanin distribution and platelet con- lanin agglomeration was also found in the pig- tent characteristic of CHS. mented retinal cells of the eyes. As to the genetics of CHS, the conformity of the We may thus tentatively conclude that the inter- manifestations of the disease in different species species hybrid cubs were affected by CHS. In this 28 Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990
crossing experiment the gene from Omberg pearl Nes, N., Lohi, O., Olausson, A. and Hansen, H. (Vulves vulves) and the gene from Arctic blue Toftegaard. 1983. The Genetic Factors for (Alovex laaovus) have acted as a homozygous Colour Types in Ranch Bred Foxes. Acta pair of genes resulting in the Chediak-Higashi Agriculturae Scandinavica, 33, 273-280. syndrome in the hybrid cubs. Nes, N., Lium, B., Sjaastad, Q., Blom, A. & Lohi, 0.1985. A Norwegian Pearl Fox (Omberg Pearl) with Chediak Higashi Syndrome and its Relationship to other Pearl Muta- tion~.Scientifur, Vol. 9, No. 3, 197-199. Padgett, G.A. 1979. Chediak-Higashi Syndrome. In: Spontaneous Animal Models of Human References Disease. Editors: Andrews, E.J., Ward, B.C. and N.H. Altman. Academic Press, Beguez-Cesar, A. 1943. Neutropenia Cronica New York, London, Sydney, San Francis- Maligna Familiar con Granulaciones Ati- CO,Vol. 1, 322 pp. picas de los Leucocitos. Bolletin de la Sjaastad, @.V., Blom, A.K., Stormorkeil, H. and Sociedad Cubana Pediatr. 15, 900-922. Nes, N. 1989. Adenine Nucleotides, Sero- Nes, N., Lium, B., Brand, M., Sjaastad, 0. 1983. tonin and Aggregation Properties of Plate- A Chediak-Higashi-like Syndrome in lets of Blue Foxes (Alopex lagopus) with Arctic Blue Foxes. Finsk Veterinartids- thechediak-Higashi Syndrome. American skrift, 89, 313. Journal of Medical Genetics (In press). Genetics 29
Genetic polymorphism of IgG in mink. 1. Iden- length of mRNA) was determined. A high degree tification of 8 allotypes. of homology (over 80%) among the primary structures of sequences from mink, man, and D.K. Belyaev, I.I. Fomicheva, A.V. Taranin, O.K. bovine cDNA POMC was established. With the Baranov. cloned mink cDNA fragment as probe, the DNAs from mink-Chinese hamster hybrid clones were By means of intraspecific immunization of do- studied. The results of segregation analysis of mestic mink (Mustela vison Schr.), 8, in all pro- mink POMC sequences and mink chromosomes in bability, complex IgG allotypes were detected in the mink-Chinese hamster panel allowed us to their sera. Based on the results of analysis of the assign the POMC gene to mink chromosome 11. preparations of the IgG heavy (H) and light (L) chains, as well as proteolytic IgG fragments, we Genomics 2, 185-188, 1988. 1 table, 2 figs., 28 assigned the allotypes detected to three groups: references. Authors' summary. (l) marker of the L chain, L1; (2) allotypes of the C region ofY-chains (H2, H3, H4, H6 and H8) and conformational allotype H7; (3) confor- Localization of the t?i2~macroglobulin gene and mational allotype 5 with unknown location on the Lpm gene family on mink chromosome 9. chains. V.I. Yermolaev, G.Z. Karasik, T.M. Khlebodarova, N.M. Matveeva, M.R. Mullakandov, A.M. Nayak- schin, T.V. Shumny, N.B. Rubtsov, O.L. Serov, O.K. Baranov. A-MS A-)j' Using cloned cDNA for human &2-macroglobu- lin (A2M) as a probe, mink-Chinese hamster hybrid cells were analysed. The results allowed us to assign a gene for A2M to mink chromosome 9. Breeding tests demonstrated that the Lpm-locus coding for other related a-macroglobulin protein and the gene for peptidase B (PEPB) are linked l1 3 cm apart. The PEPB gene is located on mink chromosome 9, and hence, the Lpm-locus is on the same mink chromosome. The relation- Fig. 1. Double immunodi[Tusion (a) and imniu- ship of the genetic systems controlling the isoty- noelectrophoretic (b) analysis of purified preparations pically different a-macroglobulins in mink serum of mink IgG. Wells contain. A-MS. rabbi1 antiserum are discussed. against whole mink serum, A-y, rabbit antiserum against mink IgG; l, mink IgG preparation analyzed; 2. mink serum; 3, control IgG
Expl clin. Immunogenet. 3, 10-19, 1986. 1 table, 7 figs., 34 references. Authors' abstract.
The mink proopiomelanocortin gene: characteri- aation of cDNA and chromosomal localization. Theor Appl Genet 78, 93-96, 1989. 2 figs., 2 T.M. Khlebodarova, G.I. Karasik, N.M. Matveeva, tables, 18 references. Authors' summary. O.L. Serov, S.Y. Golovin, A.A. Bondar, V.A. Kar- ginov, I.S. Morozov, S.M. Zelenin, N.P. Mertvet- SOV.
A cDNA library from the mink pituitary was Mink-mouse hybridomas that secrete mink im- screened using as probe a synthetic oligodeoxyri- munoglobulin G. bonucleotide, 5'-TTCATGACCTCCGA-3', cor- responding to the endorphin region of bovine N.L. Galakhar, S.N. Djatchenko, I.I. Fomicheva, proopiomelanocortin (POMC) cDNA. As a result, L.V. Mechetina, A.V. Taranin, E.S. Belousov, A.M. several clones containing inserts complementary Nayakshin, O.K. Baranov. to POMC mRNA were identified. The sequence of one of the fragments (585 bp, 65% of the total Optimum conditions were established to obtain 30 Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990
mink-mouse interspecific hybridomas secreting Family of Lpm genes in chromosome 9 of ameri- mink IgG in fusions of mouse myelomas with can minik. mink immune spleen cells. Minks were immu- nized with allogeneic IgG, and the spleen cells were fused with three mouse myeloma lines. P3- X63-Ag8.653, NS0 and Sp2/0-Ag14. Of these, V.I. Ermolaev, M.R. Mullakandov, O.L. Serov P3-X63-Ag8.653 and NS0 were found to be the O.K. Baranov. best fusion partners giving the highest yield of hybrid clones and number of IgG secreting clon- Results of a test mating between males heterozy- es. Cloning of mink-mouse hybridomas was effi- gous at the Lpm (lipoprotein) and peptidase B cient when BALB/c nu/nu peritoneal and spleen loci and females homozygous at both loci indica- cells were used as feeders. The ten clonal lines ted that the 2 loci were linked. The peptidase B produced secreted intact mink IgG molecules as locus had previously been mapped to chromo- shown by SDS-PAGE and subsequent immuno- some 9. blotting. The secretion level of IgG ranged from 5 to 200 ng/ml in the clonal lines. Translated from Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Journal of Immunological Methods, 115, 39-43, 294, 5, 1232-1234, 1987. 1 table, 15 references. 1988. 1 table, 2 figs., 14 references. Authors' (0012-4966/87/0506-0315 ($12.50). Plenum abstract. Corporation, 1987. CAB-abstract.
Changes in melanin granules in the fox due to Hair samples from 11 coat colour phenotypes of coat color mutations. the fox were examined microscopically to deter- mine the effects of several mutations on melai!in M.W. Bradbury, J.D. Fabricant. granule colour and distribution. Standard silver .. .
Flgure I. Hair samples Irorn several coat rolor phenotypes in the lox. All photoqraphs were taken ol apical regioiis ol guard hairs in which riiedullary air spaces are reduced to a ininirnuin Final magn~hcatioii.400~ (A) Red hair. lhe wild-type. showlnq ari even distribuiion ol small phaeomelanosomes (B)Staiidard silver ibih) liair with larqer yraiiules containlnq eumelanin. (C) Fromm brown (b/b hf/bf) hair with brown melanin granules thal are rounder and smaller than in silver. (D) Collicott brown (blh cbicb) hair wilh qranules similar to Fromni brown. but Ihe brown color is darker and the yranules are slightly larger. (E) Eastern Pearl (b/b pe,fpe) hair denionstrariiig clumping ol inost ol the melanin granules. leaving a few lree granules scattered throughout the hair. (F) hlansheld Pearl (b/b pm/prn) hair also showing clurnping ol granules. but many more individual granules are present. (G)This Amber (b/b pe/pe bl/bl) hair stiows a cluriiped distribution ol brown melanin qranules thai would be expected from the aclioii ol independent genes (H) Fawnglo (b/b pefpe cb/cb) hair showing a clumped distrit>ulton ol dark brown granules. (I) This Aulumii Gold (Bib pe/pe bl'bl) hair shows the resulls ol the inleraction ol three loci. with Ihe clurnped distribution ol red-l~rowiimelanin granules (J) A Red Amber (6110 pr/ pe bl/bll hair comparable wifh ttial III I. but sornewhat redder in color because ol hoinozyyosity for B (b/b) causes the production of eumelanin rather Separation of X and Y chttsmossme-beariaag than the phaeomelanin produced in the wild-type mammaliare sperm by DNA conteat asing flow red fox. Fromm brown (bf/bf) and Collicott cytometric aiaalysis and sorting. brown (cb/cb) change the shape of the granules, and convert eumelanin to brown and dark brown L.A. Johnson. resp. The colur dilution of Eastern Pearl (pe/pe) and Mansfield Pearl (pxn/pm) is caused by The ability to influence the sex ratio of animal clumping of granules in specific manners. Hairs progeny would have a significant impact on the form animals expressing more than 1 mutant animal industry. Isolation af nearly pure popula- gene, such as Amber (b/b pe/pe bf/bf), show the tions of X- og Y-bearing sperm is needed in colour and distribution of granules expected from order to investigate potential markers of X or Y interactions of independent loci. sperm. DNA analysis, based on the only es- tablished X and Y sperm difference (DNA mass), Journal of Heredity, 79,2,133-136,1988.2figs., was used to separate sperm populations for the 9 references. CAB-abstract. sperm from each species were washed, fixed with ethanol or sonicated slightly, stained with Hoechst 33342, analyzed and sorted (80 Endocrine functisn of gonads and adrenals in sperm/sec) based on relative DNA content using female minks of two genotypes in postnatal on- a Modified EPICS V flow cytometer/cell sorter togenesis. (Cytometry 2268, 1986). Sorted populations (150,000 each) of X- and Y-bearing sperm nuclei R.G. Gulevich, D.V.Klochkov. were reanalyzed to verify their DNA content. Mean X-Y (%) DNA difference based on flow Radioimmune assay has been made of the content analysis was: bull, 3.9; ram, 4,2; chinchilla, 7.5; of estradiol and progesteron in the blood (from vole, 12.5. Purities of the populations for X and July to March including the 7th day after ma- Y sorts, respectively, were: bull, 93 and 92%; ting), as well as on the level of estradiol and ram, 94 and 97%: chinchilla, 96 and 95%; vole, progesteron production in young females of the 92 and 96%; (N = 4 to 10). Separated sperm standard and mutant sapphire minks in Novem- nuclei from the chinchilla and vole have pro- ber. It was shown that within certain periods, duced pronuclei after microinjection into ham- estradiol and progesteron content of the blood ster eggs. Sorting of bul1 and ram sperm into X was significantly higher in the standard animals. and U populations is the first verifiable sepa- Gonadal production of estradiol, as well as pro- ration of X and Y sperm of domestic animals. gesteron production both by the gonads and ad- renals in November, were similar in fernales of Biology of reproduction, 36, 1, 80, 1987. Only both genotypes. It is suggested that sapphire abstract recieved. Author's abstract. minks have another pattern of correlation be- tween estradiol content of the blood and gonadal production of estradiol as cornpared to that in standard animals. The performarrace traits of sables in intrna- and irater-line selectioia of matiang pairs.
E.G. Snytko, I.F. Kirillushkin.
For 1650 females from 5 lines, the percentage not conceiving was 21.2,40.0,0.0, 0.0 and 20.0 resp., and litter size averaged 3.93, 3.04, 3.43, 4.25 and 3.25 at birth and 3.69, 2.72, 3.14, 3.25 and 2.75 at weaning, the difference between the first 2 lines being significant. For matings of males from 6 lines with females from 9 lines, litter size ranged from 1.0 to 4.67 at birth and from 0.67 to 4.50 at weaning. For inales and females from 8 lines, linebred and crossed in all possible combi- nations, line differences in male fertility were more apparent than those in female fertility. For Zh. Evolyuts. Biokhim. i Fiziol., 24, 3, 445-450, linebred animals, points evaluation ranged from 1988. 1 fig., 2 tables, 8 references. In RUSS, Su. 4.09 to 4.38 for body size, from 4.07 to 4.25 for Engl. Authors' summary. fur density, and from 3.91 to 4.23 for colour. 32 Senentifur, Vol. 14, Ns. l, P990
The corresponding ranges for linecross amimals were 4.07-4.44, 3.93-4.16 and 3.68-4.04.
Krolikovodstva, 32, 49-54, 1985. Q tables. In RUSS. CAB-abstract.
The performance of standard mink OB browna and dark brown shades.
V.V. Ustimenko.
In 1983 and 1984 for 8 19 and 1 140 young brswn females and 68 1 and 1820 adullt brown females resp., and for 2310, 1872, 3160 and 3081 dark- brown females in similar groups, tPie percentage of females that did not conceive was 19.2, 24.0, 12.9, 20.9, 12.5, 18.9, 10.8 and 19.6, and litter size averaged 6.57, 6.33, 6.97, 6.32, 6.65, 6.47, 6.75 and 6.60 at birth and 4.64, 4.40, 5.56, 4.78, Fig. I. Curvps of cr?!hrob!astic, granuloblartic and lyrnphatir systrrn deve1opmc:il 5.11, 4.64, 5.39 and 5.14 at weaning. For 105 in hybrid5 of the skunk and ferrct in patnatal periud males and 105 females resp., body weight ave- raged 1060 and 770 g on 1 July and 2890 and 1520 g on 1 Nov. for brown animals, and 1040, 760, 2560 and 1400 g resp. for dark-brown animals. For 298 brown males and 115 brown New colour varleties of foxes at the Fur Animal females and 117 dark-brown males and 11 1 Breeding Station at Tisgu-Mures. dark-brawn females, the percentage of extra- large pelts was 99.3, 0.9, 90.6 and 1.9 resp., the S. Sava. percentage of large pelts 0.7, 91.3, 9.4 and 83.8, and the percentage of medium pelts 0, 7.8, O and Silver fox males were mated with red fox femal- 14.4; the percentage of faultless pelts was 50.7, es, and red fox males with silver fox females. Of 57.4, 53.9 and 64.9 in the 4 groups. 251 cubs, 50.6% were red arid 49.4% were silver. When hybrids were mated inter se, 33.3% of the Krolikovodstva, 32, 44-49, 1985. 3 tables, 1 fig., progeny were silver and 66.7% were red. 2 references. In RUSS. CAB-abstract. Revista de Cresterea Animalelor, 36, 3, 16-20, 1986. 14 references. In ROMN. CAB-abstract. Changeability oI physiological indices in hybrids of the skunk and ferset Ina postnatal period. 1. Medulla. Progeny testing of AI males in fox breeding.
R. Szymeczko. Jesper Clausen. Biooptical examination of medulla of 82 hybrids The article cominents on how the progeny testing skunk and ferret has shown high dynamics of of fox males accepted for artificial insemination growth changes which clepended first of all on takes place in Denmark. Then different calcula- the behaviour of nuclear cells belonging to three tion methods concerning the breeding value of systems: erythroblastic, Mieloblastic and lympha- the males are discussed. One of these calculation tic ones. It has been hund out that the medulla methods, which are likely to be used in Denmark of 3-30 days old sltunk and ferret shows decided in the future, implies a correction for the farm superiority of erythroblastic cells over the num- effect by means of the skin sale of the past year ber of cells of other systems. At older animals and the SAS procedure LSMEANS. lower hemogenous activity of erythroblastic sys- tem and the percent increase of granuloblasts and NJF Seminar 70, 1989. 3 tables, 2 figs., 7 pp. In lymphocytes have been observed. DANH. Author's abstract.
Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe; Warszawa- Poznan, 33, 137-148, 1986. 6 figs., 20 references. In POLH, Su. ENGE, RUSS. Author's summary. Reproduction 33
Reproduction and fertility in the mink (Mustela mic-pituitary gonadal function remains un- Vison). known, the results of the present study indicate that, in the mink, luteinizing hormone-releasing C. Sundquist, A.G. Amador, A. Bartke. hormone axonal transport is affected by pineal- ectomy. Furthermore, our results suggest that the A review of work on reproduction in male and pineal does not act exclusively upon the neuro- female mink, including the role of the hypotha- endocrine-gonadal system but also acts on other lamic-pituitary axis, oogenesis, ovulation, testis functions that are influenced by photoperiod. development and spermatogenesis, implantation, Pinealectomized minks left in natura1 conditions fertilization and parturition. cannot adjust their prolactin secretion in response to either long or short photoperiods. Operated animals continued to have plasma prolactin vari- ations but at irregular intervals and with no ap- parent relation to the time of the year. The data strengthen the hypothesis that melatonin may act at some point on the hypothalamic neuroen- Le = Laydig cella sc = scrolum docrine systems, which regulate the two func- IY = lumen Se - Smolr cellr mc - mvoid cellr spc = rpeimalocyfei tions differently, and that melatonin is not an pe = pen86 spy - rpe~malogooia pr E pros~~te Ipt = vouny spermatids re = rsclum rpz = malurelian phare anti- or progonadal substance but rather a sea- sp8rmallds and rpermalazaa sonal transducer. 18 = tun6caalbuyinea le = teriir
POENBIITALTCSnS TIZT11DUAlltG 8*11011<6SEA50n Fie 5. ihe mink is characlcnzed by proround ua%nal changes in iaiicular activity. The whc- mauc drawing shows iypical featurer oTa ieriis during mgrcssjon (Mayalober) and dunng ihc maling wason (March).
