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Applications in Food and Agriculture

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Applications in Food and Agriculture Black Yellow Chapter 4 Magenta Applications of Cyan Radioisotopes Ensuring Food Security for the Nation and Radiation Deployment of radioisotopes and radiation for value addition in food and agriculture sectors is of special significance to India, like any other in Food and developing country, where the population is still growing. More food is needed and that too with limlited resources of land and water. Over the last half a century, plant breeders and farmers in India have been looking for ways to Agriculture improve plant varieties to achieve better crop yields, quantitatively as well as qualitatively. The results have been impressive. Nuclear technology has played its part in helping Indian farmers in their quest for developing new varieties of a number of crops through radiation induced mutation breeding. Today, 25 high yielding and disease resistant varieties of crops such as groundnut, mustard, blackgram and rice are grown in large parts of the country. Radioisotopes have also helped in understanding many aspects of plant physiology – the manner in which plants and crops take up nutrients from the soil, the way the solutes are transported through the plant body, the way biologically important molecules are synthesized by the plant. These studies have led to the development of sustainable agricultural practices, thereby protecting the environment. The post-harvest technology of handling the agriculture produce goes hand-in-hand with increased agricultural output for ensuring availability of nutritious and affordable food to the people. Radiation processing of food to minimize the post-harvest losses is emerging as an important technology for extending the shelf-life of food products. 85 The Chain Reaction-Volume 03 #150 Dt.:07/11/2005 The Chain Reaction-Volume 85 CyanMagentaYellowBlack Black Yellow Magenta Cyan 86 The Chain Reaction-Volume 03 #150 Dt.:07/11/2005 The Chain Reaction-Volume 86 CyanMagentaYellowBlack Black APPLICATIONS OF RADIOISOTOPES AND RADIATION IN FOOD AND AGRICULTURE Yellow Ensuring Food Security for the Nation Magenta Historical Perspective One of the areas wherein preliminary work in India was Potential use of radioisotopes and radiations for enhancing carried out even before independence was related to mutation Cyan agricultural output is of special significance to India, since the breeding through exposure of seeds of certain crops like wheat, Indian economy is still predominantly agriculture based, rice and sorghum to X-rays. However, detailed work on radiation despite rapid progress in the industrial sector. The conditions induced mutation breeding was initiated by Dr. Gopal-Ayengar were the same, or perhaps even more difficult, at the dawn of and Dr. K.C.Bora at the then Atomic Energy Establishment, independence when the challenge was to increase agricultural Trombay (now Bhabha Atomic Research Centre). Later, based productivity to keep pace with the increasing population. Soon on the joint proposal of DAE and Ministry of Food and after establishment of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Agriculture, a Nuclear Research Laboratory was set up at the in 1948, Dr. Bhabha appointed Dr. Gopal Ayengar to initiate Indian Agriculture Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, under research on radiation biology as there was global interest in the auspices of UN Special Fund Programme. With the studying effects of radiation on biological systems including availability of neutron irradiation facility at APSARA and agricultural crops. In 1953, AEC set up a Biology Division on radioisotopes like cobalt-60, crop improvement programme the premises of the Indian Cancer Research Centre with a through mutation breeding was initiated in late 1950s for mandate to carry out research on the basic aspects of biologi- groundnut. Other crops like mustard, pulses, rice and jute were cal effects of radiation and to study biological phenomenon also included later. Sustained efforts in crop improvement using radiolabeled compounds. Later, with more scientists join- through mutation breeding at BARC have resulted in the ing the programme, the laboratories shifted to the Richardson development of 25 varieties − ten of groundnut, four of and Cruddas Building in 1960. With the commissioning of Van mungbean, four of blackgram, two of pigeonpea, two of mustard de Graaf accelerator, CIRUS reactor, and Modular Laborato- and one each of rice, jute and soyabean. These varieties have ries at the North site Trombay, the research groups found a been released and notified by the Ministry of Agriculture, permanent location at Trombay and initiated studies on the Government of India, for commercial cultivation. Trombay use of radiation for agricultural applications, food processing groundnut varieties are well established in several states such as also on effects on other living systems. as Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan and Gujarat. A groundnut variety TAG 24 developed at Trombay is the most