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A Question of Loyalty the French Communist Party, 1976-81

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A Question of Loyalty the French Communist Party, 1976-81 ELISE ENGESLAND HALSNE A question of loyalty The French Communist Party, 1976-81 – How a party’s quest for democracy and ideological independence could lead to its support of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan Masteroppgave i historie Høst 2011 Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historie Universitetet i Oslo Til pappa ii Contents Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................... v List of abbreviations .................................................................................................................. vi Chapter 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 Theory ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Sources and literature ............................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 2. Towards democratic change? ................................................................................. 14 The 22nd Congress of the PCF .............................................................................................. 14 Chapter 3. Hesitantly towards Europe – the PCF and Eurocommunism ................................. 20 The 1976 conference of European communist parties ......................................................... 22 How the PCF saw Eurocommunism ..................................................................................... 24 Theories on Eurocommunism ............................................................................................... 28 Chapter 4. Away from Moscow – and back again ................................................................... 34 The PCF and the quest for recognition of divergence .......................................................... 34 PCF-CPSU relations deteriorate ........................................................................................... 34 The apple of discord - the PCF’s wish for ideological independence .................................. 37 A game of brinkmanship – the PCF fights back ................................................................... 40 A change of Soviet tactics – and an improvement in PCF-CPSU relations ......................... 43 The origins of the conflict – and the reasons for its end ....................................................... 44 Truce ..................................................................................................................................... 47 Chapter 5. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ....................................................................... 48 The invasion ......................................................................................................................... 48 A defiant people – understanding the history of the Afghans .............................................. 49 Soviet-Afghan relations, 1978-1979 ..................................................................................... 51 Soviet’s rocky path to invasion ............................................................................................ 53 The reaction of the PCF ........................................................................................................ 55 The Politburo .................................................................................................................... 55 The Secretariat .................................................................................................................. 59 The Central Committee ..................................................................................................... 60 The reaction of France – and of the world ............................................................................ 62 Chapter 6. The PCF, 1980-81 – the Aftermath of Afghanistan ............................................... 65 Bittersweet success – the communiqué that disappeared ..................................................... 65 Problems – the French reaction to the PCF’s decision ......................................................... 66 The PCF and the Eurocommunists, 1980-81 ........................................................................ 70 Support and self-defence – the PCF mobilizes the press ...................................................... 72 The PCF between ideological considerations and political loyalty ...................................... 75 PCF-CPSU relations, 1980-81 .............................................................................................. 81 In from the cold – the PCF’s return to government .............................................................. 84 Attempt at catharsis – Marchais’ speech to the Central Committee ..................................... 85 Chapter 7. The PCF, 1980-81 – Stalinism in practice .............................................................. 89 The Stalinist system – democratic centralism ................................................................... 89 Stalinism in practice – the Fiszbin Affair ......................................................................... 92 Stalinist rule – the authority of the one – and the few ...................................................... 96 Marxist-Leninist theory and the cult of Stalin .................................................................. 99 Chapter 8. Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 102 iii Appendix I. Georges Marchais’ speech to the Central Committee, 25/26.06.81 – excerpts . 109 I. a - French transcription ................................................................................................... 109 I. b - English translation ..................................................................................................... 110 Appendix II. List of persons ................................................................................................... 112 Sources ................................................................................................................................... 114 Unpublished archival material ............................................................................................ 114 Printed media ...................................................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 114 Other ....................................................................................................................................... 116 Internet ................................................................................................................................ 116 iv Acknowledgments For help, encouragement and inspiration, I would like to thank professor Øystein Sørensen, my supervisor, for his advice; the staff at the Departmental archives in Seine Saint-Denis for their generous assistance; Tore Flåtten, my cousin, for support; friends for their tips and good company – and finally my mum, for being my mum. v List of abbreviations CCCP – Commission central de contrôle politique – the Central Commission of Political Control. Section of the French Communist Party – the PCF. CCP – The Chinese Communist Party. CFDT – Confédération française démocratique du travail – France’s largest workers’ union. Cominform – Communist Information Bureau, Comintern’s successor. Founded 1947, dissolved 1956. Comintern – The (Third) Communist International, founded 1919 – dissolved 1943. CPSU – The Communist Party of the Soviet Union. KGB – Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti – the Committee for State Security, the Soviet intelligence agency. MRG – Mouvement des radicaux aux gauche – Movement of the Left Radicals, French political organization, predecessor to the current PRG – Parti radical de gauche. NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization. PCE – Partido Comunista de España – the Spanish Communist Party. PCF – Parti communist français – the French Communist Party. PCI – Partito Comunista Italiano – the Italian Communist Party. PCUS – Parti communiste de l’Union Soviétique – the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. PDPA – People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan. PS – Parti socialiste – the French Socialist Party. UN – United Nations. USSR – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics – the Soviet Union. vi Chapter 1. Introduction “L’utopie n’a pas de passé, seulement un avenir”1 “Utopia does not have a past, only a future” In early January, 1980, the French Communist Party – the PCF – decided to support the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan that had taken place in late December, 1979. This thesis is an attempt to explain why the PCF made this decision. Such a starting point presupposes that the decision was not an inevitable course of action, and that there were indications that the PCF could have chosen differently. I will examine the decision made by the PCF by analyzing the PCF’s ideological evolution and political loyalties in the years leading up to the invasion, beginning in 1976, and the aftermath of the invasion, 1980-1981. My focus will be on the PCF’s international relations, i.e. its relations with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union – the CPSU – and its relations with other European communist parties, more precisely
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