* Rnx hys aflw pinx
Fig. I. Annual vanzil tent of sex hormones in blood and domesticated Silastic capsules, had significantly more LH pul- foxes proved to be more sensitive to it than un- ses and higher mean LH concentrations in plasma domesticated. than did control males implanted with empty capsules. Aromatase activity in the hypothalamus + preoptic area and temporal lobe was strongly suppressed by ATD treatment whereas circulating concentrations of testosterone and oestradiol were not affected. These results suggest that oestradiol, formed via neural aromatization of circulating testosterone, contributes to the feedback regula- tion of LH secretion in breeding male ferrets just as oestradiol of ovarian origin controls LH secre- tion in females. No sex difference was observed in the rate at which mean plasma LH concentra- tions rose after the removal from gonadectomized ferrets of s.c. Silastic capsules containing oestra- diol. Daily s.c. injections of oestradiol in oil Fig. 5. Level of sex hormones in relatively wild silver fox fe- caused an equivalent, dose-dependent inhibition males maintained in conditions of photoregime B and not showing of LH pulse frequency and mean LH concentra- signs of activation o£ the reproductive system. Aiong the or- dinate: 1) estradiol (pg/ml); II) progesterone (ng/ml); 1, 2) as tions in plasma of male and female ferrets. These in Fig. 2. findings suggest that the negative feedback con- tro1 of pulsatile LH secretion by oestrogen is not Journal of evolutionary biochemistry and physio- sexually differentiated in this reflexly ovulating logy, 2, 123-128, 1988. 5 figs., 10 references. In species. The ferret appears to differ from spon- ENGL, R USS. Authors' abstract. taneously ovulating mammalian species in which the female is generally more sensitive than the male to the inhibitory feedback action of oestra- diol on LH secretion. Hormonal induction of oestrus and pregnancy in anoestrous f errets (Mustela putorius furo). R.A. Mead, S. Neirinckx. Three doses of FSH were tested for their ability to induce oestrus in ferrets. A dose of 0-25 mg, administered twice daily, induced oestrus and breeding in most females within 6-13 days. Ad- . , dition of 5 i.u. hCG during the final stages of ATD raosule follicular development enhanced the percentage , , n, l of females with implantation sites (85%), and 23% of the ferrets so treated gave birth to kits, none of which survived for more than 3 days. This may have been due to insufficient prolactin secretion and thus inadequate luteal maintenance I I l I and milk production, as these females were O 50 o 180 240 O 50 120 180 >a0 Minufer maintained on a short-day photoperiod. Fig. I. fffcci ol c adi~iirii\ir.icinnol Sil,ari~c ciip Evidence that oestrogen exerts an equivalent negative feedback action on LM secretion in male and female ferrets. R.S. Carroll, M. J. Baum. Gonadally intact male ferrets in breeding condi- tion, which received an aromatase inhibitor, 1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione (ATD) s.c. in Reproduction 35 A comparison of sperm morphology and silver 12 weeks under a 16L:8D photoperiod were elec- nitrate staining characteristics in the domestic troejaculated weekly for 15-65 weeks while con- ferret and the black-footed ferret. tinuing to be exposed to the prolonged light cycle. Two ferrets sustained spermatogenesis for Patrick T. Curry, Terry Ziemer, Gerhard Van der 20 and 26 weeks, while sperm production in the Horst, Warren Burgess, Monte Straley, Robert W. remaining males either was sporadic or decreas- Atherton, Robert M. Kitchin. ed, remained depressed and then increased to peak levels observed in other males. Regardless Ejaculated sperm from the domestic ferret Mu- of tfie temporal spermatogenesis patterns within stela putorius furo) and the black-footed ferret males, the number of electroejaculated sper- (Mustela nigripes) were compared for differen- matozoa with residual cytoplasmic droplets or ces in abnormalities and argentophilic protein abnormal acrosomes increased in all ferrets over distribution. Thawed domestic ferret sperm was time. Diluted ejaculates meeting artificial inse- also compared to fresh sperm to determine mination criteria were deposited intravaginally or whether there were any effects on cell morpho- by transabdominal laparoscopy into the uterine logy due to cryopreservation. There were statisti- horns of females treated O or 24 h earlier with 90 cally significant differences between the two i.u. hCG. Vaginal insemination was ineffective (O species of ferret in two of the categories scored. pregnancies in 10 attempts), but 17/24 ferrets The domestic ferret had a higher frequency of (70.8%) inseminated laparoscopically became cells that were bent in the midpiece and in the pregnant and delivered live young (mean litter principal piece, and a higher frequency of head- size, 5.2 kits). Number of motile spermatozoa less and tailless cells when compared to the deposited in utero (1.6-10.0 x lo6 cells), presence black-footed ferret. There were no statistically of glycerol in the sperm dilution medium (O ver- significant differences in cell morphology be- sus 4%) and time of hCG administration (O versus tween the fresh and cryopreserved ejaculates of 24 h before insemination) had no effect on preg- the domestic ferret employing a standard egg nancy results or litter size. yolk cryoextender. Silver nitrate staining distri- bution was different between the two species in J. Reprod. Fert., 86, 349-358, 1989. 2 tables, 2 both the head and tail region. figs., 42 references. Authors' sumrnary. The characteristics of oestrus in polecats. T.V. Barmotina. 30 females were observed every 2nd day for appearance of the genitalia and vaginal mucus was examined microscopically, from the begining FIG la FIG Ib of Feb. to mating. Reddening and swelling of Fig I r: Sprm mi>rphuli>g! r.Airgi>rir\ cornm season 23.4 in Sep.-Oct. At that time, however, Reproduetion ofmale sables of different colours. most females were seasonally anoestrous. A.B. Kulichkov. Krolikovodstva, 32, 107-111, 1985. 2 tables, 10 references. In RUSS. CAB-abstract. For 48 and 88 females mated with light-coloured Body condition and reproductive ability of fe- and dark males resp., aged 5 yr, the CR was 87.5 male polecats in spring. and 87.5% and litter size at weaning averaged 2.9 and 2.7 when fema1e:male ratio was 4:l vs. 90 G.P. Kazakova, T.V. Barmotina. and 95% and 2.4 and 3.2 when fema1e:male ratio was 1:5. The differences between males of diffe- Body condition of 1029 females was determined rent colours were non-significant. When repro- as the ratio of body length in cm to body weight ductive performance of 52 sires was compared in g, monthly from Jan. to weaning. For females with that of their 52 sons at the same age, points with ratios of 18-20,21-23,24-26,27-29, 30-32 for colour awarded averaged 1.9 and 2.3 resp., and 33-35 resp., the percentage whelping was whelping rate of females mated was 64.0 and 100, 97.2, 94.2, 94.0, 97.1 and 100, and litter size 69.4, and litter size averaged 3.20 and 3.19 at per housed female averaged 9.38, 9.47, 9.57, birth and 1.92 and 1.89 at weaning. 9.52, 9.68 and 8.55 at birth and 7.73, 7.71, 7.46, 7.03, 7.40 and 7.56 at weaning, the differences being non-significant. Krolikovodstva, 32, 102-106, 1985. 4 tables, 4 Krolikovodstva, 32, 61-65, 1985. 4 tables, 2 refe- references. In RUSS. CAB-abstract. rences. In RUSS. CAB-abstract. Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990 Nutritlosi and Feed Technology 37 Original Report Effect of feeding gmwing and finishing balanred rations to eoypilis. wlth arsd witkiaut green brages Oscm M. Di Marco and Germm G. Gmido Agricultural Science College, National University of Mar Del Plate Argentina The animals were weighed periodically and the Summary rate of gain was calculated by regression analysis. The effect of feeding coypus with balanced ra- Results and diseussion tions for growing and finishing, with or without complementary green forages, was evaluated in Diet composition is depicted in table 1. Diet F1 summer and fa11 of 1988. For that Greenland and was formulated as a finishing feed, mainly with Silver male nutrias were fed diets of 16, 19 and corn and sunflowerseed meal to achieve 16% of 21% of crude protein (CP) for two months, and CP. The other two diets, had higher content of thereafter terminated with the 16% CP diet for protein, and protein supplements of higher biolo- three months. The highest rate of weight gain gical value such as soybean meal and or meat RWG (g/d), during the first period, was promot- meal and fish meal. ed by the 19 and 21°/o CP diet, 31.4 and 29.6 respectively, significantly higher than 27.2 pro- moted by the 16% CP diet. During the second Table 1. Feed composition period, the RWG promoted by the finishing diet was lower than the promoted by the growing rations. The RWG was not statistically improved Composition Balanced 16% CP 21 % CP by the addition of green forage. It was concluded f eed feed feed that a balanced feed with 19 to 20% CP of high quality, may promote the highest RWG from weaning to killing, and the supplementary green forages might not improve the RWG in animals fed balanced rations. Protein (% CP) 19.0 16.0 21.0 Materials and methods Sovbean meal 13.7 2.4 17.8 ~uiflowerseed meal - 16.4 4.9- Rate of weight gain (RWG) was evaluated in Meat meal 5.1 1.8 3.0 Greenland ans Silver male nutrias, fed balanced Fish meal 3.0 rations with and without additional green forages, - in summer and fa11 of 1988. Animals of 1.6 to 2 Peanut meal 3.0 - - kg of initial weight were placed in wired cages of Corn 59.7 65.5 59.3 1 x 1 m, at 10 per cage, and fed 3 balanced ra- Wheat brand 15.2 13.7 14.8 tions with and without green forages. The diets were fed for 59 days (early growing), and there- Salt 0.2 0.2 0.2 after all animals were finished with a 16% CP diet for 87 days, with and without corn or oat pasture, respectively. The balanced feeds were: 1) 16% CP from sunflowerseed meal, 2) 21% CP The highest RWG (g/d), during the first period, from soybean meal, and 3) a commercial feed of was promoted by the commercial feed and the 19% CP from soybean and meat meal. 21% CP diet, 31.4 and 29.6 respectively, signi- 3 8 Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990 ficantly higher than 27.2 promoted by the 16% 'Fhe RWC was not statistically improved by the CP diet (fig. 1). Although the RWG was lover in addition of green forages. The animals fed de the animals fed the F1, it is important to remark 16% CP diet in both periods, that received com- two important aspects, first the rate of 27 g/d is plementary green corn plant in summer and oat a good enough to terminate a male coypus in 160 pasture in fa12 achieved the same final weight at days from weaning to killing; and second, thi'; the end of the experiinent than the animals not diet was of lower cost than the other two diets. supplemented with green Torages (fig. 3). Al- though the complementary green forage did not improve the RWG, the animals fed supplemen- Fig. 1. Nutria weight gain in early growth. tary corn forage had 8% higher RWG, but when fed oat pastiire showed 7% lower RWG. Fed balanced diets w/o forage FIG.3. BODY WEIGHT CHANGES \N COYPUS WTHmUT CWAM0 OIT PbZTUIII 'T----- .'l Days BF F 1 F 2 Plus Forages Ration of 16% CP BC = 19% CP, F1 = 16% CP, F2 = 21% CP Only bclancd fd RUS con fomga From these results it was concluded that a balan- ced feed with 19 to 20% CP of high quality, may promote the highest RWC from weaning to kil- During the second period where all the animals ling, and the supglementary green forages might were fed the F1, the RWG was affected by the not fnrther improve the RWG of coypus fed well diet previously fed (fig. 2). The animals fed pre- balanced rations. viously high protein rations (BF and F2) showed a RWG (g/d) lower (20.4 and 22.7) than the ani- Re Perences mals fed the 16% CP (26.8). Consequently the animals fed high protein diets the first two Di Marco, O.N. & Garrido, G.G. 1990. Ganancia months of growing and terminated with the 16% de peso y longitud de pie1 en nutrias ali- CP diet achieved similar final weight than the mentadas con tres balanceados de 16, 21 animals fed both periods the 16% CP diet. y 27% de proteina. Rev. Arg. Prod. Anim. 9(5):40 1. Draper, N. & Smith, H. 1981. Applied regression analysis. Second Ed. J. Wiley and Sons, Fig. 2. Weight gain in late growth. Inc. (Eds). ppl:69. Fed a ration or ration plus pasture Kladovshchikov, V.F. Verevkina, L.S. 1989. Re- 2 * - - . ------production of nutria and the qiiality of their skins when fed on pelleted feed m I.' without animai protein. Scientifur 13(1):75 h 1 (Abs). 4 1.. Maubecin, R.A. 1973. Ensayo de raciones balan- ceadas en Nutrias. In. Alimentation y Manejo en la Cria de Nutrias. Primer Congreso Argentino de Produccion Nu- o.. triera. Fasc. No 2. pp 128:136. o.. Sandor, H. 1982. A nutria tenyeszte. Budapest. 0.1 Savic, S., Latkouska, M. & Sreckovic. 1987. Me- thionine influence on coypu body weight 16% CP diet Plus oat pasture gain, growth, and hair quality. In. Inter- national Scientific Conference. Novi Sad After 16% CP rzzi After 19% Cp m After 2 1 % CP Yugoslavia. pp 2: 12. Nutrition and Feed Technology 39 Hales Electrolytes in minks with nursing sickness. - 2.57 T.N. Clausen, O. Hansen. In a preliminary study the concentration of glucose in serum, and of ~a+,K+ and the total osmolality of serum and urine was determined in Expt. qroup 5 female minks with signs of nursing sickness (anorexia, adipsia, lethargy and dehydration) and in 5 apparently normal female minks. Urine data from the sick animals clearly indicated K-deple- tion and intracellular dehydration in contrast to serum-# which was high, probably due to acido- sis and hyperglycemia (lack of insulin?). The superiority of urine analysis in determination of ~xpt.qr oup electrolyte balance is stressed. In addition Na- Males data might indicate extracellular dehydration or .x a migration of Na to the intracellular Space. A L) g Date significant increase in the glucose concentration .d 2. F,, I Ri",, ur,phl p.iin,n of serum from animals with nursing sickness f' liur la"c< ro,m rnni,ip ,l p,,>,,p 7 07' ' '1.. II II- nn.,~<\i.,,I inn.iiicri patible with K-depletion leading to impaired glucose tolerance. There was an osmotic gab in ~xpt.qroup serum osmolatity of the sick animals due to accumulation of glucose and probably also urea, Acta Agric. Scand., 39, 269-278, 1989. 7 tables, lactate and ketones. Although the food does not 2 figs. Authors' summary. seem to be deficient in K+, electrolytes + gluco- se/glycine containing K+ for oral use are recom- mended during the development of the disorder. Dansk Veterinaertidsskrift, 72, 5, 266-268, 1989. l table, 5 references, In DANH, Su. ENGL. Infiuence of dietary fat source on the body fat Authors' summary. composition of mink (Mustela vison) and blue f ox (Alopex lagopus). Influence of dietary fat source on growth and Kirsti Rouvinen, Tuomo Kiiskinen. fur quality of mink and blue fox. The influence of dietary fat source on the fatty Kirsti Rouvinen, Paavo Niemala, Tuomo Kiiskinen. acid composition of mink and blue fox fat in different parts of the body was studied. In addi- The influence of different dietary fat sources on tion, seasonal changes in the fatty acid composi- growth and fur quality of the mink and the blue tion of the skin and subcutaneous fat were deter- fox was studied. The fats used in the study were mined. The dietary fat sources used in the expe- beef tallow, mink fat, capelin oil, soybean oil, riments were beef tallow, mink fat, capelin oil, rapeseed oil, and beef tallow: rapeseed oil mix- soybean oil and rapeseed oil. The fat level sup- ture (50:50). The level of dietary fat was 20% in plied by the diets was 20% in the dry matter of the dry matter of feed. All of the fat sources feed. Skin and subcutaneous fat samples were investigated here were of good quality guarantee- taken in August and November. Body fat samples ing approximately normal growth performance of were collected from the groin, around the kid- the animals. No signs of fat peroxidation or neys and from the liver in November. Raw skin vitamin E deficiency were found, and no adverse samples were taken after skin grading in januar,^. effects on feed consumption, feed palatability, The fatty acid compositions of the fat samples growth of the animals and their fur characteris- studied all markedly reflected the fatty acid tics were observed in the mink or in the blue fox. profile of the respective dietary fat source. Blue fox fat was found to be more saturated than the fat of minks fed the same diet. The amount of xm Fcmalrs unsaturated fatty acids in the skin and subcu- l-L3eef La1 lok taneous fat increased towards winter. This in- 2-Mink fat 3-Cape1 i n oi l crease was more notable in the mink, whose thermophysiological pioperties are less efficient compared to the blue fox. The degree of satura- tion of the body fats in all experimental groups Expt. qroup increased from the body surface towards deeper fat depots. The content of omega-3 fatty acids in Digestibility of different fats and fatty acids in blue fox liver was three times higher than in the mink (Mustela vison). mink liver. Oxidation of unsaturated long-chain fatty acids in the liver of the blue fox may func- Kirsti Rouvinen. tion insufficiently compared to mink liver. This paper reports the influence of level and type Acta Agric. Scand. 39, 279-288, 1989. 4 tables, of fat on the digestibilies of fat and different 18 references. Authors summary. fatty acids in the mink (experiment A). In addi- tion the synergistic effect of saturated and poly- unsaturated fatty acids is clarified (experiment B). The fats used in experiment A were beef tallow, capelin oil and rapeseed oil and the sup- plemental fat levels were 15 and 25% in the dry matter of feed. In experimetit B the fats employ- ed were beef tallow, soybean oil and their mix- Digestibility of different fats in mink and blue ture (50:50), and the fat level was 20%. The fox kits - influence of emulsifying agents. experiments were carried out with adult standard male minks and the digestibilities were deter- K. Rouvinen. mined by the total collection method. The num- ber of animals was 4-6 per experimental group. Digestibility of beef tallow, rapeseed oil and The apparent digestibilities of beef tallow, cape- their mixture (50:50) was studied in mink and ling oil and rapeseed oil on the 15% level of sup- blue fox kits after weaning and at approximately plemental fat were 74,94 and 95, and on the 25% three months of age. Moreover, the influence of level 71, 93 and 90, respectively. The respective soybean lecithin and an emulsifying agent (Bre- digestibilities of beef tallow, soybean oil and do1 696) on the digestibility of beef tallow was their mixture were 71, 93 and 86. In experiment clarified. Digestibility experiments with minks A the digestibilities for saturated fatty acids in were performed by the total collection method beef tallow, capelin oil and rapeseed oil on the and those with blue foxes by the AIA-method 15% and on the (25%) level of supplemental fat with 0.5% silicate in feed serving as an indicator. were 70 (68); 95 (97); and 84 (S), respectively. The digestibility for beef tallow in minks at 1.5 For monounsaturated fatty acids the correspond- months of age was 46%, that for rapeseed oil83O/o ing values were 77 (78); 93 (96); and 96 (97). The and that for fat mixture 78%. In three-month- digestibility coefficients for omega-3 fatty acids old minks the corresponding digestibilities were were 67 (74); 98 (98); and 97 (98) and for omega- 55%, 85% and 77%. In blue foxes at 2.2 months 6 fatty acids 41 (55); 84 (88); and 94 (96), respec- of age the digestibility for beef tallow was 84% tively. In experiment B the digestibilities for and for the rapeseed oil and fat mixture it was saturated fatty acids in beef tallow, soybean oil 95%. At the age of 3.5 months the digestibility of and their mixture were 68,85 and 77, respective- beef tallow was 73%, that of rapeseed oil 95% ly. For monounsaturated fatty acids the cor- and that of their mixture 90%. Synergism could responding figures were 76, 93 and 90. The be found in both species in the digestibility of digestibility coefficients for omega-3 and omega- fat mixture. The synergistic effect was more 6 fatty acids were 70, 95, 93 and 68, 96 and 94, pronounced in the case of young minks and it respectively. especially influenced the saturated fatty acids of the fat mixture. The supplementation of emul- Acta Agric. Scand., 40, 93-99, 1990. 