favourite variety among farmers. Breeder seed indent for Trombay groundnut varieties presently is about 30% of the annual national indent. Among the pulses, blackgram variety TAU-1 has spread all over Maharashtra occupying about 95% of the area under blackgram cultivation. The breeder seed indent for Trombay blackgram varieties is about 40% of the total national indent. Application of nuclear techniques to agriculture was further enhanced by using radiotracers for optimum use of fertilizer in agricultural practices. Ammonium polyphosphate, a new fertil- izer, was developed for rice, pulses and plantation crops. With pesticides becoming an integral part of modern agricultural practices, a rapid increase in the use of organic pesticides was witnessed in the country which aroused environmental con- Dr. A.R. Gopal Ayengar 87 The Chain Reaction-Volume 03 #150 Dt.:07/11/2005 The Chain Reaction-Volume CyanMagentaYellowBlack Black cerns. Work was also initiated at BARC to utilize nuclear tech- With the commissioning and operation of CIRUS, the used Yellow niques to study the fate of HCH (Hexachloro Cyclohexane) and fuel rods, discharged from the reactor and stored in the water DDT in soil samples using 14C-labelled pesticides. Radiations pool, provided a convenient source for initiating work on radia- Magenta have a direct application in controlling insect pests through ster- tion processing of food products such as onion, potato and ile insect technique (SIT). Experiments for controlling insect mango for determining optimum doses for inhibiting sprouting Cyan pests such as red palm weevil, potato tuber moth using SIT and delay in ripening. During 1961 and 1965, several interest- were also conducted. ing research papers were published in these areas in reputed international journals like “Nature” that would be the envy of the best of the biologists today. A view of the experimental gamma fields at Trombay in early years Food Irradation Processing Laboratory (FIPLY) at Trombay from early years In 1967, the food science group led by Prof. A. Sreenivasan moved to the present FIPLY (Food Irradiation Processing Labo- ratory) building. The building housed India’s first pilot plant radiation processing facility, the Food Package Irradiator, a gift from the Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. It was a token of friend- ship from Dr. Bhabha’s rowing teammate at Cambridge, Dr. W.B. Lewis, who later became the chairman of the Cana- dian Atomic Energy Programme. FIPLY was one of its kind and the state-of-the-art food laboratory in this part of the world at that time. Unfortunately, Dr. Bhabha could not see one of his dream projects taking shape, as he passed away in a tragic air crash in the Alps in 1966, just before the commissioning of FIPLY. It was for Dr. Vikram Sarabhai to take the reigns as Chair- man, AEC and Secretary, DAE, to lead the programme. How- ever, Dr. Sarabhai’s efforts were cut short by his untimely death as he passed away in his sleep on December 31, 1971. Dr. H.N. Sethna took over as the Chairman, AEC & Secretary, DAE. A meeting of the Secretaries of the Department of Atomic Radiotracer experiment (Archive photograph) being Energy, Ministry of Health and Department of Food was held conducted to study fertilizer uptake on March 3, 1972. The meeting was chaired by Dr. Sethna. 88 The Chain Reaction-Volume 03 #150 Dt.:07/11/2005 The Chain Reaction-Volume CyanMagentaYellowBlack Black Other participants in this meeting included Dr. Raja Ramanna, Yellow at that time Director, Physics Group, BARC, Dr. A.R. Gopal- Ayengar, and Dr. A. Sreenivasan, the two then Emeritus Magenta Scientists and Advisors, Dr. G.B. Nadkarni, Head, Biochemis- try and Food Technology Division, BARC, K.K. Das, and Cyan Dr. J.B. Srivastava, Director General of Health Services, and R.R. Bahl, Secretary, Ministry of Food, among others. A scheme for adoption of new technology was drawn. This included formation of a committee to consider safety measures, if any, required for giving approval for radiation processing of wheat and potato and these studies were to be undertaken by the National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), under the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), in addition to work being done at BARC. Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri being briefed by Dr. Bhabha On September 26, 1972 a meeting was held under the about Radiation Processeing of Food Programme chairmanship of the Minister of Health and Family Planning, Uma Shankar Dikshit to discuss matters relating to the An inter-ministerial meeting was finally held on May 1, 1974, processing of food by radiation. The others present were in which Minister of Health and Family welfare, Minister for K.C. Pant, Minister of State for Home Affairs, K.K. Das, Energy and Chairman, AEC were present. A ‘Scientists Com- Dr. P. Dinesh, Additional DGHS, Dr. P.N. Wahi, DG, ICMR, mittee’ under the chairmanship of Dr. M.S. Swaminathan was and S.V. Sampat, Joint Secretary, Department of Food. DAE constituted. Dr. C. Gopalan now in the capacity of DG, ICMR, was represented by M.A.
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