Deconstructing Utopia in Science Fiction
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COPYRIGHT AND CITATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR THIS THESIS/ DISSERTATION o Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. o NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. o ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. How to cite this thesis Surname, Initial(s). (2012). Title of the thesis or dissertation (Doctoral Thesis / Master’s Dissertation). Johannesburg: University of Johannesburg. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/102000/0002 (Accessed: 22 August 2017). GHOSTREADING: RETRO-SPECTRAL INTERPRETATIONS IN THE NOVELS OF DAVID MITCHELL By DALENE LABUSCHAGNE Thesis Submitted In Fulfilment Of The Requirements For The Degree PhD In ENGLISH In The FACULTY OF HUMANITIES At The UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG Supervisor: Prof. Karen Scherzinger August 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my deepest gratitude to the following people: Prof. Craig MacKenzie, colleague and mentor, not only for supervising this thesis in the formative early stages, but also for fostering my intellectual growth over the course of more than two decades. This project could not have been brought to completion without your sustained support. Prof. Karen Scherzinger, posthumously, for taking over the task of supervising this thesis at a critical juncture, and for the enthusiastic engagement that ensured my continued zeal. Thank you for your dedication, and for reading all of the material – however tedious at times – pertaining to my work in order to assist in bringing this project to a close. I will never be resigned. Dr Bridget Grogan, my friend and colleague, for her tireless efforts in seeing to the administrative demands of the assessment processes. You surely suffered more sleepless nights than I did. Prof. Sikhumbuzo Mngadi, current Head of the Department of English, for granting me the space to write this thesis. Your sage and good-natured backing contributed immensely to my completing this project. All my colleagues in the Department of English at the UJ, for your kind encouragement and support, at seminars and conferences, as well as when passing each other in the corridors. I am enormously privileged to work and do research in such congenial company. My family and friends, for standing by me for the long haul, and putting up with my inevitable mood swings. My daughter, Lauren, for your invaluable insights when it came to grammar use and style. Chapter 2 belongs to you. ii Abstract: In the course of the past nineteen years or so, the novels of British author David Mitchell have been steadily garnering critical scrutiny, with the focus of scholarly interest ranging from postmodernist narrative forms, the Bildungsroman, and discursive identity, to the Utopian, science fiction, and postcolonialism, among many others. Such diverse approaches hinge on the eclectic use of genre in these works, not only from one novel to the next, but more often than not also within a single text. By thus disrupting genre-compliant writing, these novels can be said to work deconstructively to destabilize conventional modes of reading and interpretation. As a result, the formation of the subject – be this the writer, the protagonist-narrator, and/or the reader – is fitfully traced in the interstices between ever-changing syntagmatic and paradigmatic levels of signification. Hence the figure of this composite subject is always in the process of becoming, never fully formed or fully present. One could speak here of the subject as a spectral shape that haunts the pages of the text, much as the plotlines of Mitchell’s novels are haunted by uncanny encounters, virtual personalities, return appearances, and supernatural. Within this framework, I aim to show in this study how Mitchell’s writing rehearses the vagaries of the reading process. In the process, I focus on the narrative structure of three specific novels – what I would call the inaugural trio consisting of ghostwritten, number9dream, and Cloud Atlas, insofar as they could be seen to lay the groundwork for the ever-expanding, endlessly shifting fictional world of what Mitchell himself thinks of as his “über-novel” (Huff Post Books, 9 June 2015). I pay close attention to certain, possibly less familiar aspects of narrativity, namely the uncanny, intertextuality, and singularity. Using these three schemes, respectively, in my reading of the three inaugural novels, I seek to demonstrate that Mitchell’s narrative innovations revoke our persistent compulsion to identify ‘the’ reader, but without doing away with the person doing the reading. In short, I aim to show how Mitchell’s writing invites what Valentine Cunningham calls “tactful” readings that would secure “the presence, the rights, the needs of the human subject” (2002: 143). iii Abbreviations CA