4 tables, 10 sifying agents in the beef tallow diets had no references. Author's summary. significant effect on fat digestibility, metaboliz- able energy or its percentage of the gross energy of the diet. In young minks, however, emulsify- The effect of heat treatment on the digestibility ing agents improved the digestibility of saturated of starch from barley and wheat for minks. fatty acids. Species difference between the mink and the blue fox in the digestibility of saturated K. gstergaard, H. Mejborn. fat may be due to a deficiency in fat emulsifica- tion. Especially in mink feeding during lactation Mink do not digest carbohydrates very well due and early growth periods easily emulsifying oily to a limited production of starch digesting en- fats should be used. zymes, a short intestinal canal and quick passage of the food through the intestine. Through heat treatment it is, however, possible to increase digestibility of starch considerably. The effect of Maatalouden tutkimuskeskus tiedote, 17, 18-37, extrusion and drum drying on the ability of mink Jokioinen 1989, ISSN 0359-7652. 6 tables, 14 to digest starch from barley and wheat respec- references. In FINH, Su. SWED, ENGL. Author's tively was examined in digestibility trials with summary. adult male pastel mink. At the heat treatment Nutrition and Feed Technology 4 1 various combinations of process parameters were within justifiable and reasonable limits. Based on used. The grain was added to mink feed in a the results of the present investigation it is sug- quantity corresponding to 43% of feed DM. gested that Danish chinchilla breeders in coope- Starch amounted to approx. 28% of DM. The ration with the feed producers establish a feed experiment showed that mink are able to digest control to secure that the declarations, qualities starch from wheat as well as barley almost 10096, and limits of variation are met. If you evaluate when the grain has been either extruded or drum the importance of a good and constant feed in dried. This is an increase of approx. 20% com- relation to production results and production pared to untreated grain. In order to obtain the value, there is no doubt that possible higher feed highest possible digestibility it is important that prices on account of control requirements will be the grain has been finely ground. repaid in ample measure. The fact is, as you know, that a number of other measures will have Meddelelse, Statens Husdyrbrugsforst~g,734, 1- little or no importance if the feed is not in order. 4, 1989. In DANH. Authors' surnmary translated by Hanne Artved. Beretning fra Statens Husdyrbrugs forst~g,665,22 pp, 9 tables. In DANH, Su. ENGL. Authors' sum- Industrial fish can replace large amounts of fish mary. waste in the breeding period. G. Hillemann. During the breeding period groups of 60 female Standard and Pastel mink had diets containing 0, Chatter 15, 25, 35 or 65% processed fish at the expense of cod waste. Appetite, behaviour and faeces were normal. Mating, parturition and breeding results were not impaired and average body weight of young at 28 and 42 days was on the whole higher in Standard mink given diets con- Dietary B-carotene absorption and metabolism in taining processed fish. Death rate of females was ferrets and rats. highest in females given diets containing 65% processed fish. Dansk Pelsdyravl, 51, 11, 844-845, 1988. Judy D. Ribaya-Mercado, Sophia C. Holmgren, 4 tables. In DANH. CAB-abstract. James G. Fox, Robert M. Russell. The ability of the ferret (Mustela putorius furo) Composition, nutritive value and variation in to absorb dietary B-carotene was studied to Danish feed pellets for chinchilla. determine its appropriateness as a laboratory animal model for studies on B-carotene metabo- G. Jltrgensen, H. Mejborn, J. Nordholm. lism. At baseline, the mean serum B-carotene level in ferrets was 0.6 &/dl and no D-carotene At the request of the research committee of the was present in liver or adipose tissue. After the Danish Chinchilla Association, chemical and ferrets were fed 4 or 20 mg of B-carotene/kg microbiological analyses of 5 different lots of body wt daily for 2 wk, serum levels were 15.3 chinchilla pellets from each of the 4 largest and 41.5 p/dl, liver values were 0.9 and 4.1 pg/g suppliers of feed mixtures for chinchilla in and adipose tissue values were 0.1 and 0.2 p/g of Denmark have been performed. The investiga- D-carotene, respectively. Thus, like humans, tions have shown large variations from supplier ferrets are able to absorb dietary B-carotene to supplier with respect to raw materials used, intact. Further, these animals can store quantifi- and they have also indicated that the mixtures able amounts of dietary B-carotene in their liver analysed have not always met the declarations, and, to a lesser extent, in adipose tissue. In con- neither with respect to composition nor nutritive trast, serum B-carotene levels in rats fed the two value. Variations in nutritive value as well as levels of D-carotene were very low (0.5 to 0.6 hygienic quality within the individual brands are &/dl) and no B-carotene was found in liver or generally too large, especially as the same kind of adipose tissue. Thus, the ferret is a more ap- feed constitutes the main nutrition of the animals propriate animal model for studying the intestinal for comparatively long periods. The positive side absorption of B-carotene and its storage and has been that the investigation also indicate that metabolism in body tissues. it is possible to produce a chinchilla pellet living up to the declarations and with variations in J. Nutr. 119, 665-668, 1989. 2 tables, 15 referen- nutritive value as well as quality which are kept ces. Authors' abstract. 42 Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990 Bile salt stimulated lipase: the enzyme is present arctic fox, respectively. Thiamin diphosphate in non primate milk. effect (TDP effect) was increased from 15% to 40-48%. TDP-effect of up to 15% signified Lois M. Freed, Carla M. York, Margit Hamosh, adequate availability of thiamin, whereas above N.R. Mehta, John A. Sturman, Olav T. Oftedal, 15% it indicated varying degrees of thiamin Paul Hamosh. deficiency. In mink and arctic foxes during growth, breeding and pregnancy the TDP-effect Bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL) activity was value depended also on the amount of thiami- detected in milk collected from 2 common cats, nase-containing fish in the diet. At the same time 2 Beagle dogs and 2 women. Activity was lower the basal value of transketolase depended on the in cats' milk and higher in dogs' milk than in hu- type of animal and on its physiological state. man milk. BSSL activity was highest during early During the first 1 to 3 months of life activity of lactation in the cat, but increased from colostrum the enzyme increased, in the 4th month decreased to mature milk in the human and dog. Lipopro- and then levelled off at the adult value. tein lipase activity was 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than BSSL activity. BSSL from the 3 spp. had pH optima 7.3-8.5, an absolute requirement for bile salts, was stable for at least 60 min in the pH range 3.0 to 8.0 and was completely inacti- vated by eserine (physostigmine) at 0.4 mM. When various other spp. were studied, only bears' milk and seals milk contained BSSL, gorillas' milk containing very low BSSL activity. Results indicated a relationship between milk BSSL and milk fat composition, and suggest a role for BSSL indigestion of milk long-chain triglycerides by the neonate. I>iic. 3. Beliri~ti~i!aT,!l no OCR ar~,z~~~cc- mmpacr. uri~u: iio OCH O~AHII:~T- ~~IIHYHII~TAO 303ili~~la.% Metodicheskie podkhody k izucheniyu fiziologii pushnykh zverei, 72-86, 1987. 7 tables, 4 figs., 18 re f erences. In RUSS. CAB-abstract. Effect of nutrition on whelping results in mink. T. Polonen. Fiqtire l 6ile 2,: stinulated l~paseactivity tnmughout lactation in cat C:: and 305 (E) milk (lactatlon period is 8 xks in the cac z:.; 5-7 ,i?in the dog) ano througnout tna first 3 An account is given of the effects of air temp. on moritos s: l%ztation ir. humn (C) milk. Note drfferences in scsle 3. LSSC~SSJS and ordinates Tor tne cnree species. body condition in mink, the effect of body weight on reproductive performance of males and females, and the effect of flushing and feed Human lactation. 2. Maternal and environmental quality on conception rate and litter size. Data factors (edited by M. Hamosh, A.S. Goldman) are presented in 2 tables and 3 graphs. 595-601, 1986. I table, 3 figs., 25 references. In ENGl. CAB-abstract. Diagnostic significance of estimating the activity of transketolase and thiamin diphosphate effect in blood of fur bearing animals during covert e valpresultat thiamin deficiency. 3.5 i . . I 30L....L--- -.- - - . . . S.P. Izotova, G.G. Petrova, E.Yu Cherkashina. 625 725 825 925 1025 :i25 1925 11a5 14.; Vikt i g pemoval of thiamin from the diet, and increasing Figur 1. the amount of thiaminanse-containing fish in the Honans parningsvikts inverkan pi avelsresultatet hos mink Maxmo 1988. N=384 diet decreased the activity of transketolase in Kullstorlek = valparlvalpande hona 31.5. blood by 14 to 41% and 16 to 18% in mink and Valpresultat = varlpar/parad hona 31.5. Nutrition and Feed Technology 43 The influence of feed intake on incidence of "greasy mink ki ts". R.S. Lund. Data from several hundred mink farms indicate that flushing, weight reduction of females early in the breeding cycle then increasing feed intake may increase the incidence of "greasy kits". A management system designed to reduce the inci- dence of "greasy kits" is described. . .. Figur 3. ~edeltern~araturunder januari-februari uppmitt pA vh- derobse~ationsstationeri Osterbotten (Kronoby, Kauhava, Vasa och Etseri) Aren 1979-88 (kurvan) och det genomsnitt- liga valpresultatet for hela landet hos Scanblackrnink (stap- lar). 900 1-i,d 111 112 1 :5 114 Finsk Pulstidskrift, 23, 2, 45-47, 1989. 2 tables, Dansk Pelsdyravl, 52, 1, 37-38, 1989. 3 tables, 3 figs. In SWED. CAB-abstract. I fig. In DANH. CAB-abstract. Cernket LBC G35 Probiotikum koncentrat LUNDBECK PHARMA AIS Gerdasgade 20.2500 Valby Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990 Veterinary Sciences 45 Original Report The possible influence of recent vaccination on the serological reactions in mink against Aleutian Disease Virus Antigen Christian Munck Danish Fur Breeders Laboratory 60, Langagervej, DK 2600 Glostrup, Denmark. Sunimary Introduction Antibodies against Aleutian disease virus are Aleutian disease (AD, plasmacytosis) is a persis- determined at the Danish Fur Breeders Laborato- tent virus disease, classified among the slow virus ry by Counter current immuno electrophoresis diseases. test (CEP test) on a scale of 4 mio samples a year. The infectious agent is a very stable parvo virus The CEP test has an extraordinary high specifi- (Aleutian disease virus, ADV), extremely resis- city and a very good sensitivity. tent to heat, acids and also resistant to proteolytic enzymes. False positive reactions in the test account on an average for less than one per thousand samples. Some unexpected positive reactions are however The virus interferes with the immune system confirmed by the results at a later date. stimulating the host to an abundant plasma cell production (plasmacytosis). The plasma cells The false positives are of great inconvenience to produce antibodies and cause massive hypergam- disease eradication and to the mink farmers eco- maglobulinemia. Unlike many other virus diseases nomy when they occur in negative farms, other- the clinical course of the disease is not due to wise they have little importance. cytopathological effect of the virus but is the result of the increased production of antibodies Some case stories indicated the possibility that against the virus. Immune complexes between false reactions could in some cases follow vac- antigen and antibody are formed. The antibodies, cination~. however, are not able to eliminate virus, and in turn the immune complexes provoke formation of This hypothesis was experimentally tested in new antibodies. The ADV-antibody complexes, 1988. still highly infectious, are deposited at various sites of the organism, to a large degree in the False positive reactions were provoked in 5 ani- blood vessels, gradually destroying vital organs. mals in a trial of 408 animals. The positive ones The disease most often causes death in 2 to 24 were all found in groups inoculated with vaccines months. The incubation period varies from one containing virus enteritis antigen. These reactions to several months under natura1 conditions de- were not persistent but disappeared again after 7 pending on infecting dose and many other fac- to 14 days. tors. 46 Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990 Laboratory diagnosis tion may occur, a fact that can be of great incon- venience economically to AD free farms, espe- The antibodies are immunoglobulines, where the cially those selling breeding animals. gammaglobulines constitute 12- 15 per cent of the serumprotein under normal conditions. In Aleu- Certain cases indicated the possibility that false tian disease the amount of gammaglobulins rise - positives might be caused by recent vaccination. even up to 50 per cent. A preliminary experiment was conducted in the Antibodies to ADV are measured by means of the autumn 1987, Munck and Hansen (1988). No counter current immunoelectrophoresis test false reactions were provoked in this experiment. (CEP-test) developed by Cho and Ingram (1972). The production of plasma cells is extreme; hence Materials and Methods it is possible in most cases to demonstrate in- filtration~of plasma cells by histopathologic ex- A total of 360 kits, 5 months of age and 48 young amination of sections from various organs. In females, were used in the experiment. None of 1988 4 mio blood samples were examined for AD the animals had been vaccinated earlier; the co- antibodies at The Danish Fur Breeders Labora- lour types Standard and Wild were represented tory as part of a voluntary disease eradication and the kits involved consisted of half males and programme. The plasma samples from par- half females. ticipating farms are tested routinely by CEP test by which method it is possible to select positive animals. The animals were vaccinated with the following types of mink vaccines from ASL according to In one per thousand samples false positive reac- the scheme in Table 1.: Table 1. Experimental group. Vaccination. I II III IV v VI VII VIII IX X Ent. Distem Dis- Ent. Dis- Ent. Dis- Con- Ent. Dis- TC R-TC tox TC tox TC tox trols TC tox - + + Aug. + + + + + + + - - Sept. - - - + + - - - Oct. + + + + + - - - + + Groups I-VIII are kits. Groups IX and X are young females. Ent-TC containing virus enteritis antigen (MEV). X consisted of 24 females each. All groups except Distem-R TC containing distemper live virus. controls were vaccinated on the 5th of August. Distox triple vaccine containing components Groups IV and V were boosted on the 9th of against virus enteritis, distemper and botulism. September and the groups I, II, III, IV, V, IX and X were revaccinated on the 10th of October. The recommended dose 1 ml subcutaneously was applied on the inner side of the thigh. Blood All the animals were bled on day 0, 5, 14 and 30 samples were collected in capillary tubes coated and the blood plasma was tested for AD-anti- with Sodium Heparine after cutting a toe nail. bodies. The laboratory technique applied was examina- tion of plasma by means of counter current im- At pelting time post mortems were carried out on muno electrophoresis (CEP) and counter current 8 animals from each group and liver and kidney line absorption immuno electrophoresis (LIE). were examined by histopathology. Blood speci- (Aasted et al., 1986). The antigen used was mens were taken from the carcasses for a final DANAD cell culture antigen ADV-G produced check for AD antibodies. at the Danish Antigen Laboratory in Glostrup. AD positive animals found during the trial were Groups I - VII contained 48 kits each. The ani- thoroughly examined histopathologically for pre- mals in group VIII were controls. Groups IX and sence of plasma cells in the organs. Veterinary Sciences 47 Results revaccination the 20th of October Showed posi- tive AD reaction in two females from group IX A total of 2800 blood samples were investigated vaccinated with Ent-TC and one female kit from during the experiment. Two samples from female group III. This group was vaccinated with Distox. kits in group IV, given a booster with Ent-TC on The positive reaction could be produced 3 days the 9th of September proved positive 5 days after later. vaccination. Retesting on day 14 after vaccination showed that the positive reaction had vanished 15 days after vaccination only the kit from group and the two kits proved negative by all successive III proved positive and on day 22 all three mink tests. showed negative reaction. All positives were found by CEP as well as LIE tests. The test re- Three blood samples taken on dav 7 following sults are shown in Table 2. Table 2. Positive reactions. Number of animals I II III IV v VI VII VIII IX X Ent Distem Dis- Ent. Dis - Ent. Dis- Con- Ent. Dis. TC R-TC tox TC tox TC tox trols TC tox Aug. O O O O O O O O O O Sept. O O O 2 O O O O O O Oct. o o 1 o o o o O 2 o By all tests in succession all blood samples were The virus intended for antigen production as well found negative. By histological examination of as for vaccine production is grown in animal liver and kidney sections no pathological changes kidney cell cultures, which are in their turn could be demonstrated in the above 5 positive grown in media containing calf serum. Bovine animals. albumin is added to both products as stabilizer. The cell ingredients are removed by different Organs from 8 randomly chosen mink from each procedures but smal1 amounts of cell protein are group including controls were also examined left in the final product - antigen and vaccine. histologically. It is assumed that some mink vaccinated within a In liver sections from 5 non reacting animals short period before testing develop antibodies to slight lymphocyte infiltration was found around foreign protein in the vaccine. As the same pro- a few bile ducts, but no typical plasma cell in- tein also can be present at a low level in the AD filtration could be demonstrated. The changes antigen a false positive reaction is possible. were diagnosed as inflammation. Kidney sections from these mink revealed no pathological Other factors, however, can influence the AD changes. test. It is known that certain diseases can inter- fere with the test, for example avian tuberculosis Discussion and infection with erysipelothrix (Englund, 1988). It cannot be excluded that components in False positive reactions in the AD test are seen the feed are influencing the results. For example only under special circumstances, which we do it has been demonstrated that dietary protein not know in detail. antigens can cause immune responses. Smal1 amounts of proteins are not digested by enzymes On an average the percentage of false positives is in the intestine and are therefore absorbed as in- less than one per thousand tests at this laboratory. tact antigens (Mowat, 1987). This figure includes an unknown number of true positives which turn up at a later test. Vaccina- At present we cannot give complete and fully tion and in particular boosting seems to be one of satisfactory explanation to the incidence of false the conditions able to provoke false positives. In positive reactions in the AD test. The conclusion, this trial all the positive reactions were found in however, is that mink farmers should be advised groups inoculated with vaccines containing virus that mink should not be bled for Aleutian disease enteritis antigen (MEV). test at least three weeks following vaccination. 48 Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990 References. Cho, H.J., and Ingram, 1972. Antigen and an- tibody in Aleutian disease in mink. I. Precipitation reaction by Agar-gel elec- trophoresis. J. Immunol., 108, 555-557. Englund, L., 1988. Personal communication. Mowat, L. Mcl. 1987. The regulation of immune Aasted, B., Alexandersen, S., Cohn, A., and Han- responses to dietary protein antigens. sen, M., 1986. Counter current line ab- Immunol. Today, Vol. 8, no. 3, 93-97. sorption immune electrophoresis is an Munck, C., Hansen, M., 1988. Influence of mink alternative diagnostic screening test to triple vaccine challenge on AD test in an counter current electrohoresis in Aleutian A-farm, where Aleutian disease has never disease (AD) eradication programs. Acta been recorded. Scientifur, Vol. 12, No. 1, vet. Scand. 27, 410-420. 59. Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990 Original Repori. An appmach to embryo-phoetal mortality pathagenesis in &Re Aleutian Disease ira minks Nicolae Pastirnac State Agriculture Department, Prejmer State Agriculture Enterprise, Brasov, Romania. The paper consists of two distinct parts: (I) Eth- Noteworthy is also the decrease in prolificacy: in iopathogenetic and Epizoothological Elements of the A virus-infected group the decrease amount- the Reproduction-Altering A Virus, (II) The ed to 0.37 cub/female during parturition, and to Effect of AD Immunopathogenetic Mechanisms 0.62 cub/female during weaning. Cub mortality and Morphofunctional Disfunctions on Minks is greater by 6.62% in the infected group during Reproduction. It is a synthetic approach to im- suckling and especially a short while after whelp- munopathogenetic problems viewed especially ing. The interest taken in the virus-induced during the incipient stages of ontogenesis, and to effects of AD is, therefore, constantly growing, certain elements of embryo-phoetal mortality and this accounts for the present study on the ethiology. subject. I. Ethiopathogenetic aud Epizoothological Ele- In order to better understand the negative impact ments of the Reproductisn-Altering A Virus. of the A virus upon the genital apparatus in minks, the emphasis should lay, within the com- The CEP test (for immunoelectrophoresis) has plex morpho-functional disfunctions of the entire been carried out as a preliminary step in the organism, on reproductive disfunctions located thorough study on the effects of the Aleutian as area, time and physiological condition in the virus; it has revealed that the Aleutian disease interaction maternal organism/conception pro- (AD) has a similar impact upon males and ducts. The virus may injure partly or entirely females. Age-dependent differences are, never- these correlations (by direct or indirect impact), theless, conspicuous, accounting for the growing according to certain ethiopathogenetic, epizootic interest taken by several researchers in these and other peculiarities. That is, the embryo- studies. Adult minks were more affected by AD phoetal period, providing an excellent medium by 7.15% than the juvenile ones. Colour has also for virus lymphotrophism infection and multi- been noticed to induce differences: coloured plication (favoured by the labile developing hae- minks were more easily subjected to the disease matophore system), is typical for revealing the than the Standard ones (by 3.4%), this implying disease phenotype both as occurrence and dura- genetic proclivity. tion, as compared to other periods or organs and tissues in adults. Mating occurred relatively less (by 2.42%) in the females infected with the A virus, more out- The A virus is present in the tissues, secretions standing differences characterized gestation, and excretions of diseased minks. As an ex- which lasted more by an average of 5.5% (es- tremely smal1 organism of a less complex struc- pecially the diapause), as well as parturition, ture, the virus contains a single type of nucleic when the infected group displayed lower fecun- acid (DNA) making up the virus gene pool. Its dity (by 10.38%), significantly higher female multiplication occurs as gene pool replication, on sterility (by 5.76%) and mortality (by 4.39%) account of the biosynthesis taking place within during the reproduction span. infected minks cells, where the compulsory in- 50 Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990 tracellular parasitism uses cellular genetic struc- horizontally infects a restricted number of cells. tures (Table 1). This continuous limited infection is considered to affect certain tissues or organs (e.g. the develop- Both the slow chronic infection and the lasting ing embryonic tissue) as a result of the partial one should not be mistaken for the carrying con- resistence of certain cells to the virus, or the dition. The latter is a long lasting condition direct cell-to-cell transmission of the virus with- based on the infection of few cells, where a pro- out any discharge into the surrounding environ- ductive lytic cycle occurs and the free adult virus ment. Table 1. POSSIBLE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE A VIRUS AND THE HOST CELLS (synthesis according to various authors) SLOW NON-CYTOLYTIC CYCLE I PERSISTFXT NON-CYTOLYTIC CYCLE - virus penetration into - the metabolic proceas within - low rate of multiplication a low number of B and l the host cell is little due to the slow rhythm, T cells. affected, as it may carry on with no alteration of the even during cel division cellular metabolism - insertion o€ the virus DNA on the host cell - in most host cells certain - the infected cells may chromosomes DNA virus bodies are trans- survive a long time and ferred to the functional produce : - by taking over the entire genome o€ the host and co- genetic information of the exist with the normal (i) - entirely mature virions virus, the infected cells cellular functions (repressed (ii)- virus components (partly synthesize virus particles virus genome) expressed virus genome) (inactivation of the cellular represser) - the transfer from one cell (the occurence of non-reacti- to another of intermediate vity in the organism is pos- - the host cells filled with replicate forms of virus sible due to the tolerance virus particles "break up" nucleic acids or DNA pro- acquired for low dose) releasing host cell particles virus is achieved through: with embedded virions. The massive destruction of cells a - vertical transfer to leads to enzyme inhibition the descendants of the due to excessive substratum, latently infected cells, when it seems that auto- which may alternate with antibodies occur and favour b - horizontal transfer when the phagocytosis of the under- maturation and the releace graded matter (immonologic dis of complete virions occur functions are caused by change in the functions of T and B lymphocytes induced by the - latently infected cellular suppressing capacity of the clones may change in time virus - autoimmunopathy (under the impact of internal or external factors) acquiring new features which differ partially or entirely from the initial ones (immunological tolerance mav also occur) Minks are affected by the A virus in all periods virus incubation varied between 24 and 50 days of ontogenetic evolution but mostly as juveniles (Onet, 1983). Depending upon the infection (up to three months). The most severe forms are cycling, the disease becomes conspicuous after due to stress factors (such as mating, gestation, different periods of time, according to the type whelping lactation, weaning, cold) and occur of virus strain and the duration of the evolutive mostly at the beginning of summer and autumn. cycle it covers. The virus activity consist of its penetration and multiplication inside the B and T lymphocytes Certain incipient immunodeficiency alterations (with a well-known role in the immunological occur during the infection, they interact with the system), and evolution according to several fac- decrease in the organism resistance, so that the tors: virulence of virus strain (Utah I > Bitterroot organism may be affected by secondary infec- > Pullman > 70261 - Haagsma), genetic resistance tions. The latter are similar to the ones occurring (aa < Aa < other mink gene types), age of the in the Chediak-Higashi (Kaaden, 1984) syn- animal, defence reaction of the organism, a.0. drome, and represent an immunological helper for virus activity; they are regarded as factors The incubation period may last from a few days inducing virus DNA replication. A decrease in to several months, ranging from 24 to 120 days in cell sensitivity to the exogenous interpherone most colour varieties, with more restricted limits activity may also occur, as these intensifying in certain mink types, as for instance the Aleu- stimuli are useful for the virus infection at the tian minks infected experimentally in which the beginning of the disease. Veterinary Sciences 5 1 Although the A virus displays no serological and Noteworthy is the fact that the first reactions genetic affinities with the other parvoviruses, it occurring within various organs are of a lym- nevertheless resembles them by its effect upon phoid type (Paul, 1976). Concurrently with the the lymphotrophism or its general affinity for intensification of the virus action and the devel- tissues consisting of cells with intense inetabo- opment of the above-mentioned processes, plas- lism, which provide excellent hosts for virus mocytes start occurring and, in time, dominate multiplication; such cells are those in the bone the lymphoid elements. The resulting progressive marrow, lymphatic organs, arteries, gastric haemolitic anemia is also based on proteinemia mucous membrane and embryonic tissue (Porter alteration, when the specific antibodies and the et al., 1977; Bloom et al., 1980), complement stick to the surface of the red glo- bules and progressively destroy them (Newton The presence of this virus inside the mink or- and Lipowitz, 1975). ganism sets forth antibody genesis, the resulting antibodies making up together with the antigen It is interesting to mention here another aspect of antibody-antigen complexes. At the same time, virus activity accounting for the disappearance of the plasmatic cells start an intense polyclonal clinical and morphological disfunctions following proliferation (plasmacytosis) which relies upon a treatment with certain suppressors and antibody strong antigen stimulus and is followed, there- formation (e.g. levarnisol, cyclophosphamid, fore, by important disfunctions of the proteic a.o.)., despite the permanent presence of the A homeostasis revealing a massive hypergam- virus. This suggests that the virus is not sig- maglobulinemia. Virus-antibody complexes play nificantly harmful in itself, the injuries being a an important part in AD pathogenesis, as their consequence of the immunologic mechamisms accumulation in large amounts in the kidneys and not of the direct virus impact. causes progressive glomerulonephritis, the com- pression upon capillaries and renal tubes and the The effect of certain exogenous and even endo- occurrence of uremia generally leading to the genous factors may disturb the autoimmune to- death of the animal. Glomerulonephritis and, as lerance leading to the formation of autoantibodies a rule, organic inflammatory injuries are mediat- and/or autoimmune cells, which eventually de- ed by the above-mentioned immune complexes, stroy the body's own cells and tissues (cell par- which render conspicuously the IgG and C, de- ticles attached to the Aleutian virions) through posits in the diseased glomerules and artery walls cellular lysis (Table 2). (Muller-Peddinghaus, 1980). An exaggerated increase in the anti-DNA antibody titre is also Autoantibodies may become cytotoxic, through virus induced. complement activation mediating autoimmune Table 2. TOLERANCE AND WSSIBLE MECHANISMS IN THE AUTOIMMUNITY OF THE ALEUTIAN DISEASE (according to various authors) AUTOIKHUNE REACTION ICENETIC PREPIS~SITION I DISNNCTIONS or THE HODIFIED OR ALIEN ANTIGENS IIDRINE SYSTEH I I - mutations of the Immuno- - abnormal B cells - "excluded", "se- - the break-up o£ - neoantigens camponent cells (*prohi- specific for the auto- quectered" or "in- native "auto-tolerance (the modlfication bited clones") : antigen niche" autoanti- through: o€ antigen structure the ImmunoproliKerating gens under the impact o€ disaaie -y be caused by - quantltative and func- a - haptiration immunoglobulines) somatic mutation and may tional shortage o€ the - due to structural "release" the so-called T lpphocytes, which or autogenetic b - association to a "prohibited cloneca* of a stop perfominq their reasons these complete adjuvant; Ipphocytary nature and suppressive role upon formations never continuous multiplicatior autoImmunization really reach the c - cross resction anti- which trigger autoimmune Immune system gens (may occur dur- reict lon (spematozoa); Ing various lnfec- when they are ex- tlons or may be re- posed, the auto- presented by strep- immune reaction tococcus antigens, may set o€€ (aroo- which crossly re- spemy) activste into auto- antigens) reactions. Immune cells may take part in autoim- II. The Effect of AD Immunogathogenetic Me- munopathies, as is the case in the A virus-in- chanisms and Morphofunctional Disfunctions on duced infection, even at the level of the genital Mink Reproduction. apparatus in minks, the disfunctions being re- vealed by lymphocytary infiltration (with or Similarly to other tissues and organs, the A virus without plasmacytes) and fibroid necrosis. affects the tissues in the uro-genital apparatus 52 Scientibur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990 (mainly the maternal-phoetoplacentary complex) of the serliinal material. It seems that the highest generating immunitary, enzymatic and hormonal mortality of conceptlon products due to AD oc- disfunctions. Many of these problems are still curs in the early stage (zygote, blastocyte). The little known. The virus impact is noticeable in all phenomenon is severely influenced by the ethi- reproductive stages in mink, starting with ovula- pathological factor induced by the activity of tion, embryo-phoetal stage (where the en- infected males. dometrial synthesis integrity of the embryotroph is altered) to parturition. Our investigation has The pathological activity of the virus also ac- attempted at distinguishing stages in the virus counts for the formation of autoimmune pheno- activity and differentiating the effects typical for mena in males and the cuttlng off of the process each stage in the infected groups compared to capacitating spermatozoa in females (within the those responding negatively to the CEP test. uterus and oviduct). Studies have been carried out on two experimen- Due to their complex antigenic structure, the tal groups of 16 females each, one positive and spermatozoa resulting from A virus-infected the other negative to the CEP test, in order to males display autoimmunity phenomena, being depict the noxious effect of the A virus upon able to induce the formation of autospermato- reproduction in the above mentioned stages. antibodies (auto-spermoimmmization), This may lead to several disfunctions, such as autoimmune Each animal was carefully selected for compara- aspermatogenic orthitis (azoospermia), caused by tive fertility analyses during the incipient stages the disruption of the physiological barrier be- of gestation. Special attention was given to the tween blood and testicle (Edwards, 1975); in our immunity mediated through the humour and case the disruption is produced by the localization mostly to the processes accounting for IgC par- of the autoimmune virus/antibody complexes in ticipation in embryo protection, when the mater- the most vulnerable spots on this barrier (testis nal antibodies cross the selective transplacental and channels). On the other hand, the occurrence barrier starting with the eleventh day of embryo- of spermaglutinines is the result of the mecliani- nic life (Olinescu, 1988). Mention should be cal obstruction of the paths taken by spermato- made that in this species most of the gestant zoa. The resulting affections (epidedimites, sper- minks from the northern hemisphere display a matocystis, etc.) also iriduce the discharge of diapause during this gestation period (the preim- antigens, which implfcitely lead to anlibody for- plantation stage). Therefore, the random sacri- mation. Antibodies cause spermatozoa to ag- ficing of the 32 Standard mink females from the glutinate (partially or totally) and thus lose their mentioned groups was carried out between the motility; the most severe cases, the debile or- 25th-27th of March. The females were then on ganism reaches a zoospermy due to the destruc- the 20th day since the last covering, and this fact tion of the testicular or epidedimal parenchyma ensured the functioning of immunological me- (Figure l). chanisms and provided a reserve of about 7 days til1 the beginning of the implantation process occurring in this species around the 2nd of April. The sampled genital tract was examined and ana- tomically prepared according to the metliod de- scribed by Pastirnac (1988) for the perfusion of the uterine horns and the sampling of 20 days old blastocytes. This embryonic stage has been con- sidered as the most relevant from the point of view of the primary or secondary aggressive ac- tions of the A virus upon mink zygotes by releas- ing immuno pathogenetic mechanisms. Partial or total infertility in infected females has been investigated comparatively with control females responding negatively to the CEP test. Fig. 1. Severe parenchyma sclerosis of the epidi- Ethiopathogenesis in the former correlates with dime in mink males ( x '700). the complex of autoimmunopathies (but also with other A virus-induced factors) against the general background of degrading homeostatic balance. The A virus may induce sterility by come other The analysis of this virus-induced disease affect- ways as well, with no sign of morphological in- ing reproduction in minks should consider from juries at the testicular level. Literature data in the very beginning the impact of the virus upon this field (Gluhovschi, 1978) have revealed that the males, mainly upon the fecundating