Cloud Atlas, David Mitchell (London: Sceptre, 2004). g ghostwritten, David Mitchell, (London: Sceptre, 1999). n9d number9dream, David Mitchell, (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2001). BC The Bone Clocks, David Mitchell, (Sceptre, 2014). iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements ii Abstract iii Abbreviations iv Table of contents v-vi Chapter 1: Introduction – reading (and) the reader 2 1.1. Preamble 2 1.2. Readings of Mitchell’s inaugural trio 4 1.3. The subject of/in some theories of reading and interpretation 8 1.4. Subjectivity and identity 13 1.5. The uncanny 16 1.6. Intertextuality 18 1.7. Singularity 21 Chapter 2: The uncanny in the narrative structure of ghostwritten 25 Part 1: The perpetual recycling of the subject 25 Part 2: Spectral reading 39 2. 2.1. “Okinawa”: fact-based fiction 39 2.2.3. “Tokyo”: a love story 42 2.2.4. The haunting in “Hong Kong” 45 2.2.5. “Holy Mountain”: a personal history 50 2.2.6. Magic realism in “Mongolia” 54 2.2.7. A crime thriller in “Petersburg” 58 2.2.8. “London”: a philosophical deliberation 65 2.2.9. Science to Science Fiction: “Clear Island” and “Night Train” 70 v Chapter 3: Intertextual reading in number9dream 79 Part 1: Intertextuality in the narrative structure of number9dream 79 Part 2: Rehearsing the reading of number9dream 98 3.2.1. “Panopticon”: overwriting reality 98 3.2.2. “Lost Property”: reality-in-becoming 100 3.2.3. “Video Games”: virtual reality 102 3.2.4. “Reclaimed Land”: unimaginable reality 103 3.2.5. “Study of Tales”: fabulous reality 105 3.2.6. “Kai Ten”: identity, in reality 110 3.2.7. “Cards”: reality, by chance 112 3.2.8. “The Language of Mountains is Rain”: reality reversed 115 3.2.9. Conclusion: intertextual reading 116 Chapter 4: Cloud Atlas: the future-to-come 121 Part 1: Remembering the future 121 Part 2: Reading the future-to-come 138 4.2.1. “The Pacific Journal of Adam Ewing” 138 4.2.2. “Letters from Zedelghem” (and everything after) 150 Chapter 5: Conclusion 161 Readers and reading, in theory 161 Bibliography 172 vi Chapter 1 Introduction Our relation to books is a shadowy space haunted by the ghosts of memory, and the real value of books lies in their ability to conjure these spectres. Pierre Bayard, How to Talk about Books You Haven’t Read 1.1. Preamble Over the course of the past nineteen years or so, the works of British novelist David Mitchell have been steadily garnering critical scrutiny. Mitchell’s portfolio is impressive: apart from his seven novels1 to date, he is the author of seventeen short stories, around twelve articles and librettos, as well as three works translated from the Japanese. It is Mitchell’s long fiction works that have drawn the greatest attention, however. His debut novel, ghostwritten (1999), was awarded the John Llewelyn Rhys Prize, and his two subsequent novels, number9dream (2001) and Cloud Atlas (2004), were both shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize – in 2013 the latter was made into a film featuring Tom Hanks and Halle Berry.2 These books were followed by Black Swan Green (2006) and The Thousand Autumns of Jacob de Zoet (2010) and, after another four-year hiatus, by Mitchell’s Booker-longlisted sixth novel, The Bone Clocks (2014). The latest in his range, Slade House, was published just recently, in 2015. The outstanding feature of Mitchell’s works is, arguably, their astonishing structural complexity. His novels each present a cunningly wrought design of structural and stylistic elements that are constantly shifting, a chiaroscuro of effects that continually challenges the way in which a reader may perceive the thematic elements of the text. ghostwritten, for example, is structured episodically – each of the nine episodes features a different story and central character, although they are all interwoven through uncanny, seemingly coincidental, circumstances. The second novel, number9dream, takes an altogether different tack, presenting a single first- person narrative that tells of a young man’s search for the father he has never met – it is a bildungsroman in which the narrator’s actual journey in search of identity is juxtaposed with the fantastical, often surreal one of his imagination. In Cloud Atlas Mitchell once again reconceives the narrative structure, devising a plot that consists 1 As reported by Alison Flood in The Guardian (30 May 2016), Mitchell has completed an eighth novel, which is, curiously, slated for publication only in 2114. This enterprise forms part of Scottish artist Katie Paterson’s Future Library project where, each year for the next 100 years, an author will deliver a piece of writing which will only be read in 2114. Margaret Atwood was the first to submit a manuscript, in 2015, of her text entitled Scribbler Moon. The title of Mitchell’s text is From Me Flows What You Call Time, taken from a piece of music of the same name by Japanese composer Toru Takemitsu.