capacity an immunological instability in the sanguine se- Veterinary Sciences 53 rum and the spermatic liquid may trigger sper- Glomerulonephritis and proteinuria generally matic antibodies, and that both the seminal plas- cause, in their turn, uremia, bring about the dis- ma and the male genital organ contain antigens charge of urea through mucous membranes, common to other organs (liver, kidneys, spleen, muscles, skin, cerebrospinal fluid, through ute- etc.); therefore, it seems that the disfunctions rine transfer from mother to conception products, accounted for by the conjugate immunological etc. When discharged as mentioned above, the reaction of these antigens finally induce the dis- urea turns into ammonia, which causes vasodila- function of the organ and, thus, the ovules are tation, stomatitis, gastroenteritis, haemorrhagic not fecundated and the conceptual rate drops. endometritis and the intermittent occurrence of haemoptyses (similar to those in the Goodpasture Studies on females during middle gestation, ad- syndrome in man). The nephrotoxic syndrome vanced gestation and post-whelping are also re- has a slow evolution, from the almost inapparent quired, since the A virus affects reproduction azotemia to the severe uremia syndrome, and is even after fecundation. Gestation in mink is parallelled by a similarly gradual degradation of provided with an immunologic mechanism broad- the general condition. Consequently, polydipsis ly similar to that characterizing gestation in other becomes conspicuous, the lungs display haemorr- animal species, i.e. the genetic immaturity of the hagic diathesis, and the digestive organ, melaena. conception product during the first stages of Besides uremia, the biochemical analysis of the ontogenesis is counter balanced by the passive blood also reveals hypoalbuminemia and, fre- immunity transmitted diaplacentally, as con- quently, hypercholesterolemia (Ghergariu, 1984). firmed by literature data. Immunoglobulines are The haemodynamic disfunctions induced, as pre- mainly transmitted through the placenta, when viously suggested, by the immune glomerule the placental proteolytic mechanism is altered due deposits within vessels cause the nephrotoxic to conjugate autoirnmunity phenomena, the selec- syndrome to account for the exudative and hae- tive olacentral passage is altered as well. Thus, morrhagic diathesis inducing certain oedemas in the noxious elements resulting from autoim- infected minks (ascites, hydrothorax, etc.). Such munogenesis start crossing the selective maternal phenomena are extremely well illustrated in Fi- barrier, accounting for the enzymatic, hormonal gure 2, where the A virus is seen to have mediat- and infectious disfunctions which influence not ed these characteristics in uterine horns (the only the growth but even the viability of the sample was analysed on the 23rd of February). concept products. Further on, during gestation the haemodynamic It seems that the nephrotoxic syndrome leads to disfunctions of the genital aparatus lead to the uterine disfunctions altering the optimum physio- decrease in nitrogenous substances (hypoalbumi- logical conditions of the embryotropic environ- nea) and oxygen (hypoxia) for the conception ment, and this fact tends to increase the diapause products and the occurrence of cytotoxic dis- (total gestation, implicitely) and to disbalance the functions (uremia) mostly in the phoetal kidney. blastocytes towards heavy losses, as shown by Mention should be made that the haemodynamic previous studies. The conjugate deviations in the insufficiency (deriving from placental insuffi- functioning of the enzymatic, hormonal and im- ciency) accounts for several endocrine disfunc- munogen equipment of the embryotroph and then tions, due to estrogen and progesterone decrease of the phoetal liquids (generally of the placenta) and exaggerated discharge of ACTH (embryo- lead to disfunctions of the modulation mechanism phoetal immunodepressors). (i.e. the ability of the genetic information to accurately react to environment changes) in the gestating uterus. When the gestation product is in fact a physio- logical allografting, where the evidence of im- munological (anti-alloantigen) miscarriage is theoretically possible, the occurrence of A virus- induced autoimmunity phenomena in the uterus favours the mediation and intensification (rapid or tardy) of the incompatibility at the level of the maternal-phoeto-placenta1 complex. It should be specified that the investigation has started from the premise that autoimmunity phenomena in- duced in mink any of the known morphological types of glomerulonephrites, the nephotoxic syn- drome respectively (antibody glomerulonephritis, basal glomerule membrane), the ones caused by Fig. 2. Haemodynamic disfunction of the neph- immune complexes and sporadically by amiloid- rotoxic syndrome in mink females, it is ase (which may be stimulated by the DNA-anti- represented by an exudative endometritis gen complex). (hydrometre). 54 Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990 Besides the nephrotoxic syndrome, the alterations residual virus foci, which are a significant draw- of the maternal-phoeto-placenta1 balance may back in disease control, sometimes imposing the also be the result of the secondary placental in- sacrification of the whole group. sufficiency induced by certain interaction pheno- mena of isoimmunization, which are promoted It seems, consequently, that the ability of the A by uterine receptors, as well as by species peculi- . virus to modulate and alternate from one reactive arities (such as multiparity superovulation) or n cycle to a non-reactive one, and backwards, is individual ones (primiparity, tardy conceptions, perhaps the greatest obstacle in eradicating and ovarian insufficiency, etc.). counteracting its severe, economically negative effects in this species. The disbalanced immunitary system of the phoe- tus is subjected to the conjugate influence of Conclusions both autoimmune factors and infectious (as- sociated) ones, whose synergic impact upon pla- The highest embryonic mortality caused centa and imbilical cord ("amniotic infection by the A virus occurs during the early stage (zy- syndrome") favours miscarriage, as a result of gote, blastocyte), being mostly induced ethiopat- conception product mortality and, generally, of hogenetically by the activity of infected males phoetal septicopenias. Changes have also been (during preimplantation). recorded in the structure of the amniotic liquid influencing the phoetal organs (mostly the kid- - The compensation of the functional im- neys), this structure has been found to comprise, maturity of the active immunitary system with besides albumine and alpha- and betaglobuline, the passive one inside the infected maternal or- also gammaglobuline, which is the effect of the ganism, occurring under certain circumstances A virus activity. close to fecundation or in the incipient stages of ontogenesis, allows the displacental transfer of Another feature of gestation autoim- autoimmunopathic elements discharged due to the munopathogenesis in the A virus-generated in- presence of the A virus, elements which account fection is the system of acquired immunological for the maternal-phoetal incompatibility (during tolerance, which is revealed by a special type of postimplantation). response characterized by the lack of specific reactivity in the lymphoid tissue coming into - The conjugate alterations of the enzyma- contact with the virus ever since the ontogenetic tic, hormonal and immunogene equipment lead to stage of immunologic immaturity. It may be, disfunctions in the selective placental passage, i.e. therefore, possible to induce the non-reactivity in the haemodynamic mechanism (hvoonrntein- of the maternal organism towards the AD germ emia and hypoxia) and the modulation mecha- (repressed or partly expressed virus genome) it nism of the gestating uterus. has contacted since the embryo-phoetal stage, and this may be regarded as a common pheno- menon. - The system of acquired immunological tolerance facilitates the induction of non-reac- Mink juveniles resulting from infected mothers, tivity to antigen - the germ of the Aleutian di- even if transferred (through adoptions) to sease - in the maternal organism in minks, so that mothers responding negatively to the CEP test, as in order to control the autoimmunopathogenesis well as juvenile responding themselves negatively of gestation it is imperative to know the part to the test, may exhibit sudden positive responses played by this type of reaction and thus the exis- after a longer period of time. The biological tence of residual virus foci. background of this "reactivation" might be ex- plained through virus infections acquired during gestation, when the vital cycle of the virus was latent or persisting and the organism adopted the Literature previously-mentioned tolerance phenomena. Cho, J.H., 1976. Purification and structure of The only existing control means in virus dif- Aleutian disease virus in Slow Virus of fusion are the tests already known. Unfortunate- animals and man. North-Holland Ameri- ly, the imperfections arising due to cross im- can Elsevier Publishing Company New munologi~reactivity or to the limited spectra of York. the diagnostic materials used (antigens, alergens), Ghergariu, S., 1984. Bolile alergic si autoimun- restrict the diagnostic value of these tests to an opatii la animale. Ed. Ceres Bucuresti, accurateness acceptable for group checking but 172-173. not for a sure individual diagnosis. Gluhovschi, N., 1983. Biologia si patologia placen- Under these circumstances, the eradication of AD tei la animale. Ed. Ceres Bucuresti. epizoothies requires the knowledge of the part Gorham, J.R., si colab., 1970. Univ. Press. played by tolerated infections in the existence of Ames., 140-152. Veterinary Sciences 55 Goudas, P. si colab. , 1970. Canada J. Comp. Med. Pastirnac, N., si Gruia, R., 1986. Rev. de crest. 34, 118-121. anim. 3, 49-58. Graber, P., 1975.Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. Pastirnac, N., 1988. Scientifur, Vol. 12, no.3. 4, 453-466. Porter, D.D., 1973. Fed. Proc. 32: (237 1) 635. Ingram, D. C. si Cho, H.J., 1974.5. Rheumat. 1, Porter, D.D. si colab., 1972. Fed. Proc. 31: (2371) 74-92. 635. Kaaden, O.R. si colab., 1984. Der Deut. Pelt. Zucht. 7, 109-111. Kenyon, A.J., 1979. Der Deut. Peltz. Zucht. 12, 181. Porter, D.D. si colab., 1973. Am. J. Path. 72: Lapras, M. si Oudar, J., 1971. Vet. Med. Nachr. 33 1-347. 1 2, 240-280. Porter, D.D., si colab., 1977. Intervirology, 8: Lapras, M. si Monier, J., 1980. Bull. Soc. Sci. 129-144. Vet. et Med. comparee, Lyon, 82: 93-208. Trautwein, G., 1978. Aleutenkrankheit der nerze. Mc Guire, T.C.si colab., 1971. J. Immun. 107, Handbuch der Virus infektionen bei tier- 1481-1482. en. Bd. VI/2. VEB G. Fischer, Jena. Muller-Peddinghaus, R.H. si colab., 1980. Zbl. Trautwein, G., si colab., 1979. Zbl. Vet. Med. B. Vet. Med. B 27, 1-10. 26: 748-771. Newton, C.D. si Lipowitz, A.J., 1975. J. Am. Vior, C. si colab., 1980. Imunitatea si imunopro- anim. hosp. Ass. 11, 595-599. filaxia la animale. Ed. Ceres Bucuresti, Olinescu, A., 1988. Zootehnie si med. vet. 8, 24- 159-172. 34. Yoon, J.W. si colab., 1973. Nature New Biol. 245: Onet, E., 1983. Virusuri si viroze animale. Vol. 205-207. II. Ed. Dacia Cluj-Napoca. Yoon, J.W., si colab., 1975. Virology, 64, 575-580. Paul, I., 1976. Morfopatologie veterinara. Ed. Watsson, J.D., 1975. Molecular biology of the Ceres Bucuresti. gene. Benjamin. New York. 56 Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990 A novel replicative form DNA of Aleutian disease change dramatically. The enhanced CD8 fre- virus: the covalently closed linear DNA of the quency was still apparent 6 months after initial parvoviruses. ADV infection of the mink. The present experi- ments contribute to a better understanding of the M. Löchelt, H. Delius, O.R. Kaaden. immune deficiency stage seen in mink infected with ADV. The analysis of replicative form (RF) DNA of Aleutian disease virus (ADV) by alkaline gel electrophoresis revealed that all RF DNA species segregate into DNA single strands which repre- sent integral multiples of a genome equivalent. This demonstrates that as with other autonomous parvoviruses, the virion and complementary ...... I... .m >v : ., ., o.,, .c.,. .O" "#cc,,c+ DNA strands are frequently linked by hairpin D.., .",s .D" .rr'L'i females. At weaning healthy male and female kits type of fur animals are exactly identical with weighed 460 g and 405 g and infected kits those as are known for other meat-eating and fur weighed 393 g and 342 g, respectively. In the animals. There were no cases among the minks of healthy animals, smaller kit mortality was ob- typical feeling of itchiness with the intence tained in the rapeseed oil group and the weight scratching accompanying. In the course of the of the male kits was also better in this group at disease form the first visible symptoms to death weaning than in the beef tallow group. The of the animals varied from 3 to 20 hours. During breeding result was poorest in the fish oil group. dissection gaseousness of the digestive tract hy- Vitamin E had no positive influence on the peremia and edema of the lungs were regularly breeding result. ascertained. Deposit ischemic neurons of the heart muscle, spotted lesions on the mucous Maatalouden tutkimuskeskus, Tiedote 17, 1- 17, membrane of the abdomen and a slight serofibri- Jokioinen 1989. 1 table, 4 references. In FINH, nous pericarditis were among our findings. Dila- Su. SWED, ENGL. ISSN 0359-7652. Authors' tation of the veins in the large perenchyma and summary. dilatation of varicose spread on the mesogaste rous were comspicuous. In some cases as a result of closely dilated weins bleeding occurred in the lung chambers and a massive submucous extrava- Analysis of the virion of Aleutian disease virus sates in the abdomen. The occurrence of lesions of mink. on the lining of the chest, abdominal cavity and on the serous organs of these cavities is exces- D.L. Barnard. sively frequent. The finding on the CNS charac- teristics slight leptomeningitis and vacuolization The ADV-G virion was analyzed with monoclo- of liquefaction of some ganglionic cells of the nal antibodies and polyclonal antiserum. There cortex of the big brain. In no case did we suc- was homology between the two major structural ceed medically when using symptomatic therapy proteins, p66.5 and p82, as others have previous- and antibiotics during the course of the illness, ly reported. Trypsin treatment of the virion with nor could we influence the mortality of il1 ani- subsequent immunoblotting revealed that the mals. Mortality was 100% for affected animals. 66.5K peptide represents the main peptide on the From the total number of animals bred, 73.4% exterior of virion, and that p82 is probably em- died. We did not succeed in ascertaining the bedded within the capsid. Additional analyses of methhod by which the infection was brought to the trypsin-treated virions showed that p66.5 is the farm. The authors are of the opinion that it responsible for binding complement, and that it concerns an alimentary infection. From the point also represents the structural part of the virion of view of prevention a strict adherence to health that binds to cellular receptors. A third protein, and hygienic requirements is recommended dur- p34 was detected that might represent a third ing manipilation with feed of animal origin. It is structural polypeptide because of its many unique necessary in suspicious cases to feed meat scraps epitopes relative to the other peptides detected. only after they have been thorough cooked. The higher molecular weight peptides (104- 126K) probably represent products of denatura- Sborn ces akad zemedelsk ved., in Czech, 3, 31, tion of the virions, while the 58.6K and 51.6K 803-816, 1958. 1 figs., 35 references. Trans1 peptides may be breakdown products from the 32369. In ENGL. Author's summary. 66.5K polypeptide or alternatively products of muliply spliced transcripts. If the 83K and 66.5K peptides are breakdown products instead of the Contagious pneumonia in mink. main viral polypeptides, then p86 and p73.4 might represent the true vira1 polypeptides from Mogens Jmgensen. which the 82K and 66.5K peptides are derived. An outbreak of contagious pneumonia in mink Dissertation Abstracts International, 49, 6, 63 pp. caused by two serotypes of pseudomonas aerugi- 1988. Only abstract recieved. Author's abstract. nosa is described. the outbreak started 22110-88. Serotyping showed type 5 (Difco). In Denmark only monovalent vaccine is available. About a Aujeszky's disease (Morbus Aujeszki) in minks. week after vaccination the number of dead mink raised dramatically. At the third examination on J. Konrad. dead mink, the serotypes 5 and 6 was found. A polyvalent Pseudomonas vaccine was provided The authors describe the clinical, pathologico- from USA. Together with the second vaccination, anatomic and histologic picture of Aujeszky's pelting was intensivated. 4952 mink died out of disease in minks. It concerns the first occurrence 18200 corresponding to 27%. Sulfadiazin-Trime- of this illness among minks in Czechoslovakia thoprim mixed in the feed in periods, showed Socialist republic. The clinical symptoms of this evidently no. effect.- Using an polyvalent Pseudo- 58 Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990 monas vaccine from the start of the outbreak, ease of administering the drug (subcutaneous would have reduced the loss of mink to approxi- injection) and its low toxicity should facilitate mally 200 mink. the efficient treatment of ectoparasite infestation in fox breeding. Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne (Poland), 32, 4-6, 599-601, 1986. In POLH, Su. ENGL. Authors' summary. Trichophytosis of Nutria. i l Ulf D. Wenzel, G. Albert. Dermatomycoses play a particular role in nutria i farming, on account of negative effects on fur quality. An account is given in this paper of the most common dermatomycoses so far recorded from nutria. Faults in keeping can be conducive to outbreaks. The vourse of the disease as well as Dllr P,1< necessary therapeutic measures are described by an example selected from the practice of the Fur Animal Health Service. Dansk VetTidsskr.. 72, 17 1/9. 997-1000. 1989. Mh. Vet.-Med. 44, 275-276, 1989. 2 figs., II In DANH, Su. ENGL. Author's summary. In GERM. Authorsl summary. Usefulness of Ivermectin (Ivomec) in the treat- Studies into occurrence of bacterial infectius ment of scabies in foxes (Alopex lagopus, Vulpes diseases in coypu (Myocastor coypus MOLINA, vulpes). 1782). Third communication: Streptococcal, staphylococcal, aeromonas and actinobacillus infections. M. Wroblewska, A. Malczewski, A. Kopczewski, T. Zdunkiewicz. B. Kohler, B. Wendland, M. Winkler, E. Kunter, G. Horn. The aim of the work is to evaluate the efficiency of the drug Ivermectine (Ivomec) manufactured by MVD-AGVET in curing scabies in foxes of Streptococcus (Sc.) zooepidemicus may be con- the basic herd. Ivermectine was used in 435 polar sidered a specific pathogen to cause pneumonia foxes (Alopex lagopus) and 180 silver foxes (V. and septicaernia in coypu, with the incidence of vulpes) on 6 fox farms in the Gdansk voivode- both being particularly increased in the transi- ship. 1 ml of 0.1% solution of the drug was in- tional period from winter to spring. Postmortem jected subcutaneously; this dose was repeated findings from 283 dead coypus from 23 stocks after 10- 14 days. The treatment was carried out were evaluated and showed Sc. zooepidemicus on two fox farms on 113 polar foxes during the infection to come second to salmonellosis as one period of copulation and pregnancy. The clinical of the most common causes of death. The patho- diagnosis of the disease and the efficiency of the gen was also isolated from 34.5 per cent of all treatment were confirmed by a laboratory exami- organ and swab samples taken from clinically nation of skin scrapes, which had been taken intact slaughtered and skinned coypus. Staphylo- before the treatment started, and later on the 15- coccus (St.) aureus, on the other hand, was re- th and 30-th day after the drug had been ad- corded only from 3 animals that had died of ministered to 40% of the foxes. The results achi- diseases. Though a posive rate of 24.7 per cent eved (lOOO/o cure rate) indicate the high efficacy was recorded from pharyngeal swabs as well as and simultaneously the low toxicity of ivermec- from tracheal and lun samples taken from clini- tine. No harmful side-eccects of the medicine cally intact slaughtered animals from eight were noted during copulation and pregnancy in stocks. 20 of the 28 St. aureus isolated belonged the foxes (a high average of fox births and rear- to a St. aureus subtype which could not be ap- ing). The new-born puppies were very lively and portioned to any category and had so far been in good condition, and their further growth and recorded exclusively from coypu. Aeromonas development proceeded normally. Ivomec may be (Aer.) hydrophila and Actinobacillus suis were used in foxes of different ages and at different isolated as infectious pathogens in 4 or 3 cases. periods of their physiological conditions. The Aer. hydrophila biotype-l strains failed to pro- Veterinary Sciences 59 duce enterotoxin, but in infection experiments of 25 animals using various infestation variants; they proved to be pathogenic to mice and coypus, the infestation parametres being monitored by: the lethal dosage by intra-abdominal application trichinelloscopy, artificial peptic digestion of the being 1 1o8 or 6 10' colony-forming units per musculature, microprecipitation with freeze- animal. dried larvae and agar gel double diffusion. Gene- rally, a correlation was seen between the number of larvae administered and the obtained after the artificial digestion; the presence of the arvae in various muscle groups is similar to that found tin the common host species. The correlation of the results obtained on the serological tests with the results given by trichinelloscopy pointed out a higher sensivity of the microprecipitaion reaction with freeze-dried larvae in comparison with the agar gel double diffusion. It is recommended to perform the trichinelloscopic examination of coypu meats for public consumption. Archiva Veterinaria, 18, 37-46, 1987. 1 table, 2 figs., 5 references. In FREN, Su. ENGL, GERM, RUSS. Authors' summary. Dermanyssus gallinae (de Geer 1778) on coypu (Myocastor coypus). Archiv fur experirnentelle Veterinarrnedizin, 42,6, W.A.Gibasiewicz. 877-889, 1988. 6 tables, I fig., 32 references. In 'ERM. ENGL' summary' In a coypu colony kept in concrete cages without swimming facilities and free access to water, a heavy infestation of Dermanyssus gallinae was Studies on experimentai trichinellosis in Myo- diagnosed in the groins of young animals weak- castor coypus. ened by Salmonella infection. The transmission of the parasite from poultry could be attributed S. Popescu, M. Mazanet. V.Fromunda, V.Oproiu, to wild birds and flies. D. gallinae is the tenth M. Tetu-oporanu, A.M. Ciocnitu. ectoparasite so far found on coypu, The experiments demonstrated the high sensitivi- ty of the coypu to the infestation with Trichinel- la spiralis. The studies were conducted in a roup L-t,d8: ~MEIPF P Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 43, 10, 593, 1987. 2 figs. In POLH. CAB-abstract. Hyperinsulinism and hypoglycemia associated with pancreatic islet cell tumor in a ferret. A.E. Jergens, D.P. Shaw. Ftg 2 - Donnees eornparalivn concernant la correlation entre ler Uux d infes- tation et les rkuitalr des examens effectues Bancreatic islet cell tumour was diagnosed in a 60 Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990 ferret with hypoglycaemia, hyperinsulinism, and species transmission of Cryptosporidium implies progressive neurological dysfunction. The turnour that infected ferrets should be considered a p0- was removed and the ferret recovered. Eight tential source of infection for the general Popu- months later the ferret died following recurring lation. episodes of hyperglycaemia and glycosuria. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical As- sociation , 94, 2, 269-271, 1989. 1 fig., 10 refe- rences. CAB-abstract. Campylobacter pylori supsp. rnustelae slibsp. nov. isolated from the gastric mucosa of ferrets (Mustela putorius furo), and an emended de- scription of Campylobacter pylori. J.G. Fox, N.S. Taylor, Paul Edmonds, Don J. Brenner. 'l'he name Campylobacter pylori subsp. mustelae subsp. nov. is proposed for a Campylobacer com- monly isolated from normal or inflamed gastric mucosa of ferrets. C. pylori subsp. mustelae, like C. pylori, has multiple sheathed flagella, rapidly Figure 3 Electron micrograph of ferret smali intestine with three hydrolyzes urea, is W,S negative on triple sugar cryptosporidia developmental stages. Two abut the microvillous iron agar, and has a variable reaction on iead tips of a villous enterocyte. The other is attached to the microv- acetate strips. It does not grow in the presence of ilious surface of a villous epithelial cell. From left to right: schiz- 3% NaCI, and growth is variable in 0.04% tri- ont with merozoites, early trophozoite, late trophozoite. The late trophozoite shows the characteristic attachment zone (arrow) of phenyltetrazolium cloride and 1% glycine. Unlike cryptosporidia. Magnification 19,000X. C. pylori, this organism reduces nitrate, is sus- ceptible to nalidixic acid, and is resistant ot cep- halothin. Three strains of C. pylori subsp. mus- Laboratory Animal Science, 38, 2, 155-158. 3 telae were highly related (286%) as determined tables, 4 f igs., 15 re ferences. Authors' abstract. by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA hybridi- zation (hydroxyapatite method, 50 and 65OC). C. pulori subsp. mustelae was 285% related to C. Neoplasia in ferrets: eleven cases with ra review. pylori, whereas the level of relatedness with another seven Campylobacter isolates was 52% at J.E. Dillberger, N.H. Altman 65OC. The type strain of C.pylori subsp. mustelae is strain R85- 13-6 (=ATCC 43772), and its DNA Records from a veterinary diagnostic laboratory has a guanine-plus-cytosine content of 38 mol%. in south Florida, U.S.A. were reviewed for cases of neoplasia in pet ferrets. Twelve ferret tumours International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, were received over a four-year period; one case, 38, 4, 367-370. 3 tables, 22 references. Authors' a ferret with lymphocytic leukaemia and multi- summary. organ involvement, had been reported previously. The other eleven tumours were: two chordomas of the tail, two sebaceous epithelioma of the sin, Cryptosporidiosis in ferrets. a cutaneous mastocytoma, a malignant fibrous histiocytoma from the eyelid, a malignant mesen- Jerold E. Rehg, Francis Gigliotti, Dennis C. chymoma and an undifferentiated sarcoma from Stokes. the dorsal abdominal cavity, a leiomyosarcoma found unattached in the abdominal cavity and an The diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis in two ferrets interstitial cell tumour of the testicle. A review who died from unrelated causes prompted a sur- of the literature yielded reports of 83 other tu- vey to determine the prevalence and incidence of mours in domestic ferrets, black-footed ferrets the infection in ferrets at our facility. The survey and European polecats. Of the 95 ferrel tumours, of the existing ferret population and all new 46 were considered malignant. Tumours occurred arrivals indicated cryptosporidiosis occurred as a in all organ systems except the respiratory tract subclinical disease in a high percentage of young and central nervous system. Affected ferrets ferrets: 40% of the ferret population and 38 to ranged in age from 209 days to l2 years. The 100% of the new arrivals had cryptosporidial most frequently occurring tumours were ovarian oocysts in their feces. The infection was found to stromal tumours (24 of 93, haeman- persists for several weeks in both immunocom- giomas/haemangio-sarcomas (15 to 95). This petent and immunosuppressed ferrets. The inter- information indicates that, contrary to previous Veteriaary Sciences 6 1 opinion, ferrets appear to be subject to a similar 4. Intestinal brush border ACE activity was incidence and variety of tumours as othea ani- strongly inhibited by the antihypertensive drug mals. Ramipril, which yielded an IC,, value of 5 nmol/l; the ACE activity remained completely inhibited during 15 days after a single dose of 10 I'ii: I C:li<>r J. Comp. Path., 100, 2, 161-176, 1989. 2 tables, 10 f igs., 39 re ferences. Authors' summary. "1 (b! Chemotkerapeutical remission of multicentric lymphosarcona in a ferret (Mustela putorius fwo). Steven J. Dugan, Sharon A. Center, John F. Ran- dolph, Wayne I. Anderson. A 29-month-old spayed female fitch ferret (Mu- Fig. 2 Kinetics of FAPtiG hvdrolysis. (a) Linear plot stela putorius furo) was presented for evaluation of [FAPGG] vs rate 1'. The kineiic parameterc; were of abdominal organomegaly. Multicentric lymp- solved simultaneously hy iionlincar repression aii;ilysts: V,, = 543 + 51 uniis;g protein. K, = 0.62 10.09 mmol l hosarcoma was diagnosed by histological exami- FAPGG. Vertical bars represent SE of 4 separate dctermi- nation of a splenic wedge biopsy. Complete re- nations. (b) Eadie-Hofstee plot of panel a data gave a linea? mission was obtained with a chemotherapeutical relationship. which confirmed that a single enzyme species regimen consisting of L-asparaginase, cyclophos- was responsible for FAPGG hydrolysis. phamide, and prednisone. Journal of the american animal hospital associa- Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 91C, 2, 493-497, 1988. tion, 25, 1, 69-74. 2 tables, 4 figs., 26 references. 2 tables, 4 figs., 46 references. Authors' abstract. Authors' abstract. Ramipril inhibiton of rabbit (oryctolaguscunicu- lus) smal1 intestinal brush border membraiie angiotensin converting enzyme. Bruce R. Stevens, M.I. Philips, Alarico Fernandez. Subcutaneous dirofilariasis in red fox. 1. Rabbit smal1 intestinal brush border membran- es possessed prominent angiotensin converting J. Brglez, S. Verbancic. enzyme (ACE) activity. 2. Intestinal ACE was located on the lumen sur- Dirofilaria repens microfilariae were found in face, as verified by ACE CO-enrichment with subcutaneous tissue of a red fox first time for brush broder membrane marker enzymes. Yugoslavia. Morphometric data for males and 3. Hydrolysis kinetics of rabbit intestinal ACE females are given and epidemiological aspects are were comparable to the lung, utilizing the sub briefly discussed. strate (N-[3-(2-furyl)acryloyl]-L-phenylalanyl- glycylglycine; the Vm,=543 -1 5 1 pmol/min/g Zb. biotehn. fak. Univ. E. Kardelja, Vet., 25, 1, and Km=0.62 2 0.09 mmol/l. 53-56, 1988. I fig., 9 references. CAB-abstract. 62 Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990 Specific control measures for trichophyton in- in East Slovakia were examined microscopically fection in furbearing animals. by a flotation method after sporulation at am- bient temperatur for 4 to 5 days (with2% potas- L.I. Niki forov. sium dichromate as an antifungal agent). Eimeria myopotami was found in 38%. E. pellucida in Trichophyton mentagrophytes vaccine 19% and E. myocastori in 3% of samples. E. My- ("Mentavak") was developed after it had been opotami occurred in 2 forms: the yellow or brow- shown that this was the commonest dermatophyte nish oocysts measured 19 to 22 X 13 to 16 of farmed foxes. The vaccine was released by the microm, or 26 to 32 X 19 to 26 microm. Both USSR Ministry of Agriculture in December 1981, forms were spherical to slightly oval and almost and it was estimated that 3.5 million furbearing completely filled with cytoplasm. The wall was animals (mainly silver foxes and arctic foxes) had thick, 3-layered, and smooth. Oocysts of E. pel- been vaccinated. lucida measured 27 to 29 X 13 to 16 microm, were oval, transparent, colourless, and the cyto- Trudy Vsesoyuznoo Instituta Eksperimental noi plasm did not fil1 the space completely; the wall Veterinarii, 65,25-31, 1987. 1 table, 7 references. was very thin. E. Myocastori measured 14 to 16 In RUSS. CAB-abstract. X 10 to 12 microm. No lesions were found in the liver of some nutria examined PM. Trichophyton infection in nutria and current Veterinarstvi, 38, 10, 455-456, 1988. 1 table. methods of control. CAB-abstract. A.M. Litvinov, L.I. Nikiforov. Mycological examination of 350 skin specimens from 7 nutria farms affected by ringworm yield- ed 287 cultures of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Treatment and prevention with "Mentavak? men- tagrophyes vaccine was more cost effective than griseofulvin therapy. Nealth status of Norwegian fur farms in 1988. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo Instituta Eksperimental noi G. Loftsgaard. Veterinarii, 65, 63-72, 1987. 1 table, 16 referen- ces. In RUSS. CAB-abstract. The following diseases were recorded in 1988: (numbers of affected farms and animals not gi- ven) mink viral enteritis; viral hepatitis plas- Occurrence of coccidia of the Eimeria species in macytosis; Pseudomonas infection (pneumonia nutria in eastern Slovakia. and metritis); Microsporum infection; Sarcoptes infestation; helminth parasites. M. Goldova, V. Laciak, M. Breza. Norsk Veterinaertidsskri ft, 101, 1,24-25,1989. In In 1986, 6 faecal samples from nutria on 3 farms NORG. CAB-abstract. SsieaQificmeetings, symgosiuims and eongresses 63 ~gncilturai Ccientists) Seminar: I I "Pracf i~aIresults af Nordie Fur Anl- mal Research of &hg.latest yeanirs" Title of the seminar is: 1. "Practical results of the latest vears9 of Nor- The arrangement cornmittee reserves the dic Fur Animal Resea- right to evaluate and fit in the papers received in the programme of the semi- 2.' The seminar will be held from September nar. 19th to 21st, 1990 at Scandic Hotel, Tåstrup near Copenhagen, Denrnark. Address: Carl 4. Participation fee: Gustavsgade 1, DK-2630 Tåstrup. Tel. 4-45 42 99 77 66, fax +45 42 99 72 66. DKK 2.500.- for rnembers of NJF. DKK 3.000.- for non-members. 3. Subiects of the seminar will be: Participation fee rnust be paid before August a. Production aspects of the ethological l st, 1990 to Dansk Pelsdyravlerforening, research in fur animals, e.g. a summary Langagervej 60, DK-2600 Glostrup. Giro of the practical results of the inter- acc. 7 08 01 23. nordic project regarding cage and nest box systems for foxes. 5. Deadline: b. Up-to-date knowledgeregardingpracti- a. Prelirninary enrolment and submissioii cal handling of feed and the influence of titles and abstracts at the latest on of handling on feed quality as well as May lst, 1990. reports from working groups regarding energy and minerals. b. Final enrolment and submission of ful1 manuscripts and payment of participa- c. In the breeding area the problem regar- tion fee at the latest on August lst, ding EDP-breeding systems as opposed 1990. to traditional breeding rnethods will be brought into focus. 6. Lanauaaes: Scandinavian. d. The excursion in the afternooii of Sep- 7. Write or phone for further information. tember 20th will go to SAGA Design Center in Vedbak, where the facilities 8. Secretariate: will be presented, and where the IFTF Ecology Section will tell about anti-fur Dansk Pelsdyravlerforening activities and consequences kereof on (att. Eva Andersen) production and research. Langagervej 60 DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark e. Research reports or posters related to Tel: 4543 43 44 00 the subjects of the programme are Fax: +45 42 45 25 46 invited. 64 Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. P, P990 Bio sk International Symposium BLBPP Near Infnaed (MIW) Spectroscopy 24th-26th April 1990 Kolding, Denmark Invitation * On-line NIR measurements * Legal acceptance of NIR analysis You are invited to participate in the International * Global calibrations Symposium on Near Infrared (NIK) Spectroscopy, Developments to be expected in the future 24th-26th April 1990 at Hotel Scanticon, Kol- ding, Denmark. The programme is divided into topical sessions. Each session closes with a debate. The panel will The Symposium will cover all aspects of NIR consist of the speakers involved in the session. analysis focusing mainly on the feed and food industries. We look forward to hearing from you regarding your participation at the NIR Symposium. The aim of the Symposium is to gather scientists as well as actual and potential users of NIR for debate and exchange of know-how. International Symposium on Near Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy, Kolding, Denmark. April 24-26, The Symposium is directed towards: 1990. The Symposium will feature 'papers on topics that include NIR/NIT used in the feed and - Users of NIR and NIT (Near Infrared food industries; agricultural applications; calibra- Transmission) tion techniques, calibration optimization and - Scientists working with near infrared maintenance; NIK implementation in the indus- spectroscopy try; on-line NIR measurements; authorization and - Employees from quality departments with global calibrations; future possibilities within the an interest in rapid methods of analysis NIR/NIT technique. Besides papers, poster pre- sentation is a possibility. The Symposium will be held in English with simultaneous translation into Danish, French and Symposium Fee: DKK 5.500, including hotel German. The number of participants is limited to room and meals. max. 150. For participants presenting papers or posters the The program will cover topics within the follow- Symposium fee is: DKK 2.750. ing areas: * NIK and NIT used for feed and food analvsis * NIR and NIT used for settling accounts * Principles, optimization and maintenance of Further informations, please contact Lone Vej- NIK calibrations gaard, Bioteknisk Institut, Holbergsvej 10, 6000 * Imiilementation of NIR in the feed and food Kolding, Denmark (tel. 75520433; fax 75529989). N Rapid Analyrls and Interprding Scientific meetings, symposiums and congresses 65 Results and prospects oF cooperation between three countries in the field of clinical biochemistry of fur animals Lia Kozhevnikova Institute of Biology, USSR Academy of Sciences, Karelian Branch, Petrozavodsk, 185610, Pushkinskaya, l1 On December 11, 1989 the Symposium on the The cooperation between the Soviet and Finnish problems of physiology and productivity of fur sides became possible in 1985 due to the support animals was held in Petrozavodsk, USSR Acade- from the Scientific-Technological Cooperation rny of Sciences, Karelian Branch. It was orga- Commettee between USSR and Finland in the nized to discuss the results of long-term coopera- field of biology. At the same time the Finnish tion between three countries USSR (Karelia) - researchers established contacts with their Danish Finland - Denmark in studying haematology and colleauges Gunnar J~rgensen and Asbj~rn clinical chemistry of fur animals. The Symposium Brandt, National Institute of Animal Science. It was attended by an international group of eight was decided to generalize available data on clini- scientists from Denmark and Finland headed by cal biochemistry and haematology of fur animals Dr. Tapio Juokslahti, Project manager on produc- in a joint monograph. The initiator of the publi- tion of fur animal feeds, Cultor Ltd. The group cation of the book from the Soviet side was Prof. was represented by Dr. Maija Valtonen and Dr. V.A. Berestov, the Head of the Laboratory of Fur Leena Blomstedt, the Finnish Fur Breeders' Asso- Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, USSR ciation, Dr. Joukko Merilainen, the University of Academy of Sciences, Karelian Branch, from the Joensuu, Prof. Paul Lindberg, College of Veteri- Finnish side - Dr. Tapio Juokslahti. The idea was nary Medicine, Joukko Tyopponen, the Assistant supported by the researchers from Denmark Professor, Dr. Gunnar J~rgensen,Research lead- whose work was supervised by Dr. Gunnar J0r- er, Danish National Institute of Animal Science gensen. and Dr. Asbjarn Brandt, researcher, Danish Na- tional Institute of Animal Science. And here is the result. At the Symposium Dr. At the Symposium much attention was paid to the Tapio Juokslahti and Dr. Asbjarn Brandt pre- state of present-day studies of fur animal physio- sented the joint monograph published in English logy, and an agreement for further cooperation by SCIENTIFUR and printed in Finland by was signed. Gummerus Kirjapaino Oy, Juvvaskyla. The authors of the monograph "Haematology and The idea of the scientific cooperation was pro- clinical chemistry of fur animals" are: Prof. V.A. posed in 1983 during the first visit of this group Berestov and Dr. L.K. Kozhevnikova, Institute of of scientists to the Laboratory of Fur Animal Biology, USSR Academy of Sciences, Karelian Physiology, Institute of Biology, USSR Academy Branch; Dr. Tapio Juokslahti and Dr. Maija Val- of Sciences, Karelian Branch. It was then decided tonen, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leena to gather all clinical biochemical reference values Blomstedt, Finnish Fur Breeders' Association, Dr. for fur animals available in the USSR, Finland Gunnar J~rgensen and Dr. Asbjarn Brandt, and Denmark and to supplement them with new Danish National Institute of Animal Science. data taking into account the fact that no such Asbj~rnBrandt is also the editor of the book and complex book has yet been published. has made a large contribution to its publication. Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990 We would like to express our sincere thanks to (IgA, IgJ and IgM) in mink females (A. Brandt), the Scientific-Technological Cooperation Com- the provision with vitamins at a different level of mittee between USSR and Finland, Finland and feeding and adaptation of food factors (S. Izo- Nordic Cultural foundation for their financial tova), studies of vitamin status of fur animals support without which the book would not have (G. Petrova), trace element content in fur animals been published. (J. Tyopponen), digestive characteristics of pre datory mammals (V. Oleinik), strategies and me- In the process of the work at the book the thods for biochemical monitoring on fur farms authors from the three countries have learned (L. Kozhevnikova), the trends of investigations much: to work intensively, to overcome language on the physiology of fur animals at the Institute barriers and psychological ones connected with of Biology, USSR Academy of Sciences, Karelian different research levels and methods. The con- Branch (N. Tyutyunnik). tacts have enriched the researchers, taught them to treat the work done critically, to assess the Finally, the third part of the meeting was solved results and to see new prospects of investigations. - the problem of further cooperation between the Everyone has understood that the present time three countries: Institute of Biology, USSR Aca- requires a rapid exchange of information and demy of Sciences, Karelian Branch, USSR (Prof. ideas to achieve the results which can be used in S.N. Drozdov), College of Veterinary Medicine, applied fur breeding in our countries. Finland (Prof. P. Lindberg) and National Institute of Animal Science, Denmark (Dr. G. J~rgensen). It was of paramount importance at the Sym- The cooperation will involve further studying the posium to discuss the state and prospects of hormonal, enzymatic and vitaminous status of fur further investigations on physiology and produc- animals, an exchange of scholars and informa- tivity of fur animals. 13 scientific papers were tion, and as a result a joint book will be publish- presented. The papers were concerned with the ed in the USSR. problems of diagnostics, the degree of maturation and phases of hair growth in minks (L. Blom- stedt), the formation of immunological status Let us hope that the cooperation will be fruitful. HAEMATOLOGY AND CLINICAL CHEMISTRY OF FUR ANIMALS Editor Asbjam Brandt Editorial Board Vyacheslav A. Berestov Leena Blomstedt Asbjarn Brandt Tapio Juokslahti Gunnar Jargensen Lia K. Kozhevnikova Natalija W. Tyurnina Maija Valtonen Copyright: SCIENTIFUR 1989 Distribution: SCIENTIFUR P.0.Box 13 DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark +45 86 25 00 or +545 30 81 12 31 ISBN 87-981959-8-0 +45 86 65 29 12 67 Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990 HAEMATOLOGY AND CLINICAL Editor CHEMISTRY OF FUR ANI Asbjsrn Brandt This book is a result of many years of cooperation between the USSR Academy of Sciences, Karelian Branch, Petrozavodsk (Professor Vyacheslav Berestov and Dr. Lia Koz- kevnikova), the College of veterinary Medicine, Helsinki and the Finnish Fur Breeders Association (Dr. Tapio Juokslahti and Dr. Maija Valtonen) and the National lnstitute of Animal Science, Dept. cif Fur Aninials, Denmark (Asbjorn Brandt and Gunnar Jorgensen). The editor of the book, Acbjorn Brandt, is aknowledged for his large contribution to the final result - the first reference book in fur animal clinical chemistry and haematolo- gY. The Production of the book is based on the cooperation between the College of veteri- nary Medicine, Helsinki and the Finnish Fur Breeders Association, Scientifur - Fur Ani- mal Division of the Scandinavian Association of Agricultural Scientists, with economical support from Scientific - Technological Cooperation Committee between Finland and USSR, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Finland and the Nordic Cultural Foundation. The present book which is the result of a fruitful international scientific coorporation, would not have been published without this support. Translation of the Russian contribution into English has been done by G.N. Sokolov, and the English text in the final manuscript has been revised by G. Brandt M. Sc. We thank all contributors, the financing funds, the editor, and the printing house for their coorporation. Helsinki, October 1989 Tjele, October 1989 Nikolaev, October 1989 Tapio Juokslahti Gunnar Jargensen Vyacheslav A. Berestov College of Veterinary National Institute of Odessa Agricultural Medicine Anirnal Science Institute Haematology and Clinical Chemistry of Fur Animals - A current Treatise, 1 st ed., 1989. ISBN 87-98 1959-8-0 Copyright: SCIENTIFUR 1989 Editor: Asbj~rnBrandt Set and Printed by: Gummerus Kirjapaino Oy, 40 10 1 Jyvviiskyla, Finland Distribution: SCIENTIFUR P.O.Box 13 Phone: +45 86 65 25 00 DK-8830 Tjele Fax: +45 86 65 29 12 With 159 pages, 20 chapters, 25 colour plates, 52 b/w illustrations, 43 tables and 371 refe- rences this remarkable book is the first at- tempt to generalize available data on clinical biochemistry of fur animals obtained in dif- ferent countries, at the same times confirming the importance of international cooperation in fur animal science. Price: DKK 250.- + postage. The following copy of contents will show the wide spectrum of recent knowledge presented in the book and the list of authors the For scientific libraries in the USSR and the Nordic Countries totally 500 copies are free scientific authority put into the chapters. of charge and can be obtained by paymeni of dispatch fee and postage DKK 50.- per copy. New Books 68 LIST OF AFEITIATIONS CONTENTS Vyacheslav A. Berestov . Haematology and Clinical Chemisiry ol Fur Animals Professor Current Treatise- Odessa Agricultural Institute, PREFACE PAGE 327021 USSR Nikolaev LIST OF AFFITIATIONS Parizskoy Kommunae 9 I INTKODUCTION by Vyacheslav Bcrestov ...... 4 ? RIOLOGY~ ~ OF FARMED FLIK BEARING ANIMA1.S Leena Blomstedt by Vyacheslav Rerestov & Lia Kozhrvnikova ...... 10 3 HAEhlATOPOIESIS Researcher, M. Sc. Phil. by Vyacheslav Berestov b Asbjorn Brandi ...... 19 Finnish Fur Breeders' Association i. ERYTHROCYTES AND LEUCOCYTES by Vyacheslav Rerestov & Ashjorn Brandi ...... I? PB 5, SF-01601 Vantaa 60, 5. THROMBOCYTES. MEGAKARYOCYTES AND COAGULATION Finland by Asbjorn Brandi ...... 34 b. IIROTEINS by Tapio Juokslahti ...... 38 7. IhlMUNITY Asbjom Brandt hy Vyacheslav Beresiov & Asbjorn Braiidi ...... 47 Researcher, DVM H LIPIDS by Asbjorn Brandt ...... 57 National Institute of Animal Science 4 CARBOHYDRATES Dept. of Fur animals by Vyacheslav Beresiov ...... 64 10. ENZYMES PO. Box 39 by Liit. K. Kozlievriikova ...... b6 Tjele l l PLASMA ELECTROLYTES AND ACID-BASE BALANCE hy Maija Valtoneti ...... H0 Denmark 2 HOKMONES by hialja Valioncn ...... Sh I \ VITAMINS Tapio Juokslahti by Tapio Ju»kslaliti ...... 95 Docent, Dr. vet. Med., Ph. D. li TRACE ELEMENTS by Asbjorn Brandr ...... 105 College of Veterinary Medicine 15 SKIN AND HAIK PB 6, SF-00580 Helsinki by Lecna Blomstrdt &J Natalija Tyurnina ...... 110 I0 CLINICAL CHEMISTKY IN SPECIAL DISEASE CONDITIONS ...... 114 Finland 1 b 1. ANAEMIA by Asbjorn Rrandi & \'}achcslav Rerestov ...... 114 I0 2. MUSCULAR DEGENERATION Lia K. Kozhevnikova I>y hbjorn Braiidt ...... I I(> Assistant Professor 185000 USSR, Petrozavodsk, 16.3. STRESS byAsbjorn Brandt ...... Il8 Puschkinskae 11, 16.3. INFECTIONS USSR Academy of Sciences, by Vyacheslav Berestov & Asbjorn Brandr ...... 122 16.5. LIVER DYSTROPHY Karelian filial by Vyacheslav Berestov & Asbjorn Brandt ...... 128 17. SPECIAL TESTS by Asbjorn Brandt ...... 131 Natalija Tyurnina 18. SAMPLE COLLECTION Odessa Agricultural Institute, by Vyacheslav Berestov b Asbjorn Brandt ...... 133 19. REFERENCES ...... I37 327021 USSR Nikolaev, 20. INDEX 153 Parizskoy Kommunae 9 It has been a great experience for Maija Valtonen SCIENTIFUR, thanks to the enthusiasm of Research Manager, Dr. Vet. Med. the authors and the economic support men- Finnish Fur Breeders' Association tioned before, to add this publication as PB 5, SF-01601 Vantaa 60, number 3 to the list of scientific literature Finland regarding fur animal production. Blood sampling by vena jugularis puncture in Blood sampling by heart puncture in anaesthe- anaesthetized mink. (Photo: Brandt) tized mink. (Photo: Brandt) New Books 69 Atlas of Microscopic Structures of Fur Skins 1 by ANTON BLAZEJ JAN GALATIK Member of Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences Movis Works, Skalica Chancellor of the Slovak Technical University, Bratislava ZDISLAV KRUL ANTONIN GALATIK Slovak Technical University, Bratislava Slovak Technical University, Bratislava MILAN MLADEK Technical Universit y, Gottwaldov Approximately 150 different species of animal furs are presently produced by the fur indus- Atlas of Microscopic Structures of Fur Skins 1. try. Insufficient supplies of certain types of skin, and the increased cost of rare skins, Review by Palle V. Rasmussen, February 1990. have compelled fur manufacturers to change the colour, thickness, hair shape, and other A: Anton Blazy et al. (Elsevier). such properties of cheaper skins, and to per- fect imitations of rare skins types. It has It was with great interest that we heard about the therefore become increasingly important for publication of the above mentioned work descri- people in the fur trade to identify the pro- bing the fur of approx. 50 different animals. ducts in microscopic detail. Such identifica- tion is also necessary for archaeologists, zoo- Chapter 1 begins with a short review of basic logists and criminologists. Microscopy is a methods within the field of microscopy - light commonly available method, but when trying microscopy and electron microscopy. Hereafter 2 to use this technique for identification of an pages with a general description of the morpholo- unknown sample, it is necessary to compare gically/histologically classified components of the microscopic features with those of a great hair: hair shaft, cuticula, cortex, medulla, hair number of species having similar patterns. pigment and hair follicle. Regarding the hair follicle, the definition of and differentiation The primary objective of this book is to fil1 a between follicle, cluster of follicles and hair gap in the available reference material by channel could be more precise, perhaps by means presenting an exact description and proper of illustrations. For instance the description of illustrations of a wide range of skin species. Martes zibellina leaves a confused impression of Secondly, it aims to complete the fur micro- these three concepts. scopic pattern classification with newly recog- nised types, together with the adaptation of Chapter 2 deals with classification and nomencla- the nomenclature to the microstructures ob- ture of morphological fur characteristics: Surface served by modern electromicroscopic tech- of the skin, transition from surface to hair chan- niques. The book contains a wide collection of nel, number of hairs per cluster of follicles, of microphotographic figures and the numeri- surface of hair with regard to various forms of cal codes for the microscopic structures of cuticula scales and medulla structures. The fur. This first volume covers approximately chapter concludes with an introduction of a one half of the range of important skin spe- species or individual determined numerical code cies. The remaining skin species will appear in for the morphological description of the fur. This a second volume. code could be useful in regard to data processing. This book will be invaluable to animal fur The last and largest chapter of the book describes breeders, veterinary specialists, fur manufac- geographical distribution and type of fur of each turers, zoologists, archaeologists, and crimino- individual animal species. Several scanning elec- logists. tron microphotos explain the hair structure, and further the photos describe the socalled numerical 1989 about 430 pages code of fur structure. The book contains an Price: US$ 144.75 / Dfl. 275.00 enormous amount of photos of varying quality. ISBN 0-444-98899-8 The overall im~ressionis an excitingu book. We Distributed in the East European countries, look forward to seeing volume 2. China, Northern Korea, Cuba Vietnam and Mongolia by SNTL, Prague, Czechoslovakia ELSEVIER AMSTERDAM -- OXFORD - NEW YORK - TOKYO 1989 70 Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990 Fur Animal Atlas H. Dathe & P. Schops Mitarbeiterverzeichnis Fur was the very first consumer article used by human beings. At first hunting was the only way to get hold of it, but later domestic animals mul- tiplied the possibilities for clothing as well as for ornaments. Nowadays the selection has been in- creased considerably through farming. Using the latest results, the present atlas offers in words Dr. rer. nat. Roser~iarieDat lir and pictures a rich material of more than 200 ~+i~~e~i~cl~:iVilicheUhcr.i\~i\!ci~ti~~ wild, farmed and domestic breeds or races. in1 .Tlcrp:irL 13erI111 Greatest importance has been attached to the Agr.- Ing. WolJgatig Fisc.her f zoological part with indication of sizes, weight, clicm iiicseii\ch:tftlictier Kcl'ereni 1111.l'~erpiirk l3erl11i reproduction, behaviour, nutrition, fur quality, environmental protection, origin etc. Eye-catch- Dr. rer. tiat. Wolfgat~gGrtctnnrt ing are the outstanding photos supplemented with Stell~er~reieri~ler1)irekior de5 l-~cr[~,~rk\I3erl11i maps of distribution. The preceding general sec- Dr. rer. nat. Joachim I-lnet7.~.el tion tells about many different aspects of the ~+i,~e~~~cli~~I~tl~chcrOhcr;i\\i\~e~ii ~riil-icrp;~rL l3crli!i healthy, sick or damaged hair or fur, respective- ly. Of reat value to expert fur animal practices is Dr. rer. tiat. Dieter Lait ~~i,~c~i~ch,titI~~lierO~>C~.I>~I~~CIII also the clarification of confusing namings as well 1111Ticrp:irk Herliti as the useful abundance of information for edu- cational purposes. 331 pp, richly illustrated, In GERM. Veterinurral Dr. rtled. vel. Beriid Seidel fier;ir,i liil Ticrp:irL Herlili I. Aiill~ige Dr. rer. tirit. Walter T~clier17er ui\~ei~~ch:iltlicherA~\irieiii iin Tierp.irl. IkrIir~ Alle Keclitc \tirheli,ilicri (L,; \'l:li GLISI;I\ l-i>clicr \'erl:~g Jeii;i. IOMi It~gehorg~~iehttlfir~ri Li/eii~nuiiirner?hl 700 IS7 S5 ( ir.ii~liiLcri~i.*i1 der I i,r\~.liiiii~~~ielIe I.S\; 4074. JOiO. 1304 !,IC \\ trheliicri~~r~cli~~r~;liin .Tterp,irL I3~rl1111 :\A,tder~i~ccler \\'i~~e~~~cll;~l~icrlcler [)!)l< (;e\i;iliiiiig Sclii~i/iiiii\clil;~g.I:iriliiiiid iiiiti 'l\ pogr;ipliic. \\'eriicr li;ilcrkorii. R~iJoI>i;i(Ii I.eLiorc~i:Iii;i Kocli iiiid Joli;iiiii:i Schliiler lier\icIler: liciii/ Ki-:iriirr I'riiiicd iii itir Oci-iii;iri I)ciiiocr;iiic Kepiil->lic (;esariithcr\celluiif: I)rucL.c.rei ..AllirLi\ctic \;olh\\iiiiiiiiz". I'oid;iiii l~e\lell1lllillll1er 573 (1 [>[>K li-lii0 ir1 VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena 1986 New Books 7 1 - - - The Natural Histori OS j Ir- -p- l WEASELS & STOATS Carolyn King Iiis tlie Cirst coniprehensive accoutit of tlie T biology of weasels, thorouglily docuniented arid gouiided in the author's e.xperience of more thm twenty years as a scientific nbseiver oS the weasels' li cycle and behaviour. The unique cornbination of readily accessible text and exhaustively researched facts rnakes this book equaily valuable to both the interested naturalist and tlie professional biologist. CONTENTS List of colour plates . List of figures . Lit of tables Acknowledgernents . Series editor's foreword . Pref;i( l. Introduction 2. Hair trigger rnousetnps with reeth 3. bloult and winter whitening 4. Rody size 5. Food 6. Hunting behaviour i.Tlie irnpact «f predation by weasels on popuiatiori ol narural prey 8. Adjustable living spaces 9. Reprnductiori 10. Populations: density and produrti\icy 11. Populations: lifespan and rnortality 12. Puzzles: delayed iniplantation, semal dimorphisrn and cw'ustence among weasel species 13. Weasels and man 1-1. General Summaq. Riblio@apliy Index f 1595 241 pages 0-7440-1800-b: 20 colour plates and 76 black & wliite illustrations. To: Christopher Helrn Lrd.. FREEP(?ST. Hronilry BRI I.%' (No stamp rieeded in the Ch? plc~qeserl(lm? ,.(opycoplpsofTf{E S.\I~X\I. I IISTORI' (II: WEl.'iEI,S S. STOATS (11' SIi.l'5. [>le;wadd =,w for pos~ige pirkmg in tjie I.K. ';.i.l)ll tor 1)ohwge & ~>:icka#f~ovt'iSts:iii. I en<:losea ~lirqiieAhl0for ï Same Address -- Christopher Helm (Publishers) LM, Imperial House, 21-25 North Street, Bromley, Kent BR1 1SD In memoriam ISBN 0-7470-1800-6 Mick Southern A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library @ 1989 Carolyn King All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication rnay Line illustrations by Larry Douglas be made without written permission. 72 Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990 VIRUS INFECTIONS OF Virus Infections of Vertebrates, 1 CARNIVORES Edited by Max J. Appel James A. Baker Inst~tuteol Animal Health, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, lthaca, NY, U.S.A. Authors M.J.G. Appel L.N. Binn J.K.Gorham C.K. Parrish R.C. Pearson G.M. Baer T.O. Bunn S.J. Grate N.C. Pedersen C.R. Bartz M. Bush M.C. Horzinek M. Pensaert D. Baxby L.E. Carmichael L. Maes A.W. Smith A.I. Wandeler M. Bennett R.M. Gaskell R.J. Montali M. Worley Contents Preface, by M.C. Honinek ...... v Introduetion, by M. Appel ...... vii Authors...... ix Abbreviation ...... xi Virus Infections of Dags Many chapters from page 003 to page 214 Virus Infections of Cats Many chapters from page 215 to page 348 Virus Infections of Mink and Ferrets Many chapters from page 349 to page 386 VirusInfectionsofNon-domesticcarnivores Many chapters from page 387 to page 470 virus Infections of Pinnipeds Many chapters from page 471 to page 490 subject index from page 491 Elsevier Science Publishers B V ISBN 0-444-42709-0 (Vol. 1) Sara Burgerhartstraat 25 ISBN 0-444-42710-4 (Series) P.0 Box 21 1, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands @ Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1987 Distnburors for the United States and Canada ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHING COMPANY INC. ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS B.V. 52, Vanderbilt Avenue New York, NY 10017 Amsterdam - Oxford - New York - Tokyo 1987 New Books,,:. 73 von A bisZ Rabbits and Fur Bearing Animals from A to Z I Silberfuchs, - Scli\\,arz- - Ror- -1>1.11111 '14 j/4 '/4 tiichs hichs tiiili~ I:ri~iil~r <,.iirii~ie I 'ntrrp.irroog hlustelidae b1tistcl.i Lutrcola iirnerikaiiischer (Marder) 1(Ed- pkFze) Nerz Gold- Gold- Silhcr- (;olcl- c.tic tic- Siin- fuclis Cross- Cross- pl;itiii-- n1;ii-p- el, nv Fuchs Fiichs tuchs le kai-iinchen The breeding of fur animals - no matter whether it is a question of rabbits, nutrias, mink or chin- chilla - becomes still more popular, as this can also be a lucrative sideline. However, again and again questions arise which the breeder wants to clear up quickly and without any problems. Therefore the present work of Alaska I'ianïosischer reference was made by the authors who will be I \il'idc~cr known in fur animal circles. All trade terms regarding fur animal breeding have been listed alphabetically and are briefly and thoroughly explained. Eiscii,qraii I 13nglisclici. I Idseil- Lizcnzausgabc des Vcrlanei" -- A special effort has been made not to explain lI J. Ncudamm - Neudemm GMBH & Co. KG. trade terms with other trade terms, and the book 3508 Melsungen is therefore of real assistance to the beginner. O 1987 by VEB Deutscher Landwirt~chaftsverla~ DDR - 1040 Bcrlin - 308 pp. rich illustrated (many in colours). Gcsamtgcstaltung: Helmut Pfeifer In GERM. .]"an" Printed in thc GDR ISBN 3-7888-0444-0 74 Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990 Prof. MVDr. Jaroslav Konrud DrSc Veterinary Preparations for Fur Animals. Introduction Page 3 Pro f. MvDr. Jaroslav Konrad,DrSc. Anatomic-physiological charac- Veterinary University teristics, fixation and appli- Dept. of smal1 animals cation technique of the preparations 7 Palackého 1-3 612 42 Brno (Czechoslovakia) Short clinical symptomatology and disease therapy 11 Dear Mr. Jorgensen! Group listing of the drugs 25 On the occasion of the new year 1989 I would like to wish you good health and further success Recording of the SPOFA-drugs 29 in your work in the area of fur animal breeding and fur animal research. I would like to thank Recording of the supplement of bio- you for sending me regularly the scientific jour- factors, minerals and medicament- nal SCIENTIFUR. feed preparations 79 83 Enclosed I send you my new publication dealing Alphabetical list of preparations with dosage of mainly veterinary medical, phar- malogical preparations for fur animals. The publication is intended for veterinarians who The publication first came out in 1988 and is in great demand by veterinarians, as this is a special work with fur animals. presentation of drugs for fur anirnals, which is not seen before here or abroad. Although the publication deals with preparations produced in the Soviet Union, this is only a question of product names and their composition This year my university textbook on Fur Animal is equally valid in other European countries. As Diseases will be published. the book is only in Czechslovakian, I give you 88 pages. In. CZEC. below information of the contents: Prof. MVDr. Jaroslav Konrad, DrSc.: VETERINARNI PRIPRAVKY PRO KOi'ESINOVA ZVIRATA Nakladatelstvi Merkur. Vydal odbor klinickeho vyzkurnu a v6deckicli infoiinaci VUBVL. Edice Veterinarla, iada 1. VydOni prvni v rore i983 Nukl,id 3 033 L< viiiskb. Vytiskly Jihoteské tiskarny n. p., závod 8, Strakonicc New Books 75 VR 'Dr. UEf D. Wenzel VR Dr. Uv D. Wenzel Kaninchen Kaninchen Eine Anleitung zur Eine Anleitung zur Haltung, Futterung, Haltung, Futterung, Zucht und Nutzung Zucht und Nutzung Unter Mitarbeit von Unter Mitarbeit von Veterinarrat Dr. Peter Arnold Veterinanat Dr. Peter Arnold VEB Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag Berlin Rabbits VR Dr. Ulf D. Wenzel If you want to keep and breed rabbits, this book gives a thorough instruction with regard to hous- ing, feeding and care as well as information on modern breeding methods and objectives. The individual rabbit breeds are described properly according to their use - meat, fur or w001 - and the economic advantages and disadvantages are weighed both with regard to breeding and pro- duct applicability. A separate section contains a detailed description of rabbit diseases and their treatment as well as prevention of these diseases. The popular text is supplemented and illustrated with numerous pictures and tables. 192 pp, 63 figures, 38 tables. In GERM UNBOUND HARD COVER Lizenzausgabe des Verlages J. Neumann-Neudamrn GmbH & Co. KG D-3508 Melsungen 1. Auflage Fachliche Beratung fur die in der BRD erscheinende Ausgabe: @ 1989 VEB Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag Jochen Weishaar, DDR-1040 Berlin, Reinhardtstr. 14 D- 3507 Baunatal2 Lizenznummer 101-175/50/89 @ 1989 LSV 4489 by VEB Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag Umsohlaggestaltung: R. WendtlG. Schubert DDR- 1040 Berlin Printed in the GDR . Printed in the GDR Gesamtherstellung: GGV Dresden Satz: GGV Dresden Bestellnummer: 5595802 Dmck und buchbinderische Weiterverarbeitung: ISBN 3-33 1-00310-7 IV/10/5 Druckhaus Freiheit Ilalle O0510 ISBN 3-7888-0573-0 76 Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990 OLD BOOK , UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGWICULTBJRE BULLETIN No. 301 Conlrlbution from thr Bureau of Rfologlcal Siirvey HENRI' W. W ENSHAW, Chief i Washington, D. C. V October 29, 1916; SILVER FOX FARMING IN EASTERN Bv MED DEARHORN,As,pitita.trt Biolo.gist. Page. Page. Introdiiction...... 1 Handling foxt~...... 22 The silver fox-...... 4 sanitcrtion...... 23 1Iislory of domesticat ion...... 4 Improved utrains...... Area suited for fox farminp...... tj Aecessories...... 21i Ranch sites...... n Cosis...... :w J~lclosures...... O Profits...... 31 Foocf...... 15 f>reparationofskins...... :j1 13i.~edh!...... 18 Legal aspecls...... :ri Bebavior in cal)tivily ...... 91 Qummnry...... 34 The silver fox is a color phase of the common red lack of proper care. By selective breeding the fox. The beauty and rarity of its pelt have made originators of fox culture produced a superior it the most valuable of fur animals. It was first strain of animals in the course of a few Years. successfully domesticated in 1894 in the Canadian This fact is an assurance that even greater im- Province of Prince Edward Island. In 1910 pelts provements can be achieved by selecting, from from ranch-bred foxes brought higher prices different geographic races, foxes of the largest than those from wild foxes, the average value size and crossing them with animals having the being over $1,300 each. Since that time the de- finest fur. mand for breeding stock has been so great that very few domesticated foxes have been slaughter- The exceedingly high value of silver foxes has led ed. Prices of live foxes soared beyond reach of to the adoption of a variety of precautions against the ordinary purse, but they have declined heavi- their loss. On the more pretentions ranches the ly since the beginning of the European war. Stock animals are regularly examined by a doctor and companies, some of them very much overcapita- guarded by watchmen, bulldogs, and burglar lized, have been organized to engage in the new alarms. Cats are kept to act as foster mothers to industry, which thus has suddenly been trans- srphan cubs. Foxhounds are trained to overtake formed from a secret enterprise into a widely and hold without injury foxes that have escape4 heralded speculation. One of the favorable results and bloodhounds are employed to track thieves. of this expansion has been a careful study of foxes in domestication, and this will contribute The cost of yards runs from $100 to $150 each, materially to the permanence of fox farming. and that of foxes from $150 to $250 for COnmon silver foxes up to several thousand dollars for the A fox ranch should be situated where it will have hest siIvers. The price of foxes will decline as the good drainage and be partially shaded by a young supply increases. The profits from breeding silver growth of deciduous trees. Each pair of foxes foxes have thus far been very large. So long as should have a runway of about 2,500 square feet. the demand for breeding-stock exceeds the They thrive on a varied diet, including meat, supply, the value of the annua1 increase, or the fish, bread, mush, milk, and table scraps. The gross income, will average approximately 100 per reproductive period is about 10 years. The young cent of the value of the breeding stock. When are born in April or May, the average litter con- part of the increase can be disposed of only by taining four cubs; but as only about half of the slaughtering for fur, profits will be less than at captive females produce young in any given year, present, but even then they are likely to be much the annua1 increase has not averaged above 100 greater than from ordinary lines of husbandry per cent. involving like capital and attention. Foxes bear captivity well. No widespread disease has appeared among them. Wounds heal readily, and cases of sickness are usually attributable to a 35 pp, 22 figs. Author's summary. Code 14-F. List of addresses Aasted, B. Department of Veterinary Virology and Immunology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University of Copenhagen, Bulowsvej 13, DK- 1870 Frederiksberg. Appel, Max J. James A. Baker Institute of Animal Health, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. Baranov, O.K. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, USSR Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk 630090, USSR. Barmotina, T.V. Nauchnye Trudy, Nauchno-Issledovatel'skii Institut Pushnogo Zverovodstva, USSR. Barnard, D.L. Brigham Young University. Blazej, Anton. Slovak Technical University, Bratislava. Boissin-Agasse, L. Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Endocrinologique, Universite de Montpellier- II, place Eugene-Bataillon, 34060 Montpellier-Cedex, France. Bradbury, M.W. Department of OB/GYN, Annenberg 20-50, Mount Sinai Medical School, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029. Brandt, Asbjarn. National Institute of Animal Science, Dept. of Research in Fur Animals, Foulum, P.O.Box 39, DK-8830 Tjele. Brglez, Janez. VTOZD za Veterinarstvo BF, Gerbiceva 60, 61000 Ljubljane, Yogoslavia. Brunn, H. Marburger Strasse 54, D-6300 Giessen, Deutschland. Carroll, R.S. Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Clausen, Jesper. Danish Fur Breeders Association, Langagervej 60, DK-2600 Glostrup. Clausen, T.N. Forsagsfarm Vest, Herningvej 112, Tvis, DK-7500 Herning. Clemens, G. Deutschland. Cofofan, V. Lucrari Stiintifice, Institutul Agronomic "Ion Ionescu de la Brad Iasi. Romania. Dathe, H. Forschungsstelle fur Wirbeltierforschung (im Tierpark Berlin) der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR. Dearborn, Ned. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington DC, USA. Dillberger, J.E. Department of Toxicology, Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., P.O. Box 68470, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46268-0470. Dugan, Steven J. Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523. Ermolaev, V.I. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Novosibirsk 630090, USSR. Foley, Robert E. Hale Creek Station, New York State Department of Environmental Conserva- tion, Gloversville, New York 12078. Fox, J.G. Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 021 39. Freed, Lois M. Departments of Pediatrics and Physiology and Biophysics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., USA. Galakhar, N.L. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, USSR Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk 630090, USSR. Garibaldi, Barbara A. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139. Gibasiewicz, W.A. Przychodnia dla Zwierzat, ul. Kolejowa 8, 64-550 Duszniki, Poland. Goldova, M. Vysoka skola vet., Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Czechoslovakia. Gulevich, R.G. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, USSR Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, USSR. Hansen, Mogens. Dansk Pelsdyravlerforening, Langagervej 60, DK-2600 Glostrup. Hansen, Steffen W. National Institute of Animal Science, Dept. of Research in Fur Animals, Foulum, P.O.Box 39, DK-8830 Tjele. Hillemann, Georg. Nordjysk Pelsdyrforsagsfarm, Hundelevvej 75, Nr. Rubjerg, DK-9480 Lakken. Hyllseth, B. Norges Vetrinaerhoegskole, Inst. for Mikrobiologi og Immunologi, Oslo, Norge. Izotova, S.P. Petrozavodsk, USSR. Jergens, Albert E. Department of Medicine, Angel1 Memorial Animal Hospital, 350 S Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02130. Johnson, L.A. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Reproduction Laboratory, Beltsville, MD. Jonge, de G. Deutschland. Jargensen, Gunnar. National Institute of Animal Science, Dept. of Research in Fur Animals, Foulum, P.O.Box 39, DK-8830 Tjele. Jargensen, Mogens. Mosbjerg, DK-9870 Sindal. 78 Scientifur, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990 Kazakova, G.P. Nauchnye Trudy, Nauchno-Issledovatel'skii Institut Pushnogo Zverovodstva, USSR. Kemmerer, Deborah W. West End Animal Hospital, 502 NW. 75th Street, Suite 273, Gainesville, Florida 32607. Khlebodarova, T.M. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Siberian Department, Novosibirsk-90 630090, USSR. Yermolaev, V.I. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Siberian Division, Novosibirsk-90 630090, USSR. King, Carolyn. United Kingdom. Kitchin, R.M. Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Box 3166, Laramie, WY 8207 1. Kohane, M.J. Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305. Kondo, Keiji. Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, 060 Sapporo, Japan. Konrad, J. Veterinary University, Dept. of smal1 animals, Palacheho 1-3, 612 42 Brno, Czechoslovakia. Korhonen, Hannu. Department of Applied Zoology, University of Kuopio P.O.Box 6, SF-70211 Kuopio 21, Finland. Kozena, Ivana. Czechoslovakia. Kozhevnikova, Lia. Institute of Biology, USSR Academy of Sciences, Karelian Branch, Petrozavodsk, 185610, Pushkinskaya, 11. Krueger, Karen L. Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Box 3180, Duke Medical Center, Durham. NC 27710. Kulichkov, A.B. Nauchnye Trudy, Nauchno-Issledovatel'skii Institut Pushnogo Zverovodstva, USSR. Kulikov, A.V. Institute of Cytology and Genetics. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Siberian Divison, Novosibirsk 630090, USSR. Kohler, B. Pappelallee 2, Potsdam, DDR-1503. Litvinov, A.M. Nauchnye Trudy, Nauchno-Issledovate'skii Institut Pushnogo Zverovodsta, USSR. Loftsgaard, G. Norge. Lund, R. S. Fors~gsfarmVest, Herningvej 112, Tvis, DK-7500 Herning. Lochelt, M. Institute for Virology, Hannover Veterinary School, Bunteweg 17, D-3000 Hannover 7 1, F.R.G. Marco, Oscar N. Di. Agricultural Science College, National University of Mar del Plata, CC 276, Dto. Animal Prod. INTA, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina. Mead, R.A. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843, USA. Mesina, Julian E. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139. Miller, Paul E. Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Dr W. Madison, W1 53706. Munck, Christian. Danish Fur Breeders Laboratory, Langagervej 60, DK-2600 Glostrup. M~ller,Steen. National Institute of Animal Science, Dept. of Research in Fur Animals, Foulum, P.O.Box 39, DK-8830 Tjele. Nes, Norodd. Department of Animal Husbandry and Genetics, Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway. Niedzwiadek, S. Zaklad Hodowli Drobnego Inwentarza Instytutu Zootechniki, Balice, k. Krakowa. Nikiforov, L.I. Vsesoyuznyi Inst. Eksper. Veterinarii, Moscow, USSR. Nyholm, E. Deutschland. Osadchuk, L.V. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk 630090, USSR. -. Pastirnac, Nicolae. State Agriculture Department, Prejmer State Agriculture Enterprise, Brasov, Romania. Popescu, S. France. Polonen, Ilpo. Finlands P%lsdjuruppfodaresForbund r.f., P.B. 5, 01601 Vanda 60, Finland. Rehg, Jerold E. Comparative Medicine Division, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38101. Ribaya-Mercado, Judy D. U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 021 11, USA. Rice, Ellen K. USA Rouvinen, Kirsti. Agricultural Research Centre, Department of Animal Husbandry, SF-31600 Jokioinen, Finland. Lis t of Adresses 7 9 Sanford, S.E. Veterinary Laboratory Services, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Huron Park, Ontario NOM 1YO. Sava, S. Statiunea de cercetare pentu animalele de blana, Tirgu Mures, Romania. Schmidt, Fritz. Deutschland. Skrede, A. Agricultural University of Norway, Box 25, N 1432 As-NLH, Norge. Snytko, E.G. Nauchnye Trudy, Nauchno-Issledovatel'skii Institut Pushnogo Zverovodstva, USSR. Stejskal, Susan. Dept. of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824. Stevens, Bruce R. Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Box 5-274, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA. Storch, Ilse. Munchen, Deutschland. Sundqvist, C. Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901-6512, USA. Szymeczko, R. Bydgoskie Towarzystwo Naukowe, Bydgoszcz, Poland. Tappa, B. Dept. of Laboratory Animal Science, Nippon Veterinary and Zootechnical College, Kyonan-cho 1-7- 1, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180, Japan. Ustimenko, V.V. Nauchnye Trudy, Nauchno-Issledovatel'skii Institut Pushnogo Zverovodstva, USSR. Wenzel, Ulf. D. Bezirksinstitut fur Veterinarwesen Leipzig, Goethesteig, DDR 7030 Leipzig. Wildt, D.E. National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20008, USA. Wroblewska, M. Instytut Weterynarii, Gdansk, Poland. astergaard, K. National Institute of Animal Science, Dept. of Animal Physiol. and Biochemistry, P,O,Box 39, Foulum, DK-8830 Tjele. I am interested in further information regarding the INTERNATIONAL FUR ANIMAL SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATION (IFASA): I am interested in becoming a member of IFASA: Please return to or contact the above mentioned address or numbers. SCIENTIFUR ...... P.O.Box 13 DK-8830 Tjele Your name and address: Please type or use block letters. Advertise in SCIEmIFUR and auppoi8 tke Intemational Cooperation and communication in Fur An"il Reseamh and Production. SCIENTIFUR is read in 30 eountries by scientists. advisers. and leaders connected wkh the Fur Anirnial Pmduction. PRICE LIST 1990 A. 1 sheet A4 (29.7 x 21 cm, max 9 g) = 2 pages ready for insertion in the journal: 1 issue DKK 3,000.- (approx. 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